Vikikitob uzwikibooks https://uz.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bosh_sahifa MediaWiki 1.42.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Maxsus Munozara Foydalanuvchi Foydalanuvchi munozarasi Vikikitob Vikikitob munozarasi Fayl Fayl munozarasi MediaWiki MediaWiki munozarasi Andoza Andoza munozarasi Yordam Yordam munozarasi Turkum Turkum munozarasi TimedText TimedText talk Modul Modul munozarasi 0 1 916 2004-12-15T10:33:02Z Unknown user 0 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 05p8ao9ekivymas2im2170df66pl7mu 2720 916 2005-12-18T11:30:53Z 219.93.174.105 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style=&quot;width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;&quot;> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] <div style="overflow: auto; height: 1px;"> [http://adult.dynu.net/adult/ adult] [http://adult.dynu.net/dildo/ dildo] [http://adult.dynu.net/paris-hilton-nude/ paris hilton nude] [http://adult.dynu.net/sexy-lingerie/ sexy lingerie] [http://adult.dynu.net/strip-poker/ strip poker] [http://adult.dynu.net/erotic-games-strip-poker/ erotic games strip poker] [http://adult.dynu.net/online-poker/ online poker] [http://adult.dynu.net/betting-websites/ betting websites] [http://adult.dynu.net/black-jack/ black jack] [http://adult.dynu.net/card-game/ card game] [http://adult.dynu.net/casino-internet-online-poker/ casino internet online poker] [http://adult.dynu.net/gambling-sites/ gambling sites] [http://adult.dynu.net/lottery-america/ lottery america] [http://adult.dynu.net/online-casino/ online casino] [http://adult.dynu.net/poker/ poker] [http://adult.dynu.net/slots/ slots] [http://adult.dynu.net/sports-betting/ sports betting] [http://adult.dynu.net/wagering/ wagering] </div> gzk1c5ues8tbrde9ejw85g4f8bvs6dn 2724 2720 2005-12-20T01:09:07Z Hégésippe Cormier 5 revert: spam wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] dqkbi93ffk72znogn9xlnw4irk6b6wc 2763 2724 2005-12-26T18:35:39Z 202.88.129.254 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style=&quot;width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;&quot;> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] [http://celika.dynu.net/phentermine/ phentermine] [http://celika.dynu.net/discount-phentermine/ discount-phentermine] [http://celika.dynu.net/phentermine-online/ phentermine-online] [http://celika.dynu.net/cheap-phentermine/ cheap-phentermine] [http://celika.dynu.net/buy-phentermine/ buy-phentermine] [http://celika.dynu.net/order-phentermine/ order-phentermine] [http://celika.dynu.net/online-pharmacy/diflucan.html diflucan] plu9zxpkhd4kut76kjgcxtezkt0bxl4 2768 2763 2005-12-27T05:51:29Z Hégésippe Cormier 5 revert: spam wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] dqkbi93ffk72znogn9xlnw4irk6b6wc 2782 2768 2006-01-06T00:08:05Z 61.249.115.41 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style=&quot;width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;&quot;> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] <div style="overflow: auto; height: 1px;"> [http://dir.fasthoster.de/ adrianne curry] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/afroman.html afroman] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/anorexic-pictures.html anorexic pictures] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/angela-devi.html angela devi] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/abby-winters.html abby winters] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/alley-baggett.html alley baggett] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/amtrack.html amtrack] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/andy-milonakis.html andy milonakis] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/amish-paradise.html amish paradise] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/alessandra-ambrosio.html alessandra ambrosio] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/amerigo-vespucci.html amerigo vespucci] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/anna-faris.html anna faris] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/anna-ohura.html anna ohura] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/40and50plus.html 40and50plus] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/amanda-tapping.html amanda tapping] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/aolmail.html aolmail] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/99-red-balloons.html 99 red balloons] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/alley-bagget.html alley bagget] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/amelia-earhart.html amelia earhart] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/adele-stevens.html adele stevens] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/angie-harmon.html angie harmon] [http://dir.fasthoster.de/amy-dumas.html amy dumas] </div> nnro1a9syewiwq8dadm0cmgjjl06s9s 2787 2782 2006-01-06T06:46:00Z Hégésippe Cormier 5 revert: spam wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] dqkbi93ffk72znogn9xlnw4irk6b6wc 2800 2787 2006-01-17T22:33:52Z 210.183.13.222 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style=&quot;width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;&quot;> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] <div style="overflow: auto; height: 1px;"> [http://www.mp3.com/users/nokia-ringtone/profile.php free nokia ringtones] [http://www.mp3.com/users/verizonringtone/ verizon ringtones] [http://www.mp3.com/users/sprintringtones/ free sprint ringtones] [http://www.buddy4u.com/view/?u=xanax-xr Xanax XR] [http://www.mp3.com/users/benny--benassi/ Benny Benassi] [http://www.mp3.com/users/crazy-frog-mp3/ Crazy Frog mp3] [http://www.mp3.com/users/madonna-mp3/ Madonna mp3] [http://www.mp3.com/users/monkey-business/ Black Eyed Peas Monkey Business] [http://www.mp3.com/users/eminem-mp3/ Eminem mp3] [http://www.mp3.com/users/madonna-confess/ Confessions on a Dance Floor] [http://www.mp3.com/users/hilary-duff-mp3/ Hilary Duff mp3] [http://www.oreck.com/postcards/postcard-show.cfm?oreckstamp=3966 Air Purifier] </div> 34w713s7immohs8nntut9ae8jwkgr7g 2806 2800 2006-01-18T08:21:57Z Hégésippe Cormier 5 revert: spam wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] dqkbi93ffk72znogn9xlnw4irk6b6wc 2816 2806 2006-02-17T21:04:56Z 84.167.154.249 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== BU YERDA O'zbek tilidagi wiki-kitobi yolilishi kerak .... If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] brw9h7bu5sldze3hgkfqi5ydkkaf043 2871 2816 2006-03-05T13:13:27Z Gangleri 9 -[[uz:]] wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== BU YERDA O'zbek tilidagi wiki-kitobi yolilishi kerak .... If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] gr1lfl7qsrz03aaoy8ignrdavmp8b0m 2876 2871 2006-03-24T00:15:58Z 86.135.127.116 /* This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language. */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== BU YERDA O'zbek tilidagi wiki-kitobi yozilishi kerak .... If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] godc9zn3b4qd3sjh9l32vju05hlf09o 2917 2876 2006-05-17T20:39:21Z 84.167.166.212 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== BU YERDA O'zbek tilidagi wiki-kitobi yozilishi kerak .... BIZ BU SAHIFANI HALI YANA RIVOJLANTIRISHIMIZ KERAK If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 21361086e4tnikpowg2qxhoj467nqna 2918 2917 2006-05-17T20:40:34Z 84.167.166.212 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzbek]</b> language.== BU YERDA O'zbek tilidagi wiki-kitobi yozilishi kerak .... BIZ BU SAHIFANI HALI YANA RIVOJLANTIRISHIMIZ KERAK If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] e8ntht8er23qeagsthubwmdrb1t2e1h 2919 2918 2006-05-17T20:41:48Z 84.167.166.212 wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzbek UZBEK]</b> language.== BU YERDA O'zbek tilidagi wiki-kitobi yozilishi kerak .... BIZ BU SAHIFANI HALI YANA RIVOJLANTIRISHIMIZ KERAK If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 8oa6d1ipstq6hvilltl0tnkke48apci 3092 2919 2006-08-01T04:51:01Z Koavf 10 [[Main Page]] moved to [[Bosh Sahifa]] wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzbek UZBEK]</b> language.== BU YERDA O'zbek tilidagi wiki-kitobi yozilishi kerak .... BIZ BU SAHIFANI HALI YANA RIVOJLANTIRISHIMIZ KERAK If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 8oa6d1ipstq6hvilltl0tnkke48apci 3249 3092 2007-02-25T02:11:34Z 67.188.240.6 rm ip test wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzbek UZBEK]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Encyclopedia then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Encyclopedia.''''' [http://en.wikipedia.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] dvuxoi1zpt4h2xakr4um5tlred73ik4 3253 3249 2007-02-25T19:00:02Z 80.102.163.197 reverting vandalism wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Wikibooks then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Wikibooks.''''' [http://en.wikibooks.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://sep11.wikipedia.org September 11 memorial wiki/Wiki memoriale des 11 Septembrem] | [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] | [http://wikitravel.org Wikitravel] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 8h80jk94n6yml31jlvroodtrt2tuq01 3326 3253 2008-06-07T02:03:37Z Korg 6 rm sep11.wikipedia.org, wikitravel.org (not Wikimedia projects) wikitext text/x-wiki ==This subdomain is reserved for the creation of a Wikibooks in the <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> language.== If you speak this language and think it would be cool to have your own Wikibooks then '''you''' can make it. '''''Go ahead. Translate this page and start working on your Wikibooks.''''' [http://en.wikibooks.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] g1nnkgp3u4fjefk770gihnpvcs7uob5 3338 3326 2008-09-23T18:52:15Z Mrmelhay 150 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Ushbu quyi domen VikiKitoblarni <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> tilida yaratish uchun band qilingan.== Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham VikiKitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. '''''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va VikiKitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' [http://en.wikibooks.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="width:85%; padding:10px; background-color:#ffffcc; border:1px solid #ffff66;"> '''Other wikis''' <small> [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia/Meta-Vicipaedia] | [http://wiktionary.org Wikitonary/Victionaria] | [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks/Vicilibraria] | [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote/Viciquotas] | [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] </small> </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] qs9h1qpdev73aur4tsvkzazsgovy2m6 3395 3338 2009-01-02T16:42:31Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Ushbu quyi domen VikiKitoblarni <b>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082; &#1038;&#1079;&#1073;&#1077;&#1082;]</b> tilida yaratish uchun band qilingan.== Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham VikiKitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. '''''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va VikiKitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' [http://en.wikibooks.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="background-color:#C8D8FF;font-size:1px;height:8px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;-moz-border-radius-topright:0.5em;-moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em;"></div> <div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-top:0px solid white;padding:5px 5px 0 5px;margin-bottom:3ex;"> <p>'''Boshqa Viki loyihalar'''</p> {{VikiYoʻldosh}}&nbsp; </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] hvyli3om2qafk4c5ktizo0qiylod9q0 3397 3395 2009-01-02T18:02:27Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Xush_Kelibsiz}} Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham VikiKitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. '''''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va VikiKitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' [http://en.wikibooks.org For more information go to the main website] <div style="background-color:#C8D8FF;font-size:1px;height:8px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;-moz-border-radius-topright:0.5em;-moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em;"></div> <div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-top:0px solid white;padding:5px 5px 0 5px;margin-bottom:3ex;"> <p>'''Boshqa Viki loyihalar'''</p> {{VikiYoʻldosh}}&nbsp; </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 97s414ranbfyiaxlyall9v04qupx3wu 3400 3397 2009-01-02T18:28:26Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Xush_Kelibsiz}} <br><br><br> Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham VikiKitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. <br> ''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va VikiKitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' <br> [http://en.wikibooks.org Ushbu loyihia haqida ko`proq bilish uchun shu sahifani ko`ring.] <br><br><br> <div style="background-color:#C8D8FF;font-size:1px;height:8px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;-moz-border-radius-topright:0.5em;-moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em;"></div> <div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-top:0px solid white;padding:5px 5px 0 5px;margin-bottom:3ex;"> <p>'''Boshqa Viki loyihalar'''</p> {{VikiYoʻldosh}}&nbsp; </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] fgpv09ykskxkm3aoifmam04bafcb6rp 3403 3400 2009-01-02T18:40:25Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Xush_Kelibsiz}} <br><br><br> Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham Vikikitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. <br> ''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va Vikikitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' <br> [http://en.wikibooks.org Ushbu loyiha haqida ko`proq bilish uchun shu sahifani ko`ring.] <br><br><br> <div style="background-color:#C8D8FF;font-size:1px;height:8px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;-moz-border-radius-topright:0.5em;-moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em;"></div> <div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-top:0px solid white;padding:5px 5px 0 5px;margin-bottom:3ex;"> <p>'''Boshqa Vikiloyihalar'''</p> {{VikiYoʻldosh}}&nbsp; </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 17d47nw49e7ycfsef2qybcsyv52h7r4 3602 3403 2011-03-18T17:36:07Z TeleComNasSprVen 452 notifying community of pending proposal wikitext text/x-wiki <div > {|style="background-color: lightyellow; border: solid 3px red; padding: 1em;" cellpadding="5" |[[Image:Icono aviso borrar.png|80px|left]] |'''There is a current proposal that this project be [[:meta:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_Uzbek_Wikibooks|closed]] due to inactivity. You can express your opinion [http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_Uzbek_Wikibooks&action=edit here]'''. |} </div> {{Template:Xush_Kelibsiz}} <br><br><br> Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham Vikikitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. <br> ''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va Vikikitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' <br> [http://en.wikibooks.org Ushbu loyiha haqida ko`proq bilish uchun shu sahifani ko`ring.] <br><br><br> <div style="background-color:#C8D8FF;font-size:1px;height:8px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;-moz-border-radius-topright:0.5em;-moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em;"></div> <div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-top:0px solid white;padding:5px 5px 0 5px;margin-bottom:3ex;"> <p>'''Boshqa Vikiloyihalar'''</p> {{VikiYoʻldosh}}&nbsp; </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] dor9ff5jj223mt7j0bs56dxau5v6kwg 3637 3602 2011-07-02T01:10:45Z Seb az86556 512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Xush_Kelibsiz}} <br><br><br> Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham Vikikitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. <br> ''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va Vikikitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' <br> [http://en.wikibooks.org Ushbu loyiha haqida ko`proq bilish uchun shu sahifani ko`ring.] <br><br><br> <div style="background-color:#C8D8FF;font-size:1px;height:8px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;-moz-border-radius-topright:0.5em;-moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em;"></div> <div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-top:0px solid white;padding:5px 5px 0 5px;margin-bottom:3ex;"> <p>'''Boshqa Vikiloyihalar'''</p> {{VikiYoʻldosh}}&nbsp; </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 17d47nw49e7ycfsef2qybcsyv52h7r4 3800 3637 2012-04-08T18:31:22Z Mirzoulugʻbek 636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Xush_Kelibsiz}} <br><br><br> Agar '''Siz''' ham ushbu tilda so'zlashsangiz va ushbuni yaratilishi juda ham ma'qul deb topsangiz '''Siz''' ham Vikikitobni yaratishingiz mumkin. <br> ''Qani boshlang. Ushbu sahifalarni tarjima qiing va Vikikitoblaringiz bilan ishlashni boshlang.''''' <br> [http://en.wikibooks.org Ushbu loyiha haqida ko`proq bilish uchun shu sahifani ko`ring.] <br><br><br> [[Kitoblar]] <div style="background-color:#C8D8FF;font-size:1px;height:8px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;-moz-border-radius-topright:0.5em;-moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em;"></div> <div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;border-top:0px solid white;padding:5px 5px 0 5px;margin-bottom:3ex;"> <p>'''Boshqa Vikiloyihalar'''</p> {{VikiYoʻldosh}}&nbsp; </div> [[aa:]] [[af:]] [[als:]] [[ar:]] [[de:]] [[en:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[be:]] [[bg:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bs:]] [[cs:]] [[co:]] [[cs:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[el:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gl:]] [[gn:]] [[gu:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hr:]] [[hy:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[kk:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[ks:]] [[ku:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[ln:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[lv:]] [[hu:]] [[mi:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mr:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] <!-- missing WikiMedia 1.3 support --> [[my:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nds:]] [[ne:]] [[nl:]] [[no:]] [[oc:]] [[om:]] [[pa:]] [[pl:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[sa:]] [[si:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[ta:]] [[te:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tr:]] [[tt:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] <!-- [[uz:]] bad name--> [[vi:]] [[vo:]] [[xh:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zh:]] [[zu:]] 6z7nfin9pcntrb5aptjk0qc7vhoodza 2 1454 2693 2005-12-04T03:13:56Z Zigger 4 en wikitext text/x-wiki [[wikipedia:User:Zigger]] gybo516zbujuxv3ot2ofgkubk4v29v0 3 1455 2694 2005-12-04T03:14:06Z Zigger 4 en wikitext text/x-wiki [[wikipedia:User talk:Zigger]] omkpwu9k9dg8oak6bie88o15bl1o3wa 3 1501 2870 2006-03-05T13:12:52Z Gangleri 9 wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ 7wxeif2cbf71k15y2g2pdgedjy9abps 10 1502 2872 2006-03-05T18:28:13Z Gangleri 9 please protect this page against moves and edits - please read [[commons:Template talk:DIRMARK]] wikitext text/x-wiki &lrm; b0a7zqpzxc7zbz6xj15oyjhu21h74q1 10 1503 2873 2006-03-05T18:28:59Z Gangleri 9 from [[w:template:babel-9]] wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; clear: right" |- | style="text-align: center" | '''[[w:Wikipedia:Babel|Wikipedia:Babel]]''' |- | {{User {{{1}}}}} |- | {{User {{{2}}}}} |- | {{User {{{3}}}}} |- | {{User {{{4}}}}} |- | {{User {{{5}}}}} |- | {{User {{{6}}}}} |- | {{User {{{7}}}}} |- | {{User {{{8}}}}} |- | {{User {{{9}}}}} |} ccnzlodqt48xycqr1itmb451ap2arh3 2 1504 2874 2006-03-05T18:29:40Z Gangleri 9 new wikitext text/x-wiki {{babel-9|de|ro-2|ru-1|eo-3|yi-1|en-2|fr-1|is-1|uz-0}} <font id="top" /><span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">'''{{DIRMARK}}[[w:Ўзбек|Ўзбек]]{{DIRMARK}} :&lrm;''' [[w:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek language]] [[wikt:en:Uzbek#Translations|translations]] [[template:alphabet upper case/uz|upper case]] [[template:alphabet lower case/uz|lower case]] [[template:diacritics/uz|diacritics]] [[template:special characters/uz|special characters]] [[template:alphabet sort order/uz|sort order]] [[template:alphabet sort order (extended)/uz|(extended)]] [[template:numbers/uz|numbers]]<br />'''[http://www.unicode.org/unicode/onlinedat/languages.html unicode.org]:''' [http://www.google.com/search?num=100&q=site%3Aunicode.org+%22Uzbek%22 "Uzbek"] [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf U0400.pdf (Cyrillic)] &ndash; [[w:project:Unicode|Unicode]] [[w:project:fonts|fonts]] [[w:project:browser setup|browser setup]]<br />[[<!-- b: -->user:{{PAGENAME}}|b:]] [[commons:user:{{PAGENAME}}|c:]] [[commons:category:user uz|*]] [[m:user:{{PAGENAME}}|m:]] [[m:stewards|*]] [[n:user:{{PAGENAME}}|n:]] [[q:user:{{PAGENAME}}|q:]] [[s:user:{{PAGENAME}}|s:]] [http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/user:{{PAGENAME}} t:] [[w:user:{{PAGENAME}}|w:]] [[wikt:user:{{PAGENAME}}|wikt:]] '''[[special:SiteMatrix#uz|?]]''' [[special:Statistics|/]] [[:de:user:{{PAGENAME}}|de:]] [[:en:user:{{PAGENAME}}|en:]] [[:eo:user:{{PAGENAME}}|eo:]] [[:ro:user:{{PAGENAME}}|ro:]] [[:yi:user:{{PAGENAME}}|yi:]] [http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch2.pl?project=wikibooks&timeout=120&minor=1&search=user:Gangleri +] [[commons:user:Gangleri/participation#wikipedia|++]] ^{[{{localurl:commons:user:Gangleri/tests/interwiki links/template|action=edit}} e]} / [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&emailassigned_to1=1&emailreporter1=1&emailcc1=1&emaillongdesc1=1&emailtype1=exact&email1=gangleri@torg.is&emailtype2=exact&order=Bug+Number MediaZilla] [[wikt:yi:user:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla|(&rarr;)]] / [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=purge}} ↺] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} rev-ID : {{REVISIONID}}]<br /> [[special:Prefixindex/user:Gangleri]] [[special:Prefixindex/user talk:Gangleri|T]] monobook [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.css|.css]] [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.js|.js]] [[:category:bugzilla|/]] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/ cvs] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/LanguageUz.php '''L'''] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/MessagesUz.php '''M'''] [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-cvs/ mail] [[meta:Developers#shell|shell-dev's]] [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-tech #tech]<br /> [[special:Watchlist/edit|&rarr;]] '''{{SITENAME}}''' [[template:DIRMARK|:]]{{DIRMARK}} '''{{ns:project}}''' [[special:Listusers/sysop|:]] [[special:Version|version]] [[special:Allmessages|all messages]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css|Monobook.css]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.js|Monobook.js]] [[template:wikivar|wikivar]] [[image:smiley.png|16px|;-)]]</span></span> <!-- ?<br clear="all" />?<br />? --><br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] ===== [[Image:Redirect arrow without text.png|left]] ::* &lrm;[irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia #wikimedia], [irc://irc.freenode.net/mediawiki #mediawiki], [irc://irc.freenode.net/wiktionary '''#wiktionary'''] ::* &lrm;[irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-balkan #wikipedia-balkan] ::* [[wikipedia:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:en:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:is:Notandi:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:mi:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:ps:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] ::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]''' [[meta:BiDi workgroup|BiDi workgroup]] [[meta:Special:Recentchangeslinked/Category:BiDi workgroup|'''?'''&lrm;]] ::* <span class="plainlinks" >[http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gangleri test:User:Gangleri]</span> <br clear="all" /> ---- <br clear="all" /> <center>[[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 18:29, 5 March 2006 (UTC)</center> [[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[mi:User:Gangleri]] [[ps:User:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] [[yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] <!-- minor edit --> dl5ibb5e2wlfys9ceqxyyfmzk38ri71 2875 2874 2006-03-05T21:14:51Z Gangleri 9 +Bugzilla search wikitext text/x-wiki {{babel-9|de|ro-2|ru-1|eo-3|yi-1|en-2|fr-1|is-1|uz-0}} <font id="top" /><span dir="ltr" ><span class="plainlinks">'''{{DIRMARK}}[[w:Ўзбек|Ўзбек]]{{DIRMARK}} [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&long_desc_type=allwordssubstr&long_desc=Uzbek&order=Bug+Number :]&lrm;''' [[w:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek language]] [[wikt:en:Uzbek#Translations|translations]] [[template:alphabet upper case/uz|upper case]] [[template:alphabet lower case/uz|lower case]] [[template:diacritics/uz|diacritics]] [[template:special characters/uz|special characters]] [[template:alphabet sort order/uz|sort order]] [[template:alphabet sort order (extended)/uz|(extended)]] [[template:numbers/uz|numbers]]<br />'''[http://www.unicode.org/unicode/onlinedat/languages.html unicode.org]:''' [http://www.google.com/search?num=100&q=site%3Aunicode.org+%22Uzbek%22 "Uzbek"] [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf U0400.pdf (Cyrillic)] &ndash; [[w:project:Unicode|Unicode]] [[w:project:fonts|fonts]] [[w:project:browser setup|browser setup]]<br />[[<!-- b: -->user:{{PAGENAME}}|b:]] [[commons:user:{{PAGENAME}}|c:]] [[commons:category:user uz|*]] [[m:user:{{PAGENAME}}|m:]] [[m:stewards|*]] [[n:user:{{PAGENAME}}|n:]] [[q:user:{{PAGENAME}}|q:]] [[s:user:{{PAGENAME}}|s:]] [http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/user:{{PAGENAME}} t:] [[w:user:{{PAGENAME}}|w:]] [[wikt:user:{{PAGENAME}}|wikt:]] '''[[special:SiteMatrix#uz|?]]''' [[special:Statistics|/]] [[:de:user:{{PAGENAME}}|de:]] [[:en:user:{{PAGENAME}}|en:]] [[:eo:user:{{PAGENAME}}|eo:]] [[:ro:user:{{PAGENAME}}|ro:]] [[:yi:user:{{PAGENAME}}|yi:]] [http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch2.pl?project=wikibooks&timeout=120&minor=1&search=user:Gangleri +] [[commons:user:Gangleri/participation#wikipedia|++]] ^{[{{localurl:commons:user:Gangleri/tests/interwiki links/template|action=edit}} e]} / [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&emailassigned_to1=1&emailreporter1=1&emailcc1=1&emaillongdesc1=1&emailtype1=exact&email1=gangleri@torg.is&emailtype2=exact&order=Bug+Number MediaZilla] [[wikt:yi:user:Gangleri/tests/bugzilla|(&rarr;)]] / [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=purge}} ↺] [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|oldid={{REVISIONID}}}} rev-ID : {{REVISIONID}}]<br /> [[special:Prefixindex/user:Gangleri]] [[special:Prefixindex/user talk:Gangleri|T]] monobook [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.css|.css]] [[user:{{PAGENAME}}/monobook.js|.js]] [[:category:bugzilla|/]] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/ cvs] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/LanguageUz.php '''L'''] [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/MessagesUz.php '''M'''] [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-cvs/ mail] [[meta:Developers#shell|shell-dev's]] [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-tech #tech]<br /> [[special:Watchlist/edit|&rarr;]] '''{{SITENAME}}''' [[template:DIRMARK|:]]{{DIRMARK}} '''{{ns:project}}''' [[special:Listusers/sysop|:]] [[special:Version|version]] [[special:Allmessages|all messages]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css|Monobook.css]] [[MediaWiki:Monobook.js|Monobook.js]] [[template:wikivar|wikivar]] [[image:smiley.png|16px|;-)]]</span></span> <!-- ?<br clear="all" />?<br />? --><br /> __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] ===== [[Image:Redirect arrow without text.png|left]] ::* &lrm;[irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia #wikimedia], [irc://irc.freenode.net/mediawiki #mediawiki], [irc://irc.freenode.net/wiktionary '''#wiktionary'''] ::* &lrm;[irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-balkan #wikipedia-balkan] ::* [[wikipedia:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:en:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:is:Notandi:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:mi:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:ps:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] ::* [[wikipedia:yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] ::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]''' [[meta:BiDi workgroup|BiDi workgroup]] [[meta:Special:Recentchangeslinked/Category:BiDi workgroup|'''?'''&lrm;]] ::* <span class="plainlinks" >[http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gangleri test:User:Gangleri]</span> <br clear="all" /> ---- <br clear="all" /> <center>[[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] | [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] | [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] | [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 21:14, 5 March 2006 (UTC)</center> [[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[mi:User:Gangleri]] [[ps:User:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] [[yi:באַניצער:Gangleri]] <!-- minor edit --> a7fx78zcqfmtg9qq72lhxe75d6rcxnf 0 1641 3093 2006-08-01T04:51:02Z Koavf 10 [[Main Page]] moved to [[Bosh Sahifa]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Bosh Sahifa]] lcaywca046akv0n5vm0fcw7a0ganpx0 1 1642 3095 2006-08-01T04:51:02Z Koavf 10 [[Talk:Main Page]] moved to [[Talk:Bosh Sahifa]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Bosh Sahifa]] otg5dqss8ydq7sq2hdkkza3rd4sxpxw 2 1772 3251 2007-02-25T02:13:19Z Az1568 14 . wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Az1568]] <!--Start box sect--> {| name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 248px; border: {{{bordercolor|#99B3FF}}} solid 1px; background-color: {{{backgroundcolor|#FFFFFF}}}; color: {{{textcolor|#000000}}}; float: {{{2|{{{align|right}}}}}}; {{{extra-css|}}}" | <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold;">{{{1|{{{toptext|Userboxes}}}}}}</div> <div style="float: left; border:solid #CCCCFF 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #F8F8FF;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: white; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt;" |[[Image:Broom icon.svg|43px]] | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;" | This user is a member of the<br>[[m:SWMT|'''Small Wiki Monitoring Team''']]. |} </div> {{User en}} {{User uz-0}} |} <!--End box sect--> iz4nn7ljfgyy2jjtldqkshzrr0kp9sr 3 1773 3252 2007-02-25T02:13:37Z Az1568 14 Redirecting to [[m:User talk:Az1568]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[m:User talk:Az1568]] 32439w81wjh9lsqy4si1acx61zmq05t 2 1779 3264 2007-03-28T14:20:02Z Pill 15 New page: [[:m:User:Pill]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:User:Pill]] qakanclhsbdh2nkg54rc9ab7j8drgxa 2 1783 3287 2007-08-31T18:21:19Z Bastique 19 new user page wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border-top:1px solid #ACACAC; border-bottom:1px solid #ACACAC; margin: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top:0.8em;"> {| width=100% border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F9F9F9;" |- valign="top" | width="100%" style="text-align:center" | [[:m:User:Bastique|Meta user page]] | [[:commons:User:Bastique|Commons user page]] | [[Commons:User talk:Bastique|talk page]] |} </div> I am [[:meta:User:Bastique|Cary Bass]], a [[m:Stewards|steward]], and an [[foundation:Current staff|employee of the Wikimedia Foundation]] :''Please use my [[:Commons:User talk:Bastique|Commons Wikipedia talk page]] to leave me messages.'' q82rr917mhqbj58k5zwnqzav574pvmc 3 1784 3288 2007-08-31T18:23:07Z Bastique 19 redirect wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[User:Bastique]] re9pcurfvpz64ol26u4tk2z2d5lysgv 2 1785 3289 2007-09-28T06:09:54Z Jorunn 20 New page: [[m:User:Jorunn]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Jorunn]] ndm6v29if11fq3qel6ud603uyapgva7 10 1788 3293 2007-10-25T16:34:15Z Cometstyles 23 create wikitext text/x-wiki <center> <div align="center" style="width:80%; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:8px solid #FF0000; padding:5px;"> This page has been put up for '''deletion'''. {{#if: {{{1|}}} | Reason: {{{1}}} }} </div> </center> <includeonly>[[Category:Request for deletion]]</includeonly> 445uzsp4qb56uxk7uuetq3yowdbwf6w 3319 3293 2008-03-28T04:10:21Z EVula 34 + [[aa:Template:Delete]], [[af:Sjabloon:Delete]], [[als:Vorlage:Löschen]], [[ang:Template:Delete]], [[as:Template:Delete]], [[ast:Plantía:Delete]] wikitext text/x-wiki <center> <div align="center" style="width:80%; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:8px solid #FF0000; padding:5px;"> This page has been put up for '''deletion'''. {{#if: {{{1|}}} | Reason: {{{1}}} }} </div> </center> <includeonly>[[Category:Request for deletion]]</includeonly> <noinclude> [[aa:Template:Delete]] [[af:Sjabloon:Delete]] [[als:Vorlage:Löschen]] [[ang:Template:Delete]] [[as:Template:Delete]] [[ast:Plantía:Delete]] [[az:Şablon:Delete]] [[ba:Ҡалып:Delete]] [[be:Шаблон:Выдаліць]] [[bg:Шаблон:Бързо_изтриване]] [[bi:Template:Delete]] [[bm:Modèle:Delete]] [[bn:Template:Delete]] [[bo:Template:Delete]] [[ca:Plantilla:Fora]] [[ch:Template:Delete]] [[co:Template:Delete]] [[cs:Šablona:Smazat]] [[cv:Шаблон:Delete]] [[cy:Nodyn:Delete]] [[da:Skabelon:Slet]] [[en:Template:Delete]] [[es:Plantilla:Borrar]] [[et:Mall:Kustutada]] [[fa:الگو:حذف_سریع]] [[fi:Malline:Roskaa]] [[ga:Teimpléad:Scrios]] [[gl:Modelo:Lixo]] [[gn:Tembiecharã:Delete]] [[gu:Template:Delete]] [[he:תבנית:מחק]] [[hi:साँचा:Delete]] [[hr:Predložak:Bris]] [[hy:Կաղապար:Delete]] [[ia:Patrono:Delete]] [[ie:Template:Delete]] [[it:Template:Cancella_subito]] [[ja:Template:即時削除]] [[kk:Үлгі:Delete]] [[km:ទំព័រគំរូ:Delete]] [[kn:ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Delete]] [[ko:틀:Delete]] [[ks:Template:Delete]] [[la:Formula:Delenda_est]] [[lb:Schabloun:Delete]] [[ln:Modèle:Delete]] [[lt:Šablonas:Delete]] [[lv:Veidne:Delete]] [[mg:Modèle:Delete]] [[ml:ഫലകം:Delete]] [[mn:Template:Delete]] [[mr:साचा:Delete]] [[ms:Templat:Hapus]] [[na:Template:Ai]] [[nah:Plantilla:Delete]] [[nds:Vörlaag:Delete]] [[ne:Template:Delete]] [[no:Mal:Hurtigsletting]] [[oc:Modèl:Delete]] [[pa:ਨਮੂਨਾ:Delete]] [[pl:Szablon:Ek]] [[ps:کينډۍ:Delete]] [[pt:Predefinição:Lixo]] [[rm:Template:Delete]] [[ro:Format:Delete]] [[ru:Шаблон:Delete]] [[sa:Template:Delete]] [[se:Template:Delete]] [[si:Template:Delete]] [[simple:Template:Delete]] [[sl:Predloga:Delete]] [[su:Citakan:Delete]] [[sv:Mall:Radera]] [[sw:Template:Delete]] [[ta:வார்ப்புரு:Delete]] [[th:แม่แบบ:ลบ]] [[tk:Template:Delete]] [[tl:Template:Delete]] [[tr:Şablon:Sil]] [[tt:Ürnäk:Delete]] [[ug:Template:Delete]] [[uk:Шаблон:Delete]] [[vi:Tiêu_bản:Delete]] [[vo:Samafomot:Delete]] [[xh:Template:Delete]] [[yo:Template:Delete]] [[za:Template:Delete]] [[zh:Template:Delete]] [[zh-min-nan:Template:Delete]] [[zu:Template:Delete]] </noinclude> 9id7wsnwk9xd9x0vz0s09n292kx8vdx 2 1789 3295 2007-10-31T04:50:40Z Drini 21 Linking to my meta page wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Drini]], your friendly wikimedia [[m:Stewards|steward]] sfcihnv0kt2e23yhdrjf8g4wimuaqnf 14 1790 3296 2007-10-31T04:53:07Z Drini 21 New page: deletions wikitext text/x-wiki deletions 9gmfdr3tmd236oqt74rfa57p8qw0l1e 4 1791 3297 2007-10-31T04:53:28Z Drini 21 New page: == Pages locked from recreation == <small>1.2</small> : [en] '''Administrators:''' add a new line here to stop pages being created <small>(If you already have this page under a different ... wikitext text/x-wiki == Pages locked from recreation == <small>1.2</small> : [en] '''Administrators:''' add a new line here to stop pages being created <small>(If you already have this page under a different title, please create a redirect from here)</small> : [es] '''Administradores:''' añadan una nueva línea para evitar que una página vuelva a ser creada : [nl] '''Beheerders:''' voeg hier een nieuwe regel toe om het aanmaken van pagina's te voorkomen : [it] '''Amministratori:''' aggiungete una riga qui per impedire la creazione di altre pagine : [de] '''Administratoren:''' hier eine neue Zeile hinzufügen, um das Neueinstellen einer 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* {{:Talk:W/w/index.php}} * {{:Talk:W/w/w/index.php}} * {{:Talk:W/w/w/w/index.php}} * {{:Talk:W/w/w/w/w/index.php}} * {{:Talk:W/w/w/w/w/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/w/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/w/w/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/w/w/w/w/index.php}} * {{:Index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Exif-lightsource-14}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Ipb cant unblock/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Ipb cant unblock/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb cant unblock/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Ipb cant unblock/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb cant unblock/w/w/index.php}} * {{:Munozara:Bosh Sahifa/}} * {{:Talk/}} i1g52wi0ov96p7k7wf038py4iuyuhqj 3298 3297 2007-10-31T04:53:43Z Drini 21 Protected "[[Vikikitob:Nospam]]" [edit=sysop:move=sysop] [cascading] wikitext text/x-wiki == Pages locked from recreation == <small>1.2</small> : [en] '''Administrators:''' add a new line here to stop pages being created <small>(If you already have this page under a different title, please create a redirect from here)</small> : [es] '''Administradores:''' añadan una nueva línea para evitar que una página vuelva a ser creada : [nl] '''Beheerders:''' voeg hier een nieuwe regel toe om het aanmaken van pagina's te voorkomen : [it] '''Amministratori:''' aggiungete una riga qui per impedire la creazione di altre pagine : [de] '''Administratoren:''' hier eine neue Zeile hinzufügen, um das Neueinstellen einer Seite zu verhindern ====bot entries ==== * {{:*}} * {{:Can not be against traditional law}} * {{:divergent money}} * {{:divergent money and power}} * {{:divergent moneyaction}} * {{:eu american japon language friendship}} * {{:english usa divergent friendship}} * {{:get europe and usa science kind}} * {{:Get power and 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invalid/w/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/w/w/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb expiry invalid/w/w/w/w/index.php}} * {{:Index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Exif-lightsource-14}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Ipb cant unblock/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Ipb cant unblock/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb cant unblock/w/index.php}} * {{:MediaWiki munozarasi:Ipb cant unblock/wiki/MediaWiki talk:Ipb cant unblock/w/w/index.php}} * {{:Munozara:Bosh Sahifa/}} * {{:Talk/}} i1g52wi0ov96p7k7wf038py4iuyuhqj 2 1792 3299 2007-11-15T23:59:46Z DerHexer 24 new wikitext text/x-wiki I live in Berlin, Germany, and I'm a sysop at [[:w:en:User:DerHexer|en.wikipedia]] and at [[:w:de:User:DerHexer|de.wikipedia]]. I'm interested in Latin language, Chemistry and Ancient Greek. My contributions can be found [[Special:Contributions/DerHexer|here]], and sorted by namespace [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/Tool1/wannabe_kate?username=DerHexer&site=uz.wikibooks.org here]. At the moment I'm fighting vandalism. {| border="0" align="left" style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;" width="370px" ! colspan="2" | {| align="center" | | colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" width="370px" | overview |- | bgcolor="#FFDEAD" align="center" |[[Special:Emailuser/DerHexer|e-mail]] | bgcolor="#FFDEAD" align="center" |[[User_talk:DerHexer|talk]] | bgcolor="#FFDEAD" align="center" |[[Special:Contributions/DerHexer|contributions]] |} |- | [[Image:Wikistress3D 2 v3.jpg|170px]] || [[Image:DerHexer.png|200px]] |} <br style="clear:right" /> {| align="right" |<div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">'''IM'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Jabber: derhexer@jabber.ccc.de <br /> (This is '''not''' an e-mail address!<br />Therefore use [[Special:Emailuser/DerHexer|this]] link, please.) [http://pgpkeys.pca.dfn.de:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x5C2AE6D7DC7E2EF9 GnuPGP key] <br />Skype: sigmundjaehn<br />ICQ: 281562687</td> </tr></table></div> |} 484blm2d0ioa2t2uu27xqohk6j42m11 3330 3299 2008-08-01T13:16:06Z DerHexer 24 mm wikitext text/x-wiki I live in Berlin, Germany, and I'm a [[meta:Stewards|steward]] at meta.wikimedia and a sysop at [[:w:en:User:DerHexer|en.wikipedia]] and at [[:w:de:User:DerHexer|de.wikipedia]]. I'm interested in Latin language, Chemistry and Ancient Greek. My contributions can be found [[Special:Contributions/DerHexer|here]], and sorted by namespace [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/Tool1/wannabe_kate?username=DerHexer&site=uz.wikibooks.org here]. At the moment I'm fighting vandalism. {| border="0" align="left" style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em;" width="370px" ! colspan="2" | {| align="center" | | colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" width="370px" | overview |- | bgcolor="#FFDEAD" align="center" |[[Special:Emailuser/DerHexer|e-mail]] | bgcolor="#FFDEAD" align="center" |[[User_talk:DerHexer|talk]] | bgcolor="#FFDEAD" align="center" |[[Special:Contributions/DerHexer|contributions]] |} |- | [[Image:Wikistress3D 2 v3.jpg|170px]] || [[Image:DerHexer.png|200px]] |} <br style="clear:right" /> {| align="right" |<div style="float:left;border:solid #99B3FF 1px;margin:1px;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF"><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt">'''IM'''</td> <td style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em">Jabber: derhexer@jabber.ccc.de <br /> (This is '''not''' an e-mail address!<br />Therefore use [[Special:Emailuser/DerHexer|this]] link, please.) [http://pgpkeys.pca.dfn.de:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x5C2AE6D7DC7E2EF9 GnuPGP key] <br />Skype: sigmundjaehn<br />ICQ: 281562687</td> </tr></table></div> |} lpgn3zxqvrphhwuazg0aa9342qwb4t6 3 1793 3300 2007-12-06T21:02:27Z Jorunn 20 New page: [[m:User talk:Jorunn]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User talk:Jorunn]] evkf857g608zg618g9s2myerswe978o 2 1796 3305 2007-12-24T15:13:02Z Cbrown1023 27 New page: [[m:user:Cbrown1023]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:user:Cbrown1023]] m9wmdsm9iojgepovb0oi0p593qsvhu8 2 1797 3306 2008-01-22T01:12:48Z Mike.lifeguard 29 New page: [[m:user:Mike.lifeguard]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:user:Mike.lifeguard]] 236tx3nphq7zsog8l3lodr172c0su86 3 1798 3307 2008-01-22T01:12:55Z Mike.lifeguard 29 New page: [[m:user talk:Mike.lifeguard]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:user talk:Mike.lifeguard]] 0npg285m5u1p4r64p3iegwv4hsktpdj 2 1799 3308 2008-01-22T23:21:53Z Dungodung 30 New page: [[m:User:Dungodung]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Dungodung]] fw9jxkkcfput12sq7mvvzqv9smmyigq 2 1800 3309 2008-03-20T18:13:58Z EVula 34 standardizing userpage wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:EVula/header}} <div style="float: right; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 3px; background: #f6f6f6; margin-left: 10px;"> <div style="border:solid #BDBDAD 1px; margin: 3px 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #fff;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #BDBDAD; text-align: center;" | '''[[Image:Admin mop.PNG|43x43px|EVula's mop is named "Vera"]]''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: black;" | This user is an '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]''' on the [[w:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]]. <span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:w:en:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username=EVula}} <span style="color: #002b88;">verify</span>] // [[w:en:User:EVula|user]])</span> |}</div> <div style="border:solid #BDBDAD 1px; margin: 3px 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #fff;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #BDBDAD; text-align: center;" | '''[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|32px|EVula's mop is named "Vera"]]''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: black;" | This user is an '''[[Commons:Commons:administrators|administrator]]''' on [[Commons:Main Page|Commons]]. <span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:commons:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username=EVula}} <span style="color: #002b88;">verify</span>] // [[commons:User:EVula|user]])</span> |}</div> <div style="border: 1px solid #6ef7a7; margin: 3px 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#c5fcdc;" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6ef7a7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;" | '''en''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;" | This user is a '''native''' speaker of '''[[:w:en:English language|English]]'''. |} </div> {{User uz-0}} </div> Hi, I'm [[:w:en:User:EVula|EVula]] and you're not. I don't speak Uzbek; I've just got an account to address interwiki issues when I catch them. [[en:User:EVula]] fcvlrjupdb8jiw8irnixco8lwqfgg6c 2 1801 3310 2008-03-20T18:14:06Z EVula 34 adding standard header wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:10px; top:10px;" class="metadata" id="evulaisfreakinginsane"><div style="position:relative; width: 20px; height: 20px; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size: 20px; overflow:hidden; line-height: 20px; letter-spacing: 20px;">[[m:User:EVula/matrix|<span title="[en] As a dedicated Wikimedian, I don't limit myself to just one project or just one language. Viva la wiki revolucion!" style="text-decoration:none;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span>]]</div>[[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|20px|Wikimedia Community Logo.svg]]</div></div> <div style="background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 1px; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #aaa; -moz-border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 5px;"> <div align="center" style="letter-spacing: 1px;">[[User:EVula|user page]] '''[[User:EVula/header|<span style="color: #666;">//</span>]]''' [[User talk:EVula|talk page]]</div> <div align="center" style="letter-spacing: 2px; font-size: 90%; color: #666;">• [[m:User:EVula/matrix|matrix]] •</div> </div> aa2fe0lj291t188zfg0aqlza8xz88er 3 1802 3311 2008-03-26T15:44:53Z とある白い猫 49 New page: {{/uz}} =Posts= wikitext text/x-wiki {{/uz}} =Posts= i3yxrcetljgyv5w7x5iqg8folgsin9q 3681 3311 2011-08-30T18:21:51Z Jafeluv 343 [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:White Cat]] [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:とある白い猫]]ga ko'chirildi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:White Cat|White Cat]]" to "[[User:とある白い猫|とある白い猫]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{/uz}} =Posts= i3yxrcetljgyv5w7x5iqg8folgsin9q 3833 3681 2012-06-05T22:04:51Z タチコマ robot 52 update wikitext text/x-wiki :<small>''This is the user talk page of [[Meta:User talk:とある白い猫]]''</small> ---- {{/uz}} =Posts= ank3s5mphlremuf1ats1bsavu2ytw4q 2 1803 3312 2008-03-26T15:59:21Z とある白い猫 49 New page: {{/uz}} [[en:User:White Cat]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{/uz}} [[en:User:White Cat]] coh8jsjuf1nv2ubyjpho6k0udbb4nl2 3316 3312 2008-03-27T10:59:15Z タチコマ robot 52 Bot Qoʻshdi: aa, als, ang, ar, bg, ca, cs, da, de, eo, es, fa, fi, fr, gl, he, hr, hu, ia, id, is, it, ja, ka, ko, lt, mk, mr, nl, no, oc, pl, pt, ro, ru, simple, sk, sl, sq, sr, sv, ta, te, tg, th, tk, tl, tr, tt, ug, uk, ur, vi, vo, wa, xh, yo, za wikitext text/x-wiki {{/uz}} [[aa:User:White Cat]] [[als:Benutzer:White Cat]] [[ang:User:White Cat]] [[ar:مستخدم:White Cat]] [[bg:Потребител:White Cat]] [[ca:Usuari:White Cat]] [[cs:Uživatel:White Cat]] [[da:Bruger:White Cat]] [[de:Benutzer:White Cat]] [[en:User:White Cat]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:White Cat]] [[es:Usuario:White Cat]] [[fa:کاربر:White Cat]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:White Cat]] [[fr:Utilisateur:White Cat]] [[gl:Usuario:White Cat]] [[he:משתמש:White Cat]] [[hr:Suradnik:White Cat]] [[hu:User:White Cat]] [[ia:Usator:White Cat]] [[id:Pengguna:White Cat]] [[is:Notandi:White Cat]] [[it:Utente:White Cat]] [[ja:利用者:White Cat]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:White Cat]] [[ko:사용자:White Cat]] [[lt:Naudotojas:White Cat]] [[mk:Корисник:White Cat]] [[mr:सदस्य:White Cat]] [[nl:Gebruiker:White Cat]] [[no:Bruker:White Cat]] [[oc:Utilizaire:White Cat]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:White Cat]] [[pt:Usuário:White Cat]] [[ro:Utilizator:White Cat]] [[ru:Участник:White Cat]] [[simple:User:White Cat]] [[sk:Redaktor:White Cat]] [[sl:Uporabnik:White Cat]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:White Cat]] [[sr:Корисник:White Cat]] [[sv:Användare:White Cat]] [[ta:பயனர்:White Cat]] [[te:సభ్యులు:White Cat]] [[tg:Корбар:White Cat]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:White Cat]] [[tk:User:White Cat]] [[tl:User:White Cat]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:White Cat]] [[tt:Äğzä:White Cat]] [[ug:User:White Cat]] [[uk:Користувач:White Cat]] [[ur:صارف:White Cat]] [[vi:Thành viên:White Cat]] [[vo:Geban:White Cat]] [[wa:Uzeu:White Cat]] [[xh:User:White Cat]] [[yo:User:White Cat]] [[za:User:White Cat]] [[zh:User:White Cat]] [[zu:User:White Cat]] itqewclyrvgmztirbq3wqos0na2bfh4 3679 3316 2011-08-30T18:21:51Z Jafeluv 343 [[Foydalanuvchi:White Cat]] [[Foydalanuvchi:とある白い猫]]ga ko'chirildi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:White Cat|White Cat]]" to "[[User:とある白い猫|とある白い猫]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{/uz}} [[aa:User:White Cat]] [[als:Benutzer:White Cat]] [[ang:User:White Cat]] [[ar:مستخدم:White Cat]] [[bg:Потребител:White Cat]] [[ca:Usuari:White Cat]] [[cs:Uživatel:White Cat]] [[da:Bruger:White Cat]] [[de:Benutzer:White Cat]] [[en:User:White Cat]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:White Cat]] [[es:Usuario:White Cat]] [[fa:کاربر:White Cat]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:White Cat]] [[fr:Utilisateur:White Cat]] [[gl:Usuario:White Cat]] [[he:משתמש:White Cat]] [[hr:Suradnik:White Cat]] [[hu:User:White Cat]] [[ia:Usator:White Cat]] [[id:Pengguna:White Cat]] [[is:Notandi:White Cat]] [[it:Utente:White Cat]] [[ja:利用者:White Cat]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:White Cat]] [[ko:사용자:White Cat]] [[lt:Naudotojas:White Cat]] [[mk:Корисник:White Cat]] [[mr:सदस्य:White Cat]] [[nl:Gebruiker:White Cat]] [[no:Bruker:White Cat]] [[oc:Utilizaire:White Cat]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:White Cat]] [[pt:Usuário:White Cat]] [[ro:Utilizator:White Cat]] [[ru:Участник:White Cat]] [[simple:User:White Cat]] [[sk:Redaktor:White Cat]] [[sl:Uporabnik:White Cat]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:White Cat]] [[sr:Корисник:White Cat]] [[sv:Användare:White Cat]] [[ta:பயனர்:White Cat]] [[te:సభ్యులు:White Cat]] [[tg:Корбар:White Cat]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:White Cat]] [[tk:User:White Cat]] [[tl:User:White Cat]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:White Cat]] [[tt:Äğzä:White Cat]] [[ug:User:White Cat]] [[uk:Користувач:White Cat]] [[ur:صارف:White Cat]] [[vi:Thành viên:White Cat]] [[vo:Geban:White Cat]] [[wa:Uzeu:White Cat]] [[xh:User:White Cat]] [[yo:User:White Cat]] [[za:User:White Cat]] [[zh:User:White Cat]] [[zu:User:White Cat]] itqewclyrvgmztirbq3wqos0na2bfh4 3832 3679 2012-06-05T22:04:45Z タチコマ robot 52 update wikitext text/x-wiki :<small>''This is the user page of [[Meta:User:とある白い猫]]''</small> ---- {{/uz}} [[en:User:とある白い猫]] taym577pyf54pwxssu5q9ypocvub6t2 3834 3832 2012-06-05T22:14:33Z タチコマ robot 52 r2.7.3) (Bot Qoʻshdi: af, ang, ar, az, be, bg, bn, bs, ca, cs, cv, cy, da, de, el, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fr, fy, gl, he, hi, hr, hu, hy, ia, id, ie, is, it, ja, ka, kk, ko, ku, ky, la, li, lt, mg, mk, ml, mr, ms, ne, nl, no, oc, pa, pl, pt, ro,... wikitext text/x-wiki :<small>''This is the user page of [[Meta:User:とある白い猫]]''</small> ---- {{/uz}} [[af:Gebruiker:とある白い猫]] [[ang:User:とある白い猫]] [[ar:مستخدم:とある白い猫]] [[az:İstifadəçi:とある白い猫]] [[be:Удзельнік:とある白い猫]] [[bg:Потребител:とある白い猫]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:とある白い猫]] [[bs:Korisnik:とある白い猫]] [[ca:Usuari:とある白い猫]] [[cs:Uživatel:とある白い猫]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:とある白い猫]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:とある白い猫]] [[da:Bruger:とある白い猫]] [[de:Benutzer:とある白い猫]] [[el:Χρήστης:とある白い猫]] [[en:User:とある白い猫]] [[eo:Uzanto:とある白い猫]] [[es:Usuario:とある白い猫]] [[et:Kasutaja:とある白い猫]] [[eu:Lankide:とある白い猫]] [[fa:کاربر:とある白い猫]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:とある白い猫]] [[fr:Utilisateur:とある白い猫]] [[fy:Meidogger:とある白い猫]] [[gl:Usuario:とある白い猫]] [[he:משתמש:とある白い猫]] [[hi:सदस्य:とある白い猫]] [[hr:Suradnik:とある白い猫]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:とある白い猫]] [[hy:Մասնակից:とある白い猫]] [[ia:Usator:とある白い猫]] [[id:Pengguna:とある白い猫]] [[ie:Usator:とある白い猫]] [[is:Notandi:とある白い猫]] [[it:Utente:とある白い猫]] [[ja:利用者:とある白い猫]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:とある白い猫]] [[kk:Қатысушы:とある白い猫]] [[ko:사용자:とある白い猫]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:とある白い猫]] [[ky:Колдонуучу:とある白い猫]] [[la:Usor:とある白い猫]] [[li:Gebroeker:とある白い猫]] [[lt:Naudotojas:とある白い猫]] [[mg:Mpikambana:とある白い猫]] [[mk:Корисник:とある白い猫]] [[ml:ഉപയോക്താവ്:とある白い猫]] [[mr:सदस्य:とある白い猫]] [[ms:Pengguna:とある白い猫]] [[ne:प्रयोगकर्ता:とある白い猫]] [[nl:Gebruiker:とある白い猫]] [[no:Bruker:とある白い猫]] [[oc:Utilizaire:とある白い猫]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:とある白い猫]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:とある白い猫]] [[pt:Utilizador:とある白い猫]] [[ro:Utilizator:とある白い猫]] [[ru:Участник:とある白い猫]] [[sa:योजकः:とある白い猫]] [[si:පරිශීලක:とある白い猫]] [[sk:Redaktor:とある白い猫]] [[sl:Uporabnik:とある白い猫]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:とある白い猫]] [[sr:Корисник:とある白い猫]] [[su:Pamaké:とある白い猫]] [[sv:Användare:とある白い猫]] [[ta:பயனர்:とある白い猫]] [[te:వాడుకరి:とある白い猫]] [[tg:Корбар:とある白い猫]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:とある白い猫]] [[tl:Tagagamit:とある白い猫]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:とある白い猫]] [[tt:Кулланучы:とある白い猫]] [[uk:Користувач:とある白い猫]] [[ur:صارف:とある白い猫]] [[vi:Thành viên:とある白い猫]] [[vo:Geban:とある白い猫]] [[zh:User:とある白い猫]] [[zh-min-nan:User:とある白い猫]] dhg59llylskxlwgzd7w7q4x59a0jqep 3 1804 3313 2008-03-26T23:08:54Z タチコマ robot 52 Bot: Adding redirect to my user talk wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:White Cat]] 26ke8vb9gvuv9rxmoiqbdclwu082xp1 3335 3313 2008-08-16T07:02:29Z Wojciech Pędzich 134 [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Kompyuter]] [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:タチコマ robot]]ga ko'chirildi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:Kompyuter|Kompyuter]]" to "[[User:タチコマ robot|タチコマ robot]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:White Cat]] 26ke8vb9gvuv9rxmoiqbdclwu082xp1 3731 3335 2011-12-06T22:20:46Z タチコマ robot 52 Robot: Fixing double redirect to [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:とある白い猫]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:とある白い猫]] 6ri8isgy92zkvq2snvvxsco84jpneg8 3830 3731 2012-06-05T16:30:24Z タチコマ robot 52 update wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:とある白い猫]] kkrg56volz0eoyi7rc9seh78x9sdbsx 2 1805 3314 2008-03-26T23:09:00Z タチコマ robot 52 Create userpage wikitext text/x-wiki {{bot|White Cat}} [[en:User:Computer]] 53gz3zcj7bkz1bdtv09zeo6r6x6603k 3317 3314 2008-03-27T11:10:11Z タチコマ robot 52 Bot Qoʻshdi: aa, als, ang, ar, bg, ca, cs, da, de, eo, es, fa, fi, fr, gl, he, hr, hu, ia, id, is, it, ja, ka, ko, lt, mk, mr, nl, no, oc, pl, pt, ro, ru, simple, sk, sl, sq, sr, sv, ta, te, tg, th, tk, tl, tr, tt, ug, uk, ur, vi, vo, wa, xh, yo, za wikitext text/x-wiki {{bot|White Cat}} [[aa:User:WOPR]] [[als:Benutzer:WOPR]] [[ang:User:Circolwyrde]] [[ar:مستخدم:حاسوب]] [[bg:Потребител:Компютър]] [[ca:Usuari:Ordinador]] [[cs:Uživatel:Počítač]] [[da:Bruger:Computer]] [[de:Benutzer:Computer]] [[en:User:Computer]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Komputilo]] [[es:Usuario:Computadora]] [[fa:کاربر:رایانه]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Tietokone]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Ordinateur]] [[gl:Usuario:Ordenador]] [[he:משתמש:מחשב]] [[hr:Suradnik:Računalo]] [[hu:User:Számítógép]] [[ia:Usator:Computator]] [[id:Pengguna:Komputer]] [[is:Notandi:Tölva]] [[it:Utente:Computer]] [[ja:利用者:電算機]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:კომპიუტერი]] [[ko:사용자:컴퓨터]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Kompiuteris]] [[mk:Корисник:Компјутер]] [[mr:सदस्य:संगणक विज्ञान]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Computer]] [[no:Bruker:Datamaskin]] [[oc:Utilizaire:Ordinator]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Komputer]] [[pt:Usuário:Computador]] [[ro:Utilizator:Computer]] [[ru:Участник:Компьютер]] [[simple:User:Computer]] [[sk:Redaktor:Počítač]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Računalnik]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Kompjuteri]] [[sr:Корисник:Рачунар]] [[sv:Användare:Dator]] [[ta:பயனர்:கணினி]] [[te:సభ్యులు:కంప్యూటరు]] [[tg:Корбар:Компутар]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:คอมพิวเตอร์]] [[tk:User:WOPR]] [[tl:User:Kompyuter]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Bilgisayar]] [[tt:Äğzä:WOPR]] [[ug:User:WOPR]] [[uk:Користувач:Комп'ютер]] [[ur:صارف:شمارِندہ]] [[vi:Thành viên:Máy tính]] [[vo:Geban:Nünöm]] [[wa:Uzeu:Copiutrece]] [[xh:User:WOPR]] [[yo:User:WOPR]] [[za:User:WOPR]] [[zh:User:計算機]] [[zu:User:Ikhompyutha]] 7absj7qinxfd4m65elauhm5jm8s5xn9 3331 3317 2008-08-16T07:02:29Z Wojciech Pędzich 134 [[Foydalanuvchi:Kompyuter]] [[Foydalanuvchi:タチコマ robot]]ga ko'chirildi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:Kompyuter|Kompyuter]]" to "[[User:タチコマ robot|タチコマ robot]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{bot|White Cat}} [[aa:User:WOPR]] [[als:Benutzer:WOPR]] [[ang:User:Circolwyrde]] [[ar:مستخدم:حاسوب]] [[bg:Потребител:Компютър]] [[ca:Usuari:Ordinador]] [[cs:Uživatel:Počítač]] [[da:Bruger:Computer]] [[de:Benutzer:Computer]] [[en:User:Computer]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Komputilo]] [[es:Usuario:Computadora]] [[fa:کاربر:رایانه]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Tietokone]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Ordinateur]] [[gl:Usuario:Ordenador]] [[he:משתמש:מחשב]] [[hr:Suradnik:Računalo]] [[hu:User:Számítógép]] [[ia:Usator:Computator]] [[id:Pengguna:Komputer]] [[is:Notandi:Tölva]] [[it:Utente:Computer]] [[ja:利用者:電算機]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:კომპიუტერი]] [[ko:사용자:컴퓨터]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Kompiuteris]] [[mk:Корисник:Компјутер]] [[mr:सदस्य:संगणक विज्ञान]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Computer]] [[no:Bruker:Datamaskin]] [[oc:Utilizaire:Ordinator]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Komputer]] [[pt:Usuário:Computador]] [[ro:Utilizator:Computer]] [[ru:Участник:Компьютер]] [[simple:User:Computer]] [[sk:Redaktor:Počítač]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Računalnik]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Kompjuteri]] [[sr:Корисник:Рачунар]] [[sv:Användare:Dator]] [[ta:பயனர்:கணினி]] [[te:సభ్యులు:కంప్యూటరు]] [[tg:Корбар:Компутар]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:คอมพิวเตอร์]] [[tk:User:WOPR]] [[tl:User:Kompyuter]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Bilgisayar]] [[tt:Äğzä:WOPR]] [[ug:User:WOPR]] [[uk:Користувач:Комп'ютер]] [[ur:صارف:شمارِندہ]] [[vi:Thành 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robot]] [[ms:Pengguna:タチコマ robot]] [[ne:प्रयोगकर्ता:タチコマ robot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:タチコマ robot]] [[no:Bruker:タチコマ robot]] [[oc:Utilizaire:タチコマ robot]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:タチコマ robot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:タチコマ robot]] [[pt:Utilizador:タチコマ robot]] [[ro:Utilizator:タチコマ robot]] [[ru:Участник:タチコマ robot]] [[sa:योजकः:タチコマ robot]] [[si:පරිශීලක:タチコマ robot]] [[sk:Redaktor:タチコマ robot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:タチコマ robot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:タチコマ robot]] [[sr:Корисник:タチコマ robot]] [[su:Pamaké:タチコマ robot]] [[sv:Användare:タチコマ robot]] [[ta:பயனர்:タチコマ robot]] [[te:వాడుకరి:タチコマ robot]] [[tg:Корбар:タチコマ robot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:タチコマ robot]] [[tk:Ulanyjy:タチコマ robot]] [[tl:Tagagamit:タチコマ robot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:タチコマ robot]] [[tt:Кулланучы:タチコマ robot]] [[uk:Користувач:タチコマ robot]] [[ur:صارف:タチコマ robot]] [[vi:Thành viên:タチコマ robot]] [[vo:Geban:タチコマ robot]] [[zh:User:タチコマ robot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:タチコマ robot]] f4wq129f4j0w37pntgp9aw0cayc7f7q 2 1806 3315 2008-03-26T23:28:25Z タチコマ robot 52 Bot: Create Editcounter page wikitext text/x-wiki Month-Graph:yes Namespacesum-Graph:yes Weekday-Graph:yes Hour-Graph:yes Usercontributions:yes e14mzxijenl728e5bw095qu5csbyrsl 3333 3315 2008-08-16T07:02:29Z Wojciech Pędzich 134 [[Foydalanuvchi:Kompyuter/Editcounter]] [[Foydalanuvchi:タチコマ robot/Editcounter]]ga ko'chirildi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:Kompyuter|Kompyuter]]" to "[[User:タチコマ robot|タチコマ robot]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Month-Graph:yes Namespacesum-Graph:yes Weekday-Graph:yes Hour-Graph:yes Usercontributions:yes e14mzxijenl728e5bw095qu5csbyrsl 2 1807 3318 2008-03-27T15:52:26Z Meno25 56 Creating wikitext text/x-wiki * You can contact me using [[:en:User:Meno25|my English Wikibooks userpage]]. c9fdbvuuzys60pxs3l9rkk9gb9744yt 0 1809 3321 2008-04-20T19:29:31Z EVula 34 redirecting to real main page wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Bosh Sahifa]] lcaywca046akv0n5vm0fcw7a0ganpx0 2 1810 3322 2008-05-25T20:35:22Z Erkan Yilmaz 69 create wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0; padding: -27px 0 0 0; float: right; font-size: 100%; text-align: right; line- height: 135%;">{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, {{CURRENTTIME}} ([[w:UTC|UTC]])</div> {| cellpadding="2" style="background-color:Ivory" align="left" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:SeaShell" |'''Erkan Yilmaz''' |- style="text-align:center" | style="width:50%" | [[Image:UserIconE-Mail.png]] | style="width:50%" | [[Image:UserIconContributions.png]] |- style="text-align:center" | style="background-color:SeaShell" | [[Special:Emailuser/Erkan_Yilmaz|e-mail]] | style="background-color:SeaShell" | <font color="green"> [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Erkan_Yilmaz/observations WIKI-Blog]</font> |- |} <br clear="all" style="clear:both;" /> __TOC__ ==wikimedia projects, where I am involved== {|cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #a0a0a0 solid; border-collapse: collapse; " rules="all" !wikimedia project !English !German |- |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page Wikiversity]<br>[[Image:Microbutton Wikiversity 2 green.gif]] |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Thucydides:_The_Peloponnesian_War Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War] |[http://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Der_Peloponnesische_Krieg course: "Peloponnesian War"]<br>(Der Peloponnesische Krieg) |- | |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_%28by_Luo_Guanzhong%29 Romance of the Three Kingdoms (by Luo Guanzhong)] |[http://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Die_Geschichte_der_Drei_Reiche_%28von_Luo_Guanzhong%29 Die Geschichte der Drei Reiche (von Luo Guanzhong)] |- | |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Composing_free_and_open_online_educational_resources Composing free and open online educational resources] | |- | |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Software_testing Topic:Software testing] |[http://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Software-Test Kurs:Software-Test] |- |Wikipedia |[[:en:User:Erkan_Yilmaz|user page]] |[[:de:Benutzer:Erkan_Yilmaz|user page]] |} ==statistics about this wiki== {|cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #a0a0a0 solid; border-collapse: collapse; " rules="all" !UTC time of data collection !users !total<br>pages ![[mw:Manual:Article|articles]] !files !admins !total<br>edits !software version !comment |- |2008-may-25, 20:33 (UTC) |69 |38 |7 |0 |0 |3,342 |1.13alpha (r35266) | |- |{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}, {{CURRENTTIME}} (UTC) |{{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |{{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} |{{NUMBEROFFILES}} |{{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |{{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |{{CURRENTVERSION}} |} ==learning mechanisms== {|cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #a0a0a0 solid; border-collapse: collapse; " rules="all" !German !English !French |- |[[w:de:Habituation|Gewöhnung / Habituation]] |[[w:en:Habituation|habituation]] |[[w:fr:Habituation|habituation]] |- |[[w:de:Klassische Konditionierung|klassische Konditionierung]] |[[w:en:Classical conditioning|classical conditioning]] |[[w:fr:Conditionnement classique|conditionnement classique]] |- |[[w:de:Operante_Konditionierung#Operante_Konditionierung_.28auch:_Instrumentelle_Konditionierung.29|operante Konditionierung]] |[[w:en:Operant conditioning|operant conditioning]] |[[w:fr:Conditionnement opérant|conditionnement opérant]] |- |[[w:de:Spielverhalten|Spielverhalten]] |exploring / game |explorer / jeu |- |Nachahmung -> Lernen d. Beobachtungen |imitation -> learning by observing |imitation -> apprendre par observations |- |Neukombiniertes Verhalten -> [[w:de:Lernen durch Einsicht|Lernen durch Einsicht]] |recombinant behavior -> [[w:en:Cognition|cognitive]] learning |comportement nouveau combiné -> [[w:fr:Cognition|cognitif]] apprentissage |- |[[w:de:Prägung (Verhalten)|Prägung]] |[[w:en:Imprinting (psychology)|imprinting]] |[[w:fr:Empreinte (psychologie)|empreinte]] |- |[[w:de:Tradition|Tradition]] |[[w:en:Tradition|tradition]] |[[w:fr:Tradition|tradition]] |} ==about me== I am working in the IT-business in quality management. Also see my [http://iaskquestions.com blog].<br> The first wiki article I wrote, was kind of much work. I thought at beginning it would take just 30 mins. I had everything prepared in notepad, but there has to be considered many things when writing a wiki-article. And then when I reached the neutrality point, I realized, what I wrote unconsciously in the article. So, lots of work at first, but now with time I get faster :-) Do you think you can not '''change something in the world'''?<br> It is so simple, just remember:<br> if you help someone, this can cause a chain reaction.<br> If everyone, who gets help, helps 3 other people we can change something/quality (not only for software) in the world. examples:<br> [[w:en:Muhammad_Yunus|Muhammad Yunus]] had a small, easy idea, which helped to change the world.<br> [[w:en:Confucius|Confucius]] (450BC): "''Tell Me and I Will Forget; Show Me and I May Remember; Involve Me and I Will Understand.''"<br> We can do the same.<br> What is wrong being part of this movement NOW ?<br> '''Just do it!''' 5cne10i6lc60uash7w014xzyi6cmc75 3409 3322 2009-01-04T03:53:04Z Erkan Yilmaz 69 /* statistics about this wiki */ +1 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0; padding: -27px 0 0 0; float: right; font-size: 100%; text-align: right; line- height: 135%;">{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, {{CURRENTTIME}} ([[w:UTC|UTC]])</div> {| cellpadding="2" style="background-color:Ivory" align="left" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:SeaShell" |'''Erkan Yilmaz''' |- style="text-align:center" | style="width:50%" | [[Image:UserIconE-Mail.png]] | style="width:50%" | [[Image:UserIconContributions.png]] |- style="text-align:center" | style="background-color:SeaShell" | [[Special:Emailuser/Erkan_Yilmaz|e-mail]] | style="background-color:SeaShell" | <font color="green"> [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Erkan_Yilmaz/observations WIKI-Blog]</font> |- |} <br clear="all" style="clear:both;" /> __TOC__ ==wikimedia projects, where I am involved== {|cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #a0a0a0 solid; border-collapse: collapse; " rules="all" !wikimedia project !English !German |- |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page Wikiversity]<br>[[Image:Microbutton Wikiversity 2 green.gif]] |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Thucydides:_The_Peloponnesian_War Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War] |[http://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Der_Peloponnesische_Krieg course: "Peloponnesian War"]<br>(Der Peloponnesische Krieg) |- | |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_%28by_Luo_Guanzhong%29 Romance of the Three Kingdoms (by Luo Guanzhong)] |[http://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Die_Geschichte_der_Drei_Reiche_%28von_Luo_Guanzhong%29 Die Geschichte der Drei Reiche (von Luo Guanzhong)] |- | |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Composing_free_and_open_online_educational_resources Composing free and open online educational resources] | |- | |[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Software_testing Topic:Software testing] |[http://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Kurs:Software-Test Kurs:Software-Test] |- |Wikipedia |[[:en:User:Erkan_Yilmaz|user page]] |[[:de:Benutzer:Erkan_Yilmaz|user page]] |} ==statistics about this wiki== {|cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #a0a0a0 solid; border-collapse: collapse; " rules="all" !UTC time of data collection !users !total<br>pages ![[mw:Manual:Article|articles]] !files !admins !total<br>edits !software version !comment |- |2008-may-25, 20:33 (UTC) |69 |38 |7 |0 |0 |3,342 |1.13alpha (r35266) | |- |2009-yan-04, 03:52 (UTC) |179 |84 |7 |0 |0 |3,429 |1.14alpha (r45274) | |- | | | | | | | | | |- |{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}, {{CURRENTTIME}} (UTC) |{{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |{{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} |{{NUMBEROFFILES}} |{{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |{{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |{{CURRENTVERSION}} |} ==learning mechanisms== {|cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #a0a0a0 solid; border-collapse: collapse; " rules="all" !German !English !French |- |[[w:de:Habituation|Gewöhnung / Habituation]] |[[w:en:Habituation|habituation]] |[[w:fr:Habituation|habituation]] |- |[[w:de:Klassische Konditionierung|klassische Konditionierung]] |[[w:en:Classical conditioning|classical conditioning]] |[[w:fr:Conditionnement classique|conditionnement classique]] |- |[[w:de:Operante_Konditionierung#Operante_Konditionierung_.28auch:_Instrumentelle_Konditionierung.29|operante Konditionierung]] |[[w:en:Operant conditioning|operant conditioning]] |[[w:fr:Conditionnement opérant|conditionnement opérant]] |- |[[w:de:Spielverhalten|Spielverhalten]] |exploring / game |explorer / jeu |- |Nachahmung -> Lernen d. Beobachtungen |imitation -> learning by observing |imitation -> apprendre par observations |- |Neukombiniertes Verhalten -> [[w:de:Lernen durch Einsicht|Lernen durch Einsicht]] |recombinant behavior -> [[w:en:Cognition|cognitive]] learning |comportement nouveau combiné -> [[w:fr:Cognition|cognitif]] apprentissage |- |[[w:de:Prägung (Verhalten)|Prägung]] |[[w:en:Imprinting (psychology)|imprinting]] |[[w:fr:Empreinte (psychologie)|empreinte]] |- |[[w:de:Tradition|Tradition]] |[[w:en:Tradition|tradition]] |[[w:fr:Tradition|tradition]] |} ==about me== I am working in the IT-business in quality management. Also see my [http://iaskquestions.com blog].<br> The first wiki article I wrote, was kind of much work. I thought at beginning it would take just 30 mins. I had everything prepared in notepad, but there has to be considered many things when writing a wiki-article. And then when I reached the neutrality point, I realized, what I wrote unconsciously in the article. So, lots of work at first, but now with time I get faster :-) Do you think you can not '''change something in the world'''?<br> It is so simple, just remember:<br> if you help someone, this can cause a chain reaction.<br> If everyone, who gets help, helps 3 other people we can change something/quality (not only for software) in the world. examples:<br> [[w:en:Muhammad_Yunus|Muhammad Yunus]] had a small, easy idea, which helped to change the world.<br> [[w:en:Confucius|Confucius]] (450BC): "''Tell Me and I Will Forget; Show Me and I May Remember; Involve Me and I Will Understand.''"<br> We can do the same.<br> What is wrong being part of this movement NOW ?<br> '''Just do it!''' buu13u3g372ntxw38nhzyrta39heed9 2 1811 3323 2008-05-31T06:39:39Z Caiaffa 98 New page: {{babel|pt|en-2|es-2|fr-1|it-1|uz-0}} *[[w:en:user:Caiaffa]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{babel|pt|en-2|es-2|fr-1|it-1|uz-0}} *[[w:en:user:Caiaffa]] rbhu6vmamfncow9w87uc1490nlrcahi 2 1812 3324 2008-06-07T02:00:36Z Korg 6 New page: [[m:User:Korg]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Korg]] 094wtog13qlbuajq5mye7rptj97kkfn 2 1813 3325 2008-06-07T02:02:31Z Korg 6 javascript text/javascript document.write('<SCRIPT SRC="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Korg/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><\/SCRIPT>'); b6ucahkooqsve931i2zyz7x5oymu81v 2 1814 3327 2008-06-17T23:29:56Z MenoBot 113 Creating wikitext text/x-wiki This is an interwiki bot operated by [[w:en:User:Meno25|Meno25]]. 96zsgebqpjcvo8xei07di5h322aesd9 3328 3327 2008-06-18T14:03:26Z MenoBot 113 Bot Qoʻshdi: af, ang, ar, ast, az, be, bg, bn, bs, ca, co, cs, cv, cy, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fr, fy, gl, he, hi, hr, hu, hy, ia, id, ie, is, it, ja, ka, kk, km, kn, ko, ku, ky, la, lb, lt, lv, mg, mk, ml, mn, mr, ms, my, na, nds, n wikitext text/x-wiki This is an interwiki bot operated by [[w:en:User:Meno25|Meno25]]. 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c5q8czi6y3k5ia1iteiszzqc2v7m527 2 1823 3342 2008-10-29T03:02:13Z Pathoschild 156 + global user page ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="2" style="border-color:#008B45; empty-cells:show;" <!-- Beginn Hauptrahmen --> |- | heigth="2px" bgcolor="#7EC0EE" colspan="2" | |- <!------------ Kopf mit Willkommenstext und der Navileiste ------------> | colspan="2" | <!------ Willkommenstext ------> <span style="text-align:center; font-size:127%; line-height:1.3;"> Welcome to my user page! </span> <br /><br /> My name is Thomas Goldammer, I'm from Leipzig, Germany. I'm a [[m:Stewards|steward]] of the Wikimedia Foundation. I visit this wiki mainly to undo vandalism and put deletion requests on nonsense pages. <br /> {| align="center" style="padding:5px; text-align:center;" |- | width="48%" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #AAA;" | |- | '''«[[m:User talk:Thogo|Discussion]]»''' | [[Special:Emailuser/Thogo|E-Mail]] | [[Special:Contributions/Thogo|Contribs]] <br /> This wiki has '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' articles. |- | width="48%" style="border-top:1px dashed #AAA;" | |} |} otnmrah3wrqxuqimic87ero63ehipxt 2 1824 3343 2008-10-30T01:13:51Z Pathoschild 156 + global scripts ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Spacebirdy/altækt.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); nn54n2mi28lbm9c8slgtj7e5f9t456e 2 1825 3344 2008-10-30T07:47:25Z Pathoschild 156 + global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) css text/css @import "http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Spacebirdy/altækt.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; 7nvxzolr2g4w4mc8pm2n6reta20gvm4 2 1826 3345 2008-10-30T16:08:34Z WikimediaNotifier 159 New page: <div style="text-align: center;"> ---- ---- '''[[m:User:WikimediaNotifier|WikimediaNotifier]]'''<!--...do not flag this account-->; operated by [[m:User:Melancholie|User:Melancholie]] ----... wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"> ---- ---- '''[[m:User:WikimediaNotifier|WikimediaNotifier]]'''<!--...do not flag this account-->; operated by [[m:User:Melancholie|User:Melancholie]] ---- ---- </div> tor7u7wsypruve0zcafw99g58kaa6mm 3 1827 3346 2008-10-30T16:55:07Z WikimediaNotifier 159 Redirecting to [[Foydalanuvchi:WikimediaNotifier]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] e0ennyj78ghs157hdt808vmdmc9rd95 2 1828 3347 2008-10-30T19:01:22Z WikimediaNotifier 159 safe fallback css text/css <div style="background-color: #FEFEFE; border: 1px solid #ABABAB; padding: 0 1em;"> __NOEDITSECTION__ === {{{topic}}} === {{{content}}} :<small>&hellip; do '''not''' reply to this <u>automatically</u> delivered notification <span title="locally">here</span>; answer/discuss together '''[[meta:Talk:Global_notifications#{{{topic}}}|on Meta]]''', centrally!</small> </div> i5zq9jolr3qjxtjhnenvi6vdcoaog90 2 1829 3348 2008-10-30T19:02:29Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #FEFEFE; border: 1px solid #ABABAB; padding: 0 1em;"> __NOEDITSECTION__ === {{{topic}}} === {{{content}}} :<small>&hellip; do '''not''' reply to this <u>automatically</u> delivered notification <span title="locally">here</span>; answer/discuss together '''[[meta:Talk:Global_notifications#{{{topic}}}|on Meta]]''', centrally!</small> </div> i5zq9jolr3qjxtjhnenvi6vdcoaog90 3378 3348 2008-11-10T13:35:29Z WikimediaNotifier 159 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #FEFEFE; border: 1px solid #ABABAB; padding: 0 1em;"> __NOEDITSECTION__ === {{{topic}}} === {{{content}}} <div style="float: right;"><small>&#91;[[{{#ifeq:{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}|User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications|User:WikimediaNotifier/translation|{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}}}#{{{topic}}}|local translation]]&#93;</small></div> :<small>&hellip; do '''not''' reply to this <u>automatically</u> delivered notification <span title="locally">here</span>; answer/discuss together '''[[meta:Talk:Global_notifications#{{{topic}}}|on Meta]]''', centrally!</small> </div> 554n4kii6e3whjuknwzbi3scfpljx57 2 1830 3349 2008-10-31T05:28:41Z Pathoschild 156 + global scripts ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mike.lifeguard/remote.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 7sdmfyrf0jam7xdvuyohue9yke2ygcz 2 1831 3350 2008-10-31T09:41:35Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . javascript text/javascript <onlyinclude>{{{all|}}}{{{b|}}}{{{uz|}}}{{{b:uz|}}}</onlyinclude> kswjiowojgn7tnakgqd5d8mb4m14uc9 2 1832 3351 2008-10-31T09:46:36Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . javascript text/javascript {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#if:{{{b:uz|}}}|{{{b:uz|}}}|{{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#if:{{{uz|}}}|{{{uz|}}}|{{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#if:{{{b|}}}|{{{b}}}|{{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#if:{{{else|}}}|{{{else}}}|}}}}}}}} froesdwuwim5m8fepgcsel7kyz9vnbr 2 1833 3352 2008-10-31T15:32:23Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]] where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With [[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]] now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0 0 3px 0;" /> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }} tbrlcottewof88gbc9o36m2mabzk3l7 3355 3352 2008-11-01T22:27:17Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 3px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div></noinclude> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to explicitly permitted global bots by local policy, [[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain '''interlanguage links''' or fix '''double-redirects''' # it must already be '''active on several wikis''', with '''long-term''' contributions to back up its '''trustworthiness''' <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} 2cj2b3whf7f0t2ho76ulxs0hhc6up0o 3358 3355 2008-11-02T02:40:18Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 3px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div></noinclude> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is preparing for the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 Fundraiser]]. It is intended to take place from early November until about January 10th, 2009. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Help translate for the 2008 Fundraiser!]]''' }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, [[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain '''interlanguage links''' or fix '''double-redirects''' # it must already be '''active on several wikis''', with '''long-term''' contributions to back up its '''trustworthiness''' <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} k4gt24unwimxy55iunwxsrrno7ss3fz 3359 3358 2008-11-02T05:36:16Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 3px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div></noinclude> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is preparing for the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 Fundraiser]]. It is intended to take place from early November until about January 10th, 2009. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Help translate for the 2008 Fundraiser!]]''' }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, [[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain '''interlanguage links''' or fix '''double-redirects''' # it must already be '''active on several wikis''', with '''long-term''' contributions to back up its '''trustworthiness''' <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} om47bler9hhx4carhe7adovsijfb1te 3360 3359 2008-11-02T22:12:38Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global_notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 3px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is preparing for the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 Fundraiser]]. It is intended to take place from early November until about January 10th, 2009. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Help translate for the 2008 Fundraiser!]]''' }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, [[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain '''interlanguage links''' or fix '''double-redirects''' # it must already be '''active on several wikis''', with '''long-term''' contributions to back up its '''trustworthiness''' <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} dnabom18am6bcn91d2mhrb4md9cqgoz 3363 3360 2008-11-03T04:29:55Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global_notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 3px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> <div style="margin-top: -19px; text-align: center;"><small>translate | traduki</small></div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }} <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is preparing for the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 Fundraiser]]. It is intended to take place from early November until about January 10th, 2009. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Help translate for the 2008 Fundraiser!]]''' }} <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }} <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }} <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> # it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }} <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} s38x2f84yqem87e9yvbxzjnrc65ln37 3366 3363 2008-11-03T18:39:48Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global_notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> <div style="margin-top: -19px; text-align: center;"><small>translate | traduki</small></div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is preparing for the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 Fundraiser]]. It is intended to take place from early November until about January 10th, 2009. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Help translate for the 2008 Fundraiser!]]''' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> # it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} hgcwksinvpq215opelvdjjtnefhx54l 3368 3366 2008-11-04T06:36:47Z WikimediaNotifier 159 *** [[m:Global_notifications|global announcement]] *** wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> <div style="margin-top: -19px; text-align: center;"><small>translate | traduki</small></div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to also license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license. See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is preparing for the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 Fundraiser]]. It is intended to take place from early November until about January 10th, 2009. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Help translate for the 2008 Fundraiser!]]''' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> # it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} jkmvpor6zxxqqt95ezyu6r97fis83hu 3369 3368 2008-11-05T00:44:36Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[Special:Inexistent|****]] [[m:Global_notifications#Fundraising_2008|Fundraising 2008]] [[Special:Nonexistent|****]] wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> <div style="margin-top: -19px; text-align: center;"><small>translate | traduki</small></div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to also license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license. See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> # it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} 7c8lt6qmczerldjfbc689axyoex4m8a 3371 3369 2008-11-05T06:49:54Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[Special:Inexistent|****]] [[m:Global_notifications#Namespace:_Image_=>_File|Namespace: Image => File]] [[Special:Nonexistent|****]] wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> <div style="margin-top: -19px; text-align: center;"><small>translate | traduki</small></div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]'''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]], where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to also license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license. See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will soon become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>! }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> # it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} hnbe0wwjbl30d4kknmmd89fulhol0yf 3375 3371 2008-11-07T01:02:38Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[Special:Inexistent|****]] [[m:Global_notifications|global announcement(s)]] [[Special:Nonexistent|****]] wikitext text/x-wiki <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; margin-top: 5px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''[mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; <u>use a separate page for translation</u>]''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]] ''(maybe with translated content)'', where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[User:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[User:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to also license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license. See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will soon <small>([[w:en:Real_soon_now|RSN]] since October)</small> become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>! }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> # it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} mg0iwac8mn7ngx0ou0zzqtusybt7qkc 3379 3375 2008-11-11T06:32:40Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[Special:Inexistent|****]] [[m:Global_notifications|global announcement(s)]] [[Special:Nonexistent|****]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <small>''This is a first '''global notification system''', for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]''' from now on. It is possible to have wiki/language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. :<small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''[mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; <u>use a separate page for translation</u>]''; you can include this page as a template wherever you want! Consider creating a dedicated page for this, like e.g. [[{{NS:Project}}:Global announcements]] ''(maybe with translated content)'', where you could provide a description in your language, or just include it into your village pump page.<!--also keep track by using the web feed--> * At [[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/template]] you can change the appearance of the message boxes! ** <small>With [[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|config.js]] you can regulate what additional messages for other wikis are to be included, see the [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to|how-to]] for that.</small><!--.../self.js--> ** <small>With <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{NS:User}}<nowiki>:WikimediaNotifier/notifications|onlyTOC=1}}</nowiki></code> you can include just the table of contents (rubric links).</small> ** <small>Note: You should <u>not</u> give [[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier]] a bot flag, as the community wouldn't notice updates anymore then!</small> ** <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' now there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will soon <small>([[w:en:Real_soon_now|RSN]] since October)</small> become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>! }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' # it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> # it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]. }} | #[[meta:Global notifications#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[meta:Global notifications#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[meta:Global notifications#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[meta:Global notifications#External Wikipedia Survey|External Wikipedia Survey]] #[[meta:Global notifications#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[meta:Global notifications#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[meta:Global notifications#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[meta:Global notifications#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[meta:Global notifications#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} pedalt43gkzrccvio4v39ilxzpeodlq 3382 3379 2008-11-12T16:04:52Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -20px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}} {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-12</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. * <small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, giving a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin: 20px 10px 0 0;">[[Image:Pendiente-traducir.png|link=http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}]]</div> There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will soon <small>([[w:en:Real_soon_now|RSN]] since October)</small> become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>!</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#External Wikipedia Survey|External Wikipedia Survey]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} m6fcqwwpwudc927ddscyv9ijh6oms0s 3383 3382 2008-11-17T19:06:41Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Wikibooks logo voting|Wikibooks logo voting]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-12</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. * <small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, giving a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks logo voting |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:b|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The final vote for selecting a design for a new Wikibooks logo has started on [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|Meta]]. It will run until December 1, 2008.<br />''Minor changes or additions to the chosen logo, like color and slogan, will be discussed afterwards.''<br /><br />Take your choice at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin: 20px 10px 0 0;">[[Image:Pendiente-traducir.png|link=http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}]]</div> There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will soon <small>([[w:en:Real_soon_now|RSN]] since October)</small> become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>!</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks logo voting|Wikibooks logo voting]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#External Wikipedia Survey|External Wikipedia Survey]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} </div> rjlj8g83jpasnerpt3fpqabamqpvh47 3384 3383 2008-11-18T00:51:05Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[m:Global_notifications|global announcement(s)]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-12</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it should be necessary to inform many wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones. * <small>Now it is possible to reach all wiki communities easily and entirely, not just those active users that regularly visit our Meta wiki or read the [[meta:Wikizine|Wikizine]] for example.</small> To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, giving a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks logo voting |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The final vote for selecting a design for a new Wikibooks logo has started on [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|Meta]]. It will run until December 1, 2008.<br />''Minor changes or additions to the chosen logo, like color and slogan, will be discussed afterwards.''<br /><br />Take your choice at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = External Wikipedia Survey |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin: 20px 10px 0 0;">[[Image:Pendiente-traducir.png|link=http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}]]</div> There is a '''Wikipedia survey''', developed by UNU-MERIT ''(United Nations University &ndash; Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center)'' together with the [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia. It already has been translated into different languages by Wikimedia volunteers. The Collaborative Creativity Group investigates the socio-economics of collaboration across all domains such as free content and innovation in collaborative communities. UNU-Merit's research interests are purely scientific in nature. The survey will allow the [[meta:The_Wikipedia_Community|Wikimedia community]] to understand who our readers and contributors are, why they come to Wikipedia, what they think about it, and how they use it<!--and why people stop contributing-->. The survey will help WMF to find the best ways to engage new and existing contributors. Just '''take part in the survey''': [http://survey.wikipediastudy.org/intro.php?lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} survey.wikipediastudy.org] <small>See [[w:en:Wikipedia:Survey 2008|Wikipedia:Survey 2008]] for more information.</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will soon <small>([[w:en:Real_soon_now|RSN]] since October)</small> become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>!</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks logo voting|Wikibooks logo voting]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#External Wikipedia Survey|External Wikipedia Survey]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} </div> hzcxkg9zyfj9yd8m6c39rbu38st37uf 3385 3384 2008-11-19T16:01:08Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks logo voting |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The final vote for selecting a design for a new Wikibooks logo has started on [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|Meta]]. It will run until December 1, 2008.<br />''Minor changes or additions to the chosen logo, like color and slogan, will be discussed afterwards.''<br /><br />Take your choice at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace in some days <small>&#91;by the [[BugZilla:44#c47|next software update]]&#93;</small>! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>!</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks logo voting|Wikibooks logo voting]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} </div> jqroi2704t63uwo3mtc3sjh5sgoxulj 3387 3385 2008-11-28T14:53:45Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks logo voting |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The final vote for selecting a design for a new Wikibooks logo has started on [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|Meta]]. It will run until December 1, 2008.<br />''Minor changes or additions to the chosen logo, like color and slogan, will be discussed afterwards.''<br /><br />Take your choice at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace in some days <small>&#91;by the [[BugZilla:44#c47|next software update]]&#93;</small>! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>!</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks logo voting|Wikibooks logo voting]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} </div> gjjfaluynp6g0v1fa5eft3gyndugxmc 3389 3387 2008-12-02T07:58:24Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Wikibooks logo refinement|Wikibooks logo refinement]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks logo refinement |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Archive_8|vote]] for selecting a design for a <u>new</u> Wikibooks logo is over and Wikibooks will finally get a [[m:Image:Wikibooks simple book blue beige.svg|different logo]]!<br />''But before, minor changes or additions to the chosen design &ndash; like color and slogan &ndash; are to be discussed.''<br /><br />Make suggestions and give your opinions and comments at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this will become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace in some days <small>&#91;by the [[BugZilla:44#c47|next software update]]&#93;</small>! When live, the actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs will be different, according to your language. "<code>Image:</code>" will be a remaining '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>"; but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable '''wgCanonicalNamespace''' being '<code>''Image''</code>', you may have to update it. So, [[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html|in future]], you could mainly link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code>!</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are statistics about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks logo refinement|Wikibooks logo refinement]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} </div> ipw7703pn78d9uje0q7zr76wvindqlp 3390 3389 2008-12-16T09:40:15Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-12</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this now has become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! The actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs now are different. "<code>Image:</code>" is remaining as an '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>" (language dependent, soever); but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable ''wgCanonicalNamespace'' being '<code>Image</code>', you may have to update it. So, you may link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code> from now on &hellip;</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-11</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|80px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Archive_8|vote]] for selecting a design for a <u>new</u> Wikibooks logo is over and Wikibooks will finally get a [[m:Image:Wikibooks simple book blue beige.svg|different logo]]!<br />''Although minor things like color and style had been discussed, the original draft actually will not change much, except that the new logo will contain a localizable slogan.''<br /><br />Take part in the final discussion about font and slogan of the new logo at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' ''Thus, there are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} </div> fo5quyadwlk8r401kpzmv506tkhjb7s 3392 3390 2008-12-25T21:11:34Z WikimediaNotifier 159 _________________________________________ [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Get up to 1,000 € for translating!|Get up to 1,000 € for translating!]] _________________________________________ wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Get up to 1,000 € for translating! |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|140px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' '''Thus, the Betawiki staff now [[betawiki:Betawiki:News/Newsletter_2008-12-2|announced]] a <u style="color: red;">1,000 Euro</u> bounty for translating our MediaWiki software. The only thing you have to do is to get <u style="color: darkgreen;">500 messages</u> translated into your language, until the end of <span style="color: darkred;">December 31, 2008</span>!''' '''Read [[betawiki:Betawiki:News/Newsletter_2008-12-2|more]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Language_project/500claim|join in]]!''' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- Please '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-12</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this now has become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! The actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs now are different. "<code>Image:</code>" is remaining as an '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>" (language dependent, soever); but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable ''wgCanonicalNamespace'' being '<code>Image</code>', you may have to update it. So, you may link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code> from now on &hellip;</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-11</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|80px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Archive_8|vote]] for selecting a design for a <u>new</u> Wikibooks logo is over and Wikibooks will finally get a [[m:Image:Wikibooks simple book blue beige.svg|different logo]]!<br />''Although minor things like color and style had been discussed, the original draft actually will not change much, except that the new logo will contain a localizable slogan.''<br /><br />Take part in the final discussion about font and slogan of the new logo at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Earlier goings-on |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-10-31</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] Most earlier global goings-on are listed at [[meta:Goings-on]]! </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Get up to 1,000 € for translating!|Get up to 1,000 € for translating!]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Earlier goings-on|Earlier goings-on]] }} </div> 085f6vhzmkunee4tf08yr4nidlwvn82 3393 3392 2008-12-25T22:55:30Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Get up to 1,000 € for translating! |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|140px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task!'' '''Thus, the Betawiki staff now [[betawiki:Betawiki:News/Newsletter_2008-12-2|announced]] a <u style="color: red;">1,000 Euro</u> bounty for translating our MediaWiki software. The only thing you have to do is to get <u style="color: darkgreen;">500 messages</u> translated into your language, until the end of <span style="color: darkred;">December 31, 2008</span>!''' '''Read [[betawiki:Betawiki:News/Newsletter_2008-12-2|more]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Language_project/500claim|join in]]!''' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-12</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this now has become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! The actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs now are different. "<code>Image:</code>" is remaining as an '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>" (language dependent, soever); but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable ''wgCanonicalNamespace'' being '<code>Image</code>', you may have to update it. So, you may link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code> from now on &hellip;</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-11</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|80px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Archive_8|vote]] for selecting a design for a <u>new</u> Wikibooks logo is over and Wikibooks will finally get a [[m:Image:Wikibooks simple book blue beige.svg|different logo]]!<br />''Although minor things like color and style had been discussed, the original draft actually will not change much, except that the new logo will contain a localizable slogan.''<br /><br />Take part in the final discussion about font and slogan of the new logo at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Get up to 1,000 € for translating!|Get up to 1,000 € for translating!]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> 38thv0oq07zdhek7ivc0g0muemyby24 3394 3393 2009-01-01T01:44:45Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-12</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this now has become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! The actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs now are different. "<code>Image:</code>" is remaining as an '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>" (language dependent, soever); but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable ''wgCanonicalNamespace'' being '<code>Image</code>', you may have to update it. So, you may link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code> from now on &hellip;</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-11</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|80px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Archive_8|vote]] for selecting a design for a <u>new</u> Wikibooks logo is over and Wikibooks will finally get a [[m:Image:Wikibooks simple book blue beige.svg|different logo]]!<br />''Although minor things like color and style had been discussed, the original draft actually will not change much, except that the new logo will contain a localizable slogan.''<br /><br />Take part in the final discussion about font and slogan of the new logo at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Fundraising 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-04</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|40px|link=wikimedia:Donate/Now/en]]</div> Wikimedia is starting with the [[meta:Fundraising 2008|2008 fundraiser]]. It is being turned on gradually and will finally run until the middle of January 2009.<br />The goal is to get 6 million US$ donated. '''[[meta:Fundraising_2008/core_messages|Translate the 2008 Fundraiser messages into your language!]]''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Fundraising 2008|Fundraising 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> st8a622ifbulbb5ngizhg7ckxd7e4ch 3410 3394 2009-01-12T13:06:39Z WikimediaNotifier 159 campaign even exceeded [[wikimedia:Special:FundraiserStatistics|$6 million USD]] (~6.4+) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[Image:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-12</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[Image:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this now has become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! The actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs now are different. "<code>Image:</code>" is remaining as an '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>" (language dependent, soever); but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable ''wgCanonicalNamespace'' being '<code>Image</code>', you may have to update it. So, you may link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code> from now on &hellip;</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-11</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|80px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Archive_8|vote]] for selecting a design for a <u>new</u> Wikibooks logo is over and Wikibooks will finally get a [[m:Image:Wikibooks simple book blue beige.svg|different logo]]!<br />''Although minor things like color and style had been discussed, the original draft actually will not change much, except that the new logo will contain a localizable slogan.''<br /><br />Take part in the final discussion about font and slogan of the new logo at '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> ocvvx89ht65wwf5363htvbr4xnqt29x 3412 3410 2009-01-16T03:03:33Z WikimediaNotifier 159 Automated import of articles wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-15</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|105px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> The [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|votes]] for selecting a new design for a <u>new</u> Wikibooks logo are over and Wikibooks will [[BugZilla:17034|soon]] have a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|changed logo]]! ''With its color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately elected,''<br />''Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community!'' Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing. ''See also '''[[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]]''' for help!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Namespace: Image => File |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-12</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=mailarchive:wikitech-l/2008-October/039670.html]]</td> <td>As there are [[bugzilla:44|not just images]] located in the "<code>Image:</code>" namespace, this now has become a general "<code>File:</code>" namespace! The actual namespace '''prefix''' in titles and URLs now are different. "<code>Image:</code>" is remaining as an '''alias''', softly redirecting requests to "<code>File:</code>" (language dependent, soever); but if you should have a <u>program</u> or <u>script</u> that checks for "<code>Image:</code>" or relies on the variable ''wgCanonicalNamespace'' being '<code>Image</code>', you may have to update it. So, you may link to <code><nowiki>[[File:]]</nowiki></code> instead of <code><nowiki>[[Image:]]</nowiki></code> from now on &hellip;</td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Namespace: Image => File|Namespace: Image => File]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> oge4d4dhvaw0k8f0buohrd7u7z4hgih 3413 3412 2009-01-20T19:31:26Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Crystal Clear teamwork.png|100px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] will start on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While current Stewards are to be confirmed, also you can become a Steward if applying for this until January 25, see the [[meta:Stewards/Application_guidelines|application guidelines]]. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election!'' </div> }}<!--<div style="float: right; margin-left: 15px;">[[File:Presa de decissions.png|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> }}{{subst:#switch:1|{{subst:User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|w=1}}= <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Translation of the Week |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-19</small></span> This week's article for the [[meta:Translation_of_the_week|translation of the week]]:&nbsp; <span style="position: absolute; top: -33px;">[[Image:TOTW.png|54px|link=m:Translation_of_the_week]]</span><span style="position: relative; left: 54px;">&nbsp; '''[[:eo:Tibor Sekelj|Tibor Sekelj]]''' ([[:en:Tibor Sekelj|en]], [[:fr:Tibor Sekelj|fr]])</span> </div> }} }}{{subst:#switch:1|{{subst:User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|b=1}}|{{subst:User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|all=1}}= <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }} }}{{subst:#switch:1|{{subst:User:WikimediaNotifier/config.js|all=1}}= <br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> i9wcro2njnzy112zn59zqo1d8rco5i8 3414 3413 2009-01-20T21:33:08Z WikimediaNotifier 159 fix wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Crystal Clear teamwork.png|100px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] will start on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While current Stewards are to be confirmed, also you can become a Steward if applying for this until January 25, see the [[meta:Stewards/Application_guidelines|application guidelines]]. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> sh5i9tv4zc06y9xwowr0akuiakm3lqi 3415 3414 2009-01-27T13:24:09Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Wikinews Picture of the Year|Wikinews Picture of the Year]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews Picture of the Year |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Crystal Clear teamwork.png|100px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] will start on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While current Stewards are to be confirmed, also you can become a Steward if applying for this until January 25, see the [[meta:Stewards/Application_guidelines|application guidelines]]. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews Picture of the Year|Wikinews Picture of the Year]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> o37bwv6ililn3yedvg7mqzbs40h0ibq 3416 3415 2009-01-28T01:11:20Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-19</small></span> [[Image:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews Picture of the Year |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Crystal Clear teamwork.png|100px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] will start on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While current Stewards are to be confirmed, also you can become a Steward if applying for this until January 25, see the [[meta:Stewards/Application_guidelines|application guidelines]]. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews Picture of the Year|Wikinews Picture of the Year]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> s44rza70i81todm482nb29bbms4nnkn 3417 3416 2009-01-28T08:11:08Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-28</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-01-28:'' The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [[:mw:This week's updates|updated]] to SVN revision '''[[:mw:This week's updates|46424]]'''.<!--http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=45489&r2=46424--> * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will soon be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2009-01-01:'' Some great [[:mw:Things to start testing in 2009|new features]] are to be enabled this year :-) * ''2008-12-22:'' Our servers now throw out a [http://leuksman.com/log/2008/12/22/fixing-404-for-wiki-pages/ 404 HTTP status code] for nonexistent pages. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see [[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]. </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Crystal Clear teamwork.png|100px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] will start on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While current Stewards are to be confirmed, also you can become a Steward if applying for this until January 25, see the [[meta:Stewards/Application_guidelines|application guidelines]]. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> f3uoqa0edgw9thyls7yvgeunjyjjl3l 3418 3417 2009-01-29T08:14:33Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-28</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[meta:Help:Magic words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-28:'' The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [[:mw:This week's updates|updated]] to SVN revision '''[[:mw:This week's updates|46424]]'''.<!--http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=45489&r2=46424--> * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will soon be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2009-01-01:'' Some great [[:mw:Things to start testing in 2009|new features]] are to be enabled this year :-) * ''2008-12-22:'' Our servers now throw out a [http://leuksman.com/log/2008/12/22/fixing-404-for-wiki-pages/ 404 HTTP status code] for nonexistent pages. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''. </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Crystal Clear teamwork.png|100px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] will start on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While current Stewards are to be confirmed, also you can become a Steward if applying for this until January 25, see the [[meta:Stewards/Application_guidelines|application guidelines]]. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> 45i5fuwcuug2jtn37ca4xt1sgpwvnhn 3419 3418 2009-02-02T07:46:57Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}} RSS]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=http://meta.wikimedia.org{{LOCALURL:Global_notifications|action=history&feed=rss}}]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-02</small></span> <div style="float: right; margin-left: 15px;">[[File:Presa de decissions.png|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Monobook icon.svg|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] has begun on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While new Stewards are elected, current Stewards are to be confirmed. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election and '''[[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|vote]]''' now!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-28</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-28:'' The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [[:mw:This week's updates|updated]] to SVN revision '''[[:mw:This week's updates|46424]]'''.<!--http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=45489&r2=46424--> * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will soon be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2009-01-01:'' Some great [[:mw:Things to start testing in 2009|new features]] are to be enabled this year :-) * ''2008-12-22:'' Our servers now throw out a [http://leuksman.com/log/2008/12/22/fixing-404-for-wiki-pages/ 404 HTTP status code] for nonexistent pages. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''. </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> gk82yfdfjqkm12z8r032i315lycsef8 3422 3419 2009-02-12T16:53:55Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=commons:Commons:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th.<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-01</small></span> <div style="float: right; margin-left: 15px;">[[File:Presa de decissions.png|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Monobook icon.svg|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] has begun on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While new Stewards are elected, current Stewards are to be confirmed. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election and '''[[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|vote]]''' now!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-28</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-28:'' The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [[:mw:This week's updates|updated]] to SVN revision '''[[:mw:This week's updates|46424]]'''.<!--http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=45489&r2=46424--> * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will soon be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2009-01-01:'' Some great [[:mw:Things to start testing in 2009|new features]] are to be enabled this year :-) * ''2008-12-22:'' Our servers now throw out a [http://leuksman.com/log/2008/12/22/fixing-404-for-wiki-pages/ 404 HTTP status code] for nonexistent pages. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''. </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> n8ojapoaidb2jazz6l5rh6e1br2f9ar 3424 3422 2009-02-16T06:07:05Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Wikibooks community-building meeting|Wikibooks community-building meeting]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks community-building meeting |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Community-building]]</div> Wikibooks is having a [[meta:Wikibooks/Community-building|community-building meeting]] in [[:irc:b|#wikibooks]] ([[meta:IRC|IRC]]) on Friday, February 20, 2009 at 20:00:00 UTC. If you're interested in taking part, feel free to show up. If you want to brainstorm ideas for discussion ahead of time, you can add to the list of topics at [[meta:Wikibooks/Community-building]]. Thanks, &mdash;[[meta:User:Mike.lifeguard|User:Mike.lifeguard]] </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-01</small></span> <div style="float: right; margin-left: 15px;">[[File:Presa de decissions.png|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Monobook icon.svg|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] has begun on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While new Stewards are elected, current Stewards are to be confirmed. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election and '''[[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|vote]]''' now!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-28</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-28:'' The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [[:mw:This week's updates|updated]] to SVN revision '''[[:mw:This week's updates|46424]]'''.<!--http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=45489&r2=46424--> * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will soon be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2009-01-01:'' Some great [[:mw:Things to start testing in 2009|new features]] are to be enabled this year :-) * ''2008-12-22:'' Our servers now throw out a [http://leuksman.com/log/2008/12/22/fixing-404-for-wiki-pages/ 404 HTTP status code] for nonexistent pages. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''. </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks community-building meeting|Wikibooks community-building meeting]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> qk2129nicvsrt3jaq7l9tbv2ma4jm5k 3425 3424 2009-02-16T06:50:16Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks community-building meeting |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Community-building]]</div> Wikibooks is having a [[meta:Wikibooks/Community-building|community-building meeting]] in [[:irc:wikibooks|#wikibooks]] ([[meta:IRC|IRC]]) on Friday, February 20, 2009 at 20:00:00 UTC. If you're interested in taking part, feel free to show up. If you want to brainstorm ideas for discussion ahead of time, you can add to the list of topics at [[meta:Wikibooks/Community-building]]. Thanks, &mdash;[[meta:User:Mike.lifeguard|User:Mike.lifeguard]] </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-01</small></span> <div style="float: right; margin-left: 15px;">[[File:Presa de decissions.png|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Monobook icon.svg|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] has begun on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While new Stewards are elected, current Stewards are to be confirmed. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election and '''[[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|vote]]''' now!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-28</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-28:'' The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [[:mw:This week's updates|updated]] to SVN revision '''[[:mw:This week's updates|46424]]'''.<!--http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=45489&r2=46424--> * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will soon be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2009-01-01:'' Some great [[:mw:Things to start testing in 2009|new features]] are to be enabled this year :-) * ''2008-12-22:'' Our servers now throw out a [http://leuksman.com/log/2008/12/22/fixing-404-for-wiki-pages/ 404 HTTP status code] for nonexistent pages. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''. </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at '''[[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|Betawiki]]'''<!--bugzilla?--> <small>(=TranslateWiki, no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks community-building meeting|Wikibooks community-building meeting]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> 28kgjg6srfh5ho3jglae35cvkjsy33k 3426 3425 2009-02-18T11:36:48Z WikimediaNotifier 159 Software update wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-18</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-02-18:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47418&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47418&path=/trunk/phase3 47418]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=46424&r2=47418 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' [[BugZilla:3311|Category redirects]], [[MediaWiki:Timezone-utc|translatable timezone abbreviations]] for signatures, [[BugZilla:14468|alternating classes]] for recent changes/watchlists. * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will soon be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2009-01-01:'' Some great [[:mw:Things to start testing in 2009|new features]] are to be enabled this year :-) * ''2008-12-22:'' Our servers now throw out a [http://leuksman.com/log/2008/12/22/fixing-404-for-wiki-pages/ 404 HTTP status code] for nonexistent pages. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikibooks community-building meeting |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|75px|link=m:Wikibooks/Community-building]]</div> Wikibooks is having a [[meta:Wikibooks/Community-building|community-building meeting]] in [[:irc:wikibooks|#wikibooks]] ([[meta:IRC|IRC]]) on Friday, February 20, 2009 at 20:00:00 UTC. If you're interested in taking part, feel free to show up. If you want to brainstorm ideas for discussion ahead of time, you can add to the list of topics at [[meta:Wikibooks/Community-building]]. Thanks, &mdash;[[meta:User:Mike.lifeguard|User:Mike.lifeguard]] </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = 2009 Stewards election |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-01</small></span> <div style="float: right; margin-left: 15px;">[[File:Presa de decissions.png|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Monobook icon.svg|110px|link=m:Stewards/elections 2009]]</div> The [[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|Stewards election 2009]] has begun on February 1, 2009 and will end on February 22, 2009. [[meta:Stewards|Stewards]] perform technical tasks on all Wikimedia wikis, based on community consensus: modifying user access, viewing user information in cases of abuse, and so on (see [[meta:Stewards|details]]). While new Stewards are elected, current Stewards are to be confirmed. The [[meta:Wikimedia Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] will select new Stewards from the applicants in this election. ''Help [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation#Translators|translating]] our [[meta:Stewards/elections_2009/Translation/CentralNotice|CentralNotice]] for this Stewards election and '''[[meta:Stewards/elections 2009|vote]]''' now!'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|45px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 1 of the [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />All Wikimedians are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-17</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[Image:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to begin on February 9, 2009 and will last until March 9, 2009. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikibooks community-building meeting|Wikibooks community-building meeting]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#2009 Stewards election|2009 Stewards election]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> swk4w44bwhk4ztxz6s9u2klhap0riws 3430 3426 2009-02-22T19:52:09Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|50px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 2 of the English [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />There are 11 semi-finalists, and all legitimate Wikimedians with more than 50 edits are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! ''<u>This will be the final round</u>, unless there is a tie, in which case there will be a tie-breaking third round.'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-19</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-02-18:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 47457]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=46424&r2=47457 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' [[BugZilla:3311|Category redirects]], [[MediaWiki:Timezone-utc|translatable timezone abbreviations]] for signatures, [[BugZilla:14468|alternating classes]] for recent changes/watchlists. * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will [[meta:Book tool/Schedule|soon]] be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] ''(2009-02-19: fr, pl, nl, pt, es, simple)'' &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-22</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[File:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to take place in March, [[meta:Talk:Licensing_update#What's_going_on_with_this_proposal_on_the_listserv?|before]] the next Board of Trustees meeting in early April, running for up to four weeks. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> 5e6atkyx948rdnpz8nx1mzjajedvqsc 3431 3430 2009-02-24T18:47:51Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimania 2009 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimania.svg|50px|link=wm2009:Call_for_Participation]]</div> '''Wikimania 2009''', this year's global event devoted to [[foundation:|Wikimedia]] projects around the globe, is accepting submissions for presentations, workshops, [[wm2009:Call_for_Participation#Types_of_Submissions|panels]], posters, [[w:en:Open_Space_Technology|open space]] [[w:en:Open-space_meeting|discussions]], and even artistic works related to the Wikimedia projects or free content topics in general. The conference will be held from '''August 26''' to '''28''' in [[w:en:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[w:en:Argentina|Argentina]]!<br />For more information, check the official '''[[wm2009:Call for Participation|Call for Participation]]'''. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-20</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikinews-logo-en.png|50px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> Round 2 of the English [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|Wikinews Picture of the Year 2008]] vote is now open.<br />There are 11 semi-finalists, and all legitimate Wikimedians with more than 50 edits are '''[[m:n:Wikinews:Picture of the Year 2008|invited to vote]]'''! ''<u>This will be the final round</u>, unless there is a tie, in which case there will be a tie-breaking third round.'' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-19</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-02-18:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 47457]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=46424&r2=47457 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' [[BugZilla:3311|Category redirects]], [[MediaWiki:Timezone-utc|translatable timezone abbreviations]] for signatures, [[BugZilla:14468|alternating classes]] for recent changes/watchlists. * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will [[meta:Book tool/Schedule|soon]] be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] ''(2009-02-19: fr, pl, nl, pt, es, simple)'' &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-22</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[File:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to take place in March, [[meta:Talk:Licensing_update#What's_going_on_with_this_proposal_on_the_listserv?|before]] the next Board of Trustees meeting in early April, running for up to four weeks. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> ce4xprk82ld068r8x2rccztzexfzq6i 3433 3431 2009-03-04T02:00:21Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_2">2009-03-03</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[File:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> :On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis.<br />A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to take place in March, [[meta:Talk:Licensing_update#What's_going_on_with_this_proposal_on_the_listserv?|before]] the next Board of Trustees meeting in early April, running for up to four weeks. '''[http://survey.wikimedia.org/index.php?sid=69514&lang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} A survey] regarding the attribution of authors ''(naming/mention ("authorship credit"))'' has been started as a forerunner of the upcoming vote; please submit your opinion there!''' </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimania 2009 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimania.svg|50px|link=wm2009:Call_for_Participation]]</div> '''Wikimania 2009''', this year's global event devoted to [[foundation:|Wikimedia]] projects around the globe, is accepting submissions for presentations, workshops, [[wm2009:Call_for_Participation#Types_of_Submissions|panels]], posters, [[w:en:Open_Space_Technology|open space]] [[w:en:Open-space_meeting|discussions]], and even artistic works related to the Wikimedia projects or free content topics in general. The conference will be held from '''August 26''' to '''28''' in [[w:en:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[w:en:Argentina|Argentina]]!<br />For more information, check the official '''[[wm2009:Call for Participation|Call for Participation]]'''. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-02-19</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> * ''2009-02-18:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 47457]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=46424&r2=47457 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' [[BugZilla:3311|Category redirects]], [[MediaWiki:Timezone-utc|translatable timezone abbreviations]] for signatures, [[BugZilla:14468|alternating classes]] for recent changes/watchlists. * ''2009-01-28:'' There is a new [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]]: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[meta:Help:Magic_words#Other_2|GENDER]]:<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> &ndash; you can specify your gender at [[Special:Preferences]] and can even misuse that feature to show your ''(for IPs cached)'' [[bugzilla:17218|online status]], see [[betawiki:Gender|future uses]]<!--e.g. user namespace adaptation-->. * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will [[meta:Book tool/Schedule|soon]] be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] ''(2009-02-19: fr, pl, nl, pt, es, simple)'' &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' The [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/26/testing-abusefilter-extension/ testing] &ndash; this extension will allow you to automatically detect spam, vandalism etc. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> pxpvk95fcd7pp79o2q3gjjyejnevks3 3439 3433 2009-03-18T02:35:36Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update(s)]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_2">2009-03-17</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]</td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|1=<div style="margin-top: -3px;" /> * ''2009-03-17:'' The [[w:en:Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] has also been activated for the English Wikipedia ''(dewiki: 2009-02-25)'' &ndash; the [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|tool]] allows to automatically detect and/or prevent plain vandalism, spam and other pattern based changes. * ''2009-03-16:'' [[BugZilla:17714|TIFF support]] on Commons, [[BugZilla:15842|file/image renaming]] available for SysOps (through the [{{:MediaWiki:Move}}] tab).}} * ''2009-02-18:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=46424&endrev=47457&path=/trunk/phase3 47457]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=46424&r2=47457 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' [[BugZilla:3311|Category redirects]], [[MediaWiki:Timezone-utc|translatable timezone abbreviations]] for signatures, [[BugZilla:14468|alternating classes]] for recent changes/watchlists. * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will [[meta:Book tool/Schedule|soon]] be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] ''(2009-02-19: fr, pl, nl, pt, es, simple; en)'' &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikinews image of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_2">2009-03-13</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Independents_Day_MG_8679.jpg|90px|link=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008]]</div> [[:File:Independents Day MG 8679.jpg|Independents Day MG 8679.jpg]] by Lex Kolychev has been declared the ''English Wikinews picture of the year for 2008''.<br />The Wikinews picture of the year competition tries to select the most ''news-worthy'' picture of the year.<br />[[:File:Rainbow and sulfur dioxide emissions from the Halema`uma`u vent.jpg|Rainbow and sulfur dioxide emissions from the Halema`uma`u vent.jpg]] and [[:File:2008TaipeiCityNewYearCountdownParty Firework Taipei101.jpg|2008TaipeiCityNewYearCountdownParty Firework Taipei101.jpg]] were runner-ups. See [[m:n:Wikinews:Picture_of_the_Year_2008#Results|the full results]] for details. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_2">2009-03-09</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[File:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to take place in March/<u>April</u>, running for up to four weeks; see [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|timeline]].}} </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimania 2009 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimania.svg|50px|link=wm2009:Call_for_Participation]]</div> '''Wikimania 2009''', this year's global event devoted to [[foundation:|Wikimedia]] projects around the globe, is accepting submissions for presentations, workshops, [[wm2009:Call_for_Participation#Types_of_Submissions|panels]], posters, [[w:en:Open_Space_Technology|open space]] [[w:en:Open-space_meeting|discussions]], and even artistic works related to the Wikimedia projects or free content topics in general. The conference will be held from '''August 26''' to '''28''' in [[w:en:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[w:en:Argentina|Argentina]]!<br />For more information, check the official '''[[wm2009:Call for Participation|Call for Participation]]'''. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikinews image of the Year 2008|Wikinews image of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> rkcfpkc3bfj4y79f86d4ddsh6lt5alg 3442 3439 2009-03-26T07:13:18Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_3">2009-03-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[File:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to take place from [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|April 2, 2009]] to [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|April 23, 2009]].<br />Please [[meta:Licensing update/Translation|help translating]] all needed messages, templates and pages containing information for the voting until March 31.}} </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_3">2009-03-25</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]<div style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">[http://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Technical Blog]</div></td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|1=<div style="margin: -3px 0 0;" /> * ''2009-03-25:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=47458&endrev=48811&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=47458&endrev=48811&path=/trunk/phase3 48811]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=47457&r2=48811 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' New [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:mw:Help:Magic_words#Technical_metadata|REVISIONUSER]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>, new special page [[Special:GlobalGroupPermissions]] for [[Special:GlobalUsers|global users]]; [[:rev:48801|etc]].}} * ''2009-03-17:'' The '''[[w:en:Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]''' has also been activated for the English Wikipedia ''(Meta/dewiki: 2009-02-25)'' &ndash; the [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|tool]] allows to automatically detect and/or prevent plain vandalism, spam and other pattern based changes. * ''2009-03-16:'' [[BugZilla:17714|TIFF support]] on Commons, [[BugZilla:15842|file/image renaming]] available for SysOps (through the [{{:MediaWiki:Move}}] tab). * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will [[meta:Book tool/Schedule|soon]] be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] ''(2009-02-19: fr, pl, nl, pt, es, simple; en)'' &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimania 2009 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimania.svg|50px|link=wm2009:Call_for_Participation]]</div> '''Wikimania 2009''', this year's global event devoted to [[foundation:|Wikimedia]] projects around the globe, is accepting submissions for presentations, workshops, [[wm2009:Call_for_Participation#Types_of_Submissions|panels]], posters, [[w:en:Open_Space_Technology|open space]] [[w:en:Open-space_meeting|discussions]], and even artistic works related to the Wikimedia projects or free content topics in general. The conference will be held from '''August 26''' to '''28''' in [[w:en:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[w:en:Argentina|Argentina]]!<br />For more information, check the official '''[[wm2009:Call for Participation|Call for Participation]]'''. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> f837jbxnyh5ia04fyi64dy3xnv5q7pv 3443 3442 2009-04-03T02:00:08Z WikimediaNotifier 159 **** [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications#Dual licensing update|Dual licensing update]] **** wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Dual licensing update |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px; font-size: 92%;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-04-02</small></span> The [[meta:Licensing update|licensing update]] proposal to dual license all Wikimedia Foundation wikis under both, the [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)]] and the [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC-BY-SA)]], is moving into its final phase. This proposal, put forward by the Foundation and made possible by recent changes in the GFDL, is contingent on community approval: [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|In a few days]] (see [[#GNU_Free_Documentation_License_1.3|below]]) a site notice for all editors will announce the start of vote on this proposal that is expected to last three weeks. In the meantime you are invited to read the [[meta:Licensing update|update proposal]] and its [[meta:Licensing update/Questions and Answers|associated FAQ]] if you want to learn more. Your help finishing the [[meta:Licensing update/Translation|translation effort]] for the core documents associated with this process is much appreciated! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_4">2009-04-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[File:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is scheduled to take place from [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|April 9, 2009]] to [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|April 30, 2009]].<br />Please [[meta:Licensing update/Translation|help translating]] all needed messages, templates and pages containing information for the voting until April 7.}} </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_3">2009-03-25</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]<div style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">[http://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Technical Blog]</div></td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|1=<div style="margin: -3px 0 0;" /> * ''2009-03-25:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=47458&endrev=48811&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=47458&endrev=48811&path=/trunk/phase3 48811]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=47457&r2=48811 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' New [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:mw:Help:Magic_words#Technical_metadata|REVISIONUSER]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>, new special page [[Special:GlobalGroupPermissions]] for [[Special:GlobalUsers|global users]]; [[:rev:48801|etc]].}} * <span style="position: relative; margin-left: -20px; z-index: 9;">[[File:Stop bad orthography nuvola.svg|17px|link=w:en:Special:AbuseFilter]]</span> ''2009-03-17:'' The '''[[w:en:Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]''' has also been activated for the English Wikipedia ''(Meta/dewiki: 2009-02-25)'' &ndash; the [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|tool]] allows to automatically detect and/or prevent plain vandalism, spam and other pattern based changes. * ''2009-03-16:'' [[BugZilla:17714|TIFF support]] on Commons, [[BugZilla:15842|file/image renaming]] available for SysOps (through the [{{:MediaWiki:Move}}] tab). * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will [[meta:Book tool/Schedule|soon]] be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] ''(2009-02-19: fr, pl, nl, pt, es, simple; en)'' &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimania 2009 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimania.svg|50px|link=wm2009:Call_for_Participation]]</div> '''Wikimania 2009''', this year's global event devoted to [[foundation:|Wikimedia]] projects around the globe, is accepting submissions for presentations, workshops, [[wm2009:Call_for_Participation#Types_of_Submissions|panels]], posters, [[w:en:Open_Space_Technology|open space]] [[w:en:Open-space_meeting|discussions]], and even artistic works related to the Wikimedia projects or free content topics in general. The conference will be held from '''August 26''' to '''28''' in [[w:en:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[w:en:Argentina|Argentina]]!<br />For more information, check the official '''[[wm2009:Call for Participation|Call for Participation]]'''. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] has started!<br />The first voting round will run from ''February 12th'' to February 26th (23:59 UTC).<br />''Take part and help translating the voting instructions into your language.'' Go through the beautiful [[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Galleries|galleries]] and select your favourite featured pictures of 2008. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = New Wikibooks logo |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-16</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 12px;">[[File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|90px|link=m:Wikibooks/Logo]]</div> With its basic design, color & style, used font and localizable slogan being ultimately [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo|elected]],<br />Wikibooks now has a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|new logo]] and an appendant [[:File:Wikibooks-favicon.png|favicon]], chosen by community! ''Beside the [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|English original]], there is a version [[:File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|without slogan]] and a [[:File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|<span title="fallback version">textless logo<span>]], all useful for localizing.'' See also [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo]] and [[meta:Wikibooks/Logo/Update|/Update]] for help! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Dual licensing update|Dual licensing update]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#The Wiktionary logo dilemma|The Wiktionary logo dilemma]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#New Wikibooks logo|New Wikibooks logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> cv6xlxywn4undc7qpvtjob9fevcohv9 3455 3443 2009-04-23T06:18:33Z WikimediaNotifier 159 [[m:Global_notifications|update]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" style="direction: ltr; padding-top: 3px;"> {{#ifeq:{{{onlyTOC|}}}|| <!--/ / Mirrored/synchronized; do not change this page [use Meta]; translate on separate page! /--> <noinclude><div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-top: -30px;">['''[[meta:Global_notifications/RSS|RSS]]&nbsp;[[File:Feed-icon.svg|12px|link=meta:Global_notifications/RSS]]''']</div></noinclude> <div style="clear: both; background-color: #FFFCFC;">{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translate}}</div> <div style="float: right; background-color: #EFEFEF; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0 0 4px 3px; position: relative; z-index: 9;"> __TOC__ </div> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimedia notification system |content = [[File:Mail-notification.svg|25px|link=m:Global notifications]] <small>''This is a '''global notification system''' for all Wikimedia wikis!''</small> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> <div style="background-color: #F7FFF7; border: 2px solid #F3F3F3; padding: 10px 20px 15px;"> If it is necessary to inform many/all wikis about something important, a [[meta:Global_notifications|global notification]] can be requested at '''[[meta:Global notifications/requests]]'''. It is possible to have wiki and/or language dependent text within every message. ''All Meta notifications are synchronized automatically, either on all wikis or just on specific, selected ones.'' To have a common access point, the messages are updated at '''[[{{NS:User}}:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]]''' ''(mirrored, any changes to this page will be overwritten; [[meta:Global_notifications/how-to#translation|use a separate page for translation]]);'' you can include this page<small>(s)</small> like a template wherever you want, let's say your village pump, with a description in your language! Have a look on the '''[[meta:Global notifications/how-to|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' to see how it can fit your needs! * <small>With '''[[meta:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|SynchCrosswiki]]''' there furthermore is an easy way to create or synchronize pages like user scripts on all wikis!</small> </div> <hr style="margin: 0;" /> ''&hellip; it's for spreading information; and for a better cross-wiki communication & collaboration!'' }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Commons: Picture of the Year 2008 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_1">2009-04-19</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:POTY_barnstar_1_2008.svg|85px|link=m:commons:Project:Picture_of_the_Year/2008]]</div> The third annual '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Voting|Picture of the Year Award]]''' on [[m:commons:Main_Page|Wikimedia Commons]] goes into its second (<u>final</u>) round! {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated| ''The final voting round is running from April 19th to ''April 30th'' (23:59 UTC).'' Have a look on the '''[[m:commons:Project:Picture of the Year/2008/Finalists|finalists]]''' and select your favourite featured picture of 2008.}} </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_5">2009-04-12</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:CC-devnations.svg|70px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> The [[meta:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] has been released in [[w:en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License#Timeline|version 1.3]] by its responsible [[w:en:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]].<br />This is not least a result of a request by our [[wikimedia:Resolution:License_update|Board of Trustees]] in December 2007, trying to offer us a possibility to <u>also</u> license and share our wiki contents under the easier to use [[w:en:Creative_Commons_licenses#Original_licenses|Creative Commons CC-BY-SA]] (Attribution + ShareAlike) license. The [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] will soon organize a community wide referendum to decide whether our '''GNU FDL''' licensed wikis should be made availabe under the terms of this free and common '''CC-BY-SA''' license too, see [[w:en:Dual-licensing|dual-licensing]]. <div style="float: right;">[[File:CC-logo.svg|75px|link=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]]</div> See also a [[mailarchive:foundation-l/2008-November/046996.html|detailed summary]] for further reading.<sup class="plainlinks">([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/11/04/gnu-free-documentation-license-13-released/ source])</sup> On [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] you can find [[meta:Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|further information (FAQ)]] and can [[meta:Licensing update|discuss]] the licensing update process of our wikis. {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|'''A vote on [[meta:Licensing update|Meta]] is taking place from [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|April 12, 2009]] to [[meta:Licensing update/Timeline|May 3, 2009]].'''}} </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software news in brief |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small class="GN-update_3">2009-03-25</small></span> <table><tr><td style="padding-right: 15px;" valign="top">[[File:Namespace MediaWiki.1.svg|100px|link=Special:Version]]<div style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;">[http://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Technical Blog]</div></td> <td style="font-size: smaller;"> {{:User:WikimediaNotifier/updated|1=<div style="margin: -3px 0 0;" /> * ''2009-03-25:'' <span class="plainlinks">The [[Special:Version|MediaWiki software]] with its [[Special:Version|extensions]] has been [http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=47458&endrev=48811&path=/trunk/phase3 updated] to SVN revision '''[http://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Code/MediaWiki/releasenotes&startrev=47458&endrev=48811&path=/trunk/phase3 48811]''' ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/RELEASE-NOTES?r1=47457&r2=48811 release notes]).</span><!--[[:mw:This week's updates]]--> ** ''Major new features:'' New [[:mw:Help:Magic_words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:mw:Help:Magic_words#Technical_metadata|REVISIONUSER]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>, new special page [[Special:GlobalGroupPermissions]] for [[Special:GlobalUsers|global users]]; [[:rev:48801|etc]].}} * <span style="position: relative; margin-left: -20px; z-index: 9;">[[File:Stop bad orthography nuvola.svg|17px|link=w:en:Special:AbuseFilter]]</span> ''2009-03-17:'' The '''[[w:en:Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]''' has also been activated for the English Wikipedia ''(Meta/dewiki: 2009-02-25)'' &ndash; the [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|tool]] allows to automatically detect and/or prevent plain vandalism, spam and other pattern based changes. * ''2009-03-16:'' [[BugZilla:17714|TIFF support]] on Commons, [[BugZilla:15842|file/image renaming]] available for SysOps (through the [{{:MediaWiki:Move}}] tab). * ''2009-01-27:'' [[:mw:Extension:Collection|Collections]] will [[meta:Book tool/Schedule|soon]] be activated for all Wikimedia projects where they make sense, like currently for [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/27/wiki-to-print-feature-in-testing-in-the-german-wikipedia/ Wikibooks and the German Wikipedia] ''(2009-02-19: fr, pl, nl, pt, es, simple; en)'' &ndash; the extension lets your readers create PDF books to possibly order printed books. Use '''[http://pediapress.com/collection/ www.pediapress.com/collection]''' to create cross-wiki article collections of almost all wikis out there. * ''2009-01-26:'' Wikimedia will [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/26/mozilla-and-wikimedia-join-forces-to-support-open-video/ improve Ogg Theora/Vorbis support] with the help of the Mozilla Foundation. * ''2009-01-16:'' [[:mw:Extension:Drafts|Drafts]] are ready for [http://leuksman.com/log/2009/01/16/drafts-extension-enabled-on-test-wikipedia/ testing] &ndash; the extension makes backups of your unsaved edit sessions. * ''2008-12-17:'' Some major Wikipedias now have [[:en:Wikipedia:Searching#Wikipedia_search|enhanced]] search functionalities ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Esperanto?search=Esperant*&fulltext=1 example]), all other wikis have to wait for [[bugzilla:16685#c0|better hardware]]. * ''2008-12-03:'' Wikipedia will become [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/12/03/improved-usability-in-our-future/ more user-friendly for new volunteer writers] ([http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/01/21/a-note-on-the-wikipedia-usability-initiative/ current info]); see '''[[meta:Wikipedia Usability Initiative|Wikipedia Usability Initiative]]'''! </td></tr></table> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Wikimania 2009 |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-02-24</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[File:Wikimania.svg|50px|link=wm2009:Call_for_Participation]]</div> '''Wikimania 2009''', this year's global event devoted to [[foundation:|Wikimedia]] projects around the globe, is accepting submissions for presentations, workshops, [[wm2009:Call_for_Participation#Types_of_Submissions|panels]], posters, [[w:en:Open_Space_Technology|open space]] [[w:en:Open-space_meeting|discussions]], and even artistic works related to the Wikimedia projects or free content topics in general. The conference will be held from '''August 26''' to '''28''' in [[w:en:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[w:en:Argentina|Argentina]]!<br />For more information, check the official '''[[wm2009:Call for Participation|Call for Participation]]'''. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Quality illustrations |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-26</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|60px|link=m:Restoration.wikimedia.org]]</div> Beside an [[meta:Philip Greenspun illustration project|elder project]] for the creation and improvement of illustrations, there is a [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|new project]] to grow our encyclopedic image [[meta:Restoration.wikimedia.org|restoration community]]. It's to provide media restorers with the technical resources they need, and to reach out to all the archives in the world. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Software localization |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2009-01-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 5px;">[[Image:Traducción.png|70px|link=betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki]]</div> ''The localization<!--user interface--> of {{SITENAME}}'s software <small>(MediaWiki)</small> and its extensions is an ongoing task, and you can help!'' ''There are '''[[betawiki:Special:LanguageStats/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|statistics]]''' about how much of the [[:mw:Localisation_statistics|core messages]] and [[betawiki:Translating:Group_statistics#Group_statistics|system messages in total]] have been translated so far.'' ---- [[betawiki:Betawiki:Translator|Apply]], and '''help''' translating our software externally at [[betawiki:Main_Page#What_is_Betawiki|TranslateWiki.net]] <small>(='''Betawiki''', no Wikimedia project so far); have a look on the <span class="plainlinks">[http://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?namespace=8&trailer=/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} recent localization activity]</span> for <u>your language</u> [{{#language:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}].</small> </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Central Wikimedia help |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-12-24</small></span> [[Image:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|16px|link=m:Goings-on]] There is a proposal to share [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Wikimedia's help pages]] by centralizing and localizing them on [[meta:Wikimedia Help|Meta]] or a dedicated wiki. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = FlaggedRevs review feature |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-28</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 15px;">[[Image:Artículo_bueno.svg|115px|link=m:FlaggedRevs]]</div> Beside the elder [[:mw:Help:Patrolled_edits|Patroller extension]] for patrolling recent changes and new pages, there is a highly configurable [[meta:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] extension, called [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]]. '''FlaggedRevs''' &ndash; being already enabled on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|several Wikimedia wikis]] &ndash; is a toolset for transparent and ensured article <u>patrolling</u> and/or for reliable <u>quality</u> assurance by specifying certain accurate article revisions that are shown to the public by default. Those stable article versions are identified in a release process by a trustable editorial staff and/or get approved by a reviewing expert staff. It is even possible to mark (tag) revisions of selected articles for different purposes, let's say for an article validation aiming on a print edition. Furthermore, there is the possibility to let your readers give you evaluative feedbacks. FlaggedRevs will make your wiki more reliable and thus more reputable over the time! Have a look on [[meta:FlaggedRevs|Meta's description]], the [[:mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|technical description]] and the '''[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2008-June/030575.html|guidance for requesting FlaggedRevs]]'''! </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Interlanguage links |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-02</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Crystal Clear accepted bot.png|38px|link=Interwiki_synchronization]]</div> Beside the ongoing discussion about introducing an [[meta:A_newer_look_at_the_interlanguage_link|interlanguage extension]] on Wikimedia projects to improve and centralize interwiki linking, an attempt to centralize the discussion about [[meta:Interwiki_synchronization|interlanguage link conflicts]] has been set up. </div> }}<br /> {{User:WikimediaNotifier/template| topic = Global bots |content = <div style="position: relative; margin-bottom: 6px;"> <span style="position: absolute; top: -38px; right: 42px; color: #BCBCBC;"><small>2008-11-01</small></span> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 10px;">[[Image:Bot Bienvenido.png|110px|link=m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy]]</div> On [[meta:Steward_requests/Bot_status#Global_bot_requests|Meta]], a bot account now can get a bot flag for all wikis that allow [[meta:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bots]]!<br />To be able to run also on your {{SITENAME}}, the community has to <u>explicitly permit</u> global bots by local policy, '''[[meta:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|see list]]'''. ''To qualify for global bot access, the following requirements must be met by a bot:'' :::::# it must only maintain <u>interlanguage links</u> or fix <u>double-redirects</u> :::::# it must already be <u>active on several wikis</u>, with <u>long-term</u> contributions to back up its <u>trustworthiness</u><br /> </div> }} | #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Translation of the Week|Translation of the Week]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Commons: Picture of the Year 2008|Commons: Picture of the Year 2008]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#GNU Free Documentation License 1.3|GNU Free Documentation License 1.3]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#The Wiktionary logo dilemma|The Wiktionary logo dilemma]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software news in brief|Software news in brief]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Quality illustrations|Quality illustrations]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Software localization|Software localization]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Central Wikimedia help|Central Wikimedia help]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#FlaggedRevs review feature|FlaggedRevs review feature]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Wikipedia globe logo|Wikipedia globe logo]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] #[[{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}#Global bots|Global bots]] }} </div> la1iogksm5u6gfmcni8w74odiclgd8w 2 1834 3353 2008-11-01T09:07:16Z Pathoschild 156 global user page ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding-right:40px; font-style:italic; text-align:right; font-size:225%; font-family:Georgia; margin-bottom:15px; color:#669;">I wanna find something I've wanted all along<br /><br /> Somewhere I belong</div> <center><div style="width:820px;"><div style="width:59%; display:block; float:left;"> {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px -8px;" |class="MainPageBG" style="width:60%; border:1px solid #CEDFF2; background-color:#FFF; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius:10px;"| {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#FFF; -moz-border-radius:10px;" ! style="background:#CFDEF1; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:100%; border:1px solid #B1CDEB; text-align:left; padding-left:7px; -moz-border-radius:10px;"| <div style="float:right;">[[Image:Wbar_blue.jpg]]</div><div style="float:left;">[[Image:Wikipedia svg logo.svg|20px]]Userpage from SterkeBak</div> |- | style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:90%;"| <div class="plainlinks">[[Image:Sterkebak.jpg|100px|right]]Welcome to my userpage</div> Hello. I'm a Wikimedian who doesn't do a lot on this project. I am active at Commons. I am also an admin on Commons. If you want to talk to me use [[:Commons:User Talk:SterkeBak|my Commons talk page]]. (You can respond there in English, German and Dutch.) |} |} </div> <div style="width:40%; display:block; float:right;"> {| style="border-spacing:8px; margin:0px -8px;" |class="MainPageBG" style="width:60%; border:1px solid #CEDFF2; background:#FFF; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius:10px;"| {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#FFF; -moz-border-radius:10px;" |- | [[Image:Cross of Sacrifice crop.jpg|250px|thumb|center|''Cross of Sacrifice'']] |} bk7zkw33nqeph98a18a696o8f780n8x 2 1836 3356 2008-11-02T00:06:39Z Pathoschild 156 global scripts ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript /*Global javascript*/ importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kwj2772/remote.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); cs0xdb9j13jniuf4rby9nxwlgjn90pg 3 1839 3362 2008-11-03T02:26:16Z Pathoschild 156 linked to global user talk page ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Please leave comments [[w:uk:User talk:Ahonc|here]] or [[commons:User talk:Ahonc|here]].''''' qxwpo8xry9wh2d609avpqlidy87mjfk 2 1842 3367 2008-11-04T04:01:58Z Pathoschild 156 global user page ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==English== *'''[[m:s:User:Dovi|My user page at English Wikisource]] · [[m:s:User talk:Dovi|English Wikisource talk page]]''' *'''[[m:w:User:Dovi|My user page at English Wikipedia]] · [[m:w:User talk:Dovi|English Wikipedia talk page]]''' *'''But I'm most active at Hebrew Wikisource (see below).''' == Hebrew · עברית== *'''[[m:s:he:User:Dovi|Hebrew Wikisource user page]] · [[m:s:he:User talk:Dovi|Hebrew Wikisource talk page]]''' *'''[[m:s:he:User:Dovi|דף המשתמש שלי בעברית]] · [[m:s:he:User talk:Dovi|דף השיחה שלי בעברית]]''' mtgm6bcjyz0x0eyfnfprnejw8vuza04 2 1843 3370 2008-11-05T04:52:56Z Pathoschild 156 global scripts ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MF-Warburg/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); c965ccdnpzb30tuimb3jfks18pnx0u5 2 1844 3372 2008-11-06T02:07:25Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . wikitext text/x-wiki [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_notifications&hl=ru&sl=en&tl=ru Google] fwdv9mcaw827u4u5z14ffad3gcdg9js 2 1845 3373 2008-11-06T05:09:43Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . wikitext text/x-wiki [http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?trurl=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_notifications&lp=en_ru Babel&nbsp;Fish] pggq7qc5jg5g16zfbn9mllepk9o6r03 2 1846 3374 2008-11-06T10:30:22Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin-top: -19px; text-align: center;"><small><span title="Traduko">Machine translation</span>: {{User:WikimediaNotifier/google}} &ndash; {{User:WikimediaNotifier/babelfish}} &ndash; '''[[m:Global_notifications/machine_translation#{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|Service List]]''' &#124; <span title="Esperanto">[http://traduku.net/cgi-bin/elitrad/elitrad?en_eo&u=meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_notifications traduku]</span></small></div> 55jmyh78zjggiv3l81s6xbegt1gc5yg 3377 3374 2008-11-10T11:04:25Z WikimediaNotifier 159 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin-top: -19px; text-align: center;"><small><span title="Traduko">Machine translation</span>: {{User:WikimediaNotifier/google}} &ndash; {{User:WikimediaNotifier/babelfish}} &ndash; '''[[m:Global_notifications/machine_translation#{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|Service List]]''' &ndash; '''[[{{#ifeq:{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}|User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications|User:WikimediaNotifier/translation|{{User:WikimediaNotifier/translation}}}}|Local Translation Page]]''' &#124; <span title="Esperanto">[http://traduku.net/cgi-bin/elitrad/elitrad?en_eo&u=meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_notifications traduku]</span></small></div> 782xmtg5gq57sxcxl8h0emgcr3bfcsj 2 1847 3376 2008-11-09T15:32:32Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . wikitext text/x-wiki User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications<noinclude> ;Here you can add the title of a translation page for [[User:WikimediaNotifier/notifications]] </noinclude> e65omq99a88pxmryxynlj0pc1kglypq 2 1848 3380 2008-11-12T06:34:40Z Pathoschild 156 global scripts ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Cometstyles/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 47wjzxdhwcqgp7fep7czsbo60ez1tlv 2 1849 3381 2008-11-12T13:52:29Z Melancholie 163 Preparation for [[Project:Most missed articles]]; see [[de:wikt:Wiktionary:Statistik/Suchanfragen]]/[[w:en:Wikipedia:Most missed articles]]! wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{{1}}}''' requests per day: [[{{{2}}}]] ^{([[Maxsus:Search/{{{2}}}|?]]/[[google:"{{{3|{{{2}}}}}}"|g]]{{{4|}}})} in6kc6s4y64us767a8d8ryhcjlehmp0 2 1850 3386 2008-11-21T06:46:47Z Pathoschild 156 global user page ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {| |- |valign="top"| Hi. I am Larry Pieniazek, user Lar on the English Wikipedia. See my page ([[m:en:user:Lar|user:Lar]]) there for more information about me and see [[m:User:Lar/WikiMatrix|my WikiMatrix]] on meta for info about my other accounts. For best results, leave messages on my talk page ([[m:en:user talk:Lar|user talk:Lar]]) on the English Wikipedia, or on my talk page at Meta ([[m:user talk:Lar|user talk:Lar]]), as I may not see them here. Thanks! <div style="border:1px solid #000; margin:0 1em 0 1em; padding:10px; clear:both; background:#FF9;"> I am a [[m:Stewards|steward]] ([{{fullurl:m:Stewards/elections 2007/statements/Lar}} my request], [{{fullurl:m:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username=Lar}} verify], [{{fullurl:m:Special:Log|type=rights&page=User:lar}} rights log]) here and at all WMF projects. If I can be of any assistance please do not hesitate to ask. Please remember that, [[m:Steward policies|per policy]], stewards do not take sides in disputes, do not decide matters for themselves (instead they seek to understand community consensus), and do not act when local processes exist and provide for a mechanism for the action. Please use the defined pages (such as [[m:Steward requests/Permissions]], [[m:Steward requests/Bot status]], or [[m:Steward requests/Checkuser]]) rather than direct requests, wherever possible. Note: while I do carry out cross wiki checkuser requests regularly, per steward policy and practice I will not act as a steward on my home wikis (en:wp, en:ws, commons, meta) at all, except in exceedingly rare, emergency circumstances. If the matter involves a need for discretion please feel free to email me using my email link, and note that you consider the matter private. </div> | {| style="width:242px; border:1px solid #99B3FF;" | align="center" | '''[[m:en:Wikipedia:Babel|Babel]]''' |- | {{user uz-0}} |- | {{user en}} |- | {{user de-1}} |} |} ga29p3nqvg6fd940j2xqwlcfcyo57f1 2 1851 3388 2008-11-28T14:57:45Z Pathoschild 156 + global scripts ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript // [[:m:User:Erwin/global.js]] importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Erwin/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); lg2542i2v7tqyjvrob9vw1fxp3771y9 2 1852 3391 2008-12-20T18:29:53Z Nikkis 151 new wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="background:#FFFFFF;" |width=75% valign="top" | <big><center><span class="hintergrundfarbe5"> '''Dieser Benutzer spricht Deutsch''' </span></center></big> <big><center><span class="hintergrundfarbe5"> '''This user speaks English''' <big><center><span class="hintergrundfarbe5"> '''Cet utilisateur parle français''' <big><center><span class="hintergrundfarbe5"> '''Hic usuarius simplici Latinitate contribuere potest''' {| style="background:#E8E8E8;" |width=75% valign="top" | '''Home wiki: [[w:de:Wikipedia:Hauptseite|German-language edition of Wikipedia]]''' == International projects == <div class="inhalt" align="center"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="icon">[[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|20px]]&nbsp;</span>[[m:User:Nikkis|Meta-Wiki]]&nbsp;–&nbsp;Wikimedia project coordination&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="icon">[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|18px]]&nbsp;</span>[[commons:User:Nikkis|Commons]]&nbsp;–&nbsp;Media repository&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="icon">[[Image:Wikispecies-logo-en.png|20px]]&nbsp;</span>[[wikispecies:User:Nikkis|Wikispecies]]&nbsp;–&nbsp;Directory of species&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> </div> == Sister projects == <div class="inhalt" align="center"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="icon">[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|20px]]&nbsp;</span>[[w:User:Nikkis|Wikipedia]]&nbsp;–&nbsp;Encyclopedia&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="icon">[[Image:Wiktionary-ico-de.png|20px]]&nbsp;</span>[[wikt:User:Nikkis|Wiktionary]]&nbsp;–&nbsp;Dictionary&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="icon">[[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|20px]]&nbsp;</span>[[q:User:Nikkis|Wikiquote]]&nbsp;–&nbsp;Collection of quotations&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span> </div> == Wikibooks in other languages == <div class="inhalt" align="center"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> [[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|100px|Wikibooks]]<br> [[:af:User:Nikkis|Afrikaans]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ang:User:Nikkis|Anglo-Saxon]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ar:User:Nikkis|العربية]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ast:User:Nikkis|Asturianu]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:az:User:Nikkis|Azərbaycan]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:be:User:Nikkis|Беларуская]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:bg:User:Nikkis|Български]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:bn:User:Nikkis|বাংলা]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:bs:User:Nikkis|Bosanski]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ca:User:Nikkis|Català]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:co:User:Nikkis|Corsu]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:cs:User:Nikkis|Česky]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:cv:User:Nikkis|Чăвашла]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:cy:User:Nikkis|Cymraeg]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:da:User:Nikkis|Dansk]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:de:User:Nikkis|Deutsch]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:el:User:Nikkis|Ελληνικά]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:en:User:Nikkis|English]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:eo:User:Nikkis|Esperanto]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:es:User:Nikkis|Español]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:et:User:Nikkis|Eesti]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:eu:User:Nikkis|Euskara]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:fa:User:Nikkis|فارسی]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:fi:User:Nikkis|Suomi]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:fr:User:Nikkis|Français]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:fy:User:Nikkis|Frysk]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:gl:User:Nikkis|Galego]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:he:User:Nikkis|עברית]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:hi:User:Nikkis|हिन्दी]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:hr:User:Nikkis|Hrvatski]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:hu:User:Nikkis|Magyar]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:hy:User:Nikkis|Հայերեն]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ia:User:Nikkis|Interlingua]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:id:User:Nikkis|Bahasa Indonesia]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ie:User:Nikkis|Interlingue]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:is:User:Nikkis|Íslenska]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:it:User:Nikkis|Italiano]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ja:User:Nikkis|日本語]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ka:User:Nikkis|ქართული]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:kk:User:Nikkis|Қазақша]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:km:User:Nikkis|ភាសាខ្មែរ]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:kn:User:Nikkis|ಕನ್ನಡ]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ko:User:Nikkis|한국어]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ku:User:Nikkis|Kurdî / كوردی]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ky:User:Nikkis|Кыргызча]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:la:User:Nikkis|Latina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:lb:User:Nikkis|Lëtzebuergesch]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:lt:User:Nikkis|Lietuvių]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:lv:User:Nikkis|Latviešu]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:mg:User:Nikkis|Malagasy]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:mk:User:Nikkis|Македонски]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ml:User:Nikkis|മലയാളം]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:mn:User:Nikkis|Монгол]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:mr:User:Nikkis|मराठी]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ms:User:Nikkis|Bahasa Melayu]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:na:User:Nikkis|Dorerin Naoero]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:nds:User:Nikkis|Plattdüütsch]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ne:User:Nikkis|नेपाली]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:nl:User:Nikkis|Nederlands]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:no:User:Nikkis|‪Norsk (bokmål)]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:oc:User:Nikkis|Occitan]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:pa:User:Nikkis|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:pl:User:Nikkis|Polski]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ps:User:Nikkis|پښتو]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:pt:User:Nikkis|Português]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ro:User:Nikkis|Română]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:sa:User:Nikkis|संस्कृत]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:si:User:Nikkis|සිංහල]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:simple:User:Nikkis|Simple English]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:sk:User:Nikkis|Slovenčina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:sl:User:Nikkis|Slovenščina]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:sq:User:Nikkis|Shqip]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:sr:User:Nikkis|Српски / Srpski]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:su:User:Nikkis|Basa Sunda]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:sv:User:Nikkis|Svenska]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:sw:User:Nikkis|Kiswahili]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ta:User:Nikkis|தமிழ்]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:te:User:Nikkis|తెలుగు]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:tg:User:Nikkis|Тоҷикӣ]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:th:User:Nikkis|ไทย]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:tk:User:Nikkis|Türkmen]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:tl:User:Nikkis|Tagalog]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:tr:User:Nikkis|Türkçe]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:tt:User:Nikkis|Tatarça/Татарча]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:uk:User:Nikkis|Українська]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:ur:User:Nikkis|اردو]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:uz:User:Nikkis|O'zbek]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:vi:User:Nikkis|Tiếng Việt]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:vo:User:Nikkis|Volapük]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:wa:User:Nikkis|Walon]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:xh:User:Nikkis|isiXhosa]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:za:User:Nikkis|(Cuengh)]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:zh:User:Nikkis|中文]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:zh-min-nan:User:Nikkis|Bân-lâm-gú]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> [[:zu:User:Nikkis|isiZulu]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> </span> <br> ---- ‣ ''[[m:User:Nikkis|Overview]]'' nga43y6oakq9rxm6dwun76to3psxqv2 10 1853 3396 2009-01-02T16:56:03Z Asrorbek 179 Andoza:VikiYo`ldosh wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vikipediya]] [[Vikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]] notijorat tashkiloti tomonidan yaratilgan bo‘lib, ushbu tashkilot yana quyidagi erkin loyihalarni boshqaradi: {| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-uz.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[w:Bosh Sahifa|'''Vikipediya''']]<br />Internetdagi ochiq ensiklopediya | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikt:Main Page|'''Wiktionary''']]<br />Lug‘at va tezaurus | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[q:Main Page|'''Wikiquote''']]<br />Iqtiboslar to‘plami | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[s:Main Page|'''Wikisource''']]<br />Erkin kutubxona |- | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[Wikispecies:Main Page|'''Wikispecies''']]<br />Biologik Turlar katalogi | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[n:Main Page|'''Wikinews''']]<br />Erkin yangiliklar | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[commons:Main Page|'''Commons''']]<br />Medialar ombori | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-Wiki''']]<br />Wikimedia loyihasi koordinatsiyasi |} <noinclude>[[Category:Shablonlar: BS]]</noinclude> pmprbmybjjamsjnq61ximbqereaolhh 3405 3396 2009-01-02T18:49:04Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vikipediya]] [[Vikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]] notijorat tashkiloti tomonidan yaratilgan bo‘lib, ushbu tashkilot yana quyidagi erkin loyihalarni boshqaradi: {| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-uz.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[w:Bosh Sahifa|'''Vikipediya''']]<br />Internetdagi ochiq ensiklopediya | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikt:Main Page|'''Wiktionary''']]<br />Lug‘at va tezaurus | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[q:Main Page|'''Wikiquote''']]<br />Iqtiboslar to‘plami | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[s:Main Page|'''Wikisource''']]<br />Erkin kutubxona |- | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[Wikispecies:Main Page|'''Wikispecies''']]<br />Biologik Turlar katalogi | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[n:Main Page|'''Wikinews''']]<br />Erkin yangiliklar | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[commons:Main Page|'''Commons''']]<br />Medialar ombori | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-Wiki''']]<br />Wikimedia loyihasi koordinatsiyasi |} <noinclude>[[Turkum:Andozalar: BS]]</noinclude> gqt37oxa1wvwrqn4sxruqtt7vr2939u 3406 3405 2009-01-02T18:49:32Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vikipediya]] [[Vikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]] notijorat tashkiloti tomonidan yaratilgan bo‘lib, ushbu tashkilot yana quyidagi erkin loyihalarni boshqaradi: {| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-uz.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[w:Bosh Sahifa|'''Vikipediya''']]<br />Internetdagi ochiq ensiklopediya | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikt:Main Page|'''Wiktionary''']]<br />Lug‘at va tezaurus | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[q:Main Page|'''Wikiquote''']]<br />Iqtiboslar to‘plami | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[s:Main Page|'''Wikisource''']]<br />Erkin kutubxona |- | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[Wikispecies:Main Page|'''Wikispecies''']]<br />Biologik Turlar katalogi | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[n:Main Page|'''Wikinews''']]<br />Erkin yangiliklar | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[commons:Main Page|'''Commons''']]<br />Medialar ombori | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-Wiki''']]<br />Wikimedia loyihasi koordinatsiyasi |} <noinclude>[[Turkum:Andozalar:BS]]</noinclude> bqf68zapyp3s9i0svdq0w1xb3bovwom 3408 3406 2009-01-02T18:52:06Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vikipediya]] [[Vikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]] notijorat tashkiloti tomonidan yaratilgan bo‘lib, ushbu tashkilot yana quyidagi erkin loyihalarni boshqaradi: {| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-uz.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[w:Bosh Sahifa|'''Vikipediya''']]<br />Internetdagi ochiq ensiklopediya | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikt:Main Page|'''Wiktionary''']]<br />Lug‘at va tezaurus | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[q:Main Page|'''Wikiquote''']]<br />Iqtiboslar to‘plami | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[s:Main Page|'''Wikisource''']]<br />Erkin kutubxona |- | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[Wikispecies:Main Page|'''Wikispecies''']]<br />Biologik turlar katalogi | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[n:Main Page|'''Wikinews''']]<br />Erkin yangiliklar | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[commons:Main Page|'''Commons''']]<br />Medialar ombori | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|35x50px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-Wiki''']]<br />Wikimedia loyihasi koordinatsiyasi |} <noinclude>[[Turkum:Andozalar:BS]]</noinclude> 6hkmvt7qp3w6h2i1k97fzt0lin4haft 10 1854 3398 2009-01-02T18:09:34Z Asrorbek 179 New page: <p id="welcome" style="text-align:center;font-size:150%;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;">[[Vikidarslik|Vikidarslikning]] Oʻzbek boʻlimiga xush kelibsiz! <p id="welc... wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="welcome" style="text-align:center;font-size:150%;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;">[[Vikidarslik|Vikidarslikning]] Oʻzbek boʻlimiga xush kelibsiz! <p id="welcome" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;">Vikidarslik -[[w:Wikimedia]] jamoasi tomonidan yaratilgan erkin kitoblar va darsliklar kutubxonasidir.<br> <noinclude>[[Category:Andozalar:BS]]</noinclude> aa4dn9d0t07xufezyacdzjvydek37i4 3399 3398 2009-01-02T18:10:07Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="welcome" style="text-align:center;font-size:150%;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;">[[Vikidarslik|Vikidarslikning]] Oʻzbek boʻlimiga xush kelibsiz! <p id="welcome" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;">Vikidarslik -[[w:Wikimedia|Wikimedia]] jamoasi tomonidan yaratilgan erkin kitoblar va darsliklar kutubxonasidir.<br> <noinclude>[[Category:Andozalar:BS]]</noinclude> 1v5za43r3l7ihjpx3n0v9iku9d8cibm 3404 3399 2009-01-02T18:42:13Z Asrorbek 179 wikitext text/x-wiki <p id="welcome" style="text-align:center;font-size:150%;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;">[[Vikikitob|Vikikitobning]] Oʻzbek boʻlimiga xush kelibsiz! <p id="welcome" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;">Vikikitob -[[w:Wikimedia|Wikimedia]] jamoasi tomonidan yaratilgan va hamma tomondan tahrirlanadigan erkin kitoblar va darsliklar kutubxonasidir.<br> <noinclude>[[Category:Andozalar:BS]]</noinclude> 4c5pzvt071c72yjhfwtt7g0sci5uqbl 1 1855 3401 2009-01-02T18:33:20Z Asrorbek 179 Nomlash... wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wikibooks'''ni o`zbek tiliga qanday tarjima qilsak bo`ladi? Vikikitob debmi yoki Vikidarslik? Chunki rus tilida [[ru:Заглавная_страница|Викиучебник]] (darslik) deb tarjima qilingan bo`lsa, turk tilida [[tr:Ana_Sayfa|Vikikitap]] (kitob) deb tarjima etishibdi.--[[Foydalanuvchi:Asrorbek|Asrorbek]] 18:33, 2 yanvar 2009 (UTC) igapmcp8h99v16me6l63pjnof2tgy9n 2 1856 3402 2009-01-02T18:37:59Z Asrorbek 179 New page: '''[[w:Foydalanuvchi:Asrorbek|Asrorbek]]''' - ''[[w:O'zbekiston|o`zbekistonlik]] [[w:vikipediya|vikipediya]] a'zosi''. <br> wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[w:Foydalanuvchi:Asrorbek|Asrorbek]]''' - ''[[w:O'zbekiston|o`zbekistonlik]] [[w:vikipediya|vikipediya]] a'zosi''. <br> d5pv0440s9rie5v3kdo4dl9513ic8b0 14 1857 3407 2009-01-02T18:50:10Z Asrorbek 179 New page: Vikikitob andozalari ro`yxati: wikitext text/x-wiki Vikikitob andozalari ro`yxati: 7zq526pj68cxdsxng02nwl6tr135qx8 2 1859 3421 2009-02-09T03:23:47Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) css text/css @import url('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Charitwo/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css'); 55k1dpu4q7mps38uh30m4irteygvs1y 2 1860 3423 2009-02-13T22:31:04Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mardetanha/remote.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); rsikjcgi6d801oz0j0g73ubgipawe4n 2 1862 3428 2009-02-22T04:10:19Z Pathoschild 156 + global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kylu/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); b8jlobcbn8q6vlakk73lmroiginyphe 2 1863 3429 2009-02-22T05:20:44Z Pathoschild 156 + global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) css text/css @import url('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kylu/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css'); 0n1rjfnphb690oojldgxhzxkdqo9vwb 0 1864 3432 2009-02-28T15:43:07Z 70.22.30.167 Created page with ''''Vikikitob''' - Wikimedia tashkilotining loyihalaridan biri.' wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vikikitob''' - Wikimedia tashkilotining loyihalaridan biri. kpkuj4i2i1j4y86p0h5x78qqzmd44vd 3693 3432 2011-09-29T13:57:57Z 62.215.147.92 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Italic text'''''Vikikitob''' - Wikimedia tashkilotining loyihalaridan biri. qjndora5gcj54tvolslwq63krqrdqdr 3745 3693 2012-02-04T16:44:06Z Ruslik0 236 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/62.215.147.92|62.215.147.92]] ([[User talk:62.215.147.92|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:70.22.30.167|70.22.30.167]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vikikitob''' - Wikimedia tashkilotining loyihalaridan biri. kpkuj4i2i1j4y86p0h5x78qqzmd44vd 2 1869 3438 2009-03-17T16:35:56Z WikimediaNotifier 159 . wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="TablePager" style="border-color: #8FAACC !important; 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di92pv7swf2vt2weiegaoomhao5g6x2 2 1876 3448 2009-04-12T23:37:58Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Finnrind/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); q7m8fnfeqdv4dlklfpuzplgum2fxu2v 2 1877 3449 2009-04-13T00:34:28Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) css text/css @import url('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ivocamp96/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css'); 43zz4399kfzdtq5gwbhe90mev7nv24x 2 1879 3451 2009-04-17T22:40:25Z Pathoschild 156 linked to main user page ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki See [[w:en:User:Techman224]]. 3ama84ba3beiyv429pajahjjtr25q9w 2 1880 3452 2009-04-18T00:52:32Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Str4nd/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 9ga3l83po6sxaw3h3snmwpncupi6s7k 2 1881 3453 2009-04-18T18:28:46Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kuvaly/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); sxfw377rm5aogexr0fbopkxcbdyeozh 2 1882 3454 2009-04-18T21:01:15Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Juliancolton/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); gz6qyf1tqie46y0g3vrsv1x0b8o1adf 2 1883 3456 2009-05-21T16:33:49Z Mercy 212 Created page with '[[meta:user:Mercy]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[meta:user:Mercy]] qs5j55ls1svle11xqayad9ozm2xr394 10 1884 3457 2009-06-26T19:18:50Z Emijrp 237 From [[:w:en:Template:Softredirect]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Redirectltr.png|#REDIRECT ]]<span class="redirectText" id="softredirect">[[{{{1}}}]]</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%; padding-left:52px;">This page is a [[:w:Wikipedia:Soft redirect|soft redirect]].</span> 3nqmu09ai3uottwzaq17v4icqmp6pb7 2 1885 3458 2009-06-26T19:18:57Z Emijrp 237 {{Softredirect|w:es:User:Emijrp}} wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|w:es:User:Emijrp}} htl6hidrekuj4ax21ky2e2seisrkzoa 3 1886 3459 2009-06-26T19:19:01Z Emijrp 237 {{Softredirect|w:es:User:Emijrp}} wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|w:es:User:Emijrp}} htl6hidrekuj4ax21ky2e2seisrkzoa 2 1887 3460 2009-07-20T18:56:50Z Bff 242 Created page with '<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> {| align=right style="background-color:#BBC983; line-height:90%; border-style:ridge; border-width:3px; border-color:#...' wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> {| align=right style="background-color:#BBC983; line-height:90%; border-style:ridge; border-width:3px; border-color:#BBC983;" |- || <div align=right style="font-size:12px; color:#271836"> NUMBEROFPAGES = '''{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}'''<br /> NUMBEROFARTICLES = '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''<br /> NUMBEROFFILES = {{NUMBEROFFILES}}<br /> NUMBEROFEDITS = '''{{NUMBEROFEDITS}}'''<br /> NUMBEROFVIEWS = {{NUMBEROFVIEWS}}<br /> NUMBEROFUSERS = {{NUMBEROFUSERS}}<br /> NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS = '''{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}'''<br /> NUMBERINGROUP:bot = {{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}}<br /> NUMBERINGROUP:sysop = '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}}'''<br /> NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat = '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}}''' </div> |} klcy481wlxi1qytpxwgz5q4pq1r865y 2 1888 3461 2009-09-01T20:03:38Z Pathoschild 156 global user page ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <center><span class="plainlinks">[[m:User:Nagy|Nagy]] ([[m:User talk:Nagy|Discussion]] &bull; [[Special:Contributions/Nagy|Contributions]])</span></center> jm13tp2yyyvjs4r49fzf8ozinhvuqym 2 1890 3463 2009-09-12T06:04:35Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Beany/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); c6ulybp9c0fcqoec772t64yeuegu44y 2 1891 3464 2009-09-12T08:32:36Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kved/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); qa9n4bd1ou942d2wbyvpkqe5pg6lsfz 2 1893 3466 2009-09-13T04:26:25Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/SynchCrosswiki|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Anonymous Dissident|Meta]] | [[m:User:Anonymous Dissident/Matrix|Matrix]]<br /> ---- '''Anonymous Dissident''' (''none'') — [[Special:Contributions/Anonymous Dissident|edits]], [[User talk:Anonymous Dissident|talk]], [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Anonymous_Dissident/|subpages]] ---- {{#time: H:i:s, j F Y }}.<br /> {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} content pages.<br /> {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} users.<br /> {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} edits. ---- 9ma7n2a5na8g0erjm7d07qf1itjb36g 2 1895 3468 2009-11-02T17:20:47Z Gaudio 275 Created page with '[[meta:User:Gaudio]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[meta:User:Gaudio]] mr6vnvladoz3xj8fgm9hne0a55m2dnh 2 1897 3470 2009-12-06T04:50:49Z Arseny1992 152 Created page with '<div style="float:left; border:1px solid #bbb; margin:1px;" class="wikipediauserbox"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#f6f6f6;" ! style="width:45px; height:45px...' wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left; border:1px solid #bbb; margin:1px;" class="wikipediauserbox"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#f6f6f6;" ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#fff; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black; padding:1px; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " | [[Image:Wikimedia logo family complete.svg|50px]] | style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:black; vertical-align: middle; " | <span class="plainlinks">[http://toolserver.org/~vvv/sulutil.php?user=Arseny1992 This user]</span> has created a [[:m:Help:Unified login|global account]]. Arseny1992's main account is on [[:w:ru:User:Arseny1992|Wikipedia]] <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Russian)</span>. |}</div> [[ab:Участник:Arseny1992]] [[ace:Pengguna:Arseny1992]] [[af:Gebruiker:Arseny1992]] [[ak:User:Arseny1992]] [[als:Benutzer:Arseny1992]] [[am:አባል:Arseny1992]] [[an:Usuario:Arseny1992]] [[ang:User:Arseny1992]] [[ar:مستخدم:Arseny1992]] [[arc:ܡܬܚܫܚܢܐ:Arseny1992]] [[arz:مستخدم:Arseny1992]] [[as:সদস্য:Arseny1992]] [[ast:Usuariu:Arseny1992]] [[av:Участник:Arseny1992]] [[ay:Usuario:Arseny1992]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Arseny1992]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Arseny1992]] [[bar:Benutzer:Arseny1992]] [[bat-smg:Nauduotuos:Arseny1992]] [[bcl:Paragamit:Arseny1992]] [[be-x-old:Удзельнік:Arseny1992]] [[be:Удзельнік:Arseny1992]] [[bg:Потребител:Arseny1992]] [[bh:User:Arseny1992]] [[bi:User:Arseny1992]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Arseny1992]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Arseny1992]] [[bo:User:Arseny1992]] [[bpy:আতাকুরা:Arseny1992]] [[br:Implijer:Arseny1992]] 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[[ta:பயனர்:Arseny1992]] [[te:వాడుకరి:Arseny1992]] [[tet:Uza-na'in:Arseny1992]] [[tg:Корбар:Arseny1992]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Arseny1992]] [[ti:User:Arseny1992]] [[tk:Ulanyjy:Arseny1992]] [[tl:Tagagamit:Arseny1992]] [[tn:User:Arseny1992]] [[to:User:Arseny1992]] [[tpi:User:Arseny1992]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Arseny1992]] [[ts:User:Arseny1992]] [[tt:Кулланучы:Arseny1992]] [[tum:User:Arseny1992]] [[tw:User:Arseny1992]] [[ty:Utilisateur:Arseny1992]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Arseny1992]] [[ug:User:Arseny1992]] [[uk:Користувач:Arseny1992]] [[ur:صارف:Arseny1992]] [[uz:Foydalanuvchi:Arseny1992]] [[ve:User:Arseny1992]] [[vec:Utente:Arseny1992]] [[vi:Thành viên:Arseny1992]] [[vls:Gebruker:Arseny1992]] [[vo:Geban:Arseny1992]] [[wa:Uzeu:Arseny1992]] [[war:User:Arseny1992]] [[wo:Jëfandikukat:Arseny1992]] [[wuu:用户:Arseny1992]] [[xal:Орлцач:Arseny1992]] [[xh:User:Arseny1992]] [[yi:באַניצער:Arseny1992]] [[yo:Oníṣe:Arseny1992]] [[za:用户:Arseny1992]] [[zea:Gebruker:Arseny1992]] [[zh-classical:User:Arseny1992]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Arseny1992]] [[zh-yue:User:Arseny1992]] [[zh:用户:Arseny1992]] [[zu:User:Arseny1992]] gf7vq3ysdkzh7oghz6gcm0vjyzv0gid 2 1898 3471 2009-12-10T10:31:24Z Cekli829 292 Created page with '[[az:İstifadəçi:Cekli829]]' wikitext text/x-wiki [[az:İstifadəçi:Cekli829]] mkmk02lgoc2qmpmj0bp3bf8dq3x17tp 2 1901 3474 2010-01-23T09:02:11Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:NuclearWarfare|NuclearWarfare]] ([[m:User talk:NuclearWarfare|Discussion]] &bull; [[Special:Contributions/NuclearWarfare|Contributions]]) 3pa82jpa6n434t871ba5fh45cb26b9g 2 1902 3475 2010-01-24T00:16:13Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Hi, I'm Juliancolton. See my [[m:User:Juliancolton|Meta-Wiki userpage]] for more information. 2c8fnof267atfk7b5bxfvcxta70ux47 2 1904 3477 2010-01-25T03:16:24Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Barras|>>>]] cdvi63wxrv8gkd3jonxs4lgdygdiaj8 3 1905 3478 2010-01-25T11:10:12Z Meno25 56 talk wikitext text/x-wiki Please leave messages at [[w:en:User talk:Meno25]]. erhueog4jh9i02hvabsirfst0yl7g0j 2 1906 3479 2010-01-26T00:57:38Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mercy/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); nopqi8eqh86j6831ixjq8vt2hsikghd 2 1907 3480 2010-01-26T02:36:48Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:user:Luckas Blade]] shxv1fippnzra5i6sniv1ysrj98zrcq 2 1908 3481 2010-01-27T00:28:31Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vinhtantran/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); kjx0pul2kumkhe0fyprf09roqxvhqfi 2 1911 3484 2010-01-28T23:29:28Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pmlineditor/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); gk6at423v38alh84l06x8oom8s8hzuw 2 1912 3485 2010-01-29T02:30:22Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:wikt:User:Prince Kassad]] rp8pckki6ki5dfg9vnyis1kezq8bb71 2 1914 3487 2010-01-31T06:26:12Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:#1E90FF; border:2px solid #1E90FF; text-align:center;" width="100%"></div> <div style="font-family:Calibri, Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; color:#1E90FF;">[[m:cs:Wikipedista:Kuvaly|cs.wiki]]</div> 08prlhwlqicacop3e00h7kmiu5qzymz 2 1915 3488 2010-01-31T07:07:09Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:The_Evil_IP_address/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); brwtfncryncphtxr88t977nn5qfj8wo 2 1916 3489 2010-01-31T07:35:13Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) css text/css importStylesheetURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:The_Evil_IP_address/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css'); 150usgnfvma55vkokcc7ibotre5jowd 3 1919 3493 2010-02-06T10:20:10Z Erwin 318 [[:m:User_talk:Erwin]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:User_talk:Erwin]] ky8v52c6xbe9yzq65vfpu2j81hsmy9h 2 1922 3496 2010-02-21T01:58:01Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Egmontaz/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); rremo3c76xx3mm62vc5u88305i16fpy 2 1924 3498 2010-03-14T21:28:32Z VasilievVV 336 creating local userpage wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- This userpage was created using automatic script --> I am Victor Vasiliev, a member of [[m:SWMT|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]] and a [[m:Global sysops|global sysop]]. If you have any questions regarding my actions, please use [[m:User talk:VasilievVV|my Meta talk page]]. sci3qgh1vnnawbrscj1i0gms9vqx3fk 2 1925 3499 2010-04-02T09:45:41Z Romaine 167 Update javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Romaine/insertmonobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); ez9ljcq95nu3u5idhyb9yhxftvglabk 2 1926 3500 2010-04-05T12:16:17Z Romaine 167 Update javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Romaine/insertvector.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); qi70hhfqdjfg6myc42vovdg1w8rdb2u 2 1927 3501 2010-04-07T16:28:46Z Romaine 167 Update css text/css @import url('http://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Romaine/insertvector.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css'); 8loltwij7r9ypqywj9tww8xz6gs688t 2 1928 3502 2010-04-10T21:15:05Z Vhorvat 334 My page wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|color=yellow|hr|en-3|de-1|ru-1|it-1|uz-0}} [[:en:User:Vhorvat]] [[:hr:User:Vhorvat]] [[meta:User:Vhorvat]] {{Template:User UTC+1}} l0plwj51p9skoyz8nrxj78xtd6bkq8x 2 1929 3503 2010-04-13T02:50:14Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Jyothis|Jyothis]] r70beqyucymadx7223ftxqgrfs81une 2 1934 3509 2010-05-12T16:51:09Z Jfblanc 350 Created page with '{{Babel|uz-0|en-4|oc-4|fr|es-3|cs-3|ca-3|it-3|la-3|sh-2|sk-2}} {| cellpadding="2" style="border-color:#008B45; empty-cells:show;" |- | heigth="2px" bgcolor="#FF3030" colspan="2...' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|uz-0|en-4|oc-4|fr|es-3|cs-3|ca-3|it-3|la-3|sh-2|sk-2}} {| cellpadding="2" style="border-color:#008B45; empty-cells:show;" |- | heigth="2px" bgcolor="#FF3030" colspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" | <span style="text-align:center; font-size:127%; line-height:1.3;"> [[file:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|30px]] Welcome to my user page! </span> <br /><br /> My username is Jfblanc.<br /> {| align="center" style="padding:5px; text-align:center;" |- | width="48%" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #AAA;" | |- | '''«[[w:oc:User talk:Jfblanc|Talk to me]]»''' | [[Special:Emailuser/Jfblanc|E-Mail]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jfblanc|Contributions]] <br /> This wiki has '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' articles. |- | width="48%" style="border-top:1px dashed #AAA;" | |} |} [[oc:User:Jfblanc]] d1xs9a186hmlxw0sgd7lppbngzu7tc9 3938 3509 2013-06-11T14:59:10Z Jfblanc 350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}-0|oc-4|bg-1|bs-2|ca-3|cs-5|csb-1|dsb-1|en-5|es-5|fr-N|hr-2|hsb-1|it-3|kg-1|la-2|pt-1|ro-1|ru-1|sc-1|sh-2|sk-2|sr-1|uk-1}} [[File:Joan Francés Blanc (2013).png|160px|thumb|left|Joan Francés Blanc [[file:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|30px]]<br/>[http://viaf.org/viaf/12524914/ VIAF] [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14439152q/PUBLIC BNF] [http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL6980982A/Joan_Franc%C3%A9s_Blanc Open Library] [http://www.linkedin.com/in/jfblanc LinkedIn] [http://jf.blanc.free.fr WWW] ]] Joan Francés Blanc, username Jfblanc, sysop at the [http://oc.wikipedia.org Occitan wikipedia], with over 17,000 contributions since 2005, and over 30,000 to all the wikimedia projects since 2007. This wiki has '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' articles. g8pybt9yk7dt7ynvixrpe6ko6fbvaea 2 1935 3510 2010-05-25T18:47:42Z BRUTE 352 Created page with '*[[:m:User:BRUTE|My page on Meta]]' wikitext text/x-wiki *[[:m:User:BRUTE|My page on Meta]] jivau6ii68ey9e28w8etbgn9n51arud 2 1936 3511 2010-06-11T06:35:48Z Vinhtantran 311 Create global javascript for vector skin javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vinhtantran/globalvector.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); lfwbr06mfexn6uo2e3vin66l49cjf8c 2 1939 3514 2010-06-20T00:07:18Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Please see [[m:wikt:en:User:Razorflame|my userpage]]. Thanks! <div style="float:left; margin:1px; border:1px solid #6EF7A7;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#C5FCDC;" | style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#6EF7A7; text-align:center; font-size:14pt;" | '''en''' | style="padding:4pt; line-height:1.25em; font-size:8pt;" | This user is a '''native''' speaker of '''English'''. |} </div> p9rt1myknldnnduywuuhofeui7rl1gh 2 1943 3518 2010-06-20T20:36:02Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kuvaly/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); sxfw377rm5aogexr0fbopkxcbdyeozh 2 1948 3524 2010-06-22T00:51:42Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript function importAnyScript(lang,family,script) { importScriptURI('http://' + encodeURIComponent(lang) + '.' + encodeURIComponent(family) + '.org/w/index.php?title=' + encodeURIComponent(script) + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); } importAnyScript('meta','wikimedia','User:Mike.lifeguard/remote.js'); ly1jap0ru032l14wrvppcyp89drm6hz 2 1951 3529 2010-06-22T22:54:27Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:lt:User:Matasg]] 929ngdeg9xk6zb6kkos5k8aa8gz06z9 2 1961 3539 2010-06-26T19:02:54Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.6em; color:#000;" class="plainlinks"><div style="padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -webkit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''do not leave your message here. choose any of the following, thanx!'''</div><div style="margin:1px; padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -wekbit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''[[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] | [[commons:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]'''</div></div> m1hg1s4bsej5v1mncfdoik0n26x7dx7 3581 3539 2010-11-07T21:17:19Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.6em; color:#000;" class="plainlinks"><div style="padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -webkit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''Do not leave your message here. Choose any of the following, thanks!'''</div><div style="margin:1px; padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -wekbit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''[[m:bn:user:wikitanvir|w:bn:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] | [[commons:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]'''</div></div> kep8atrkxyvs930ij0dq4d243ys4hme 3625 3581 2011-06-22T17:35:52Z Wikitanvir 360 Global user page wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="plainlinks" style="text-align: center; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 1.6em; color: #000;"><div style="padding: 9px; background: #FFF; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">'''Do not leave your message here. Choose any of the following, thanks!'''</div><div style="margin-top: 1px; padding: 9px; background: #FFF; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -wekbit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">'''[[m:bn:user:wikitanvir|w:bn:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:commons:user:wikitanvir|commons:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]'''</div></div> 4ly52x5x0l8jl42hyd01932lkmkuplb 3630 3625 2011-06-26T16:56:29Z Wikitanvir 360 fix wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background: #FFF; text-align: center; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div style="padding: 10px; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">Do not leave your message here. Choose any of the following, thanks!</div><div style="margin-top: 2px; padding: 10px; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -wekbit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">[[m:bn:user:wikitanvir|w:bn:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:commons:user:wikitanvir|commons:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]</div></div> ie0gw3fxlt7f6vxlasyl6d6bwycaai9 3727 3630 2011-11-30T18:50:45Z Wikitanvir 360 Global user page wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background: #FFF; text-align: center; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div style="padding: 10px; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 6px; -webkit-border-radius: 6px; border-radius: 6px;">Do not leave your message here. Choose any of the following, thanks!</div><div style="margin-top: 2px; padding: 10px; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 6px; -wekbit-border-radius: 6px; border-radius: 6px;">[[m:bn:user:wikitanvir|w:bn:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:commons:user:wikitanvir|commons:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]</div></div> {| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border: 2px solid #000;" |- style="padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | style="width: 11%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:AllPages|Articles]] | style="width: 10%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ListFiles|Files]] | style="width: 13%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers|Users]] | style="width: 11%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ActiveUsers|Active Users]] | style="width: 10%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/bot|Bots]] | style="width: 11%; background: #9F0; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Sysops]] | style="width: 12%; background: #CC9; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Bureaucrats]] | style="width: 11%; background: #FC0; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/checkuser|CheckUsers]] | style="width: 12%; background: #6FF; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/oversight|Oversighters]] |- style="background-color: #F5F5F5; font-family: Mono; font-size: 115%; text-align: center;" | {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} || {{NUMBEROFFILES}} || {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} || {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} || {{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} || style="background: #9F0; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}''' || style="background: #CC9; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}}''' || style="background: #FC0; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:checkuser}}''' || style="background: #6FF; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:oversight}}''' |} a974sdjxjl1jz4qombgevs5dkbhyp16 3890 3727 2012-12-27T22:19:46Z Wikitanvir 360 New design wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding: 12px 18px 5px 15px; width: absolute; border: 2px solid #000; background: #F5F5F5; color: #000; text-align: justify;">The purpose of this user page is to point you to the right direction where you can contact me in need. Please do not leave your message here, otherwise in most cases, they will not be noticed in time and eventually be removed. However, you are encouraged to contact me or say hello. :-) Please note that I can communicate in either Bangla or English. My apologies for not knowing your language. If you prefer to leave me a message, please choose any of the following talk pages I maintain frequently. * [[m:User talk:Wikitanvir|Meta-Wiki talk page]] * [[m:bn:User talk:Wikitanvir|Bangla Wikipedia talk page]] (my home wiki) * [[m:en:User talk:Wikitanvir|English Wikipedia talk page]] * [[m:commons:User talk:Wikitanvir|Wikimedia Commons talk page]] If you have something to say to me in private, e-mail is a good option. * If you are logged in to your Wikimedia account you can probably e-mail me by [[Special:EmailUser/Wikitanvir|clicking here]]. * Otherwise, you can e-mail me directly to <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">{{PAGENAME}}</span>[[File:At sign.svg|17px|&nbsp;at&nbsp;|link=]]gmail.com. Finally, if you are interested to know about my work or myself, they can be found on [[m:User:Wikitanvir|my Meta-Wiki user page]]. </div><!-- # USEFUL STATISTICS TABLE --> {| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border: 2px solid #000;" |- style="padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | style="width: 11%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:AllPages|Articles]] | style="width: 10%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ListFiles|Files]] | style="width: 13%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers|Users]] | style="width: 11%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ActiveUsers|Active Users]] | style="width: 10%; background: #CCC;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/bot|Bots]] | style="width: 11%; background: #9F0; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Sysops]] | style="width: 12%; background: #CC9; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Bureaucrats]] | style="width: 11%; background: #FC0; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/checkuser|CheckUsers]] | style="width: 12%; background: #6FF; border: 2px solid #000;" | ; [[Special:ListUsers/oversight|Oversighters]] |- style="background-color: #F5F5F5; font-family: Mono; font-size: 115%; text-align: center;" | {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} || {{NUMBEROFFILES}} || {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} || {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} || {{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} || style="background: #9F0; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}''' || style="background: #CC9; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}}''' || style="background: #FC0; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:checkuser}}''' || style="background: #6FF; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:oversight}}''' |}<!-- TA! --> a359t9x9atsxv4v5k44ed1x326tz56a 3891 3890 2012-12-28T12:27:34Z Wikitanvir 360 New design wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding: 12px 18px 5px 15px; width: absolute; border: 2px solid #000; background: #F5F5F5; color: #000; text-align: justify;">The purpose of this user page is to point you to the right direction where you can contact me in need. Please do not leave your message here, otherwise in most cases, they will not be noticed in time and eventually be removed. However, you are encouraged to contact me or say hello. :-) Please note that I can communicate in either Bangla or English. My apologies for not knowing your language. If you prefer to leave me a message, please choose any of the following talk pages I maintain frequently. * [[m:User talk:Wikitanvir|Meta-Wiki talk page]] * [[m:bn:User talk:Wikitanvir|Bangla Wikipedia talk page]] (my home wiki) * [[m:en:User talk:Wikitanvir|English Wikipedia talk page]] * [[m:commons:User talk:Wikitanvir|Wikimedia Commons talk page]] If you have something to say to me in private, e-mail is a good option. * If you are logged in to your Wikimedia account you can probably e-mail me by [[Special:EmailUser/Wikitanvir|clicking here]]. * Otherwise, you can e-mail me directly to <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">{{PAGENAME}}</span>[[File:At sign.svg|17px|&nbsp;at&nbsp;|link=]]gmail.com. Finally, if you are interested to know about my work or myself, they can be found on [[m:User:Wikitanvir|my Meta-Wiki user page]]. </div><!-- # USEFUL STATISTICS TABLE --> {| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border: 2px solid #000;" ! style="width: 11%; background: #CCC;" | [[Special:AllPages|Articles]] ! style="width: 10%; background: #CCC;" | [[Special:ListFiles|Files]] ! style="width: 13%; background: #CCC;" | [[Special:ListUsers|Users]] ! style="width: 11%; background: #CCC;" | [[Special:ActiveUsers|Active Users]] ! style="width: 10%; background: #CCC;" | [[Special:ListUsers/bot|Bots]] ! style="width: 11%; background: #9F0; border: 2px solid #000;" | [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Sysops]] ! style="width: 12%; background: #CC9; border: 2px solid #000;" | [[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Bureaucrats]] ! style="width: 11%; background: #FC0; border: 2px solid #000;" | [[Special:ListUsers/checkuser|CheckUsers]] ! style="width: 12%; background: #6FF; border: 2px solid #000;" | [[Special:ListUsers/oversight|Oversighters]] |- style="background: #F5F5F5; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;" | {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} || {{NUMBEROFFILES}} || {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} || {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} || {{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} || style="background: #9F0; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}''' || style="background: #CC9; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}}''' || style="background: #FC0; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:checkuser}}''' || style="background: #6FF; border: 2px solid #000;" | '''{{NUMBERINGROUP:oversight}}''' |}<!-- TA! --> ahoeqk0hrgtqwlhdcefzbqa8ywxmr28 2 1963 3541 2010-08-03T00:34:30Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:LightBlue; overflow:auto; padding:10px;">Hi! See my page in [[m:ro:User:Memo18|romanian]].</div> 4vupc4gqlw7zu53y6q646ybvegjr6ib 2 1964 3542 2010-08-03T01:42:02Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) css text/css @import "http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Memo18/vector.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; o9ykiatro07zdw4ch86s4jgoazh6kyj 2 1967 3546 2010-08-04T22:12:59Z Abigor 257 global Userpage wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="min-height: 57px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;"> <div style="float: left">[[Image:Wiki.png|50px| ]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px">'''[[m:Soft redirect|Interwiki redirect]]'''<br />This page can be found at [[m:User:Manuelt15|Meta-Wiki]].</div> </div> 78olsiu5j2jg5t0qctuadjg0db4essd 3547 3546 2010-08-05T10:55:15Z Abigor 257 Fix after request on my [[:meta:User:Abigor|Talk page]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="min-height: 57px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;"> <div style="float: left">[[File:Metawiki.svg|50px| ]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px">'''[[m:Soft redirect|Interwiki redirect]]'''<br />This page can be found at [[m:User:Manuelt15|Meta-Wiki]].</div> </div> mrpg2ux8t3yptl42nr8vch5c6qxcm1e 2 1968 3548 2010-08-06T12:12:22Z Abigor 257 Requested on IRC wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="min-height: 57px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;"> <div style="float: left">[[File:Metawiki.svg|50px| ]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px">'''[[m:Soft redirect|Interwiki redirect]]'''<br />This page can be found at [[:w:nl:User:WinContro|Dutch Wikipedia]].</div> </div> nnqjim9i4o87og55w0rq2dwdhw0czo8 2 1969 3549 2010-08-07T02:45:06Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Manuelt15/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript') f64hpcwq4zpywi9ytax6wop9gtnha8z 2 1970 3550 2010-08-07T03:51:42Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Manuelt15/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 1qi0xalhticmfk1ovzl13n8iitihsh0 2 1971 3551 2010-08-07T04:20:04Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Juhko/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); sid667jm9u87o8sewnf0kc15mei4zpv 2 1972 3552 2010-08-07T05:16:56Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Juhko/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); sid667jm9u87o8sewnf0kc15mei4zpv 3 1973 3553 2010-08-07T10:45:23Z Abigor 257 global talkpage wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.6em; color:#000;" class="plainlinks"><div style="padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -webkit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''do not leave your message here. choose any of the following, thanx!'''</div><div style="margin:1px; padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -wekbit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''[[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] | [[commons:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]'''</div></div> 7dl8wmuty8zlk9fznbvo5wg40f1cpyq 3580 3553 2010-11-07T20:56:31Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.6em; color:#000;" class="plainlinks"><div style="padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -webkit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''Do not leave your message here. Choose any of the following, thanks!'''</div><div style="margin:1px; padding:9px; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -wekbit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''[[m:bn:user:wikitanvir|w:bn:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] | [[commons:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]'''</div></div> kep8atrkxyvs930ij0dq4d243ys4hme 3626 3580 2011-06-23T03:43:50Z Wikitanvir 360 Global talk page wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="plainlinks" style="text-align: center; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 1.6em; color: #000;"><div style="padding: 9px; background: #FFF; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">'''Do not leave your message here. Choose any of the following, thanks!'''</div><div style="margin-top: 1px; padding: 9px; background: #FFF; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -wekbit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">'''[[m:bn:user:wikitanvir|w:bn:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:commons:user:wikitanvir|commons:user:wikitanvir]] | [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]'''</div></div> 4ly52x5x0l8jl42hyd01932lkmkuplb 3631 3626 2011-06-26T17:59:01Z Wikitanvir 360 fix wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background: #FFF; text-align: center; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div style="padding: 10px; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">Do not leave your message here. Choose any of the following, thanks!</div><div style="margin-top: 2px; padding: 10px; border: 3px solid #2F4F4F; -moz-border-radius: 8px; -wekbit-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px;">[[m:bn:user:wikitanvir|w:bn:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:en:user:wikitanvir|w:en:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:commons:user:wikitanvir|commons:user:wikitanvir]] &#124; [[m:user:wikitanvir|meta:user:wikitanvir]]</div></div> ie0gw3fxlt7f6vxlasyl6d6bwycaai9 3889 3631 2012-12-27T22:19:45Z Wikitanvir 360 New design wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding: 12px 18px 5px 15px; width: absolute; border: 2px solid #000; background: #F5F5F5; color: #000; text-align: justify;">The purpose of this user page is to point you to the right direction where you can contact me in need. Please do not leave your message here, otherwise in most cases, they will not be noticed in time and eventually be removed. However, you are encouraged to contact me or say hello. :-) Please note that I can communicate in either Bangla or English. My apologies for not knowing your language. If you prefer to leave me a message, please choose any of the following talk pages I maintain frequently. * [[m:User talk:Wikitanvir|Meta-Wiki talk page]] * [[m:bn:User talk:Wikitanvir|Bangla Wikipedia talk page]] (my home wiki) * [[m:en:User talk:Wikitanvir|English Wikipedia talk page]] * [[m:commons:User talk:Wikitanvir|Wikimedia Commons talk page]] If you have something to say to me in private, e-mail is a good option. * If you are logged in to your Wikimedia account you can probably e-mail me by [[Special:EmailUser/Wikitanvir|clicking here]]. * Otherwise, you can e-mail me directly to <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">{{PAGENAME}}</span>[[File:At sign.svg|17px|&nbsp;at&nbsp;|link=]]gmail.com. Finally, if you are interested to know about my work or myself, they can be found on [[m:User:Wikitanvir|my Meta-Wiki user page]]. </div><!-- TA! --> 46rbmfnj1oqhjlb6img5ahdr3pfxybv 2 1975 3555 2010-08-08T01:56:46Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Shanel/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); c5q8czi6y3k5ia1iteiszzqc2v7m527 2 1976 3556 2010-08-08T02:26:40Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) css text/css import url('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Shanel/global-vector.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css'); 6lokmzprxyvba9z7tqbs9f5jo3rqp70 2 1977 3557 2010-08-08T09:04:19Z Abigor 257 global userpage wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="border: #AAAAAA 1px solid; background: #F9F9F9; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 40%; min-height: 57px" | [[Image:Blue Glass Arrow.svg|50px]] | '''[[m:Soft redirect|Soft redirect]]''' This page can be found at [[Wikipedia:User:Pilif12p]]. |} m20cgwcs7kmq7dazwmnjrvgp5vzlqzr 2 1978 3558 2010-08-16T21:20:25Z Quentinv57 377 Redirected to [[meta:User:Quentinv57]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|meta:User:Quentinv57}} tpoqwz8k33kao379ipdrsfbabv12jsh 3 1979 3559 2010-08-16T21:20:37Z Quentinv57 377 Redirected to [[meta:User talk:Quentinv57]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|meta:User talk:Quentinv57}} 48m7gb8whgermtd1zo16iz8fu2if5h9 2 1980 3560 2010-08-18T01:03:21Z *SM* 380 Redirected to [[w:fr:User:Suprememangaka]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|w:fr:User:Suprememangaka}} jo11kidsngmb9r02grb01598tvh91ef 4035 3560 2015-02-03T18:06:42Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Suprememangaka]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:*SM*]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Suprememangaka|Suprememangaka]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/*SM*|*SM*]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|w:fr:User:Suprememangaka}} jo11kidsngmb9r02grb01598tvh91ef 3 1981 3561 2010-08-18T01:03:32Z *SM* 380 Redirected to [[w:fr:User talk:Suprememangaka]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|w:fr:User talk:Suprememangaka}} 70bgbstax7xkbxekyu6o8ry9p2zbo3p 4037 3561 2015-02-03T18:06:42Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Suprememangaka]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:*SM*]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Suprememangaka|Suprememangaka]]" to "[[Special:CentralAu... wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|w:fr:User talk:Suprememangaka}} 70bgbstax7xkbxekyu6o8ry9p2zbo3p 2 1984 3564 2010-08-28T18:38:46Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[meta:User:Adambro]] ez9ycc6s9gfke3epzjfo61o6h8hw6vd 2 1985 3565 2010-09-02T01:38:32Z Jalexander-WMF 388 (global staff user pages as requested. [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki My name is James Alexander, I am an Associate Community Officer with the [[wmf:Main Page|Wikimedia Foundation]] and am working to help with this year's [[m:fundraising 2010|Fundraiser]]. This account is used for edits while officially working for the foundation. You can reach me either through email (Jalexander[[File:At_sign.svg|17px| at |link=]]wikimedia.org) or on my [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Meta talk page]]. On wiki I use [[m:User:Jamesofur|Jamesofur]] in my volunteer role and this account [[m:User:Jalexander|Jalexander]] in my WMF staff role. In my volunteer capacity I can usually be found on the [[w:en:Main page|enWikipedia]], [[w:simple:Main page|SimpleWikipedia]] or on [[m:Main page|MetaWiki]] where I am an elected administrator as well as working on cross-wiki abuse as a [[m:Global sysop|Global sysop]] For more contact info please see [[m:User:Jalexander|my MetaWiki userpage]]. {| class="prettytable userlang" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0; width:19em; " |- ! class="userlang_left" style="width:3em; background:#{{#switch:N |1=ADA |2=8E8 |3=6E6 |4=3E3 |N=0D0 |CCC}}; font-size:1.3em; "| en-N |class="userlang_right" style="width:16em; font-size:0.9em; line-height:1.1em; " lang="en" xml:lang="en"| {{#switch:N |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |N={{#ifexist:template:user language/en|{{user language/en|text|N}}|{{user language/en|text|N|en}}<hr style="width:50%;"><small>''[[Template:User language#Translating the template|Translate this template!]]''</small>}}|'''invalid fluency level (see [[Template:User language|documentation]]).'''}} |}{{#switch:N |0=<!-- no category --> |1 |2 |3 |4 |N=[[Category:User en|{{#switch:N |N=1 |4=2 |3=3 |2=4 |1=5}} {{PAGENAME}}]]{{#ifexist:Category:User en||[[Category:Missing user language categories]]}}|[[Category:Incorrect user language level]]}} {| class="prettytable userlang" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0; width:19em; " |- ! class="userlang_left" style="width:3em; background:#{{#switch:1 |1=ADA |2=8E8 |3=6E6 |4=3E3 |N=0D0 |CCC}}; font-size:1.3em; "| fr-1 |class="userlang_right" style="width:16em; font-size:0.9em; line-height:1.1em; " lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"| {{#switch:1 |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |N={{#ifexist:template:user language/fr|{{user language/fr|text|1}}|{{user language/en|text|1|fr}}<hr style="width:50%;"><small>''[[Template:User language#Translating the template|Translate this template!]]''</small>}}|'''invalid fluency level (see [[Template:User language|documentation]]).'''}} |}{{#switch:1 |0=<!-- no category --> |1 |2 |3 |4 |N=[[Category:User fr|{{#switch:1 |N=1 |4=2 |3=3 |2=4 |1=5}} {{PAGENAME}}]]{{#ifexist:Category:User fr||[[Category:Missing user language categories]]}}|[[Category:Incorrect user language level]]}} {| class="prettytable userlang" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0; width:19em; " |- ! class="userlang_left" style="width:3em; background:#{{#switch:1 |1=ADA |2=8E8 |3=6E6 |4=3E3 |N=0D0 |CCC}}; font-size:1.3em; "| la-1 |class="userlang_right" style="width:16em; font-size:0.9em; line-height:1.1em; " lang="la" xml:lang="la"| {{#switch:1 |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |N={{#ifexist:template:user language/la|{{user language/la|text|1}}|{{user language/en|text|1|la}}<hr style="width:50%;"><small>''[[Template:User language#Translating the template|Translate this template!]]''</small>}}|'''invalid fluency level (see [[Template:User language|documentation]]).'''}} |}{{#switch:1 |0=<!-- no category --> |1 |2 |3 |4 |N=[[Category:User la|{{#switch:1 |N=1 |4=2 |3=3 |2=4 |1=5}} {{PAGENAME}}]]{{#ifexist:Category:User la||[[Category:Missing user language categories]]}}|[[Category:Incorrect user language level]]}} 6ji9o1dr4inr6dfomb8p30f5fqeg99m 3570 3565 2010-09-16T05:23:38Z Jalexander-WMF 388 (fixing global staff user pages. [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki My name is James Alexander, I am an Associate Community Officer with the [[wmf:Main Page|Wikimedia Foundation]] and am working to help with this year's [[m:fundraising 2010|Fundraiser]]. This account is used for edits while officially working for the foundation. You can reach me either through email (Jalexander[[File:At_sign.svg|17px| at |link=]]wikimedia.org) or on my [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Meta talk page]]. On wiki I use [[m:User:Jamesofur|Jamesofur]] in my volunteer role and this account [[m:User:Jalexander|Jalexander]] in my WMF staff role. In my volunteer capacity I can usually be found on the [[w:en:Main page|enWikipedia]], [[w:simple:Main page|SimpleWikipedia]] or on [[m:Main page|MetaWiki]] where I am an elected administrator as well as working on cross-wiki abuse as a [[m:Global sysop|Global sysop]] For more contact info please see [[m:User:Jalexander|my MetaWiki userpage]]. dy6n4i5h6pi3dironfvr2bissmkvefw 4006 3570 2014-08-17T23:21:15Z MF-Warburg 57 MF-Warburg [[Foydalanuvchi:Jalexander]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Jalexander-WMF]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Jalexander|Jalexander]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Jalexander-WMF|Jalexander-WMF]]" wikitext text/x-wiki My name is James Alexander, I am an Associate Community Officer with the [[wmf:Main Page|Wikimedia Foundation]] and am working to help with this year's [[m:fundraising 2010|Fundraiser]]. This account is used for edits while officially working for the foundation. You can reach me either through email (Jalexander[[File:At_sign.svg|17px| at |link=]]wikimedia.org) or on my [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Meta talk page]]. On wiki I use [[m:User:Jamesofur|Jamesofur]] in my volunteer role and this account [[m:User:Jalexander|Jalexander]] in my WMF staff role. In my volunteer capacity I can usually be found on the [[w:en:Main page|enWikipedia]], [[w:simple:Main page|SimpleWikipedia]] or on [[m:Main page|MetaWiki]] where I am an elected administrator as well as working on cross-wiki abuse as a [[m:Global sysop|Global sysop]] For more contact info please see [[m:User:Jalexander|my MetaWiki userpage]]. dy6n4i5h6pi3dironfvr2bissmkvefw 2 1986 3566 2010-09-02T02:05:30Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki *[[meta:User:Hosiryuhosi|meta]] tvbxoz76wh7g2vheazjd2k6vjn41ftw 4112 3566 2018-10-21T03:19:10Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Hosiryuhosi]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:😀]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hosiryuhosi|Hosiryuhosi]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/😀|😀]]" wikitext text/x-wiki *[[meta:User:Hosiryuhosi|meta]] tvbxoz76wh7g2vheazjd2k6vjn41ftw 4114 4112 2018-10-21T04:04:25Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script sahifa nomini [[Foydalanuvchi:😀]]dan [[Foydalanuvchi:Hosiryuhosi]]ga yoʻnaltirish ustidan koʻchirdi va yoʻnaltirish qoldirmadi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/😀|😀]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hosiryuhosi|Hosiryuhosi]]" wikitext text/x-wiki *[[meta:User:Hosiryuhosi|meta]] tvbxoz76wh7g2vheazjd2k6vjn41ftw 2 1988 3568 2010-09-02T07:51:51Z Jalexander-WMF 388 (global staff user pages as requested. [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Hello. I'm [[w:User:Keegan|Keegan Peterzell]]. I'm working for the Wikimedia Foundation temporarily on Fundraising 2010 as an Associate Community Officer. Edits made under this account are on behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation as a staff member. Feel free to contact me anytime with questions about the Fundraiser. s1riz8icp2pwlyer2902i788r0zau23 2 1990 3571 2010-09-20T23:09:50Z Koavf 10 Created page with '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!]' wikitext text/x-wiki [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!] bakkeq13eza7yhu7n9buvny7z38rbae 2 1991 3572 2010-09-29T20:31:13Z Jalexander-WMF 388 ( updating and creating global staff user page by request. [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="messagebox standard-talk" |- |align="center"|[[Image:Info icon.svg|50px|Comment]] |align="left" width="100%"| My name is Deniz and I'm working for the [[m:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] as an associate during the 2010 [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Support_Wikipedia/en Fundraising Drive]. You can reach me either through email (dgultekin[[File:At_sign.svg|17px| at |link=]]wikimedia.org) or on my [[m:User talk:dgultekin|Meta talk page]]. Mini-Disclaimer: All edits made as a Community Associate to Wikimedia hosted projects will be made under [[User:dgultekin|dgultekin]]. Unless otherwise stated, all edits made as [[User:dmgultekin|dmgultekin]] are made as a regular member of the community, and not a legal or official action of the Community Department of the Wikimedia Foundation. |} '''Contact Info'''<br> [[Special:EmailUser/dgultekin|Email]]<br> IRC nick name: dgultekin<br> AIM: denizgultekin<br> G-chat: dmgultekin<br> Location: San Francisco, CA cfb14yy1r9kmmgh3kahmw3tyjl6bsmt 2 1993 3574 2010-10-06T07:13:55Z Jalexander-WMF 388 ( updating and creating global staff user page by request. [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki My name is Kelly Lyman and I am working on the 2010-2011 fundraising team for the Wikimedia Foundation. This account is used for official edits while officially employed by the Wikimedia Foundation. Meta user name: Klyman Freenode IRC nick name: klyman AIM: klyman, kllylymn Email: klyman@wikimedia.org fpmc6di45yw14kcy3guk6nd1nem8uwz 2 1994 3575 2010-10-16T20:35:15Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript // [[:m:User:Erwin/global.js]] importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Erwin/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); lg2542i2v7tqyjvrob9vw1fxp3771y9 2 1995 3576 2010-10-23T19:37:53Z Jalexander-WMF 388 ( updating and creating global [[m:WMF|Wikimedia]] staff user page by request. [[m:User talk:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki I'm Sam Chapman and I'm working for the Wikimedia Foundation for the 2010 Fundraiser as a Community Associate. Hello! 81wzain8ugaziqeiwrcg9kdilyuxnwu 2 1997 3578 2010-11-07T20:02:48Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:simple:User:Frozen Wind|simplewiki]] 98xobhbsyeg0z3udlfj8a6ax3zongbf 2 2000 3583 2010-11-07T23:33:13Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:EdoDodo/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); fyzafxommzl6tpyp81k4fk0ol3j307r 8 2001 3584 2010-11-17T00:32:57Z Jalexander-WMF 388 updating and creating sitesupport urls Translations not ready -->en([[m:User:Jalexander|Questions?]] wikitext text/x-wiki http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/WMFJA1/en 4esrk140yoporysl0ctj8q2cgciba8u 3585 3584 2010-12-04T15:43:22Z Jalexander-WMF 388 updating donate url to automatic and geoaware link ([[m:User:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA1&language=uz&utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20101204SB001 aoyipdtyyprpa3vuatpvyaj8wcxncm6 3590 3585 2011-01-17T23:17:29Z Jalexander-WMF 388 updating donate url for post fundraiser (still geoaware) ([[m:User:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA085&language=uz&utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20101204SB002 b9sp7nqmq6l8yfpw8yt2z75qtuxqsuo 3736 3590 2012-01-27T13:29:47Z Hoo man 394 Bot: Security fix: [[WMFblog:2011/10/03/native-https-support-enabled-for-all-wikimedia-foundation-wikis/|protocol-relative URLs]] per https://meta.wikimedia.org/?oldid=3197161 ([[m:Stewards' noticeboard|questions?]]). wikitext text/x-wiki //wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:Landingcheck?landing_page=WMFJA085&language=uz&utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20101204SB002 n1e4j2yfypdo4h32w7dcmchjp0xzh1s 3818 3736 2012-05-22T05:07:45Z Pgehres (WMF) 544 Updating sidebar link to point to donate.wikimedia.org wikitext text/x-wiki //donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20120521SB001&uselang={{CONTENTLANGUAGE}} mrhmha62arpsd5aqs9kwqjmznsvkuv2 3848 3818 2012-07-17T18:20:44Z Pgehres (WMF) 544 Updating sidebar link to use subst:CONTENTLANGUAGE wikitext text/x-wiki //donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20120717SB001&uselang=uz fenmoi4w9kl1r8hxaw9f4qa4dtsplr7 3874 3848 2012-10-01T22:49:54Z Pgehres (WMF) 544 Updating sidebar link to use subst:CONTENTLANGUAGE wikitext text/x-wiki //donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C12_uz.wikibooks.org&uselang=uz 517o5rly8p0b9bybbqsgb1xfi4dzgl4 3906 3874 2013-02-07T01:38:33Z Pgehres (WMF) 544 Updating sidebar link to use subst:CONTENTLANGUAGE wikitext text/x-wiki //donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikibooks.org&uselang=uz 4hoy19iej3q0lnj5tc2prai4ziiy788 2 2002 3587 2010-12-30T19:54:38Z Quentinv57 377 Global JavaScript javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quentinv57/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); d2q367wu9r2dmzhvhvxdorjyxo0hb1w 2 2003 3588 2011-01-03T22:05:13Z JøMa 423 Created page with '<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <center><font size="+20">&#091;[[:de:w:User:JøMa|ˈjøːˌmaˑ]]&#093;</font></center> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /...' wikitext text/x-wiki <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <center><font size="+20">&#091;[[:de:w:User:JøMa|ˈjøːˌmaˑ]]&#093;</font></center> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> [[de:User:JøMa]] 4np28gvw186v70pwlrryip4ktdi1kbn 2 2004 3589 2011-01-11T15:10:51Z Holder 234 Created page with 'Hello, I'm [[:w:als:Benutzer:Holder|Holder]], administrator (sysop) and bureaucrat from [[:w:als:Houptsyte|Alemannic Wikipedia]] and [[:w:bar:Hauptseitn|Bavarian Wikipedia]]. As...' wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, I'm [[:w:als:Benutzer:Holder|Holder]], administrator (sysop) and bureaucrat from [[:w:als:Houptsyte|Alemannic Wikipedia]] and [[:w:bar:Hauptseitn|Bavarian Wikipedia]]. As contributor of a small wikipedia in a regional language, I’m interested in discussing problems of minority languages and dialects with users of other wikipedias in minority languages, regional languages, and dialects. Please contact me [[:w:als:Benutzer_Diskussion:Holder|here]]. {{babel-3|de|en-3|uz-0}} [[als:w:Benutzer:Holder]] obfwrn12dhiw05ptkfkvmq93887fs1o 2 2006 3592 2011-01-31T02:53:52Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Hydriz|See me on Meta]] 89uy2806dmd1b5hgr902xetyveaidtn 3786 3592 2012-03-31T23:42:52Z Pathoschild 156 updated global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en-N|simple-N|zh-hans-N|zh-hant-3|uz-0}} [[m:User:Hydriz|See me on Meta]] == Wiki statistics == {| class="wikitable" |- | Number of pages || {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- | Number of articles || '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' |- | Number of uploaded files || {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- | Number of registered users || {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- | Number of active users || {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- | Number of admins || {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- | Number of total edits || {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} d4hlfxhh2fh3rpvf41mwhu6siiydfkt 2 2007 3593 2011-02-02T03:22:49Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Silver_Spoon/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 3s5svpc1aqyhkh5eoum5g0yzldiafd1 2 2008 3594 2011-02-04T01:42:31Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; font-family:Arial; font-size:1.6em; color:#222;" class="plainlinks"><div style="padding:9px; background:#EEF; border:3px solid #2F2F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -webkit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''Please use one of the following links to discuss with me.'''</div><div style="margin:1px; padding:9px; background:#EEF; border:3px solid #2F2F4F; -moz-border-radius:8px; -wekbit-border-radius:8px; border-radius:8px;">'''[[m:sv:user:Ainali|Swedish Wikipedia]] | [[commons:user:Ainali|Commons]] | [[m:user:Ainali|Meta]]'''</div> 7iexk7no4c3gul7thm0jwog7u07evly 2 2013 3600 2011-02-23T04:32:30Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]])♥ wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! My name is Shanel Kalicharan. My edits on this wiki are mostly part of my [[m:steward|steward work]]. If you have any comments or questions, please let me know on [[m:User talk:Shanel|my global talk page]]! 539e2stnb09ajwpzc24v9hl0lll9mz2 2 2016 3604 2011-04-03T22:28:36Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pmlineditor/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); gyuhr8v12ygxls5m04kxh9k7cjmw19w 2 2017 3605 2011-04-14T04:26:05Z Jalexander-WMF 388 creating and updating global user pages for WMF Staff member upon request ([[m:User:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| " style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: 0.2em; border: 1px solid #AAA; background: #F9F9F9;;" |- | style="padding: 0 4px;" rowspan="3" | [[Image:achtung.svg|40px|]] | '''Since July, 2009 I have worked at Wikimedia Foundation, and I'm presently Head of Reader Relations at the foundation. All edits made before my start date were in my individual, personal capacity as a volunteer, administrator, or otherwise regular member of the community – not as an employee, representative, or agent of Wikimedia Foundation.''' |} <center>''''' "Have you ever skied at Jackson Hole in Wyoming? <br /> '''''Well, there is a sign at the top of the mountain that is both enthralling and terrifying:<br /> ''''''Our mountain is like nothing you have skied before! <br /> '''''Give this mountain the special respect it demands!' <br /> '''''Wikimedia is that mountain." <br /> '''''-- Stu West, WMF Board, in [http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/cs/2009/09/one_fine_winter_saturday_in.html discussing Wikimedia Strategic Planning]'''''</center> ==On Wiki== I am the Head of Reader Relations for the Wikimedia Foundation. My role is to represent, on the staff, the voice and needs of the vast majority of the users of Wikimedia projects: the readers who rarely or never edit. I can be reached via email at philippe[[File:At_sign.svg|17px| at |link=]]wikimedia.org or [[m:User:Philippe (WMF)|on my meta talk page]]. In my volunteer capacity, I can usually be found on en:Wikipedia or meta, where I am an elected administrator. I previously was, by virtue of my job, a bureaucrat on the [[strategy:Main Page|Wikimedia Strategic Planning wiki]]. I was a member of the election committee for the Board of Trustees in 2007, 2008, and 2009, and am the staff liaison to the committee for 2011. You can find me on en:Wikipedia as [[:en:User:Philippe|Philippe]] as a volunteer, or as [[:en:User:Philippe (WMF)|Philippe (WMF)]] in my staff role. On IRC, my username is usually Philippe. Follow me on identi.ca and Twitter! My username is philippewiki in both places. qy7h3wg0deju954bwkhedjsxsjszyah 2 2018 3606 2011-04-16T18:18:02Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Micki/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); jzwemjyduxjt8zem01p4xlablehatgz 3777 3606 2012-03-11T15:50:34Z Quentinv57 377 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Micki/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 8pvfaoxz0sncj1pwvqnhfwfzc9pdley 2 2019 3607 2011-04-16T19:33:28Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:sr:User:Micki|wikipedia]] - [[m:User:Micki|meta]] - [[commons:User:Micki|commons]] r4ik3s0amh46fub8w3k4m5qethfd1w9 2 2022 3610 2011-04-16T22:51:08Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki See [[m:User:FalconL|my user page on Meta]] for further information. Please also use [[m:User Talk:FalconL|my talk page there]] to contact me. l6oflce43odm57fezh9j2t3g3waofl6 2 2025 3613 2011-04-21T01:53:49Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Avicennasis]] {| class="wikitable" ! Maintenance ([{{fullurl:User:Avicennasis|action=purge}} purge]) ! Entries |- {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCAT:Candidates for speedy deletion}} > 0 | style="background:#fbb;" }} | [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion|Candidates for speedy deletion]] | {{PAGESINCAT:Candidates for speedy deletion}} |- |colspan="2"| [[Special:ShortPages]] |- |colspan="2"| [[Special:BrokenRedirects]] |- |colspan="2"| [[Special:DoubleRedirects]] |} [[File:IM IN UR WIKI RVRTING UR EDITS lolcat.jpg|450px]] gsqib5y2p7s3xzc3tfwug3srkad9krp 2 2029 3617 2011-05-11T23:34:59Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Thehelpfulone/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 8xuuwzhkssbm3sjg6hiyv1tbqee0ul9 3805 3617 2012-04-08T18:50:42Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Thehelpfulone]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Thehelpfulone/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 90o0j49y1bc5ojh2qz4bpul8v2bl78l 2 2033 3621 2011-05-27T17:54:55Z Jalexander-WMF 388 creating and updating global user pages for WMF Staff member upon request ([[m:User:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center;">''Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.'' ''Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.'' ''-- [[w:en:Margaret Mead|Margaret Mead]]''</div> ==Who I Am== I work in Reader Relations for the Wikimedia Foundation. I have a background in online community management, and am currently a Master's candidate at [[w:en:San Jose State University|San Jose State University]] in [[w:en:Applied anthropology|Applied anthropology]]. My thesis topic revolves around stakeholder relations in Web 2.0, using [[w:en:LiveJournal|LiveJournal]] as my fieldsite. I am analyzing how communications occur, how they break down, and where the failures in communication occur. I hope to use this information to be able to assist organizations with interfacing better with their online communities; not seeing them as simple consumers to be sold a product to, but instead as partners and true stakeholders in their operations. My volunteer account is [[w:en:User:Kethryvis|Kethryvis]], which I use sporadically usually on small edits on interesting subjects that generally have nothing to do with my scholarly interests. It's what keeps me sane. I also have an alternate account, [[w:en:User:Kheff|Kheff]] in order to see what the registration process is like for new editors. This account will make few, if any, edits and will be abandoned once this research is complete. If you'd like to find me on IRC, I hang out under the nick ChristineM. Very original, I know. You can email me with any questions or comments to readers[[File:At sign.svg|15px|&#xFE6B;|link=]]wikimedia.org ==What I'm Thinking About== I'm thinking about how to make the new editor process easier. I'm fairly new at editing myself, and it's rather daunting. There's an awful lot to wade through. There's gotta be an easier way! (one of my mantras) I'm thinking about the line between WMF staff and Wiki-volunteers. Where they cross, where they clash, where they come together. Hey wait, that sounds familiar. I'm thinking about all the on-Wiki and off-Wiki reading I need to do to get up to speed! [[Category:Wikimedia Foundation staff]] 31qadww7yza09dy2xxjlf6ru4wdxmvb 2 2034 3622 2011-05-28T05:24:05Z Vigorous action 239 Created page with "[[meta:vigorous action|Vigorous action]]/[[w:ja:user:vigorous_action|home]] [[sulutil:vigorous_action|SUL]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[meta:vigorous action|Vigorous action]]/[[w:ja:user:vigorous_action|home]] [[sulutil:vigorous_action|SUL]] bgohorl3vjc8covbynk3pfb6tpd7olu 3677 3622 2011-08-28T16:37:12Z Vigorous action 239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[meta:user:vigorous action|Vigorous action]]/[[w:ja:user:vigorous_action|home]] [[sulutil:Vigorous_action|SUL]] 5cyluc67zjj9mesgz28ivcb9sxzwqsi 2 2035 3623 2011-06-06T22:09:26Z Beria 486 Creating global user page wikitext text/x-wiki <!--- Page style background ---> {| style="width: 100%; background-color: #e2e7f7; border: 2px solid #4888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; vertical-align: top;" | colspan="2" style="cellpadding=8; cellspacing=8" | <!-- Qoute section --> |- | style="background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top;" colspan="2"| {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:{{#if: | 100% | auto}}; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=35px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as any manner of thy friends or of thine own were; any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=36px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- | colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" {{!}}<p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:en:John Donne|John Donne]] in [[:s:Meditation_VII|''Meditation VII'']].</cite></p> |} <!-- Description section --> |- | style="width: 78%; background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2"| <div style= text-align: justify;"> '''Name:''' <font color="#6495ED" size="5" face="Edwardian Script ITC" > Béria Lima </font> (Nickname: <font size="5" face="Edwardian Script ITC">Beh</font>) '''In Wikimedia Projects since:''' ''5 October, 2007'' (''{{#if:|{{ontem hoje amanhã|{{#expr: + {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) * 365) + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) < 8 | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 != {{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + {{CURRENTDAY}} }}{{#ifexpr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} - {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + ((2007 - 1) * 365) + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> (10 - 1) < 8 | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> (2007 / 4) = (2007 / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and (2007 / 100 != 2007 / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> (2007 / 400) = (2007 / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + 8 }}{{#ifexpr: 2007 < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} }} }}|{{#expr:+ {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) * 365) + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) < 8 | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 != {{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + {{CURRENTDAY}} }}{{#ifexpr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} - {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + ((2007 - 1) * 365) + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> (10 - 1) < 8 | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> (2007 / 4) = (2007 / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and (2007 / 100 != 2007 / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> (2007 / 400) = (2007 / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + 5 }}{{#ifexpr: 2007 < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} }} }}'' days) __NOTOC__ == My home(s) == [[File:Ponte D. Luís, Sé e Jardim do Morro vistos de Gaia.JPG|center|thumb|450px|[[:pt:Sé do Porto|Porto Cathedral]], [[:pt:Ponte Dom Luís I|Dom Luis I bridge]] and [[:pt:Serra do Pilar|Serra do Pilar Monastery]], 3 postcards of [[:en:Oporto|my town]].]] [[File:Recife 2005 JAN 25 AncientAndModernCenter.jpg|center|thumb|450px|The new and the [[:en:Recife Antigo|old Recife]].]] == Quote == [[Image:Spleen et ideal.jpg|200px|thumb|Spleen et ideal - Carlos Schwabe]] {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:{{#if: | 100% | auto}}; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=35px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">La pensée est le labeur de l’intelligence, la rêverie en est la volupté. | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=36px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- | colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" {{!}}<p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:fr:Victor Hugo|Victor Hugo]] in [[:fr:Les Miserables|''Les Miserables'']].</cite></p> |} {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:{{#if: | 100% | auto}}; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=35px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">There is in fact a heroism of virtue in the pride of this woman, who resists every seduction, the impulses of his own passion as well as the rapture of the senses</div> | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=36px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- {{#if:[[:w:José de Alencar|José de Alencar]], in [[:s:pt:Senhora|''Senhora'']].| {{!}} colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" {{!}} {{#if:[[:w:José de Alencar|José de Alencar]], in [[:s:pt:Senhora|''Senhora'']].|<p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:w:José de Alencar|José de Alencar]], in [[:s:pt:Senhora|''Senhora'']].{{#if:|, {{{publication}}}}}</cite></p>}} }} |} {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:{{#if: | 100% | auto}}; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=35px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">Der Irrtum ist viel leichter zu erkennen, als die Wahrheit zu finden; jener liegt auf der Oberfläche, damit läßt sich wohl fertig werden; diese ruht in der Tiefe, danach zu forschen ist nicht jedermanns Sache. | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:25px |10px=20px |30px=60px |40px=80px |50px=100px |60px=120px |#default=36px}};font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- | colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" {{!}}<p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:de:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in [[:de:Maximen und Reflexionen|''Maximen und Reflexionen'']].</cite></p> |} == Other accounts == * [[:pt:User:Lucia Bot|Lucia Bot]] * [[User:Ripchip Bot|Ripchip Bot]] == Other Wikimedia projects == <!--- Projetos Correlatos! rsrs -----------> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <center> {| class="toccolours" | style="background:#d3d3d3;color:#a52a2a text-align:center;width:100%;" colspan="14" | <big style="font-size:110%;"><center>'''Minhas [[w:en:Wikipedia:Userpage|páginas de Usuário]] em outros projetos wiki'''</center></big> |- | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikipedia-logo-pt.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikipedia-logo-en.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Commons-logo.svg|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikiquote-logo.png|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikinews-logo.svg|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikisource-logo.svg|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikibooks-logo.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[Image:Wiktionary-logo-pt.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[Image:Wikiversity-logo.svg|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[Image:Test wiki logo.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Desciclopédia.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:FLCross.jpg|100px]]</center> |- <!-- Páginas de Usuário --> | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>'''[[:w:pt:User:Beria|((pt)) Wikipedia]]''' | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:en:User:Beria|((en)) Wikipedia]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[commons:User:Beria|Commons]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:q:Usuário:Beria|Wikiquote]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:n:Usuário:Beria|Wikinews]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:s:Usuário:Beria|Wikisource]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:b:Usuário:Beria|Wikibooks]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:wikt:Usuário:Beria|Wikcionário]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:v:Usuário:Beria|Wikiversidade]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center><span class="plainlinks">[http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Beria Test Wiki] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center><span class="plainlinks">[http://desciclo.pedia.ws/wiki/Usu%C3%A1rio:B%C3%A9ria Desciclopédia] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center><span class="plainlinks">[http://cristianismo.wikia.com/wiki/Usu%C3%A1rio:Beria Cristianismo Wiki] |- |} <!--- Fim dos Projetos Correlatos! rsrs -----------> <br style="clear:both" /> </div><!-- END OF MAIN BOX START OF TOP RIGHT-FLOAT BOX (portrait)--> <!-- Image section --> | style="width: 20%; background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1"| [[Image:Béria Lima.jpg|250px|center||thumb]] <!-- Userboxes section --> |- | style="width: 20%; background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; height: 10px;" rowspan="2"| {| [[Image:Crystal Clear app package.png|35px]] <big>'''Userboxes'''</big> {{babel|pt|en-2|es-2}} <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #909090; margin:1px;width:248px " class="wikipediauserbox "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#D0E9FF;" {{#if:[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|45px|Wikipedia]]| ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#fff; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black; padding:0 1px 0 0; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " {{!}} [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|45px|Wikipedia]] }} | style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:0 4px 0 4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;" {{#if:|class="{{{info-class}}}"}} | <span class="plainlinks">Eu [http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuário:{{PAGENAMEE}} contribuo] para a '''[[:pt:Página principal|Wikipédia lusófona]]'''.<br /> ------- I support '''[[:pt:Página principal|Lusophone Wikipedia]]''' with [http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuário:{{PAGENAMEE}} my contributions].</span> |}</div> <div class="TemplateBUser" style="float:center; margin:1px; width:238px; border:1px solid #006300;"> {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:#000000; width:100%;" |- |class="TemplateBUserLeft" style="width:45px; height:45px; background-color:#FFFFFF; color:#000000; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"|<!-- -->{{#if:Wikimedia Portugal logo 135px.png|[[Image:Wikimedia Portugal logo 135px.png|45px|Wikimedia Portugal logo 135px.png]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:|[[Image:{{{imgd}}}|43px|{{{imgd}}}]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:|<br />[[Image:{{{img2}}}|43px|{{{img2}}}]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:|[[Image:{{{imgd2}}}|43px|{{{imgd2}}}]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:|<div class="TemplateBUserImgText" style="font-size:1.5em; line-height:1.25;">{{{img-text}}}</div>}} |class="TemplateBUserInfo" style="padding:1px 4px; vertical-align:middle;"|<!-- -->{{#if:|<!-- --><div class="plainlinks TemplateBUserLink" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0 1px; font-size:12px; line-height:1;"><!-- -->{{#if:|<!-- -->[[:Category:{{{category}}}|?]]|<!-- -->[[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:User {{{link}}}|?]]<!-- -->}}<!-- --></div><!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:|<!-- --><div class="TemplateBUserTitle" style="font-size:8pt; line-height:1.25;">'''{{{title}}}'''</div><!-- -->}}<!-- --><div class="plainlinks TemplateBUserText" style="font-size:0.83em; direction:ltr; line-height:1.25;">Este utilizador é membro da [http://www.wikimedia.pt/ Wikimedia Portugal].</div><!-- -->{{#if:|<!-- --><div style="margin:1px 0; border:0; padding:0; height:1px; background-color:#006300;"></div><!-- --><div class="plainlinks TemplateBUserText2" style="font-size:8pt; direction:ltr; line-height:1.25;">{{{text2}}}</div><!-- -->}} |} </div><!-- -->{{#if:||<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User|<!-- -->{{#if:|[[Category:{{{category}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:|[[Category:{{{category2}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #000000; margin:1px;width:248px " class="wikipediauserbox "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#9acd32;" {{#if:[[Image:Map of Brazil with flag.svg|40px|Brazil]]| ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:white; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black; padding:0 1px 0 0; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " {{!}} [[Image:Map of Brazil with flag.svg|40px|Brazil]] }} | style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:0 4px 0 4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:white; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;" {{#if:|class="{{{info-class}}}"}} | This user comes from '''[[Brazil]]'''. |}</div> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:1px;width:248px " class="wikipediauserbox "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#fff;" {{#if:[[Image:Nuvola apps kworldclock.png{{!}}43px{{!}}link=:en:Template:User time zone]]| ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#ccc; text-align:center; font-size:12pt; color:black; padding:0 1px 0 0; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " {{!}} [[Image:Nuvola apps kworldclock.png{{!}}43px{{!}}link=:en:Template:User time zone]] }} | style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:0 4px 0 4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:black; vertical-align: middle; " {{#if:|class="{{{info-class}}}"}} | This user's time zone is '''{{#if:|[[{{{3}}}|UTC-0]]|[[:en:UTC-0|UTC-0]]}}'''. |}</div> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid green; margin:1px;width:248px " class="wikipediauserbox "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:red;" {{#if:[[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|35px]]| ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:green; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black; padding:0 1px 0 0; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " {{!}} [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|35px]] }} | style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:0 4px 0 4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:white; vertical-align: middle; " {{#if:|class="{{{info-class}}}"}} | This user is in '''[[Portugal|<span style="color:white">Portugal</span>]]'''. |}</div> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #000; margin:1px;width:248px " class="wikipediauserbox "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#32CD32;" {{#if:[[Image:Luvbrasil.jpg]]| ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#FFFF00; text-align:center; font-size:12pt; color:black; padding:0 1px 0 0; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " {{!}} [[Image:Luvbrasil.jpg]] }} | style="text-align:left; font-size:9pt; padding:0 4px 0 4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:black; vertical-align: middle; " {{#if:|class="{{{info-class}}}"}} | This user loves '''[[Brazil]]''' |}</div> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid navy; margin:1px;width:248px " class="wikipediauserbox "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:white;" {{#if:<font color=navy>[[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|CPLP]]</font>| ! style="width:45px; height:45px; background:white; text-align:center; font-size:12pt; color:navy; padding:0 1px 0 0; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " {{!}} <font color=navy>[[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|CPLP]]</font> }} | style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:0 4px 0 4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:navy; vertical-align: middle; " {{#if:|class="{{{info-class}}}"}} | Este utilizador/usuário é '''<font color=navy>[[:pt:Lusofonia|Lusófono]]</font>'''. This user is '''<font color=navy>[[Lusophone]]</font>'''. |}</div> <div style="float: center; border:solid {{{1|#800}}} 1px; margin: 1px;width:248px "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 240px; background: {{{2|#080}}};" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: {{{1|#EEE}}}; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|12}}}pt; color: #000;" | '''{{{3|[[Image:Bandeira pt.gif|40px]]}}}''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: #fff;" | {{{4|This brazilian user loves '''[[Portugal|<span style="color:white">Portugal</span>]]'''.}}} | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: {{{1|#EEE}}}; text-align: center; font-size: {{{5|12}}}pt; color: #000;" | '''{{{3|[[Image:Flags of Brazil and Portugal.svg|50px]]}}}''' |}</div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> |} |} 6s09bo7hcwekhodlzxife0ze0ihm4kd 3783 3623 2012-03-21T19:44:32Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request wikitext text/x-wiki <!--- Page title ---> <div style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:45px; top:10px;" class="metadata"><small>''[[:pt:s:A minha pátria é a língua portuguesa|'''A minha pátria é a língua portuguesa!''']]''</small></div><div style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:10px; top:10px;" class="metadata">[[File:Flags of Brazil and Portugal.svg|30px|link=:pt:CLPC]]</div></div> <!--- Page style background ---> {| style="width: 100%; background-color: #e2e7f7; border: 2px solid #4888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; vertical-align: top;" | colspan="2" style="cellpadding=8; cellspacing=8" | <!-- Qoute section --> |- | style="background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top;" colspan="2"| {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:100% ; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as any manner of thy friends or of thine own were; any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- | colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" | <p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:en:John Donne|John Donne]] in [[:s:Meditation_VII|''Meditation VII'']].</cite></p> |} <!-- Description section --> |- | style="width: 78%; background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2"| <div style= text-align: justify;"> '''Name:''' <font color="#6495ED" size="5" face="Edwardian Script ITC" > Béria Lima </font> (Nickname: <font size="5" face="Edwardian Script ITC">Beh</font>) '''In Wikimedia Projects since:''' ''5 October, 2007'' (''{{#if:|{{ontem hoje amanhã|{{#expr: + {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) * 365) + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) < 8 | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 != {{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + {{CURRENTDAY}} }}{{#ifexpr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} - {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + ((2007 - 1) * 365) + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> (10 - 1) < 8 | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> (2007 / 4) = (2007 / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and (2007 / 100 != 2007 / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> (2007 / 400) = (2007 / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + 8 }}{{#ifexpr: 2007 < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} }} }}|{{#expr:+ {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) * 365) + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + ((({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) - (({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) < 8 | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( ({{CURRENTMONTH}} - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 != {{CURRENTYEAR}} / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: ({{CURRENTMONTH}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400) = ({{CURRENTYEAR}} / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + {{CURRENTDAY}} }}{{#ifexpr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} - {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + ((2007 - 1) * 365) + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + (((2007 - 1) - ((2007 - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> (10 - 1) < 8 | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( (10 - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> (2007 / 4) = (2007 / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and (2007 / 100 != 2007 / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: (10 <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> (2007 / 400) = (2007 / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + 5 }}{{#ifexpr: 2007 < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }} }} }}'' days) __NOTOC__ == My home(s) == [[File:Ponte D. Luís, Sé e Jardim do Morro vistos de Gaia.JPG|center|thumb|450px|[[:pt:Sé do Porto|Porto Cathedral]], [[:pt:Ponte Dom Luís I|Dom Luis I bridge]] and [[:pt:Serra do Pilar|Serra do Pilar Monastery]], 3 postcards of [[:en:Oporto|my town]].]] [[File:Recife 2005 JAN 25 AncientAndModernCenter.jpg|center|thumb|450px|The new and the [[:en:Recife Antigo|old Recife]].]] == Quotes == {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:{{#if: | 100% | auto}}; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">La pensée est le labeur de l’intelligence, la rêverie en est la volupté. | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- | colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" |<p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:fr:Victor Hugo|Victor Hugo]] in [[:fr:Les Miserables|''Les Miserables'']].</cite></p> |} {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:{{#if: | 100% | auto}}; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">There is in fact a heroism of virtue in the pride of this woman, who resists every seduction, the impulses of his own passion as well as the rapture of the senses</div> | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- |colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" | <p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:w:José de Alencar|José de Alencar]], in [[:s:pt:Senhora|''Senhora'']].</cite></p> |} {| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:{{#if: | 100% | auto}}; {{#if: | border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;}}" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | <div style="font-family:'Palatino Linotype'; font-style: italic; font-size:16px">Der Irrtum ist viel leichter zu erkennen, als die Wahrheit zu finden; jener liegt auf der Oberfläche, damit läßt sich wohl fertig werden; diese ruht in der Tiefe, danach zu forschen ist nicht jedermanns Sache. | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- | colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" |<p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—[[:de:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in [[:de:Maximen und Reflexionen|''Maximen und Reflexionen'']].</cite></p> |} == Other accounts == * [[:pt:User:Lucia Bot|Lucia Bot]] * [[User:Ripchip Bot|Ripchip Bot]] == [[:commons:Category:Images sent by Béria Lima|My pictures]] == <div style="width: 100%; -moz-column-count: 2;"> ; Pictures taken by me * [[:commons:Category:Files from Brazil by Béria Lima|Files from Brazil]] * [[:commons:Category:Files from Portugal by Béria Lima|Files from Portugal]] :* [[:commons:Category:Files from Aveiro by Béria Lima|Files from Aveiro]] :* [[:commons:Category:Files from Braga by Béria Lima|Files from Braga]] :* [[:commons:Category:Files from Lisboa by Béria Lima|Files from Lisbon]] :* [[:commons:Category:Files from Porto by Béria Lima|Files from Oporto]] :* [[:commons:Category:Files from Sintra by Béria Lima|Files from Sintra ]] * [[:commons:Category:Files from Spain by Béria Lima|Files from Spain]] ; Files uploaded by me * [[:commons:Category:Files from Flickr uploaded by Béria Lima|Files from Flickr]] :* [[:commons:Category:Files of Lisboa uploaded by Béria Lima|Files of Lisbon from Flickr]] :* [[:commons:Category:Files of Porto uploaded by Béria Lima|Files of Oporto from Flickr]] * [[:commons:Category:Files from Wikimedia projects uploaded by Béria Lima|Files from Wikimedia projects]] ; Pictures of me * [[:commons:Category:Béria Lima|Béria Lima]] (the category) </div> == Other Wikimedia projects == <!--- Projetos Correlatos! rsrs -----------> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <center> {| class="toccolours" | style="background:#d3d3d3;color:#a52a2a text-align:center;width:100%;" colspan="14" | <big style="font-size:110%;"><center>'''My [[:en:WP:UP|User pages]] in other wiki projects'''</center></big> |- | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikipedia-logo-pt.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikipedia-logo-en.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Commons-logo.svg|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikiquote-logo.png|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikinews-logo.svg|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikisource-logo.svg|50px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[image:Wikibooks-logo.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[Image:Wiktionary-logo-pt.png|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[Image:Wikiversity-logo.svg|60px]]</center> | valign="middle" bgcolor="ffffff" | <center>[[Image:Test wiki logo.png|60px]]</center> |- <!-- Páginas de Usuário --> | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>'''[[:w:pt:User:Beria|((pt)) Wikipedia]]''' | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:en:User:Beria|((en)) Wikipedia]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[commons:User:Beria|Commons]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:q:Usuário:Beria|Wikiquote]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:n:Usuário:Beria|Wikinews]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:s:Usuário:Beria|Wikisource]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:b:Usuário:Beria|Wikibooks]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:wikt:Usuário:Beria|Wikcionário]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center>[[:pt:v:Usuário:Beria|Wikiversidade]] | valign="middle" bgcolor="d3d3d3" | <center><span class="plainlinks">[http://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Beria Test Wiki] |- |} <!--- Fim dos Projetos Correlatos! rsrs -----------> <br style="clear:both" /> </div><!-- END OF MAIN BOX START OF TOP RIGHT-FLOAT BOX (portrait)--> <!-- Image section --> | style="width: 20%; background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1"| [[Image:Spleen et ideal.jpg|220px|center|thumb|'''Spleen et Ideal'''<br /><p style="font-size:smaller;text-align: right">by Carlos Schwabe</p>]] <!-- Userboxes section --> |- | style="width: 20%; background-color: #EFF8FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; -moz-border-radius:15px; border-right-width:4px; border-bottom-width:4px; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; height: 10px;" rowspan="2"| {| [[Image:Crystal Clear app package.png|35px]] <big>'''Userboxes'''</big> <!--- Babel --> {{#babel:pt-N|en-3|es-2|ca-2|gl-2|mwl-2|fr-1|it-1|an-1|oc-1}} <!-- Other userboxes --> <!-- Meta Adm box --> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #999; margin:1px; width:238px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#EEE;" | style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#DDD; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black;" | '''[[File:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|40 px]]''' | style="font-size:8pt; padding:4pt; line-height:1.25em; color:#000;" | This user is an [[Meta:Administrators|administrator]] on Meta-Wiki. <small>(<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username={{PAGENAMEE}} verify}}]</span>)</small> |}</div> <!-- Commons Adm box --> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #999; margin:1px; width:238px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#EEE;" | style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#DDD; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black;" | '''[[File:Commons-logo.svg|40 px]]''' | style="font-size:8pt; padding:4pt; line-height:1.25em; color:#000;" | This user is an [[:commons:Commons:Administrators|administrator]] on Commons. <small>(<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:commons:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username={{PAGENAMEE}} verify}}]</span>)</small> |}</div> <!-- Strategy Adm box --> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #999; margin:1px; width:238px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#EEE;" | style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#DDD; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black;" | '''[[File:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|40 px]]''' | style="font-size:8pt; padding:4pt; line-height:1.25em; color:#000;" | This user is an [[:strategy:Commons:Administrators|administrator]] on Strategy-Wiki. <small>(<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:strategy:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username={{PAGENAMEE}} verify}}]</span>)</small> |}</div> <!-- Wikimedia Portugal --> <div class="TemplateBUser" style="float:center; margin:1px; width:238px; border:1px solid #006300;"> {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:#000000; width:100%;" |- |class="TemplateBUserLeft" style="width:45px; height:45px; background-color:#FFFFFF; color:#000000; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"| [[Image:Wikimedia Portugal logo 135px.png|45px|Wikimedia Portugal logo 135px.png]] |class="TemplateBUserInfo" style="padding:1px 4px; vertical-align:middle;"| <div class="plainlinks TemplateBUserText" style="font-size:0.83em; direction:ltr; line-height:1.25;">Este utilizador é membro da [http://www.wikimedia.pt/ Wikimedia Portugal].</div> |}</div> <!-- Wikimedia Argentina --> <div class="TemplateBUser" style="float:center; margin:1px; width:238px; border:1px solid #006300;"> {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:#000000; width:100%;" |- |class="TemplateBUserLeft" style="width:45px; height:45px; background-color:#FFFFFF; color:#000000; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"| [[File:Wikimedia Argentina logo.svg|45px|Wikimedia Argentina logo.svg]] |class="TemplateBUserInfo" style="padding:1px 4px; vertical-align:middle;"| <div class="plainlinks TemplateBUserText" style="font-size:0.83em; direction:ltr; line-height:1.25;">This user is member of [http://www.wikimedia.org.ar/ Wikimedia Argentina].</div> |}</div> <!-- IRC user --> <div style="float: center; width: 238px; border: solid #1E90FF 1px; margin: 1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; color:#000000; background: #000000;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #77aaff; text-align: center; font-size:14pt; color:#FFCC11" |[[Image:Crystal kdmconfig.png|36px]] | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; background:#bbddff" | This user's [[IRC]] nick is '''Beria''' on the server '''[[:en:Freenode|Freenode]]'''. |}</div><noinclude> <!-- Time zone --> <div style="float:center; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:1px;width:248px " class="wikipediauserbox "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:#fff;" | style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#ccc; text-align:center; font-size:12pt; color:black; padding:0 1px 0 0; line-height:1.25em; vertical-align: middle; " | [[Image:Nuvola apps kworldclock.png|43px|link=:en:Template:User time zone]] | style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:0 4px 0 4px; height:45px; line-height:1.25em; color:black; vertical-align: middle; " | This user's time zone is '''[[:en:UTC-3|UTC-3]]'''. |}</div> <!-- Brazil <3 Portugal --> <div style="float: center; border:solid #800 1px; margin: 1px;width:248px "> {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 240px; background: #080;" | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #EEE; text-align: center; font-size: 12pt; color: #000;" | '''[[Image:Bandeira pt.gif|40px]]''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: #fff;" | This brazilian user loves '''[[Portugal|<span style="color:white">Portugal</span>]]'''. | style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #EEE; text-align: center; font-size: 12pt; color: #000;" | '''[[Image:Flags of Brazil and Portugal.svg|50px]]''' |}</div><div style="clear:both;"></div> |} |} rgcfkqksbnelpld0ioomnxrohwtv4o2 2 2037 3627 2011-06-23T06:28:26Z Wikitanvir 360 Global JavaScript javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Wikitanvir/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 1yxjd760vc38s46lfk2g2kt8mngpyrh 3629 3627 2011-06-23T07:40:04Z Wikitanvir 360 fix javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Wikitanvir/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); eu57oubmqbain3535mm4utqg91i5df7 2 2038 3628 2011-06-23T07:39:22Z Wikitanvir 360 Global CSS css text/css @import "http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Wikitanvir/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; rolnl57kedhql98hla27k4s2cfq1tbq 2 2039 3632 2011-06-29T00:02:59Z Dcljr 416 user page created wikitext text/x-wiki <div lang="en-US"> My home wiki is the [[:en:User:Dcljr|English Wikibooks]]. ([[:en:User:Dcljr]]) ''Note:'' This wiki contains {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} content pages. (See also [[Special:Statistics]], [[Special:NewPages]], [[Special:RecentChanges]].) </div> [[en:User:Dcljr]] ofqqo6s2oy672kbv1ld07emrovo05z9 3776 3632 2012-03-11T09:41:25Z Dcljr 416 update wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|uz-0}} <div lang="en-US"> My home wiki is the [[:en:User:Dcljr|English Wikibooks]]. ([[:en:User:Dcljr]]) ''Note:'' This wiki contains {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} content pages. (See also [[Special:Statistics]], [[Special:NewPages]], [[Special:RecentChanges]], [[Special:NewFiles]], [[Special:Log]].) </div> <span style="display:none">{{nobots}}</span> [[en:User:Dcljr]] 8ecpus8sc7l4m64opcqpaowz3u6v9ho 2 2040 3633 2011-07-01T09:54:01Z GlobalEditBot 508 global userpage like requested [[:m:Syncbot|here]] wikitext text/x-wiki Hei! I'm GlobalEditBot nice to meet you! I work for [[user:Dirt Diver]] and my task is to create global pages like userpages, talkpages and more. When you want more information or make a request please see my [[:m:User:Dirt Diver|Meta page]]. bahiignmrw6x1lwmy6copcdlv50thql 2 2041 3634 2011-07-01T13:28:05Z GlobalEditBot 508 global userpage like requested [[:m:Syncbot|here]] wikitext text/x-wiki Hi, I'm Dirt Diver, the bot operator for [[:m:User:GlobalEditBot]]. Please contact me on [[:m:|Meta]] if problems will occur. qemawpdxhmp2w5nndxkqphkwjd7gpab 2 2042 3635 2011-07-01T17:16:32Z Wikitanvir 360 Creating userpage per request wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Redirectltr.png|#REDIRECT]]<span class="redirectText" id="softredirect">[[:m:user:Teles]]</span> hdsr4spn4wr4v6n75ioss6u7suyofmz 2 2043 3636 2011-07-01T17:51:20Z Wikitanvir 360 Creating userpage per request wikitext text/x-wiki Please contact me on [[:m:User talk:Vituzzu|meta]] or [[:m:w:it:User talk:Vituzzu|Wikipedia in Italian]], you can also find some information about my activities on Wikipedia [[:m:User:Vituzzu|here]]. n1g86ogj2adv0pec093rdzxsggl3ewg 2 2044 3638 2011-07-02T01:27:47Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:reza1615/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 0mj5e981kd714jtusacoh6geqylflkp 2 2045 3639 2011-07-02T03:53:24Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Redirectltr.png|#REDIRECT]]<span class="redirectText" id="softredirect">[[m:w:en:user:MacMed]]</span> gd65qnfv2c1mq94q8pdga76cpodptu5 2 2046 3640 2011-07-02T05:01:40Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Redirectltr.png|#REDIRECT]]<span class="redirectText" id="softredirect">[[w:m:user:Bencmq]]</span> 5g79f363gzrklr7n8gpjo400x572e8c 2 2050 3644 2011-07-02T16:09:07Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki * [[m:user:Dawid Deutschland|Meta]]. * [[m:ka:user:Dawid Deutschland|Georgische Wikipedia]]. * [[m:wikt:ka:user:Dawid Deutschland|Georgisches Wikiwörterbuch]]. * [[m:de:user:Dawid Deutschland|Deutsche Wikipedia]]. qkycphuqt8rmi17hd1j5tg82xcgs94j 3 2053 3647 2011-07-02T18:37:42Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User_talk:Crochet.david]] 4uf0ke0pmd9gfruwsaibs9cnstjak1b 0 2061 3659 2011-08-04T01:05:40Z Sevda Yılmaz 522 Created page with "== Grammatikasi == === Kelishiklar === Jalpi turk tilida 6 ta kelishik bor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Kelishiklar !! Kelishik ko‘rsatkichi !! Misollar |- | 1 || Bosh kelis..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Grammatikasi == === Kelishiklar === Jalpi turk tilida 6 ta kelishik bor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Kelishiklar !! Kelishik ko‘rsatkichi !! Misollar |- | 1 || Bosh kelishik || - || üy, qum |- | 2 || Qaratqich kelishigi || -ning || üy'''ning''', qum'''ning''' |- | 3 || Tushum kelishigi || -ni || üy'''ni''', qum'''ni''' |- | 4 || Chiqish kelishigi || -dan, -den || üy'''den''', qum'''dan''' |- | 5 || Jo'nalish kelishigi || -gha, -ge || üy'''ge''', qum'''gha''' |- | 6 || O'rin-payt kelishigi || -da, -de || üy'''de''', qum'''da''' |- |} p886bf251v2263pey9tyx6yhixkywe7 3660 3659 2011-08-04T01:18:15Z Sevda Yılmaz 522 /* Kelishiklar */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Grammatikasi == === Kelishiklar === Jalpi turk tilida 6 ta kelishik bor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Kelishiklar !! Kelishik ko‘rsatkichi !! Misollar |- | 1 || Bosh kelishik || - || üy, qum |- | 2 || Qaratqich kelishigi || -ning || üy'''ning''', qum'''ning''' |- | 3 || Tushum kelishigi || -ni || üy'''ni''', qum'''ni''' |- | 4 || Chiqish kelishigi || -dan, -den || üy'''den''', qum'''dan''' |- | 5 || Jo'nalish kelishigi || -gha, -ge || üy'''ge''', qum'''gha''' |- | 6 || O'rin-payt kelishigi || -da, -de || üy'''de''', qum'''da''' |- |} ===Shaxs Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Shaxs Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jash "''yosh''"||Türk "''Turk''" |- !1 birlik | —min||jash'''min'''||Türk'''min''' |- !2 birlik | —sing||jash'''sing'''||Türk'''sing''' |- !3 birlik | —dir||jash'''dir'''||Türk'''dir''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz||jash'''miz'''||Türk'''miz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —singiz||jash'''singiz'''||Türk'''singiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —dir(lAr)||jash'''dir(lar)'''||Türk'''dir(ler)''' |} qlcwvyeseei9lj03k2ihj0x3z6gyk6b 3661 3660 2011-08-04T01:23:11Z Sevda Yılmaz 522 /* Shaxs Qo'shimchalari */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Grammatikasi == === Kelishiklar === Jalpi turk tilida 6 ta kelishik bor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Kelishiklar !! Kelishik ko‘rsatkichi !! Misollar |- | 1 || Bosh kelishik || - || üy, qum |- | 2 || Qaratqich kelishigi || -ning || üy'''ning''', qum'''ning''' |- | 3 || Tushum kelishigi || -ni || üy'''ni''', qum'''ni''' |- | 4 || Chiqish kelishigi || -dan, -den || üy'''den''', qum'''dan''' |- | 5 || Jo'nalish kelishigi || -gha, -ge || üy'''ge''', qum'''gha''' |- | 6 || O'rin-payt kelishigi || -da, -de || üy'''de''', qum'''da''' |- |} ===Shaxs Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Shaxs Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jash "''yosh''"||Türk "''Turk''" |- !1 birlik | —min||jash'''min'''||Türk'''min''' |- !2 birlik | —sing||jash'''sing'''||Türk'''sing''' |- !3 birlik | —dir||jash'''dir'''||Türk'''dir''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz||jash'''miz'''||Türk'''miz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —singiz||jash'''singiz'''||Türk'''singiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —dir(lAr)||jash'''dir(lar)'''||Türk'''dir(ler)''' |} ===Egalik Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Egalik Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !ana "''ona''"||üy "''uy''" |- !1 birlik | —m, -im||ana'''m'''||üy'''im''' |- !2 birlik | —ng, -ing||ana'''ng'''||üy'''ing''' |- !3 birlik | —si, -i||ana'''si'''||üy'''i''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz, -imiz||ana'''miz'''||üy'''imiz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —ngiz, -ingiz||ana'''ngiz'''||üy'''ingiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —lari, -leri||ana'''lari'''||üy'''leri''' |} bzgl3bt3wh54r0p046j8f7liq28il2w 3662 3661 2011-08-04T01:37:08Z Sevda Yılmaz 522 /* Egalik Qo'shimchalari */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Grammatikasi == === Kelishiklar === Jalpi turk tilida 6 ta kelishik bor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Kelishiklar !! Kelishik ko‘rsatkichi !! Misollar |- | 1 || Bosh kelishik || - || üy, qum |- | 2 || Qaratqich kelishigi || -ning || üy'''ning''', qum'''ning''' |- | 3 || Tushum kelishigi || -ni || üy'''ni''', qum'''ni''' |- | 4 || Chiqish kelishigi || -dan, -den || üy'''den''', qum'''dan''' |- | 5 || Jo'nalish kelishigi || -gha, -ge || üy'''ge''', qum'''gha''' |- | 6 || O'rin-payt kelishigi || -da, -de || üy'''de''', qum'''da''' |- |} ===Shaxs Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Shaxs Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jash "''yosh''"||Türk "''Turk''" |- !1 birlik | —min||jash'''min'''||Türk'''min''' |- !2 birlik | —sing||jash'''sing'''||Türk'''sing''' |- !3 birlik | —dir||jash'''dir'''||Türk'''dir''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz||jash'''miz'''||Türk'''miz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —singiz||jash'''singiz'''||Türk'''singiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —dir(lAr)||jash'''dir(lar)'''||Türk'''dir(ler)''' |} ===Egalik Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Egalik Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !ana "''ona''"||üy "''uy''" |- !1 birlik | —m, -im||ana'''m'''||üy'''im''' |- !2 birlik | —ng, -ing||ana'''ng'''||üy'''ing''' |- !3 birlik | —si, -i||ana'''si'''||üy'''i''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz, -imiz||ana'''miz'''||üy'''imiz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —ngiz, -ingiz||ana'''ngiz'''||üy'''ingiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —lari, -leri||ana'''lari'''||üy'''leri''' |} ===Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jasha- "''yashamoq''"||Inkor||bil- "''bilmoq''"||Inkor |- !1 birlik | —A/-y-min||jasha'''ymin'''||jasha'''maymin'''||bil'''emin'''||bil'''meymin''' |- !2 birlik | —A/-y-sing||jasha'''ysing'''||jasha'''maysing'''||bil'''esing'''||bil'''meysing''' |- !3 birlik | —A/-y-di||jasha'''ydi'''||jasha'''maydi'''||bil'''edi'''||bil'''meydi''' |- !1 ko'plik | —A/y-miz||jasha'''ymiz'''||jasha'''maymiz'''||bil'''emiz'''||bil'''meymiz''' |- !2 birlik | —A/y-singiz||jasha'''ysingiz'''||jasha'''maysingiz'''||bil'''esingiz'''||bil'''meysingiz''' |- !3 birlik | —A/y-di(lAr)||jasha'''ydi(lar)'''||jasha'''maydi(lar)'''||bil'''edi(ler)'''||bil'''meydi(ler)''' |} 6zpn9mii0ugstrjp872oxhw4som7shx 3663 3662 2011-08-04T01:38:09Z Sevda Yılmaz 522 /* Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Grammatikasi == === Kelishiklar === Jalpi turk tilida 6 ta kelishik bor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Kelishiklar !! Kelishik ko‘rsatkichi !! Misollar |- | 1 || Bosh kelishik || - || üy, qum |- | 2 || Qaratqich kelishigi || -ning || üy'''ning''', qum'''ning''' |- | 3 || Tushum kelishigi || -ni || üy'''ni''', qum'''ni''' |- | 4 || Chiqish kelishigi || -dan, -den || üy'''den''', qum'''dan''' |- | 5 || Jo'nalish kelishigi || -gha, -ge || üy'''ge''', qum'''gha''' |- | 6 || O'rin-payt kelishigi || -da, -de || üy'''de''', qum'''da''' |- |} ===Shaxs Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Shaxs Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jash "''yosh''"||Türk "''Turk''" |- !1 birlik | —min||jash'''min'''||Türk'''min''' |- !2 birlik | —sing||jash'''sing'''||Türk'''sing''' |- !3 birlik | —dir||jash'''dir'''||Türk'''dir''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz||jash'''miz'''||Türk'''miz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —singiz||jash'''singiz'''||Türk'''singiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —dir(lAr)||jash'''dir(lar)'''||Türk'''dir(ler)''' |} ===Egalik Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Egalik Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !ana "''ona''"||üy "''uy''" |- !1 birlik | —m, -im||ana'''m'''||üy'''im''' |- !2 birlik | —ng, -ing||ana'''ng'''||üy'''ing''' |- !3 birlik | —si, -i||ana'''si'''||üy'''i''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz, -imiz||ana'''miz'''||üy'''imiz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —ngiz, -ingiz||ana'''ngiz'''||üy'''ingiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —lari, -leri||ana'''lari'''||üy'''leri''' |} ===Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jasha- "''yashamoq''"||Inkor||bil- "''bilmoq''"||Inkor |- !1 birlik | —A/-y-min||jasha'''ymin'''||jasha'''maymin'''||bil'''emin'''||bil'''meymin''' |- !2 birlik | —A/-y-sing||jasha'''ysing'''||jasha'''maysing'''||bil'''esing'''||bil'''meysing''' |- !3 birlik | —A/-y-di||jasha'''ydi'''||jasha'''maydi'''||bil'''edi'''||bil'''meydi''' |- !1 ko'plik | —A/y-miz||jasha'''ymiz'''||jasha'''maymiz'''||bil'''emiz'''||bil'''meymiz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —A/y-singiz||jasha'''ysingiz'''||jasha'''maysingiz'''||bil'''esingiz'''||bil'''meysingiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —A/y-di(lAr)||jasha'''ydi(lar)'''||jasha'''maydi(lar)'''||bil'''edi(ler)'''||bil'''meydi(ler)''' |} 3xz1mpzs3eedtk7t8uxpzxqqyye7fly 3664 3663 2011-08-04T02:06:51Z Sevda Yılmaz 522 /* Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Grammatikasi == === Kelishiklar === Jalpi turk tilida 6 ta kelishik bor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! Kelishiklar !! Kelishik ko‘rsatkichi !! Misollar |- | 1 || Bosh kelishik || - || üy, qum |- | 2 || Qaratqich kelishigi || -ning || üy'''ning''', qum'''ning''' |- | 3 || Tushum kelishigi || -ni || üy'''ni''', qum'''ni''' |- | 4 || Chiqish kelishigi || -dan, -den || üy'''den''', qum'''dan''' |- | 5 || Jo'nalish kelishigi || -gha, -ge || üy'''ge''', qum'''gha''' |- | 6 || O'rin-payt kelishigi || -da, -de || üy'''de''', qum'''da''' |- |} ===Shaxs Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Shaxs Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jash "''yosh''"||Türk "''Turk''" |- !1 birlik | —min||jash'''min'''||Türk'''min''' |- !2 birlik | —sing||jash'''sing'''||Türk'''sing''' |- !3 birlik | —dir||jash'''dir'''||Türk'''dir''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz||jash'''miz'''||Türk'''miz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —singiz||jash'''singiz'''||Türk'''singiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —dir(lAr)||jash'''dir(lar)'''||Türk'''dir(ler)''' |} ===Egalik Qo'shimchalari=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Egalik Qo'shimchalari !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !ana "''ona''"||üy "''uy''" |- !1 birlik | —m, -im||ana'''m'''||üy'''im''' |- !2 birlik | —ng, -ing||ana'''ng'''||üy'''ing''' |- !3 birlik | —si, -i||ana'''si'''||üy'''i''' |- !1 ko'plik | —miz, -imiz||ana'''miz'''||üy'''imiz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —ngiz, -ingiz||ana'''ngiz'''||üy'''ingiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —lari, -leri||ana'''lari'''||üy'''leri''' |} ===Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |Hozirgi-Kelasi Zamon !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jasha- "''yashamoq''"||Inkor||bil- "''bilmoq''"||Inkor |- !1 birlik | —A/-y-min||jasha'''ymin'''||jasha'''maymin'''||bil'''emin'''||bil'''meymin''' |- !2 birlik | —A/-y-sing||jasha'''ysing'''||jasha'''maysing'''||bil'''esing'''||bil'''meysing''' |- !3 birlik | —A/-y-di||jasha'''ydi'''||jasha'''maydi'''||bil'''edi'''||bil'''meydi''' |- !1 ko'plik | —A/y-miz||jasha'''ymiz'''||jasha'''maymiz'''||bil'''emiz'''||bil'''meymiz''' |- !2 ko'plik | —A/y-singiz||jasha'''ysingiz'''||jasha'''maysingiz'''||bil'''esingiz'''||bil'''meysingiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —A/y-di(lAr)||jasha'''ydi(lar)'''||jasha'''maydi(lar)'''||bil'''edi(ler)'''||bil'''meydi(ler)''' |} ===O'tgan Zamon=== {|class="wikitable" |+ style="background: none;" |O'tgan Zamon !Shaxs !Qo'shimcha !jasha- "''yashamoq''"||Inkor||bil- "''bilmoq''"||Inkor |- !1 birlik | —di-m||jasha'''dim'''||jasha'''madim'''||bil'''dim'''||bil'''medim''' |- !2 birlik | —di-ng||jasha'''ding'''||jasha'''mading'''||bil'''ding'''||bil'''meding''' |- !3 birlik | —di||jasha'''di'''||jasha'''madi'''||bil'''di'''||bil'''medi''' |- !1 ko'plik | —diq, -dik||jasha'''diq'''||jasha'''madiq'''||bil'''dik'''||bil'''medik''' |- !2 ko'plik | —dingiz||jasha'''dingiz'''||jasha'''madingiz'''||bil'''dingiz'''||bil'''medingiz''' |- !3 ko'plik | —di(lAr)||jasha'''di(lar)'''||jasha'''madi(lar)'''||bil'''di(ler)'''||bil'''medi(ler)''' |} ny69ruchhao5e29vf7s3eg423lgnxqh 2 2063 3675 2011-08-19T22:21:36Z Royce 528 Created page with "Hello! Welcome to my basic user page. ~~~~ * My unified username is [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/sulutil.php?&user=Royce Royce] ([http://toolserver.org/~vvv/sulutil.php?rights=..." wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! Welcome to my basic user page. [[Foydalanuvchi:Royce|Royce]] 22:21, 19 avgust 2011 (UTC) * My unified username is [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/sulutil.php?&user=Royce Royce] ([http://toolserver.org/~vvv/sulutil.php?rights=1&user=Royce rights]). * For more about me, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Royce my English Wikipedia page]. f9ev9zjsvi2uy0vv5l7heaer47leogi 2 2064 3676 2011-08-25T02:59:09Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waihorace''' is a user on Wikimedia wikis such as Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikinews and more. I am a native Chinese speaker and I speak Cantonese. My home wiki is on [[m:w:zh:|Chinese Wikipedia]]. If you have any problems or anything want to discuss to me, feel free to go to my talk page on [[m:User talk:Waihorace|Meta Wiki]] or [[m:w:zh:User talk:Waihorace|Chinese Wikipedia]]. rxzhtnrjc5x9u2jbq36pk57ldf19zzd 4032 3676 2015-01-25T18:50:15Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Waihorace]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en-3|yue-N|zh-hant-N}} Hi! I am '''Waihorace''' and I am a member of the [[:m:SWMT|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]]. If you would like to contact me, it is recommended that you leave your message on my talk page on ''[[m:User talk:Waihorace|Meta-Wiki]]''. 2i1tajk7qqojtvn0r2vbyf7mzj9xgco 2 2066 3680 2011-08-30T18:21:51Z Jafeluv 343 [[Foydalanuvchi:White Cat]] [[Foydalanuvchi:とある白い猫]]ga ko'chirildi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:White Cat|White Cat]]" to "[[User:とある白い猫|とある白い猫]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foydalanuvchi:とある白い猫]] lwec4ihtu20xt3ocwdcd1sd41xo98b0 3 2067 3682 2011-08-30T18:21:51Z Jafeluv 343 [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:White Cat]] [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:とある白い猫]]ga ko'chirildi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[User:White Cat|White Cat]]" to "[[User:とある白い猫|とある白い猫]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:とある白い猫]] 6ri8isgy92zkvq2snvvxsco84jpneg8 2 2069 3684 2011-08-30T18:49:22Z Jafeluv 343 → [[meta:User:Jafeluv]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Softredirect|meta:User:Jafeluv}} h3r84obgawuaud2ry5nt8iu35p3rr2k 3692 3684 2011-09-24T11:15:50Z Jafeluv 343 #babel wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:fi-N|uz-0}} {{Softredirect|meta:User:Jafeluv}} ph6inr6lowd7rb5ghe75c5qrgsmfynb 2 2070 3686 2011-09-11T19:00:23Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Redirectltr.png|#REDIRECT]]<span class="redirectText" id="softredirect">[[:meta:user:Toto Azéro]]</span> fiq0h8khtrt3woby2idcyjalpmmjod3 2 2071 3687 2011-09-11T20:14:41Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:KuduIO/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 8i4cm8eeykhurss7kuhrpirf4cuh5z9 2 2073 3689 2011-09-17T21:21:57Z Alan ffm 405 Created page with "{{babel|pl|de-4|en-2|ru-2}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{babel|pl|de-4|en-2|ru-2}} 8bek0g1em58n2sd90723204kn28wofm 2 2076 3694 2011-10-12T00:07:25Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vugar 1981''' is a user on Wikimedia wikis such as Wikipedia, Wikisource, Wikinews and more. I am a native Azerbaijani speaker and I also speak Turkish. My home wiki is the [[m:w:az:|Azerbaijani Wikipedia]]. If you have any problems or want to discuss anything with me, feel free to go to my talk page on [[m:User talk:Vugar 1981|Metawiki]] or on the [[m:w:az:User talk:Vugar 1981|Azerbaijani Wikipedia]]. dbzmlnc711lltji04b5kuk94lqy9nf6 2 2077 3695 2011-10-12T23:00:52Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global bot page wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 21em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; float: right; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 130%;" | {{BASEPAGENAME}} [[File:Crystal Clear action run.svg|24px|This user is a bot.]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font size: 95%;" | ([[{{TALKSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|contribs]]) |- | Operator: || [[m:User:Hoo man|Hoo man]] |- | [[Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval|Approved]]? || No |- | [[Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Bots|Flagged]]? || No |- | [[Wikipedia:Bot requests|Task/s]]: || [[m:User:Hoo_man/Synchbot|Syncing user and user talk pages across all wikis]] |- | Edit rate: || Max. a few edits per month |- | Edit period/s: || Periodically |- | Automatic or manual? || half-automatic |- | [[w:en:Programming language|Programming language]]/s: || [[w:en:Python|Python]] |- |} This bot syncs user and user talk pages across all wikis, request can be made [[m:User:Hoo_man/Synchbot|here]]. Feel free to complain if it does anything it shouldn't. Every request gets performed and reviewed by [[m:user:Hoo man|Hoo man]]. czscg30nvej6k7apod8zsjv1761ygs5 2 2080 3698 2011-10-18T21:55:43Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:id|en-4}} Hi, I'm Benny and I'm probably doing some edits on this wiki as part of the [[m:countervandalism network|countervandalism network]]. You can view my profile and contact me through one of these wikis that I often visit. <div class="plainlinks"> * [ [[m:User:Bennylin|User]] | [[m:User talk:Bennylin|Talk]] | [[m:Special:Contributions/Bennylin|Contribs]] | [{{fullurl:m:Special:ActiveUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Activity] | [[m:Special:Log/Bennylin|Logs]] | [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/yaec.php?user=Bennylin&wiki=metawiki_p Counts] | [{{fullurl:m:Special:ListUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Rights] ] at [ [[m:|Meta]] ] * [ [[m:w:id:User:Bennylin|User]] | [[m:w:id:User talk:Bennylin|Talk]] | [[m:w:id:Special:Contributions/Bennylin|Contribs]] | [{{fullurl:m:w:id:Special:ActiveUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Activity] | [{{fullurl:m:w:id:Special:Log|user=Bennylin}} Logs] | [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/yaec.php?user=Bennylin&wiki=idwiki_p Counts] | [{{fullurl:m:w:id:Special:ListUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Rights] ] at [ [[m:w:id:|id Wikipedia]] ] [[File:Gnome-home.svg|x20px]] * [ [[m:wikt:id:User:Bennylin|User]] | [[m:wikt:id:User talk:Bennylin|Talk]] | [[m:wikt:id:Special:Contributions/Bennylin|Contribs]] | [{{fullurl:m:wikt:id:Special:ActiveUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Activity] | [{{fullurl:m:wikt:id:Special:Log|user=Bennylin}} Logs] | [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/yaec.php?user=Bennylin&wiki=idwiktionary_p Counts] | [{{fullurl:m:wikt:id:Special:ListUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Rights] ] at [ [[m:wikt:id:|id Wiktionary]] ] * [ [[m:s:id:User:Bennylin|User]] | [[m:s:id:User talk:Bennylin|Talk]] | [[m:s:id:Special:Contributions/Bennylin|Contribs]] | [{{fullurl:m:s:id:Special:ActiveUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Activity] | [{{fullurl:m:s:id:Special:Log|user=Bennylin}} Logs] | [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/yaec.php?user=Bennylin&wiki=idwikisource_p Counts] | [{{fullurl:m:s:id:Special:ListUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Rights] ] at [ [[m:s:id:|id Wikisource]] ] * [ [[commons:User:Bennylin|User]] | [[commons:User talk:Bennylin|Talk]] | [[commons:Special:Contributions/Bennylin|Contribs]] | [{{fullurl:commons:Special:ActiveUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Activity] | [{{fullurl:commons:Special:Log|user=Bennylin}} Logs] | [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/yaec.php?user=Bennylin&wiki=commonswiki_p Counts] | [{{fullurl:commons:Special:ListUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Rights] ] at [ [[commons:|Commons]] ] * [ [[m:w:en:User:Bennylin|User]] | [[m:w:en:User talk:Bennylin|Talk]] | [[m:w:en:Special:Contributions/Bennylin|Contribs]] | [{{fullurl:m:w:Special:ActiveUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Activity] | [{{fullurl:m:w:Special:Log|user=Bennylin}} Logs] | [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/yaec.php?user=Bennylin&wiki=enwiki_p Counts] | [{{fullurl:m:w:Special:ListUsers|limit=1&username=Bennylin}} Rights] ] at [ [[m:w:|en Wikipedia]] ] * [[sulutil:Bennylin|Me on all Wikimedia projects]] * [http://toolserver.org/~krinkle/MoreContributions/index.php?username=Bennylin&wikidb=&allwikis=on&submit=Go Recent edits]<!-- neat! --> * [http://toolserver.org/~pathoschild/crossactivity/?user=Bennylin Cross-wiki activities] * [http://toolserver.org/~luxo/contributions/contributions.php?user=Bennylin&lang=en Cross-wiki contributions] * [http://toolserver.org/~erwin85/xcontribs.php?user=Bennylin Cross-wikiness] * This wiki: [[Special:Statistics]], [[Special:NewPages]], [[Special:RecentChanges]] </div> cftwp8yoicb19sxew5c6dzravjkf5xj 3 2082 3700 2011-10-22T03:18:23Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|fr}}[[File:Redirectltr.png]][[m:User talk:Pathoschild|m:{{ns:3}}:Pathoschild]] lwmdkbriqxpkwalgo4nzlbw3a1wp6bg 3758 3700 2012-02-17T03:54:56Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|fr|uz-0}}[[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|46px|link=]][[m:User talk:Pathoschild|m:{{ns:3}}:Pathoschild]] h4lahqxj9mvrn0xd5e3ai9drgqafaee 2 2083 3701 2011-10-28T22:31:21Z Jalexander-WMF 388 creating and updating global user pages for WMF Staff member upon request ([[m:User:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki My name is Alex Zariv, I am a [[wmf:Job_openings/Fundraiser_Production_Coordinator|Production Coordinator]] with the [[wmf:Main Page|Wikimedia Foundation]] and am working on this year's [[m:Fundraising 2011|fundraiser]]. This account is used for edits while officially representing the foundation. In my volunteer capacity I can usually be found on [[m:|meta]] where I am an elected administrator. You can reach me either through [[Special:EmailUser/Azariv|e-mail]] or on my Meta-Wiki [[m:User talk:Azariv|talk page]]. On wiki (on all wmf projects) I am [[m:User:Az1568|Az1568]] in my volunteer role and [[m:User:Azariv|Azariv]] in my WMF role. 2krx4dg1poqcfutqrxz7yheu0znw394 4054 3701 2015-04-16T19:22:50Z Jalexander-WMF 388 Jalexander-WMF [[Foydalanuvchi:Azariv]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Azariv-WMF]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Azariv|Azariv]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Azariv-WMF|Azariv-WMF]]" wikitext text/x-wiki My name is Alex Zariv, I am a [[wmf:Job_openings/Fundraiser_Production_Coordinator|Production Coordinator]] with the [[wmf:Main Page|Wikimedia Foundation]] and am working on this year's [[m:Fundraising 2011|fundraiser]]. This account is used for edits while officially representing the foundation. In my volunteer capacity I can usually be found on [[m:|meta]] where I am an elected administrator. You can reach me either through [[Special:EmailUser/Azariv|e-mail]] or on my Meta-Wiki [[m:User talk:Azariv|talk page]]. On wiki (on all wmf projects) I am [[m:User:Az1568|Az1568]] in my volunteer role and [[m:User:Azariv|Azariv]] in my WMF role. 2krx4dg1poqcfutqrxz7yheu0znw394 2 2085 3703 2011-11-09T12:20:20Z Gzen92 558 Created page with "[http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Gzen92 Gzen92 (fr.wikibooks.org)]" wikitext text/x-wiki [http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Gzen92 Gzen92 (fr.wikibooks.org)] rmby6huk7tlqvn3mjgvtn980p30o3qg 3 2086 3704 2011-11-09T12:22:37Z Gzen92 558 Created page with "[http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Discussion_utilisateur:Gzen92 Gzen92 (fr.wikibooks.org)]" wikitext text/x-wiki [http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Discussion_utilisateur:Gzen92 Gzen92 (fr.wikibooks.org)] sow6fq0ca0anfymuttfw4wxoo86qdkt 3 2089 3708 2011-11-11T20:05:32Z Caypartis 549 global talk page wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" valign="top" border="0" style="font-size:14px; border:1px solid #C2dfff; -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); background: #E7FFFF; background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #A7D7F9 0%, #7db9e8 100%); background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,#E7FFFF), color-stop(100%,#7db9e8)); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #E7FFFF 0%,#7db9e8 100%); background: -o-linear-gradient(top, #E7FFFF 0%,#7db9e8 100%); background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #E7FFFF 0%,#7db9e8 100%); background: linear-gradient(top, #E7FFFF 0%,#7db9e8 100%); -moz-border-radius: 7px; -webkit-border-radius: 7px; border-radius: 7px; font-family:Calibri, Verdana, sans-serif; padding: 10px;" |class="onglet" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.3em; 0; font-size: 100%; background-color:transparent; -moz-border-radius: 7px 0 0 7px; -webkit-border-radius: 7px 0 0 7px; border-radius: 7px 0 0 7px; font-size: 150%" width="14.666666666667%" |Hello, Please don't leave your message here, contact me at [[wikipedia:User_talk:Caypartis|enwiki]] or send me an [[wikipedia:Special:EmailUser/Caypartis|e-mail]] |} __NOINDEX__ __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ 2zxr0w7yhdaxbq45w1bakg5lyv4cgon 2 2090 3709 2011-11-12T03:23:54Z Sönke Rahn 565 Created page with "*[[:de:Benutzer:Soenke Rahn|Alter Ego]]" wikitext text/x-wiki *[[:de:Benutzer:Soenke Rahn|Alter Ego]] saoz56tjdxgb3e7via7ui9nnajxqibc 3 2091 3710 2011-11-13T17:25:44Z Caypartis 549 Redirected page to [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Caypartis]] wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect [[User talk:Caypartis]] 5w6gdei0m3ocj06iptez9hqo4hp6oar 2 2092 3711 2011-11-13T17:25:45Z Caypartis 549 global bot page wikitext text/x-wiki {{bot|Caypartis|site=wikipedia}} __NOINDEX__ el3ib1a66svu4ve3lyje2z36pozph8p 3712 3711 2011-11-13T17:27:55Z Caypartis 549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bot|Caypartis|site=w:en}} __NOINDEX__ nmlgzij15wkzczvd7adio9s858oefh6 2 2093 3713 2011-11-18T16:45:04Z Moe Epsilon 569 + wikitext text/x-wiki {| width=100% cellspacing=8 | colspan=3 style="border: 4px solid #D0E7FF; background-color: #F5FAFF;" | {| style="background-color:#FFFFFF; align="center" cellpadding="3px" |- | colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#CAD2ff" | Projects of the <span class="plainlinks">[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home Wikimedia Foundation]</span> <br> Powered by <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:Moe_Epsilon MediaWiki]</span> |- align="center" | [[Image:Wikipedia-logo-en.png|30px|Wikipedia]] | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|30px|Wiktionary]] | [[Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg|30px|Wikiversity]] | [[Image:Wikibooks-logo.png|30px|Wikibooks]] | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.svg|30px|Wikinews]] |- bgcolor="#CAD2ff" align="center" font-size:small; | [[w:User:Moe_Epsilon|Wikipedia]] | [[wikt:User:Moe_Epsilon|Wiktionary]] | Wikiversity | '''Wikibooks''' | Wikinews |- align="center" | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.png|30px|Wikisource]] | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|30px|Commons]] | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.png|30px|Wikiquote]] | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.png|30px|Wikispecies]] | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo-meta.png|30px|Meta-Wiki]] |- bgcolor="#CAD2ff" align="center" font-size:small; | Wikisource | [[Commons:User:Moe_Epsilon|Commons]] | [[q:User:Moe_Epsilon|Wikiquote]] | [[Wikispecies:User:Moe_Epsilon|Wikispecies]] | [[m:User:Moe_Epsilon|Meta]] |} <center><div style="font-size:85%; display:block; vertical-align:top; background:#F5FAFF; border:1px solid #F5FAFF; margin-bottom:4pt; padding:2pt; margin-top:4pt; padding-top:2pt;"> <div id="EnWpMpBook3" style="padding:0 .3em 0; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:0% 0%;">[[w:Template:User unified login|Unified login]]: Moe Epsilon is the [[m:Help:Unified_login|unique login]] of this user for all public [[wmf:Main Page|Wikimedia]] [[wmf:Our projects|projects]]. </div> </div></center> |} 3xc9rp1u8gtifkmdu8bti0kt0tutd9w 3875 3713 2012-10-02T22:08:13Z Moe Epsilon 569 #REDIRECT [[w:en:User:Moe Epsilon]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[w:en:User:Moe Epsilon]] oa9c7htx2cgwzi4lbqp8aiqh2v8vzn2 3893 3875 2013-01-09T03:56:40Z Moe Epsilon 569 {{softredirect|w:en:User:Moe Epsilon}} wikitext text/x-wiki {{softredirect|w:en:User:Moe Epsilon}} kspv1cgnvvld9bio1z6bfyuvun50hur 2 2094 3714 2011-11-20T04:18:40Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Man77/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; k4a5otem87q3bqo2scekjudlsbs69jz 2 2095 3716 2011-11-21T04:02:06Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load("//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Der_Buckesfelder/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); a7p0swpbmn4nyeor8lc0eb59iyyon31 2 2096 3717 2011-11-21T23:46:55Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:de-at|de|en-2|fr-1}} [[:m:w:de:Benutzer:AleXXw|Me@de-WP]] p3gp65sknf5oqvup1faw385y5h0x7xg 2 2097 3718 2011-11-22T00:47:17Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redirectltr.png]][[m:w:de:User:Der Buckesfelder|w:de:{{ns:3}}:Der Buckesfelder]] rk90h4f9pb0vj8lx3730sz4s4dy1m4p 3721 3718 2011-11-23T23:58:51Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redirectltr.png]][[m:w:de:User talk:Der Buckesfelder|w:de:{{ns:2}}:Der Buckesfelder]] 0f48i4mljazkhfa857nbkeoxcb3wrak 3 2098 3719 2011-11-22T01:58:01Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redirectltr.png]][[m:w:de:User talk:Der Buckesfelder|w:de:{{ns:4}}:Der Buckesfelder]] q4lcyikxvco853msw8tatf6zbba8lks 3722 3719 2011-11-24T00:27:25Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redirectltr.png]][[m:w:de:User talk:Der Buckesfelder|w:de:{{ns:3}}:Der Buckesfelder]] 9n2v72zuyl2v4hnhc54u4icc1goeoap 10 2099 3720 2011-11-22T22:35:26Z Wikitanvir 360 'Creating widely used bot template as it does not exist on this wiki. Feel free to translate this template in your local language or redirect it to the relative template if that already exists in a different name' wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="center" class="plainlinks" style="padding: 8px; border: 2px solid #000; width: 80%; text-align: justify;" |- valign="center" | [[File:Crystal Clear action run.svg|90px|left|link=]] || '''This user account is a [[m:en:Wikipedia:Bots|bot]], operated by [[User:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{1}}}|talk]]).'''<br />It is not a [[m:en:Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock-puppet]], but rather an automated or semi-automated account for making repetitive edits that would be extremely tedious to do manually.<br />''Administrators: if this bot is malfunctioning or causing harm, please [{{fullurl:Special:Blockip|wpBlockAddress={{PAGENAMEE}}&wpBlockExpiry=indefinite&wpAnonOnly=0&wpEnableAutoblock=0&wpCreateAccount=0&wpBlockReason=Bot%20malfunctioning:%20}} block it].'' |}<noinclude> == Documentation == * Replace "Example" with your bot's username. {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- ! width="150px" | Code ! Result |- | <code><nowiki>{{Bot|Example}}</nowiki></code> | {{Bot|Example}} |}</noinclude> if4ebu16c46qmqztdy0yaokehbekb5m 2 2100 3723 2011-11-24T01:03:39Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[User:Der Buckesfelder]] 23k07le0nklkphoyfxykgk1277lnrpm 3 2101 3724 2011-11-24T01:24:15Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[User talk:Der Buckesfelder]] 5mru9et2v2qwhwni0dkjmpjjek5ei3u 2 2102 3725 2011-11-24T01:44:24Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load("//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Der_Buckesfelder/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); a7p0swpbmn4nyeor8lc0eb59iyyon31 2 2104 3728 2011-12-04T16:15:25Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {| class="toccolours plainlinks" style="width:95%; margin:0 1em 0 1em; text-align:center;" |- style="color:#FFF;" ! style="background:#0B0B3B;" | Host wiki ! style="background:#0B0B3B;" | Account ! style="background:#0B0B3B;" | User page ! style="background:#0B0B3B;" | User talk ! style="background:#0B0B3B;" | Contributions ! style="background:#0B0B3B;" | Logs ! style="background:#0B0B3B;" | Edits |- style="background:#F0F0F0;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|20px]] [[m:en:Main Page|Wikipedia (en)]] | Admin | [[m:en:User:Djsasso|User:DJSasso]] | [[m:en:User talk:Djsasso|User talk:DJSasso]] | [[m:en:Special:Contributions/Djsasso|Contribs]] | [[m:en:Special:Log/Djsasso|Logs]] | [http://toolserver.org/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=Djsasso&dbname=enwiki_p Count] |- style="background:#DCDCDC;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|20px]] [[m:simple:Main Page|Wikipedia (simple)]] | Bureaucrat / CheckUser / Oversighter | [[m:simple:User:Djsasso|User:DJSasso]] | [[m:simple:User talk:Djsasso|User talk:DJSasso]] | [[m:simple:Special:Contributions/Djsasso|Contribs]] | [[m:simple:Special:Log/Djsasso|Logs]] | [http://toolserver.org/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=Djsasso&dbname=enwiki_p Count] |} mskhgbka83jasomr6987xe9svv3ducf 2 2105 3729 2011-12-05T00:49:54Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redirectltr.png]][[m:User:Tegel|m:{{ns:2}}:Tegel]] 1ls590wy7tm43ip8hjonuo93v1ge5pu 2 2106 3730 2011-12-05T01:51:50Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:user:waldir|Waldir@meta.wikimedia]] 21phdoloxh3aqsmm2exmbqr3q3ipo83 4117 3730 2019-07-01T10:46:26Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Waldir]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Waldyrious]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Waldir|Waldir]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Waldyrious|Waldyrious]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:user:waldir|Waldir@meta.wikimedia]] 21phdoloxh3aqsmm2exmbqr3q3ipo83 2 2107 3733 2012-01-07T20:47:58Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request wikitext text/x-wiki This interwiki bot is operated by [[m:User:Addihockey10]] {{bot|Addihockey10}} 024q1j4xmvpg75yujfppprftgwapqk7 2 2108 3734 2012-01-08T18:58:09Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Micki/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; cpr3xntm9rzjg23ilb2hue0i4y8kz3h 2 2109 3735 2012-01-12T00:22:12Z Jalexander-WMF 388 creating global user pages for WMF Staff member upon request ([[m:User:Jalexander|Questions?]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikimedia Foundation Sue Gardner Red BG Sept 2010.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner the Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation]] I'm the Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation. I've been working at the Foundation since June 2007 - first in St. Petersburg, Florida, and now in San Francisco, California. Before that, I ran CBC.CA, the website of Canada's national public broadcaster. And before that, I was a radio and television journalist for 10 years. I can read and understand simple text in French and Spanish, at a very basic level, slowly and imperfectly. But I am only fluent in English. I frequently use Google Translate to understand discussions on the wikis in other languages, and I sometimes leave people messages in their own languages that I wrote using Google Translate or with the help of a colleague. I very much appreciate when people are able to correspond with me in English :-) You can reach me these ways: * The best & fastest way is by e-mail at sue[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org * In the office at (415) 839-6885 * Skype is susanpgardner * My username on the projects is ''Sue Gardner'' * Mailing address is Wikimedia Foundation, 149 New Montgomery Street, Third Floor, San Francisco CA 94105 * http://www.linkedin.com/in/suegardner ''The information on this page is meant to give answers to the questions I'm most often asked. If you have a question that's not answered here, please ask it on my talk page, or e-mail me at sue[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org. Thanks. [[User:Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner]] 04:13, 18 May 2010 (UTC)'' ;Do you edit the Wikimedia projects, and if so, do you have any special status? How are other editors supposed to treat your edits? :I occasionally edit articles on the English Wikipedia. My Wikipedia editing is purely opportunistic and reactive: while using Wikipedia, if I see a mistake or problem, I sometimes try to fix it. When I edit, I am in no way acting as an official representative of the Wikimedia Foundation, and my edits should be treated like anyone else's. ;I have a question or a comment about Wikipedia. Where can I send it? :Please send it to info-en[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org. Mail sent to that address is handled by a global network of volunteers - the same people who write Wikipedia - and they will be happy to reply to you. Please note that if you have a concern about the article about you, your organization, or someone you know, it might be worth your while to [[w:en:Wikipedia:FAQ/Article subjects|read the Article Subjects FAQ]] first. And thank you for reading Wikipedia. ;I am angry about an editorial dispute I'm having on one of the Wikimedia projects. Can you help me? :No, I'm sorry, I can't. The Wikimedia editorial community is responsible for resolving editorial disputes, and I don't interfere with those processes. ;I am angry about the way I or my company is being characterized on one of the Wikimedia projects. What can I do? :If you have questions or concerns about a Wikipedia article covering you or your organization, [[w:en:Wikipedia:FAQ/Article subjects|please see the Article Subjects FAQ]]. ;I would like to make a donation, or, I have a question about my donation. :If you are a Wikimedia donor or prospective donor, or if you have questions about our fundraising operations, first: thank you! You can send donation-related questions, comments and feedback to our fundraising team, at donate[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org. Or, just [[wmf:Support Wikipedia/en|go here to donate]]. ;I'm a journalist, and would like to speak with you for a story I'm working on. Who do I contact? :You can e-mail me directly at sue[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org, or e-mail Wikimedia's spokesperson and Head of Communications, Jay Walsh, at jwalsh[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- ]]wikimedia.org. Sometimes it is faster to go to Jay first, rather than trying to reach me directly. ;Where can I send a speaking invitation? :Please send speaking invitations to The Lavin Agency, at info[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]thelavinagency.com or +1 800 265 4870. I like to speak, but I only have time to do it a half-dozen or so times a year, so unfortunately I need to turn down most requests. Your invitation is likeliest to be accepted if your event is large and/or education-focused; if your audience is primarily people that Wikimedia wants to reach as partners or prospective new editors (e.g., teachers/students, NGO/NPO staff, women); and if your event is taking place in a region that's a high priority for us: primarily India, Brazil, the Arabic-speaking Middle East / North Africa. :Please note: if you're a Wikimedian, you don't need to go through Lavin. In that case, it's probably fastest for you to just write me and [[User:James Owen|James]]. ;Do you provide reference-type letters for Wikimedians? :Yes, definitely. If you want a reference letter, please just ask whoever you know best on the staff: we are all happy to provide reference letters. If you want one from me, please mail me or James. If you don't know anybody on the staff personally, please e-mail Philippe Beaudette at pbeaudette[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org. Please note I don't do LinkedIn recommendations. ;How can I find out about jobs at the Wikimedia Foundation? :[[wmf:Job openings|All Wikimedia Foundation jobs are posted here]]. ;I would like permission to reuse material from Wikipedia or one of the other Wikimeda projects. :First, please be aware that you can reuse Wikipedia article text anywhere you like, without asking permission, as long as you adhere to the conditions of the license. Wikipedia is freely licensed under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA: [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 go here to read a simple explanation of the CC-BY-SA license], or [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode go here to read the full legal text]. If you want to use the Wikipedia trademark, please read [[wmf:Trademark Policy|our trademark policy]]. ;I would like to send you a business proposal. :First, please be aware that I get lots of proposals: I cannot and do not respond to them all. If your proposal doesn't seem rooted in a pretty good understanding of who we are and what we do, I will almost certainly ignore it. (We are interested in partnerships that would accelerate the growth of Wikipedia's readership particularly outside Europe and North America, that help us recruit new editors, and/or that improve article quality.) Regardless, there will often be a delay of several weeks before you get a response: this is completely normal. Most proposals I receive, I on-pass to the relevant staff - business proposals go to Kul Takanao Wadhwa at kul[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org, and proposals offering technical services or products go to CT Woo at ctwoo[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org. Please don't send us proposals for staffing solutions: we have good help for that, and we're not looking for more. ;Can I get an official photo? :[[wmf:File:Sue Gardner May 2008 B.JPG|Here's my official photo]]. ;Can I get your official biography? :Yes, it's below. Please note this version may not be up-to-date. If you need a bio that's guaranteed to be current, please contact my assistant James Owen, at jowen[[Image:Nospam at.svg|13px| -at- |link=]]wikimedia.org. {| align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote" | width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" | “ | valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | Sue Gardner is Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia - the world's largest and most popular encyclopedia, which is free to use and free of advertising. Wikipedia contains more than 15 million volunteer-authored articles in 250+ languages, and is visited by more than 365 million people every month, making it the number five most-popular website in the world. Since joining the Wikimedia Foundation in summer of 2007, Gardner has more than tripled revenues, supported an 85% increase in global readership, and instituted projects and activities designed to grow readership and attract new editors. Gardner, a seasoned journalist, was formerly head of CBC.CA, the website for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, one of Canada's most prominent and best-loved cultural institutions. Under her leadership, CBC.CA won many international awards for excellence, and grew to become Canada's most popular news site. Gardner started her career in 1990 as a producer with CBC's “As It Happens,” an internationally-recognized groundbreaking news and current events radio program. She has since worked in radio, television, newspapers, magazines and online. | width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" | ” |- |} 0ebyob4e7ofrgtm99ma6lwob11p9hbw 3 2117 3744 2012-02-01T21:41:24Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global talk page, per user request on IRC wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexist: Template:Soft redirect | {{Soft redirect|meta:User talk:Addihockey10}} | {{#ifexist: Template:Softredirect | {{Softredirect|meta:User talk:Addihockey10}} | [[meta:User talk:Addihockey10]] }}}} ks9odd5s4vztq8w748arewrnrh2uw4l 2 2118 3746 2012-02-05T13:43:11Z CarsracBot 603 Automated import of articles wikitext text/x-wiki I'm dutch user with a [[user:CarsracBot]]. 1aqi76eil7czj2ec13wht7st2mjv52m 3749 3746 2012-02-05T14:52:36Z CarsracBot 603 r2.6.4) (Bot Qoʻshdi: af, ang, ar, az, be, bg, bn, bs, ca, cs, cv, cy, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fr, fy, gl, he, hi, hr, hu, ia, id, ie, is, it, ja, ka, kk, ko, ku, ky, la, li, mg, ml, mr, ms, ne, nl, oc, pa, pl, ro, ru, sa, si, sl, sq,... wikitext text/x-wiki I'm dutch user with a [[user:CarsracBot]]. [[af:Gebruiker:Carsrac]] [[ang:User:Carsrac]] [[ar:مستخدم:Carsrac]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Carsrac]] [[be:Удзельнік:Carsrac]] [[bg:Потребител:Carsrac]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Carsrac]] [[bs:Korisnik:Carsrac]] [[ca:Usuari:Carsrac]] [[cs:Uživatel:Carsrac]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Carsrac]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Carsrac]] [[da:Bruger:Carsrac]] [[de:Benutzer:Carsrac]] [[el:Χρήστης:Carsrac]] [[en:User:Carsrac]] [[eo:Uzanto:Carsrac]] [[es:Usuario:Carsrac]] [[et:Kasutaja:Carsrac]] [[eu:Lankide:Carsrac]] [[fa:کاربر:Carsrac]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Carsrac]] [[fy:Meidogger:Carsrac]] [[gl:Usuario:Carsrac]] [[he:משתמש:Carsrac]] [[hi:सदस्य:Carsrac]] [[hr:Suradnik:Carsrac]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:Carsrac]] [[ia:Usator:Carsrac]] [[id:Pengguna:Carsrac]] [[ie:Usator:Carsrac]] [[is:Notandi:Carsrac]] [[it:Utente:Carsrac]] [[ja:利用者:Carsrac]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Carsrac]] [[kk:Қатысушы:Carsrac]] [[ko:사용자:Carsrac]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Carsrac]] [[ky:User:Carsrac]] [[la:Usor:Carsrac]] [[li:Gebroeker:Carsrac]] [[mg:Mpikambana:Carsrac]] [[ml:ഉപയോക്താവ്:Carsrac]] [[mr:सदस्य:Carsrac]] [[ms:Pengguna:Carsrac]] [[ne:प्रयोगकर्ता:Carsrac]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Carsrac]] [[oc:Utilizaire:Carsrac]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:Carsrac]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Carsrac]] [[ro:Utilizator:Carsrac]] [[ru:Участник:Carsrac]] [[sa:योजकः:Carsrac]] [[si:පරිශීලක:Carsrac]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Carsrac]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Carsrac]] [[sr:Корисник:Carsrac]] [[su:Pamaké:Carsrac]] [[sv:Användare:Carsrac]] [[ta:பயனர்:Carsrac]] [[te:వాడుకరి:Carsrac]] [[tg:Корбар:Carsrac]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Carsrac]] [[tl:Tagagamit:Carsrac]] [[uk:Користувач:Carsrac]] [[ur:صارف:Carsrac]] [[vi:Thành viên:Carsrac]] [[vo:Geban:Carsrac]] [[zh:User:Carsrac]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Carsrac]] ppqxor6db3sa92loej58akbc3ooqzga 3751 3749 2012-02-05T18:28:07Z CarsracBot 603 r2.6.4) (Bot Qoʻshdi: [[lt:Naudotojas:Carsrac]], [[mk:Корисник:Carsrac]], [[no:Bruker:Carsrac]] wikitext text/x-wiki I'm dutch user with a [[user:CarsracBot]]. 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* User:CarsracBot is operated from <u>medium-sized</u> wiki's <small> (like li.wikipedia, yo.wikipedia) </small> * The bot is locally flagged on several wikis, see [[:w:nl:user:CarsracBot|that list]] and has a global botflag ---- ---- {{bot|Carsrac}} [[af:Gebruiker:CarsracBot]] [[ang:User:CarsracBot]] [[ar:مستخدم:CarsracBot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:CarsracBot]] [[be:Удзельнік:CarsracBot]] [[bg:Потребител:CarsracBot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:CarsracBot]] [[bs:Korisnik:CarsracBot]] [[ca:Usuari:CarsracBot]] [[cs:Uživatel:CarsracBot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:CarsracBot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:CarsracBot]] [[da:Bruger:CarsracBot]] [[de:Benutzer:CarsracBot]] [[el:Χρήστης:CarsracBot]] [[en:User:CarsracBot]] [[eo:Uzanto:CarsracBot]] [[es:Usuario:CarsracBot]] [[et:Kasutaja:CarsracBot]] [[eu:Lankide:CarsracBot]] [[fa:کاربر:CarsracBot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:CarsracBot]] [[fy:Meidogger:CarsracBot]] [[gl:Usuario:CarsracBot]] [[he:משתמש:CarsracBot]] [[hi:सदस्य:CarsracBot]] [[hr:Suradnik:CarsracBot]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:CarsracBot]] [[ia:Usator:CarsracBot]] [[id:Pengguna:CarsracBot]] [[ie:Usator:CarsracBot]] [[is:Notandi:CarsracBot]] [[it:Utente:CarsracBot]] [[ja:利用者:CarsracBot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:CarsracBot]] [[kk:Қатысушы:CarsracBot]] [[ko:사용자:CarsracBot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:CarsracBot]] [[ky:User:CarsracBot]] [[la:Usor:CarsracBot]] [[li:Gebroeker:CarsracBot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:CarsracBot]] [[mg:Mpikambana:CarsracBot]] [[mk:Корисник:CarsracBot]] [[ml:ഉപയോക്താവ്:CarsracBot]] [[mr:सदस्य:CarsracBot]] [[ms:Pengguna:CarsracBot]] [[ne:प्रयोगकर्ता:CarsracBot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:CarsracBot]] [[no:Bruker:CarsracBot]] [[oc:Utilizaire:CarsracBot]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:CarsracBot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:CarsracBot]] [[ro:Utilizator:CarsracBot]] [[ru:Участник:CarsracBot]] [[sa:योजकः:CarsracBot]] [[si:පරිශීලක:CarsracBot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:CarsracBot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:CarsracBot]] [[sr:Корисник:CarsracBot]] [[su:Pamaké:CarsracBot]] [[sv:Användare:CarsracBot]] [[ta:பயனர்:CarsracBot]] [[te:వాడుకరి:CarsracBot]] [[tg:Корбар:CarsracBot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:CarsracBot]] [[tl:Tagagamit:CarsracBot]] [[uk:Користувач:CarsracBot]] [[ur:صارف:CarsracBot]] [[vi:Thành viên:CarsracBot]] [[vo:Geban:CarsracBot]] [[zh:User:CarsracBot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:CarsracBot]] 5trxzlppoccw4aqn9lf28g1ja0a7ir2 2 2120 3752 2012-02-12T18:04:13Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Greetings! Please contact me at my [[m:w:en:User talk:Nihonjoe|main user talk page]] on the English Wikipedia. gmzxbovrm68w3c5eakdn2dd4uhj14r7 2 2121 3753 2012-02-12T21:36:33Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PeterSymonds/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mmg2um66229wd3g61019pivj01rch4b 2 2128 3762 2012-02-20T09:15:49Z Quentinv57 377 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[:m:User:MF-Warburg]] - [[:incubator:User:MF-Warburg]] boigzkgm7yg6zw5jebe1p750z70t16k 2 2130 3764 2012-02-20T14:21:17Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=3424958 wikitext text/x-wiki For more information about me or to get in touch, please visit my [[m:User:Mwpnl|User page]] and [[m:User talk:Mwpnl|talk page]] on meta-wiki. Thanks, [[m:User:Mwpnl|<font color="#2B88FE">nl:'''Mark W'''</font>]] <small>(Mwpnl) ¦ [[m:User talk:Mwpnl|<font color="#66AA33">talk</font>]]</small> is36zqujj4yd8wa9nfrj6w4wucbn3ku 3 2131 3765 2012-02-20T18:14:35Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user talk page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=3424958 wikitext text/x-wiki For more information about me or to get in touch, please visit my [[m:User:Mwpnl|User page]] and [[m:User talk:Mwpnl|talk page]] on meta-wiki. Thanks, [[m:User:Mwpnl|<font color="#2B88FE">nl:'''Mark W'''</font>]] <small>(Mwpnl) ¦ [[m:User talk:Mwpnl|<font color="#66AA33">talk</font>]]</small> ddov55vaiv5a1vlmeso3ulm8mhvrsxp 2 2132 3766 2012-02-21T14:28:46Z Wikitanvir 360 Creating user JS page per request javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mwpnl/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); a1xu2k17fjilscncb6cxhxmbeuiinbl 2 2133 3767 2012-02-21T15:41:41Z Wikitanvir 360 Creating global user page on request wikitext text/x-wiki Hi, I am Subhashish Panigrahi, Consultant, Community and Program Support, India Program of WMF. My professional background is business development, client relations and HR consulting. I will edit from my other account ([[User:Subha WMF]]) in my official capacity. 0xe4akj08g2v2kq5rievji4ela78zgb 3888 3767 2012-12-27T20:06:03Z Wikitanvir 360 Editing user page on user's request wikitext text/x-wiki {{User info | full name = Subhashish Panigrahi | image name = Subhashish Panigrahi cropped.png | job title = Programme Officer | organization = [[m:India Access To Knowledge|Access To Knowledge]], [[m:w:Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]] | short quote = Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. Help us make it a reality! | about me = I work as a Programme Officer for Community and Program Support, [[m:India Access To Knowledge|Access To Knowledge]] for [[m:w:Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]]. I have a background in Business development in Corporate Communications. My personal username is found [[m:User:Psubhashish|here]]. | about my work = I'm with the [[m:India Access To Knowledge|Access To Knowledge]] [[m:Access To Knowledge/Team|team]] - and we work on supporting, building and expanding the community in India. | contact me = * E-mail: subhashish[[File:At sign.svg|17px|&nbsp;at&nbsp;|link=]]cis-india.org * English Wikipedia: [[m:en:User:Psubhashish|Psubhashish]] * Meta: [[m:User:psubhashish|Psubhashish]] }} == Details of my work == {{#babel:or|en-4|pi-1|kn-1}} My work broadly includes providing support to community in engaging new editors and supporting [[m:India Access To Knowledge|Access To Knowledge]] in terms of managing administrative and basic finance matters. ; Provided support for: * New editors on [[m:India Program/Pilot Designs/Social Media|social media]] * [[m:India Program/Outreach Programs|Outreach Programs]] * On wiki support to new editors My work details can be found under the following headers: Community and Program Support. If you still have any further questions about my work, please write to me at subhashish[[File:At sign.svg|17px|&nbsp;at&nbsp;|link=]]cis-india.org. ezvhazazj3ttsdqy5ljtcopbb89qy39 2 2134 3768 2012-02-26T05:33:24Z Wangxuan8331800 445 Created page with "{{#babel:zh|{{subst:CONTENTLANGUAGE}}-0|en-1}} [[zh:User:Wangxuan8331800]] [[en:User:Wangxuan8331800]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:zh|uz-0|en-1}} [[zh:User:Wangxuan8331800]] [[en:User:Wangxuan8331800]] 9s7w0db1gtwpfi1j8om80p0fql2xpwn 3871 3768 2012-09-03T02:24:32Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Wangxuan8331800]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:zh-N|en-1|uz-0}} [[File:Redirectltr.png|link=]]<span class="redirectText" id="softredirect">[[w:zh:User:Wangxuan8331800]]</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%; padding-left:52px;">[[meta:Help:Redirect|{{int:redirectpagesub}}]]</span> 5sqej7js6xof8dq7svd0jqv3mopiaxr 3 2136 3771 2012-03-02T07:01:20Z Quentinv57 377 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="top:2px; width:100%; padding-bottom:0px; background:orange;" valign="middle" |- |<center><big>Page not monitored, write to [[:meta:User talk:Snowolf]] instead.</big></center> |} 0v8v947jtpxr6w6ftwv7hsdlwr8eh4y 2 2137 3772 2012-03-02T16:26:19Z Quentinv57 377 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MBisanz/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); f7coylqjl911ai3ccdxujym5ympanto 3 2141 3780 2012-03-18T02:56:05Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Please write any comment on [[m:v:de:User talk:Jan Luca|my usertalk on de.wikiversity]]''' 1bri8n55wqrqompd1tmjsk0ty0hz0us 3 2143 3787 2012-04-01T01:31:12Z Pathoschild 156 updated global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:es-N|en-3|uz-0}} [[m:w:es:Usuario Discusión:Allan Javier Aguilar Castillo|Talk to me on Spanish Wikipedia]] mmixnj4dj7iiq8id04qzldn5wyez6lx 2 2147 3791 2012-04-03T02:12:41Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Tomtomn00]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tomtomn00/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 1rlhjrmntfzgsyx4nxeefb759y2k6ht 3 2148 3792 2012-04-04T00:37:35Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Tomtomn00]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|de-1|fr-1|lv-1|nl-2|ru-2|uk-2|ab-3|af-3|rn-2}} [[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|46px|link=]][[m:en:User:Tomtomn00|en]] kd77rk449915j7xuetzpqb8hzsy0htx 3793 3792 2012-04-04T23:28:17Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Tomtomn00]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; color:#F00; font-size:x-large;">'''See [[m:en:User talk:Tomtomn00|en]] for a faster response.'''</div> ---- 5wnezylscbm3ki3ydt3lj4tyavkf8u6 2 2149 3794 2012-04-05T00:51:48Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Tomtomn00]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|de-1|fr-1|lv-1|nl-2|ru-2|uk-2|ab-3|af-3|rn-2}} [[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|46px|link=]][[m:en:User:Tomtomn00|en]] kd77rk449915j7xuetzpqb8hzsy0htx 2 2151 3796 2012-04-05T10:44:06Z Mirzoulugʻbek 636 Created page with "Mirzo" wikitext text/x-wiki Mirzo htinhwkkuozjjbwfonfni03xl9pqsfg 4133 3796 2023-07-08T12:31:09Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Mirzoulug'bek]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Mirzoulugʻbek]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulug'bek|Mirzoulug'bek]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulugʻbek|Mirzoulugʻbek]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Mirzo htinhwkkuozjjbwfonfni03xl9pqsfg 6 2152 3797 2012-04-05T10:50:55Z Mirzoulugʻbek 636 kitob wikitext text/x-wiki kitob 328tyi4tinj25fmp3q5joowf97cdbgm 2 2153 3798 2012-04-08T17:07:42Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Thehelpfulone]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Hi! Welcome to my user page, please see my [[m:User:Thehelpfulone|Meta-Wiki user page]] for more information about me. If you'd like to get in contact with me, please contact me on my [[:m:User talk:Thehelpfulone|Meta-Wiki talk page]] or by [[m:Special:EmailUser/Thehelpfulone|e-mail]]. [[User:Thehelpfulone|<font color="red">'''The'''</font>]] [[User_talk:Thehelpfulone|<font color="black"> '''Helpful'''</font>]] [[Special:Contributions/Thehelpfulone|<font color="red"> '''One'''</font>]] oegzpzbljca8w0vcsp1ivo5u15oaxxh 3 2154 3799 2012-04-08T17:41:33Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Thehelpfulone]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Hi! Welcome to my user talk page, please see my [[m:User:Thehelpfulone|Meta-Wiki user page]] for more information about me. If you'd like to get in contact with me, please contact me on my [[:m:User talk:Thehelpfulone|Meta-Wiki talk page]] or by [[m:Special:EmailUser/Thehelpfulone|e-mail]]. [[User:Thehelpfulone|<font color="red">'''The'''</font>]] [[User_talk:Thehelpfulone|<font color="black"> '''Helpful'''</font>]] [[Special:Contributions/Thehelpfulone|<font color="red"> '''One'''</font>]] bb66o0o9in5auhu2oz69opie3261fvk 3 2158 3808 2012-04-08T18:58:46Z Mirzoulugʻbek 636 Created page with "== Kitoblar ==" wikitext text/x-wiki == Kitoblar == 7g4sxuszop96xy1cv0lhpc4xkf3ll0m 4134 3808 2023-07-08T12:31:09Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Mirzoulug'bek]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Mirzoulugʻbek]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulug'bek|Mirzoulug'bek]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulugʻbek|Mirzoulugʻbek]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Kitoblar == 7g4sxuszop96xy1cv0lhpc4xkf3ll0m 2 2159 3809 2012-04-11T03:33:53Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diffonly=1&diff=3631030&oldid=3588687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:pl|en-4|de-1|ru-1|}} <center>'''[[:m:User:Pundit|(click here for my user page on meta.wikimedia)]]'''</center> 1eio4tg200n4g0j0gxxwoeapxt6zgh7 2 2160 3810 2012-04-15T17:07:33Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Colourful Bling]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|de-2|fr-3}} Hi, I'm '''Colourful Bling'''. To contact me, use my [[:m:en:User talk:Colourful Bling|talk page]] on the English Wikipedia. -- [[:m:en:User:Colourful Bling|Colourful Bling]] ([[:m:en:Special:Contributions/Colourful Bling|contribs]]) bq2eujkykpgmf22zugb47p8ph63q5b4 2 2163 3813 2012-04-28T22:36:00Z VasilievVV 336 creating new JS file javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load( "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&title=User:VasilievVV/global.js", "text/javascript" ); sb5332vmtmczw8e6taxjgklrcvvrtj5 2 2166 3816 2012-05-06T16:54:19Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Toto Azéro]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Toto_Azéro/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); etglild9qjn78ivjyk1nrudbdtw0m7z 2 2168 3819 2012-05-26T02:42:38Z Guy Macon 660 Created user page Guy Macon (for internationalization work). wikitext text/x-wiki == Guy Macon == <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tt> <font size="4">''' Guy Macon's Webpage: '''&nbsp;</font> <br /> <font size="4">''' http://www.GuyMacon.com/index.html '''&nbsp;</font> </tt> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tt> <font size="4">''' Guy Macon's Wikipedia Page: '''&nbsp;</font> <br /> <font size="4">''' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Guy_Macon '''&nbsp;</font> </tt> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tt> <font size="4">''' Guy Macon's Wikipedia Talk Page: '''&nbsp;</font> <br /> <font size="4">''' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Guy_Macon '''&nbsp;</font> </tt> </div> <font size="3"> If you find this page on any site other than wikibooks.org, you are viewing a mirror site. I have no affiliation with or control of mirror sites, and the mirrored page may be outdated. </font> <br /> <font size="1"> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2007-05-14/Committed_identity User Committed Identity (SHA-512)]: c0c5e71bca550e99a8ae6641e66c428e232051bade39cd47355634ff159c9475fffa1d12eee339aa401bfe5b31ff7fc352c2b9c6f002bfe82d03a6b3f9e40047 </font> i1hjw45n7nuoyspu4hpv8esgpcco711 3 2169 3820 2012-05-26T06:04:04Z Guy Macon 660 Created user talk page Guy Macon (for internationalization work). wikitext text/x-wiki == Wrong Place? == I prefer that messages be posted to [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Guy_Macon ] instead of here, but if you post here I will get an email notice and will eventually get back here to respond. This may take several days, so please be patient. If you find this page on any site other than wikibooks.org, you are viewing a mirror site. I have no affiliation with or control of mirror sites, and the mirrored page may be outdated. <!-- User committed identity (SHA-512): c0c5e71bca550e99a8ae6641e66c428e232051bade39cd47355634ff159c9475fffa1d12eee339aa401bfe5b31ff7fc352c2b9c6f002bfe82d03a6b3f9e40047 --> ixwiy05wyvg4nwqfrxueka5msj4z03l 2 2170 3821 2012-05-29T20:25:02Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diffonly=1&diff=3796945&oldid=3636963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:sv|en-2|no-1|nn-1|da-1|nds-1}} [[Special:Contributions/Innocent bot|Innocent bot]]<br/> [[Special:Contributions/Innocent iwbot|Innocent iwbot]] [[File:Lavallens skugga.jpg|thumb|left|Moi]] [[sv:Användare:Lavallen]] rocy8rz6t73e90eajdsl5svxhqtarvw 2 2172 3823 2012-05-31T04:18:56Z Jasper Deng 663 Global userpage wikitext text/x-wiki [[:wikipedia:en:User:Jasper Deng]] {{#ifeq:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|en|{{#babel:en-N|fr-2}}|{{#babel:en-N|fr-2|{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}-0}}}} 8h8e24lkro2qhearxig1vfunmcbyhng 3824 3823 2012-05-31T05:08:32Z Jasper Deng 663 Global userpage wikitext text/x-wiki [[:w:en:User:Jasper Deng]] {{#ifeq:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|en|{{#babel:en-N|fr-2}}|{{#babel:en-N|fr-2|{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}-0}}}} 451mws5ur9f7kdjhpqu3paqh7azw51n 3847 3824 2012-07-17T02:01:52Z Jasper Deng 663 Global userpage wikitext text/x-wiki [[:w:en:User:Jasper Deng]] {{#ifeq:{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}|en|{{#babel:en-N|fr-2}}|{{#babel:en-N|fr-2|{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}-0}}}} __NOINDEX__ ebh8tv06p67jfaj67zzszp3bosdnxxw 2 2173 3825 2012-06-02T15:03:55Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Bill william compton]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Bill_william_compton/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mjptpgy7k8hn98e59mxm1lcz1y5wmgn 2 2176 3828 2012-06-02T17:57:16Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Frigotoni]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <center>Hello, I am <span style="font-family:Bradley Hand ITC; color:black">'''Frigotoni'''</span>[[User talk:Frigotoni|<small> ...<span style="font-family:Segoe Script; color:navy" >'''i'm here'''</span></small>]]. I'm a member of the [[m:Small Wiki Monitoring Team|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]] and globally active in countervandalism. Feel free to leave me a message on [[m:User talk:Frigotoni|meta]] or on my [[m:it:Discussioni utente:Frigotoni|home]] Wiki. [[File:Face-grin.svg]]<small><br /><span class="plainlinks">[//toolserver.org/~pathoschild/crossactivity/?user=Frigotoni Crossactivity] & [//toolserver.org/~pathoschild/stalktoy/?target=Frigotoni StalkToy]</span> • If you need further information, you can click [[m:User:Frigotoni|here]]. Have I done something wrong? I apologise for this. Report it to me please.</small></center> 5w4xk8jje5ivh1j1e6b5y557pl8iowz 2 2177 3835 2012-06-11T01:38:26Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by とある白い猫]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:とある白い猫/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); demytpwy3j0kikuliopbe5oi6sufviy 0 2179 3837 2012-06-14T10:16:21Z 213.87.128.81 Created page with "Ushbu Vikikitob qanday qilib: * viki-sahifalar yaratish va ularni tahrirlash * viki-sayt ustida birlashib ishlash * butun dunyo viki-harakatiga a'zo boʻlish mumkinligini oʻ..." wikitext text/x-wiki Ushbu Vikikitob qanday qilib: * viki-sahifalar yaratish va ularni tahrirlash * viki-sayt ustida birlashib ishlash * butun dunyo viki-harakatiga a'zo boʻlish mumkinligini oʻrgatishga moʻljallangan. ==Viki bu nima?== ==Viki-belgi== ==Hisob yaratish== ==Maqola yaratish== ==Nomlar olami== bcq8ouvv5t58eiskba6tgpc44e121eh 3838 3837 2012-06-14T10:17:47Z 213.87.128.81 wikitext text/x-wiki Ushbu Vikikitob qanday qilib: * viki-sahifalar yaratish va ularni tahrirlash * viki-sayt ustida birlashib ishlash * butun dunyo viki-harakatiga a'zo boʻlish mumkinligini oʻrgatishga moʻljallangan. ==Viki bu nima?== ==Viki-belgi== ==Hisob yaratish== ==Maqola yaratish== ==Nomlar olami== [[ru:Вики]] 4wwlmjcwxkib6mjnbwami20v5ntokyh 3913 3838 2013-02-26T11:43:02Z 83.149.8.183 /* Maqola yaratish */ wikitext text/x-wiki Ushbu Vikikitob qanday qilib: * viki-sahifalar yaratish va ularni tahrirlash * viki-sayt ustida birlashib ishlash * butun dunyo viki-harakatiga a'zo boʻlish mumkinligini oʻrgatishga moʻljallangan. ==Viki bu nima?== ==Viki-belgi== ==Hisob yaratish== ==Maqola yozish== ==Nomlar olami== [[ru:Вики]] ssruzln4cpab3dz3zd10tlsc98z4y0n 3914 3913 2013-02-26T11:43:56Z 83.149.8.183 /* Hisob yaratish */ wikitext text/x-wiki Ushbu Vikikitob qanday qilib: * viki-sahifalar yaratish va ularni tahrirlash * viki-sayt ustida birlashib ishlash * butun dunyo viki-harakatiga a'zo boʻlish mumkinligini oʻrgatishga moʻljallangan. ==Viki bu nima?== ==Viki-belgi== ==Hisob to'ldirish== ==Maqola yozish== ==Nomlar olami== [[ru:Вики]] s7c0ros59ohmr8fwq0427m3wq3f5y71 2 2181 3840 2012-06-18T04:14:39Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Σ]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Σ/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); sek291bim4m77l7h0nbx6kyxp0ozaje 2 2183 3842 2012-06-26T00:05:02Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=3800927 wikitext text/x-wiki [[w:en:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]] 88eioklo2l6a0lkomuepwxcw2agm36e 2 2186 3846 2012-07-02T19:59:45Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Vogone]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:de-N|lt-3|en-3|fr-2}} 3mv7hfphb3bq4uoh746cvx3s0i9vqsc 3851 3846 2012-08-04T19:53:47Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Vogone]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! I am the '''Vogon''' (in German '''Vogone'''). I was probably here reverting or fixing unhelpful edits and won't be staying long. If you have problems, contact me on my Meta-Wiki [[meta:User talk:Vogone|User talk]], please. Regards, [[User:Vogone|Vogone]] 16:10, 5 July 2012 (UTC) {{#babel:de-N|lt-3|en-3|fr-2}} 48foku0ynhdm8wa3f7sbg8w37kdza3b 3 2189 3852 2012-08-04T20:21:04Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Vogone]]) wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Vogone]] 9r3idjrvf2ajcaaq3mc8x7e2z9vb90w 2 2192 3855 2012-08-06T02:10:22Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Mathonius]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#Babel:nl|en-3|fr-1|de-1|af-1|uz-0}} <center>''I'm a member of the [[:m:SWMT|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]]. See [[:sulutil:Mathonius]] for more information. Feel free to leave me a message on [[:User talk:Mathonius|my talk page]].''<br />[[:m:User:Mathonius|(click here for my user page on meta.wikimedia)]]</center> ---- 05hno4oi1rdkpblkewqimjhvghqc1tj 2 2193 3856 2012-08-06T09:28:30Z Lixer 704 "{{Babel|sv|en-2|no-2|da-2|nn-1|fi-1|{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}-0}} '''Lixer''', Swedish user from the Swedish Wikipedia. I will probably not be active here. Plea..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|sv|en-2|no-2|da-2|nn-1|fi-1|{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}-0}} '''Lixer''', Swedish user from the Swedish Wikipedia. I will probably not be active here. Please leave a message on my talk page if you want something. If you need a quick response, you should contact me on my Swedish talk page or my English talk page. ----- [[File:Animated-Flag-Sweden.gif|45px]] [http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv%C3%A4ndare:Lixer Swedish Wikipedia] ([http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv%C3%A4ndardiskussion:Lixer Talk]) [[File:Animated-Flag-United-Kingdom.gif|45px]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lixer English Wikipedia] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lixer Talk]) ----- qnap53nwxzwd9e01begpyg1p8iz68rn 2 2194 3857 2012-08-07T22:50:15Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Osiris]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! I am <span class="plainlinks userlinks">[[User:Osiris|Osiris]] ([[User talk:Osiris|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Osiris|contribs]] · [[Special:DeletedContributions/Osiris|deleted contribs]] · [{{fullurl:Special:Log|user=Osiris}} logs] · [{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Osiris}} edit filter log] · [[Special:Block/Osiris|block user]] · [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=block&page=User:Osiris}} block log])</span>. Most of my activity on this project will be related to patrolling recent changes and reverting vandalism. You will find me most active on the [[w:en:User talk:Osiris|English]] and [[w:simple:User talk:Osiris|Simple English Wikipedias]], [[commons:User talk:Osiris|Commons]], [[m:User talk:Osiris|Meta]] and [[incubator:User talk:Osiris|Incubator]]. You can post to my talk page here, but I might be slow in replying. afipsvbpoyfq1p4ynv7lj0kn08mjlg2 3 2199 3862 2012-08-21T14:01:30Z Billinghurst 653 "{{softredirect|m:user talk:billinghurst}}" yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki {{softredirect|m:user talk:billinghurst}} 797xp8s834df37m164ayal1cflhmawy 3 2201 3864 2012-08-30T20:04:46Z Avocato 722 Creating wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir=ltr><div style="background: #FFFFFF; text-align: center; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div style="padding: 5px; border: 3px solid #003882; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;">Please, Do not leave your message here. You can contact me using any of the following: <div style="margin-top: 10px; padding: 2px; background: #f4f3f0; border: 2px solid #fb139e; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;">[[w:ar:User talk:Avocato|w:ar:user talk:Avocato]] &#124; [[w:en:User talk:Avocato|w:en:user talk:Avocato]] &#124; [[m:User talk:Avocato|meta:user talk:Avocato]]</div></div></div></div> 3hadats3wp6ted874jwt08stykc5rdi 2 2202 3865 2012-08-31T16:44:57Z Avocato 722 Creating wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir=ltr> {| width="80%" align="center" style="text-align:justify; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000;" |- padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-right:2em;padding-left:3em" |[[File:Crystal Clear action run.svg|60px|link=]] |'''This user account is a [[w:en:Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot]] operated by [[w:ar:مستخدم:Avocato|Avocato]] ([[w:ar:نقاش المستخدم:Avocato|talk]]).'''<br /> It is a legitimate alternative account, used to make repetitive automated or semi-automated edits that would be extremely tedious to do manually. |} </div> [[ar:مستخدم:AvocatoBot]] kx5zui5358sy0p6bycz3y4mlwem2emt 3872 3865 2012-09-08T09:52:35Z AvocatoBot 564 r2.7.3) (Bot Qoʻshdi: af, ang, az, be, bg, bn, bs, ca, cs, cv, cy, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fr, fy, gl, he, hi, hr, hu, hy, ia, id, ie, is, it, ja, ka, kk, ko, ku, ky, la, li, lt, mg, mk, ml, mr, ms, ne, nl, no, oc, pa, pl, pt, ro, ru, ... wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir=ltr> {| width="80%" align="center" style="text-align:justify; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000;" |- padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-right:2em;padding-left:3em" |[[File:Crystal Clear action run.svg|60px|link=]] |'''This user account is a [[w:en:Wikipedia:Bot policy|bot]] operated by [[w:ar:مستخدم:Avocato|Avocato]] ([[w:ar:نقاش المستخدم:Avocato|talk]]).'''<br /> It is a legitimate alternative account, used to make repetitive automated or semi-automated edits that would be extremely tedious to do manually. |} </div> [[af:Gebruiker:AvocatoBot]] [[ang:User:AvocatoBot]] [[ar:مستخدم:AvocatoBot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:AvocatoBot]] [[be:Удзельнік:AvocatoBot]] [[bg:Потребител:AvocatoBot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:AvocatoBot]] [[bs:Korisnik:AvocatoBot]] [[ca:Usuari:AvocatoBot]] [[cs:Uživatel:AvocatoBot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:AvocatoBot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:AvocatoBot]] [[da:Bruger:AvocatoBot]] [[de:Benutzer:AvocatoBot]] [[el:Χρήστης:AvocatoBot]] [[en:User:AvocatoBot]] [[eo:Uzanto:AvocatoBot]] [[es:Usuario:AvocatoBot]] [[et:Kasutaja:AvocatoBot]] [[eu:Lankide:AvocatoBot]] [[fa:کاربر:AvocatoBot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:AvocatoBot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:AvocatoBot]] [[fy:Meidogger:AvocatoBot]] [[gl:Usuario:AvocatoBot]] [[he:משתמש:AvocatoBot]] [[hi:सदस्य:AvocatoBot]] [[hr:Suradnik:AvocatoBot]] [[hu:Szerkesztő:AvocatoBot]] [[hy:Մասնակից:AvocatoBot]] [[ia:Usator:AvocatoBot]] [[id:Pengguna:AvocatoBot]] [[ie:Usator:AvocatoBot]] [[is:Notandi:AvocatoBot]] [[it:Utente:AvocatoBot]] [[ja:利用者:AvocatoBot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:AvocatoBot]] [[kk:Қатысушы:AvocatoBot]] [[ko:사용자:AvocatoBot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:AvocatoBot]] [[ky:Колдонуучу:AvocatoBot]] [[la:Usor:AvocatoBot]] [[li:Gebroeker:AvocatoBot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:AvocatoBot]] [[mg:Mpikambana:AvocatoBot]] [[mk:Корисник:AvocatoBot]] [[ml:ഉപയോക്താവ്:AvocatoBot]] [[mr:सदस्य:AvocatoBot]] [[ms:Pengguna:AvocatoBot]] [[ne:प्रयोगकर्ता:AvocatoBot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:AvocatoBot]] [[no:Bruker:AvocatoBot]] [[oc:Utilizaire:AvocatoBot]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:AvocatoBot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:AvocatoBot]] [[pt:Utilizador:AvocatoBot]] [[ro:Utilizator:AvocatoBot]] [[ru:Участник:AvocatoBot]] [[sa:योजकः:AvocatoBot]] [[si:පරිශීලක:AvocatoBot]] [[sk:Redaktor:AvocatoBot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:AvocatoBot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:AvocatoBot]] [[sr:Корисник:AvocatoBot]] [[sv:Användare:AvocatoBot]] [[ta:பயனர்:AvocatoBot]] [[te:వాడుకరి:AvocatoBot]] [[tg:Корбар:AvocatoBot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:AvocatoBot]] [[tl:Tagagamit:AvocatoBot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:AvocatoBot]] [[tt:Кулланучы:AvocatoBot]] [[uk:Користувач:AvocatoBot]] [[ur:صارف:AvocatoBot]] [[vi:Thành viên:AvocatoBot]] [[zh:User:AvocatoBot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:AvocatoBot]] kdpxp0jksw8y2kiwbom7rsv66h6245q 3 2203 3866 2012-08-31T19:55:13Z AvocatoBot 564 Creating wikitext text/x-wiki <div dir=ltr><div style="background: #FFFFFF; text-align: center; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div style="padding: 5px; border: 3px solid #003882; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;">Please, Do not leave your message here. You can contact my operator using any of the following: <div style="margin-top: 10px; padding: 2px; background: #f4f3f0; border: 2px solid #fb139e; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;">[[w:ar:User talk:Avocato|w:ar:user talk:Avocato]] &#124; [[w:en:User talk:Avocato|w:en:user talk:Avocato]] &#124; [[m:User talk:Avocato|meta:user talk:Avocato]]</div></div></div></div> sp61nkc3vi6lvhlea1ecl2bxwlit01z 2 2204 3867 2012-09-02T23:13:19Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Antonorsi]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:es|en-3|uz-0}} ''Hello, I'm [[:m:User:Antonorsi|Antonorsi]], from es.wiki. You can contact me in [[:m:User talk:Antonorsi|my talk page on meta]].''<br /> ---- 4ewypgjeqgd2gykpfz6hkht8wctxv5n 2 2206 3869 2012-09-03T00:43:12Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Shujenchang]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Shujenchang/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); qrhxsoxscudtwxlfngb7psz1fhrepcr 2 2207 3870 2012-09-03T01:50:18Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Lukas²³]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lukas²³/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 83yd8rgqpt0d0uokqpva51quireg5a7 2 2209 3876 2012-10-25T19:27:37Z Quentinv57 377 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="min-height: 57px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;"> <div style="float: left">[[File:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|50px|link=]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px">'''[[:m:User:Translation Notification Bot|m:User:Translation Notification Bot]]'''.<br />(''[[m:Interwiki redirect|{{int:redirectpagesub}}]]'')</div> </div> 59xrrxfkj8xh7jw11em0s4rnuulbz9j 2 2210 3877 2012-10-26T08:50:33Z Quentinv57 377 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:zh|en-4|zh-classical-2|eo-1|ko-1|ja-0|fr-0||uz-0}} Sometimes this user works as a member of [[m:Small Wiki Monitoring Team|SWMT]] and helps some anti-vandalism and anti-spam works here. To know more about this user, you can see his user page on [[w:en:User:Shujenchang|English Wikipedia]]. You can contact him via [[User talk:Shujenchang|talk page]], [[w:en:Special:EmailUser/Shujenchang|email]] or [[w:en:User:Shujenchang/Contact#IMs|IMs]] (Note: Please use English). '''Note''': Because of this user perhaps do not know the language on this project totally, so may be sometimes he will do something wrong when he do anti-vandalism and anti-spam works. If he did something wrong, please [[User talk:Shujenchang|let him know]]. ineal2jyubbm6bxu09hdmlai2h5tnms 2 2211 3878 2012-10-26T11:34:01Z Quentinv57 377 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:es|ast|en-3|fr-2|uz-0}} ''Hello, I'm [[:w:es:User:Mr.Ajedrez|Mr.Ajedrez]], from es.wiki. You can contact me in [[:w:es:User talk:Mr.Ajedrez|my talk page in es.wiki]].''<br /> ---- if4lnhiq36sdl5oyygmavyrrplo718u 2 2212 3879 2012-10-26T11:34:11Z Quentinv57 377 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by user]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{bot|Mr.Ajedrez|site=w:es}} pp903u1bf9hm4qev44qoez4ypbpdb73 2 2214 3883 2012-12-09T22:20:08Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Sotiale]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sotiale/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 03gc5bhcnt2oox5rx9ogo1n6m4nvu95 2 2216 3885 2012-12-11T20:16:38Z Base 757 creating new ownjs page javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Base/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 9giyxj7vuxbzl3gw9t8r2790bzkcnaa 2 2218 3887 2012-12-17T07:08:16Z Makecat 742 Creating my userpage wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin-left:-1em; margin-right:-1em; margin-bottom:15em;" class="plainlinks"> <div style="padding:0px; background:#99CCCC; border:1px solid #42526C; font-family:Calibri; color:#AAA;"> {| style="border:1px solid #99CCCC; background:#99CCCC; color:#333333;" align="center" |- style="padding:1em;" | width="17%" | <div style="padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em; width:200px; float:left;">[[File:File-Ngc5866 hst big.png|200px]]</div> | {{#Babel:zh|en-2}} <big>Hello, I am '''Makecat'''. I am an [[w:zh:Wikipedia:管理员|administrator]] on the Chinese Wikipedia, which is my home wiki. I am a member of [[m:SWMT|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]] and may make some edits here occasionally, such as reverting vandalism and requesting pages for speedy deletion. If you want to contact me, please leave a message at [[w:zh:User talk:Makecat|here]].</big> |} </div> </div> [[en:User:Makecat]] [[zh:User:Makecat]] hgym4l89kjpo7qrycolvxdokxm09qb1 3 2219 3894 2013-01-09T03:57:20Z Moe Epsilon 569 {{softredirect|w:en:User talk:Moe Epsilon}} wikitext text/x-wiki {{softredirect|w:en:User talk:Moe Epsilon}} ca8bozdt81w9azbby0c89g27p9x0nuc 3 2223 3898 2013-01-30T22:13:49Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user talk page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=5035590&oldid=5034609 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[m:User talk:DeltaQuad]] hx582ovme1j4qgwq2pp7qrvxx5iap4c 4128 3898 2020-06-26T10:25:56Z Sakretsu 951 Sakretsu [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:DeltaQuad]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:AmandaNP]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DeltaQuad|DeltaQuad]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/AmandaNP|AmandaNP]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[m:User talk:DeltaQuad]] hx582ovme1j4qgwq2pp7qrvxx5iap4c 3 2225 3900 2013-02-03T17:17:42Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user talk page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=5170594&oldid=5168302 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ur:User talk:محمد شعیب]] fpj2rfbakrb6r7d9uc8reqq7szgsp8m 4119 3900 2019-07-20T00:21:40Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:محمد شعیب]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Yethrosh]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/محمد شعیب|محمد شعیب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Yethrosh|Yethrosh]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ur:User talk:محمد شعیب]] fpj2rfbakrb6r7d9uc8reqq7szgsp8m 2 2226 3901 2013-02-03T17:32:25Z Base 757 Global CSS creation/upgrade css text/css @import url('http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Base/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css'); 0ad8lnwox1r6cybruweme61168kinbz 2 2227 3902 2013-02-03T18:16:14Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=5170594&oldid=5168302 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ur:User talk:محمد شعیب]] fpj2rfbakrb6r7d9uc8reqq7szgsp8m 4120 3902 2019-07-20T00:21:40Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:محمد شعیب]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Yethrosh]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/محمد شعیب|محمد شعیب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Yethrosh|Yethrosh]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ur:User talk:محمد شعیب]] fpj2rfbakrb6r7d9uc8reqq7szgsp8m 2 2228 3904 2013-02-05T02:18:37Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Ralgis]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ralgis/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); oo0enx1togksp1hr5zyhtjklhr9da8p 4025 3904 2014-11-27T23:49:49Z Savh 467 Savh [[Foydalanuvchi:Ralgis/common.js]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Allan Aguilar/common.js]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Ralgis|Ralgis]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Allan Aguilar|Allan Aguilar]]" javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ralgis/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); oo0enx1togksp1hr5zyhtjklhr9da8p 4101 4025 2017-02-16T14:01:10Z Savh 467 Savh [[Foydalanuvchi:Allan Aguilar/common.js]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Green Mostaza/common.js]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Allan Aguilar|Allan Aguilar]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Green Mos... javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Ralgis/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); oo0enx1togksp1hr5zyhtjklhr9da8p 2 2229 3905 2013-02-05T03:30:34Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Gwickwire]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Gwickwire/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); oaavw6b7a7c9mzidklcpj7cy103llx9 2 2230 3907 2013-02-18T01:08:49Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Sumone10154]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sumone10154/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 3kscmjhjt7420t3gpmzm2hurkmq8zey 2 2231 3908 2013-02-18T02:42:49Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Meisam]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Meisam/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); q97zabc65asw699merw8wy1dbbqvvpq 2 2232 3909 2013-02-19T01:15:26Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global bot page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=5239167&oldid=5236560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bot|Mahdiz|site=fa}} [[ab:user:MahdiBot]] [[ace:user:MahdiBot]] [[af:user:MahdiBot]] [[ak:user:MahdiBot]] [[als:user:MahdiBot]] [[am:user:MahdiBot]] [[ang:user:MahdiBot]] [[an:user:MahdiBot]] [[arc:user:MahdiBot]] [[ar:user:MahdiBot]] [[arz:user:MahdiBot]] [[ast:user:MahdiBot]] [[as:user:MahdiBot]] [[av:user:MahdiBot]] [[ay:user:MahdiBot]] [[az:user:MahdiBot]] [[bar:user:MahdiBot]] [[bat-smg:user:MahdiBot]] [[ba:user:MahdiBot]] [[bcl:user:MahdiBot]] [[be:user:MahdiBot]] [[be-x-old:user:MahdiBot]] [[bg:user:MahdiBot]] [[bh:user:MahdiBot]] [[bi:user:MahdiBot]] [[bjn:user:MahdiBot]] [[bm:user:MahdiBot]] [[bug:user:MahdiBot]] [[bxr:user:MahdiBot]] [[cbk-zam:user:MahdiBot]] [[cdo:user:MahdiBot]] [[ceb:user:MahdiBot]] [[ce:user:MahdiBot]] [[chr:user:MahdiBot]] [[ch:user:MahdiBot]] [[chy:user:MahdiBot]] [[ckb:user:MahdiBot]] [[co:user:MahdiBot]] [[crh:user:MahdiBot]] [[cr:user:MahdiBot]] [[csb:user:MahdiBot]] [[cs:user:MahdiBot]] [[cu:user:MahdiBot]] [[cv:user:MahdiBot]] [[cy:user:MahdiBot]] [[da:user:MahdiBot]] [[de:user:MahdiBot]] [[diq:user:MahdiBot]] [[dsb:user:MahdiBot]] [[dv:user:MahdiBot]] [[dz:user:MahdiBot]] [[ee:user:MahdiBot]] [[en:user:MahdiBot]] [[el:user:MahdiBot]] [[eml:user:MahdiBot]] [[eo:user:MahdiBot]] [[es:user:MahdiBot]] [[et:user:MahdiBot]] [[eu:user:MahdiBot]] [[ext:user:MahdiBot]] [[ff:user:MahdiBot]] [[fiu-vro:user:MahdiBot]] [[fi:user:MahdiBot]] [[fj:user:MahdiBot]] [[fo:user:MahdiBot]] [[frp:user:MahdiBot]] [[frr:user:MahdiBot]] [[fr:user:MahdiBot]] [[fur:user:MahdiBot]] [[fy:user:MahdiBot]] [[gan:user:MahdiBot]] [[ga:user:MahdiBot]] [[gd:user:MahdiBot]] [[glk:user:MahdiBot]] [[gl:user:MahdiBot]] [[gn:user:MahdiBot]] [[got:user:MahdiBot]] [[gu:user:MahdiBot]] [[gv:user:MahdiBot]] [[hak:user:MahdiBot]] [[ha:user:MahdiBot]] [[haw:user:MahdiBot]] [[hif:user:MahdiBot]] [[hi:user:MahdiBot]] [[hsb:user:MahdiBot]] [[ht:user:MahdiBot]] [[hy:user:MahdiBot]] [[ia:user:MahdiBot]] [[id:user:MahdiBot]] [[ie:user:MahdiBot]] [[ig:user:MahdiBot]] [[ik:user:MahdiBot]] [[ilo:user:MahdiBot]] [[io:user:MahdiBot]] [[is:user:MahdiBot]] [[it:user:MahdiBot]] [[iu:user:MahdiBot]] [[ja:user:MahdiBot]] [[jbo:user:MahdiBot]] [[jv:user:MahdiBot]] [[kaa:user:MahdiBot]] [[kab:user:MahdiBot]] [[ka:user:MahdiBot]] [[kbd:user:MahdiBot]] [[kg:user:MahdiBot]] [[ki:user:MahdiBot]] [[kk:user:MahdiBot]] [[kl:user:MahdiBot]] [[km:user:MahdiBot]] [[kn:user:MahdiBot]] [[krc:user:MahdiBot]] [[ksh:user:MahdiBot]] [[ks:user:MahdiBot]] [[ku:user:MahdiBot]] [[kv:user:MahdiBot]] [[kw:user:MahdiBot]] [[ky:user:MahdiBot]] [[lad:user:MahdiBot]] [[la:user:MahdiBot]] [[lbe:user:MahdiBot]] [[lb:user:MahdiBot]] [[lg:user:MahdiBot]] [[lij:user:MahdiBot]] [[li:user:MahdiBot]] [[lmo:user:MahdiBot]] [[ln:user:MahdiBot]] [[lo:user:MahdiBot]] [[ltg:user:MahdiBot]] [[lt:user:MahdiBot]] [[lv:user:MahdiBot]] [[map-bms:user:MahdiBot]] [[mdf:user:MahdiBot]] [[mg:user:MahdiBot]] [[mhr:user:MahdiBot]] [[mi:user:MahdiBot]] [[mk:user:MahdiBot]] [[ml:user:MahdiBot]] [[mn:user:MahdiBot]] [[mrj:user:MahdiBot]] [[mr:user:MahdiBot]] [[ms:user:MahdiBot]] [[mt:user:MahdiBot]] [[mwl:user:MahdiBot]] [[myv:user:MahdiBot]] [[my:user:MahdiBot]] [[mzn:user:MahdiBot]] [[nah:user:MahdiBot]] [[nap:user:MahdiBot]] [[na:user:MahdiBot]] [[nds-nl:user:MahdiBot]] [[ne:user:MahdiBot]] [[new:user:MahdiBot]] [[nl:user:MahdiBot]] [[nn:user:MahdiBot]] [[nov:user:MahdiBot]] [[no:user:MahdiBot]] [[nrm:user:MahdiBot]] [[nv:user:MahdiBot]] [[ny:user:MahdiBot]] [[oc:user:MahdiBot]] [[om:user:MahdiBot]] [[or:user:MahdiBot]] [[os:user:MahdiBot]] [[pag:user:MahdiBot]] [[pam:user:MahdiBot]] [[pap:user:MahdiBot]] [[pa:user:MahdiBot]] [[pcd:user:MahdiBot]] [[pdc:user:MahdiBot]] [[pfl:user:MahdiBot]] [[pih:user:MahdiBot]] [[pi:user:MahdiBot]] [[pl:user:MahdiBot]] [[pms:user:MahdiBot]] [[pnb:user:MahdiBot]] [[pnt:user:MahdiBot]] [[ps:user:MahdiBot]] [[qu:user:MahdiBot]] [[rm:user:MahdiBot]] [[rmy:user:MahdiBot]] [[rn:user:MahdiBot]] [[roa-rup:user:MahdiBot]] [[roa-tara:user:MahdiBot]] [[ru:user:MahdiBot]] [[rw:user:MahdiBot]] [[sah:user:MahdiBot]] [[scn:user:MahdiBot]] [[sco:user:MahdiBot]] [[sc:user:MahdiBot]] [[sd:user:MahdiBot]] [[se:user:MahdiBot]] [[sg:user:MahdiBot]] [[sh:user:MahdiBot]] [[simple:user:MahdiBot]] [[si:user:MahdiBot]] [[sk:user:MahdiBot]] [[sl:user:MahdiBot]] [[sm:user:MahdiBot]] [[sn:user:MahdiBot]] [[so:user:MahdiBot]] [[sq:user:MahdiBot]] [[srn:user:MahdiBot]] [[sr:user:MahdiBot]] [[ss:user:MahdiBot]] [[stq:user:MahdiBot]] [[st:user:MahdiBot]] [[su:user:MahdiBot]] [[sv:user:MahdiBot]] [[sw:user:MahdiBot]] [[szl:user:MahdiBot]] [[ta:user:MahdiBot]] [[te:user:MahdiBot]] [[tg:user:MahdiBot]] [[th:user:MahdiBot]] [[ti:user:MahdiBot]] [[tk:user:MahdiBot]] [[tl:user:MahdiBot]] [[tn:user:MahdiBot]] [[to:user:MahdiBot]] [[tpi:user:MahdiBot]] [[tr:user:MahdiBot]] [[ts:user:MahdiBot]] [[tt:user:MahdiBot]] [[tum:user:MahdiBot]] [[tw:user:MahdiBot]] [[ty:user:MahdiBot]] [[udm:user:MahdiBot]] [[ug:user:MahdiBot]] [[uk:user:MahdiBot]] [[ur:user:MahdiBot]] [[uz:user:MahdiBot]] [[vec:user:MahdiBot]] [[ve:user:MahdiBot]] [[vls:user:MahdiBot]] [[vo:user:MahdiBot]] [[war:user:MahdiBot]] [[wa:user:MahdiBot]] [[wo:user:MahdiBot]] [[wuu:user:MahdiBot]] [[xal:user:MahdiBot]] [[xh:user:MahdiBot]] [[yi:user:MahdiBot]] [[za:user:MahdiBot]] [[zea:user:MahdiBot]] [[zh:user:MahdiBot]] [[zh-classical:user:MahdiBot]] [[zh-min-nan:user:MahdiBot]] [[zh-yue:user:MahdiBot]] [[zu:user:MahdiBot]] '''Owner''': [[:fa:user:Mahdiz|Mahdiz]] j28t32ijwfpbas6tk5tmozt2wjoedo6 8 2236 3916 2013-03-01T21:06:03Z Liliana-60 800 "<div style="border:3px solid #000; padding:1em;">'''This wiki has been proposed for closure (see m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Uzbek Wikiboo..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:3px solid #000; padding:1em;">'''This wiki has been proposed for closure (see [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Uzbek Wikibooks (2)|discussion]]).'''</div> e5b7p50x7tkigaqegomp607gqslxy3q 3968 3916 2013-07-24T19:09:06Z Ruslik0 236 closed wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:3px solid #000; padding:1em;">'''This wiki has been locked (see [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Uzbek Wikibooks (2)|discussion]]).''' To contribute to a future wiki, see the [[incubator:Wb/uz|Wikimedia Incubator project]].</div> 2ieeewawyxuwdj5599vy7fsegtfhzu5 4011 3968 2014-09-11T11:00:21Z Billinghurst 653 locked -> closed, to match naming within http://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=closed.dblist, replaced: locked → closed using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:3px solid #000; padding:1em;">'''This wiki has been closed (see [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Uzbek Wikibooks (2)|discussion]]).''' To contribute to a future wiki, see the [[incubator:Wb/uz|Wikimedia Incubator project]].</div> 1cc8b0nw7im2lk03k4olgfyw1xzl1y4 2 2237 3917 2013-03-01T21:06:21Z Liliana-60 800 "[[m:wikt:User:Liliana-60]]" yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:wikt:User:Liliana-60]] m4k1w7hnsx17r8jk1m7hhkhsp6p8ft2 2 2238 3918 2013-03-02T23:28:23Z Sumone10154 756 "{{#babel:en|fr-2|{{CONTENTLANG}}-0}} Hi, I'm Sumone10154. Sorry I don't speak {{#language:{{CONTENTLANG}}|en}}. Salut, je suis Sumone10154. Désolé, je ne..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|fr-2|{{CONTENTLANG}}-0}} Hi, I'm Sumone10154. Sorry I don't speak {{#language:{{CONTENTLANG}}|en}}. Salut, je suis Sumone10154. Désolé, je ne parle pas {{#language:{{CONTENTLANG}}|fr}}. {| style="width:100%; text-align:center; border:1px solid #ffc9c9; background-color:#FFFFF3;" |- padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;" |style="font-size: 85%"|'''This is a {{SERVERNAME}} user page.''' If you find this page on any site other than {{SERVERNAME}}, you are viewing a mirror site. Be aware that the page may be outdated, and that the user this page belongs to may have no personal affiliation with any site other than {{SERVERNAME}} itself. The original page is located at <span class="plainlinks">[{{canonicalurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} {{canonicalurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}}]</span>. |} 80pnktawlcp4isqsy0klayfy55r561b 2 2240 3920 2013-03-24T16:27:31Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by MJ94]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MJ94/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); h49gs4mgd3t5c9wyrikjug5zvkpn7kv 2 2241 3921 2013-03-24T17:35:13Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Vacation9]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vacation9/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); d2r5k2culovici3hq4kxyskbldp19jp 2 2244 3924 2013-03-25T00:55:56Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Soul Train]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Soul Train/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 6qwcojg9yj8tlbkjmf64ogd88cnbepz 2 2245 3925 2013-03-25T01:26:45Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Hahc21]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hahc21/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); bs42x31d4gl13hy71n4x1xvrisbvycp 4097 3925 2015-12-30T19:05:53Z Steinsplitter 793 Steinsplitter [[Foydalanuvchi:Hahc21/common.js]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Razr Nation/common.js]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hahc21|Hahc21]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Razr Nation|Razr Nation]]" javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hahc21/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); bs42x31d4gl13hy71n4x1xvrisbvycp 2 2246 3926 2013-04-16T12:15:21Z RileyBot 828 Disabling checkpage on all Wikimedia sites RileyBot is not flagged to run on. wikitext text/x-wiki disable nxtahk3t41kbuldajcexl2qzue0v1og 2 2247 3927 2013-04-28T19:31:11Z Hoo User Page Bot 550 Creating global user page, per request https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=5240959&oldid=5239167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{softredirect|w:en:User talk:S.M.Samee}} g7rqs6n50baydaqxems7vzo0y6ix12g 2 2248 3928 2013-04-30T21:27:50Z Legoktm 730 Creating userpage per request wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="position: relative; margin: 0 -1em; padding: 0; background-color: transparent; border: 1px none #ddd; height: 1%;"> <div style="position: relative; margin: 0 auto; background: #DED3CF; width: 950px; border: 1px solid #cccccc; height: 1%;"> <div style="position: relative; overflow: hidden; height:750px;"><!-- Height of the main image --> <div style="position: relative; overflow: hidden; margin: 0;">[[File:Nature at Caracas (27).jpg|1000px]]</div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: 0.9em; top: 1em; z-index: 10; width: 250px; border: none; background-color:none;"> <!-- START LEFT USERBOXES --> <div style="opacity: 0.8; -moz-opacity: 0.8;"> <!-- END LEFT USERBOXES --> </div></div> <div style="position: absolute; right: 0.4em; top: 1em; z-index: 10; width: 250px; border: none; background-color:none;"> <!-- START RIGHT USERBOXES --> <div style="opacity: 0.8; -moz-opacity: 0.8;"> <!-- END RIGHT USERBOXES --> </div></div></div> </div> <br> {| style="font-family:Tahoma; background-color: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; width:950px" cellpadding="15" align="center" | [[File:Razr Nation logo.png|center]] <center>| <span class="plainlinks">[[Special:Contributions/Hahc21|contribs]] · [[:luxo:Hahc21|cross-wiki]] · [http://en.wikichecker.com/user/?t=Hahc21 wikichecker] · [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Identification_noticeboard identified] · [{{fullurl:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username=Hahc21}} lu]</span> |</center> <center>| '''Me at''': [[:d:User:Hahc21|Wikidata]] · [[:n:es:Usuario:Hahc21|Spanish Wikinews]] · [[:en:User:Hahc21|English Wikipedia]] · [[:commons:User:Hahc21|Commons]] · [[:m:User:Hahc21|Meta]] |</center> |} sdqdwk0m4lgow9bnif51kxlxkf0pf1u 4093 3928 2015-12-30T19:05:28Z Steinsplitter 793 Steinsplitter [[Foydalanuvchi:Hahc21]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Razr Nation]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hahc21|Hahc21]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Razr Nation|Razr Nation]]" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="position: relative; margin: 0 -1em; padding: 0; background-color: transparent; border: 1px none #ddd; height: 1%;"> <div style="position: relative; margin: 0 auto; background: #DED3CF; width: 950px; border: 1px solid #cccccc; height: 1%;"> <div style="position: relative; overflow: hidden; height:750px;"><!-- Height of the main image --> <div style="position: relative; overflow: hidden; margin: 0;">[[File:Nature at Caracas (27).jpg|1000px]]</div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: 0.9em; top: 1em; z-index: 10; width: 250px; border: none; background-color:none;"> <!-- START LEFT USERBOXES --> <div style="opacity: 0.8; -moz-opacity: 0.8;"> <!-- END LEFT USERBOXES --> </div></div> <div style="position: absolute; right: 0.4em; top: 1em; z-index: 10; width: 250px; border: none; background-color:none;"> <!-- START RIGHT USERBOXES --> <div style="opacity: 0.8; -moz-opacity: 0.8;"> <!-- END RIGHT USERBOXES --> </div></div></div> </div> <br> {| style="font-family:Tahoma; background-color: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; width:950px" cellpadding="15" align="center" | [[File:Razr Nation logo.png|center]] <center>| <span class="plainlinks">[[Special:Contributions/Hahc21|contribs]] · [[:luxo:Hahc21|cross-wiki]] · [http://en.wikichecker.com/user/?t=Hahc21 wikichecker] · [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Identification_noticeboard identified] · [{{fullurl:Special:Listusers|limit=1&username=Hahc21}} lu]</span> |</center> <center>| '''Me at''': [[:d:User:Hahc21|Wikidata]] · [[:n:es:Usuario:Hahc21|Spanish Wikinews]] · [[:en:User:Hahc21|English Wikipedia]] · [[:commons:User:Hahc21|Commons]] · [[:m:User:Hahc21|Meta]] |</center> |} sdqdwk0m4lgow9bnif51kxlxkf0pf1u 2 2251 3932 2013-05-23T16:36:36Z Ajraddatz 591 + wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:User:Ajraddatz]] 5hbxr3mct1ew0w5ohskiasbc73ah7cx 2 2252 3933 2013-05-26T16:16:19Z Pratyya Ghosh 849 "{{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:none;">User:</span><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:30px"><b><font color=green>Pratyya Ghosh</font></b><..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:none;">User:</span><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:30px"><b><font color=green>Pratyya Ghosh</font></b></span>}} <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS"> Hi. I'm Pratyya Ghosh. I'm from [[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]. You'll not find me here always. So you can also find me at *English Wikipedia-- [[w:en:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My English Wikipedia User Page]] *Bengali Wikipedia-- [[w:bn:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Bengali Wikipedia User Page]] *Simple English Wikipedia-- [[w:simple:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Simple English Wikipedia User Page]] *Meta Wikipedia-- [[w:meta:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Meta Wikipedia User Page]] *Wikimedia Commons-- [[w:commons:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Wikimedia Commons User Page]] *Wikidata-- [[w:wikidata:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Wikidata User Page]] Outside them you can find me at [[w:test:User:Pratyya Ghosh|Test Wikipedia]]. *Among them you can mostly find me at '''English Wikipedia'''. Then '''Simple English Wikipedia''' --> '''Bengali Wikipedia'''--> '''Wikimedia Commons'''--> '''Meta Wikipedia'''--> '''Wikidata'''. 5p18n57f0vot92tb74l93yaa4wlrfjh 4000 3933 2013-10-13T23:23:14Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Pratyya Ghosh]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color: #008000; font: bold 30px 'Comic Sans MS';">User:Pratyya Ghosh</span>}} <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS"> Hi. I'm Pratyya Ghosh. I'm from [[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]. You'll not find me here always. So you can also find me at *English Wikipedia-- [[w:en:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My English Wikipedia User Page]] *Bengali Wikipedia-- [[w:bn:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Bengali Wikipedia User Page]] *Simple English Wikipedia-- [[w:simple:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Simple English Wikipedia User Page]] *Meta Wikimedia-- [[w:meta:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Meta Wikimedia User Page]] *Wikimedia Commons-- [[w:commons:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Wikimedia Commons User Page]] *Wikidata-- [[w:wikidata:User:Pratyya Ghosh|My Wikidata User Page]] Outside them you will always find me at [[testwiki:User:Pratyya Ghosh|Test Wikipedia]] *Among them you can mostly find me at '''English Wikipedia'''. Then '''Simple English Wikipedia''' --> '''Bengali Wikipedia'''--> '''Meta Wikimedia''' --> '''Wikimedia Commons'''--> '''Wikidata'''. Also see [[Special:CentralAuth/Pratyya Ghosh|'''this''']] and <span class="plainlinks">[http://toolserver.org/~quentinv57/sulinfo/Pratyya_Ghosh '''this'''] page to see my global contributions. 4x1637chcbsrvmkqktsa7min6zjxe9z 4124 4000 2020-05-02T20:57:38Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Pratyya Ghosh]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE THIS PLEASE. BEFORE MAKING ANY KIND OF EDITS / CHANGES TO THIS PAGE PLEASE LET ME KNOW AT ANY OF THE LINKS GIVEN AT THIS PAGE. IF YOU TRANSLATE / WANT TO TRANSLATE THIS PAGE IN SOME OTHER / MAIN LANGUAGE OF THIS WIKIMEDIA PROJECT, LET ME KNOW, AND THEN GO AHEAD. I'LL REALLY APPRECIATE THAT. BUT PLEASE DON'T BREAK ANY CODE. THANKS TO YOU FOR READING AND FOLLOWING THE WORDS. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="font: bold 30px 'Cambria';">User:Pratyya Ghosh</span>}} <div style="font-family: Cambria"> <table style="width: 750px; background-color:#f9f9f9; border-color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" border="14"> <tr style="height: 300px;"> <td style="width: 521px; height: 144px; border-color: #f9f9f9;"> <strong> <!----------------------------------------- START PARA 1 ----------------------------------------------> <p style="text-align: justify; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px"> <span style="color:#006400"><big><big>'''HELLO AND WELCOME!'''</big></big></span> <br /> <big><big>This is '''Pratyya Ghosh''' </big></big><small><small>(check [[:commons:File:Pratyya Ghosh pronunciation.ogg|<u>'''THIS'''</u>]] out for the pronunciation).</small></small> <br /> I am from [[w:en:Bangladesh|'''Bangladesh''']], so I am a native speaker of [[w:en:Bengali Language|'''Bangla''']]. I can also frequently communicate using '''English''', and I can speak and understand '''Hindi'''.<br /> <br /> <span style="color:#B22222">I am not effectively active in this Wikimedia Project. If I've made any edit here, that is most probably an automated one. I do <u>NOT</u> visit this site often/regularly. So I can <u>NOT</u> guarantee a swift and quick reply, OR in WORST CASE, a reply.</span><br /> <br /> However, I am mostly active in the projects which uses the languages I know. <br /> So, if you want to <u>CONTACT ME</u> or <u>TALK TO ME</u> or know more about me, then please use the Wikimedia Projects mentioned below.<br /> </p> <!------------------------------------------- END PARA 1 -----------------------------------------------> <!----------------------------------------- START PARA 2 ----------------------------------------------> <p style="text-align: left; padding-left: 7px;"> ❏ <span style="color:#228B22"><big>'''Wikimedia Projects where I am mostly <u>active</u>:'''</big></span> * '''[[w:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]] ([[w:en:Main Page|enwiki]]) : [[w:en:User:Pratyya Ghosh|User Page]] ([[w:en:User talk:Pratyya Ghosh|talk page]]) ([[w:en:Special:Contributions/Pratyya_Ghosh|contributions]]) (<span class="plainlinks">[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/Pratyya_Ghosh user-stats]</span>)''' * '''[[w:en:Bengali Wikipedia|Bangla Wikipedia]] ([[w:bn:প্রধান পাতা|bnwiki]]) : &nbsp;[[w:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Pratyya Ghosh|User Page]] ([[w:bn:ব্যবহারকারী আলাপ:Pratyya Ghosh|talk page]]) ([[w:bn:বিশেষ:অবদান/Pratyya_Ghosh|contributions]]) (<span class="plainlinks">[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/bn.wikipedia.org/Pratyya_Ghosh user-stats]</span>)''' </p> <!------------------------------------------- END PARA 2 -----------------------------------------------> </strong> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- END OF CODE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> o22gone0vn0cnupb7is833hah5g5p4f 2 2253 3934 2013-05-30T23:24:08Z Seti6908 803 "{{#babel:pl|de-1|en-1|uz-0}} [[de:Benutzer:Seti6908]] [[en:User:Seti6908]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Seti6908]]" yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:pl|de-1|en-1|uz-0}} [[de:Benutzer:Seti6908]] [[en:User:Seti6908]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Seti6908]] 8u99q8y9jufyyovowzxthqg3791itjv 2 2254 3935 2013-06-02T23:58:21Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Lukas²³]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! I'm Lukas. As a member of the [[m:Small Wiki Monitoring Team|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]], I was probably just here to fix or revert unhelpful edits. You can contact me [[m:User talk:Lukas²³|here (Meta-Wiki)]]. {{#babel:de-N|en-3|fr-1}} Regards, [[m:User:Lukas²³|Lukas²³]] m757r6e97b6jywxzfvlsai29gq6iumx 0 2255 3936 2013-06-03T17:53:58Z 213.230.73.253 I-II-III-akademik va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun Jahon tarixidan darslik wikitext text/x-wiki Dunyo XX—XXI asr boshlarida Aziz o‘quvchilar! Siz o‘rta umumta’lim maktabini tugallab, endi akademik litsey yoki kasb-hunar kolleji quchog‘iga keldingiz. O‘rta umumta’lim maktabida jahon tarixining qadimgi davridan tortib, to 1918-yilgacha bo‘lgan davrni o‘rgandingiz. Qo‘lingizdagi kitob esa siz o‘qigan tarixiy davrlarning bevosita davomi bo‘lib, bugungi kungacha jahon mamlakatlarida yuz berayotgan o‘zgarishlar bilan tanishtiradi. Eng muhimi, bu o‘zgarishlarni, tarixiy voqealarni chuqur idrok qilib, tafakkur tegirmonidan o‘tkazib, undan mamlakatimizda yangi, qudratli demokratik jamiyat qurishda foydalanish hamda uni milliy istiqlolga xizmat qildirish zarur. Insoniyat tarixida XXI asr ham boshlandi. Bu asrda ro‘y berishi mumkin bo‘lgan tarixiy jarayonlar, hodisalar va voqealar Sizning ko‘z o‘ngingizda ro‘y berishi shubhasiz. Hamma gap ijtimoiy fanlar, shu jumladan, tarix fani ham bu jarayon, hodisa va voqealarning sabablari va mohiyatini qanchalik haqqoniy va tushunarli tarzda yoritib berishida. XX asr tarixi bilan tanishish Sizga insoniyat bu asrni qanday boshlagan edi, uni qanday tugalladi va yangi — XXI asrga, yangi ming yillikka dunyo nima bilan kirib keldi, degan savollarga baholi qudrat javob beradi. Dunyo XX asrga ikkinchi sanoat inqilobi boshlanishi bilan kirib keldi. Bu asrda insoniyat ilm-fan va texnika taraqqiyotida ulkan yutuqlarga erishdi. Ertaklardagi «uchar gilamlar» hayotiy reallikka aylandi. Inson bolasi dastlab samolyotlarda, keyinchalik esa kosmik raketalarda fazoga parvoz qildi. Hatto, uning oyog‘i Oyga ham yetdi. XX asr boshlaridan davlatning jamiyatda tutgan o‘rnida tub o‘zgarishlar yuz bera boshladi. Bu hodisa keyinchalik davlatning iqtisodga aralashuvi, iqtisodda davlat sektorining vujudga keltirilishi, davlatning iqtisodiy islohotlarga bosh bo‘lishi, fuqarolarning ijtimoiy himoyasi masalasiga chuqur e’tibor berishi bilan izohlanadi. Bu hodisa mehnat bilan kapital o‘rtasidagi qarama-qarshilikni yumshatishni, oxir-oqibatda ijtimoiy inqiloblarning oldini olishni, keyinroq esa ularning butunlay keraksiz bo‘lib qolishini ta’minladi. Insoniyatning ilg‘or qismi ijtimoiy inqiloblar mislsiz qon to‘kishlarga, vayrongarchiliklarga olib kelishini tushunib yetdi. 4 Ular mehnat ahlining insoniy huquqlari uchun kurashda birinchi o‘ringa ijtimoiy islohotlarni qo‘ydilar. Sanoatlashgan davlatlar bu borada juda katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. XX asr tarixga inson huquqlari uchun kurash asri bo‘lib ham kirdi. Bu o‘rinda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti 1948-yilda qabul qilgan «Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasi» katta tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Buning natijasi o‘laroq mustamlaka va yarim mustamlaka xalqlarga mustaqillik berish masalasi har qachongidan ham dolzarb bo‘lib qoldi. To‘g‘ri, mustamlaka zulmidan xalos bo‘lish birgina hujjatning kuchi bilan amalga oshgani yo‘q. Mustamlaka va yarim mustamlaka xalqlar ayni paytda milliy-ozodlik kurashi ham olib bordilar. Oxir-oqibat ular o‘z ozodliklarini qo‘lga kiritdilar. O‘z taqdirlarini o‘zlari belgilash imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldilar. Bu asrda Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Germaniya, Avstriya-Vengriya, Usmonli Turklar, Portugaliya kabi davlatlar o‘z mustamlakalaridan ajraldilar, shuningdek, mustamlakachi imperiya — sobiq Sovet davlati quladi. Natijada, dunyo siyosiy xaritasida katta o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi. Ko‘plab mustaqil davlatlar tashkil topdi. XX asr oxiriga kelib mustamlakada yashayotgan xalqlar deyarli qolmadi. Binobarin, XX asr mustamlakachi imperiyalarning yemirilishi va qulashi asri bo‘lib ham tarixda o‘chmas iz qoldirdi. Bugun dunyoda 200 dan ortiq yaqin davlat mavjud. Ularning ko‘pchiligida respublika tuzumi mustahkam qaror topdi. To‘g‘ri, monarxiya davlatlari ham mavjud. Biroq monarxlar avvalgidek cheklanmagan huquqlarini yo‘qotgan. Ularning aksariyati real hokimiyatga ega emas. Monarxlari real hokimiyatga ega bo‘lgan davlatlarda despotizm emas, ma’rifatli monarxiya qaror topdi. XX asrda dunyo nisbatan adolatli va demokratik bo‘lib qoldi. Dunyo aholisining turmush darajasi o‘sdi. Natijada, uning o‘rtacha umr ko‘rish yoshi ortdi. Insonlar nisbatan erkin bo‘lib qoldilar. Ayni paytda, XX asrda insoniyat uchun eng ko‘p darajada kulfat va azob-uqubatlar keltirgan hodisalar ham ro‘y berdi. Ularning ichida eng dahshatlisi birinchi va ikkinchi jahon urushlari edi. Bu urushlarda o‘nlab million odamlar halok bo‘ldi. O‘nlab million odamlar esa mayib-majruh bo‘lib qoldilar. Konsentratsion lagerlarda odamlar ustidan dahshatli tajribalar o‘tkazildi, ular tiriklay yondirildi. Insoniyatga qarshi birinchi bor yadro quroli ishlatildi. Bularning bari insonlarni urushga nisbatan nafrat bilan qarashga o‘rgatdi. Ayni paytda dunyoda yangi jahon urushiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik maqsadida tinchliksevar kuchlarning qudratli harakati vujudga keldi. Buning natijasi o‘laroq yangi jahon urushining oldi olindi. Yangi jahon urushining ro‘y berish imkoni bor edimi? Ha, bor edi. Chunki ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin dunyo bir-biriga dushman bo‘lgan ikki qutbga bo‘lindi. Ularning biriga sobiq Sovet davlati, ikkinchisiga Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari bosh bo‘ldi. Natijada, xalqaro maydonda «sovuq urush» davri boshlandi. Misli ko‘rilmagan darajada qurollanish poygasi avj oldi. Qator davlatlar dahshatli, ommaviy qirg‘in qurollariga ega bo‘ldi. Shu tariqa ular insoniyat 5 sivilizatsiyasini bir necha bor yo‘q qilib tashlashga qodir bo‘lgan qurollar zaxirasini yaratdilar. To‘g‘ri, 1991-yilda Sovet davlatining qulashi bilan dunyoning bir-biriga dushman bo‘lgan ikki qutbga bo‘linishi barham topdi. Biroq, afsuski, bu hodisa dunyoda tinchlikning mustahkam asoslari yaratilishiga olib kelmadi. Prezident Islom Karimov so‘zlari bilan aytganda, dunyo hamon mo‘rtligicha qolmoqda, ayni paytda bu mo‘rtlikning sabablari quyidagilardir: — bir qancha mamlakatlarda borayotgan keskin siyosiy kurashlar; — milliy o‘zlikni anglashning faol jamlanganligi hamda millatlar va ayrim elatlarning o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilashiga intilayotganligi; — etnik va millatlararo ziddiyatlar saqlanib qolayotganligi; — siyosiy va diniy ekstremizmning turli shakllari kuchayib borayotganligi; — dunyoning katta qismida iqtisodi zaif, aholisi qashshoq yashayotgan mamlakatlar saqlanib qolayotganligi; — mamlakatlar, xalqlar o‘rtasida, ayrim bir mamlakat ichida, shuningdek, ijtimoiy guruhlar o‘rtasida iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy tabaqalanish kuchayib borayotganligi. Ayni paytda insoniyatni qator global muammolar — mintaqaviy mojarolar, diniy ekstremizm va aqidaparastlik, xalqaro terrorchilik, narkobiznes, ekologiyadagi tanglik, dunyoning turli burchaklarida hamon davom etayotgan ocharchilik va to‘yib ovqat yemaslik, turli yuqumli kasalliklarning tez tarqalishi va shu kabilar tashvishga solmoqda. Insoniyat XXI asrda bu muammolarning hal etilishi zarurligini teran anglab yetmoqda. Nufuzli xalqaro tashkilotlar va buyuk davlatlar bu muammolarni hal etishda jahon hamjamiyatiga bosh bo‘lmoqlari bugungi kunning talabidir. Mustaqil O‘zbekiston davlati ham bu kabi muammolarni hal etishdek umuminsoniy oliyjanob ishga o‘zining munosib hissasini qo‘shish borasida baholi qudrat harakat qilmoqda. Darslikda ushbu voqealar, chunonchi, dunyo davlatlarining deyarli bir asrlik tarixi izchil bayon etilgan. Darslik mualliflarning 2005 va 2006-yillarda nashr etilgan, tajriba-sinov natijalari hamda amaliyotchi o‘qituvchilar fikrlari bo‘yicha qayta ishlangan va to‘ldirilgan «Jahon tarixi» o‘quv qo‘llanmasi va yangi takomillashtirilgan o‘quv dasturi asosida yaratildi. Har bir mamlakat tarixida ibrat olsa arziydigan voqea-hodisalar ko‘p. Siz ularni chuqur o‘rganing, mushohada qiling, erkin fikr yuritib, xulosa chiqaring. Umuminsoniy qadriyatlardan, ibratli voqealardan, davlatlar taraqqiyotidan jonajon O‘zbekistonimizning ravnaqi uchun foydalanishga harakat qiling. Har qanday yaxshi voqea-hodisalardan milliy istiqlol g‘oyasi va mafkurasini mustahkamlashga intiling. O‘z turmushingizni, millatimiz ravnaqini, Vatanimiz qudratini, yurt tinchligini, xalqimiz farovonligini yanada yaxshilashga harakat qiling. Zero, «ko‘p asrlik tariximiz shuni ko‘rsatadiki, inson dunyoqarashi shakllanishida ma’rifatning, xususan, ijtimoiy fanlarning o‘rni beqiyos. 6 Bu jamiyatshunoslik bo‘ladimi, tarix, falsafa, siyosatshunoslik bo‘ladimi, psixologiya yoki iqtisod bo‘ladimi — ularning barchasi odamning intellektual kamolga erishuvida katta ta’sir kuchiga ega» (Islom Karimov). Darslikni tayyorlashda tarix fanlari doktori, prof essor G. A. Hidoyatovning shaxsan roziligi bilan uning materiallaridan foydalanildi. Darslikning 34—35-paragraflari tarix fanlari nomzodi Hamza Kichkilov bilan hamkorlikda, uning materiallari asosida yozilgan. Darslik ba’zi kamchiliklardan xoli bo‘lmasligi tabiiy. Shu sababli darslik haqida o‘z fikr-mulohazalarini bildirgan mutaxassislarga muallif minnatdorchilik bildiradi. Fikr-mulohazalar quyidagi manzilga yuborilishi mumkin: 100100, Toshkent shahri, 2-Chimboy ko‘chasi, 96-uy. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi O‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’limi markazi. 7 BIRINCHI BO‘LIM DUNYO IKKI JAHON URUSHI ORALIG‘IDA 1-bob. G‘ARB MAMLAKATLARI 1—2-§. Xalqaro munosabatlar Sizga 9-sinf darsligidan ma’lumki, Birinchi jahon urushi 1918-yil 11-noyabrda Germaniyaning Antantaga taslim bo‘lishi bilan tugadi. Shundan so‘ng urush aybdori bo‘lgan German bloki davlatlari bilan yetkazilgan zararni qoplash va shartnoma tuzish uchun tayyorgarlik boshlandi. Ko‘p asrlardan beri urush g‘olibi bo‘lgan davlat yoki davlatlar guruhi bilan yengilgan davlat yoki davlatlar o‘rtasida shartnoma imzolangan. G‘olib tomon yengilgan tomonga o‘z xohish-istagini o‘tkaza olgan, albatta. Birinchi jahon urushi ham bundan mustasno bo‘lmadi. G‘olib Antanta bilan mag‘lub To‘rtlar ittifoqi o‘rtasida imzolanadigan tinchlik shartnomasining matnini tuzish uchun Fransiya poytaxti Parij shahriga 27 davlat delegatsiyasi to‘plandi. Ular Versal saroyida imzolangan tinchlik shartnomasini ishlab chiqish ustida bir yil ishladilar. V. Vilsonning «14 moddasi» asosida Versal saroyida 5 ta davlat (Germaniya, Avstriya, Vengriya, Bolgariya va Turkiya) bilan imzolanadigan 5 ta shartnoma matni tayyorlandi. Shu 5 ta shartnoma birgalikda «Versal tizimi» deb ataldi. Buyuk davlatlarning Osiyo va Tinch okean havzasidagi munosabatlarini tartibga solish maqsadida 1921—1922-yillarda Vashington shahrida 9 ta davlat ishtirokida konferensiya o‘tkazildi. Bu konferensiyada uchta shartnoma imzolandi. Shu tariqa Versal — Vashington tizimi nomi tarixda qoldi. Fransiya Bosh vaziri Jorj Klemanso tinchlik shartnomasi shartlarini ishlab chiqish bo‘yicha xalqaro konferensiyaning Parij shahrida o‘tkazilishini qattiq turib himoya qildi, va nihoyat, u o‘z maqsadiga erishdi. Parij konferensiyasi 1919-yilning 18-yanvar kuni o‘z ishini boshladi. Konferensiya ochilishining aynan shu kunga belgilanganligi bejiz emas edi. 1870— 1871-yilgi Fransiya—Prussiya urushida g‘olib Prussiya bilan yengilgan Fransiya o‘rtasidagi shartnoma aynan shu saroyda imzolangan va 18-yanvar kuni shu saroyda Germaniya imperiya deb e’lon qilingan edi. G‘oliblar Germaniyani tahqirlash uchun aynan shu kuni konferensiya ishini boshladilar. Germaniyani tahqirlashdan Fransiya ayniqsa manfaatdor edi. Shuning uchun ham konferensiyani kirish so‘zi bilan ochgan Fransiya Prezidenti A. Puankare o‘z so‘zida, jumladan, bunday degan edi: «Adolatsizlik bilan vujudga kelgan Germaniya imperiyasi o‘z hayotini baxtsizlikda tugatdi». Versal — Vashington tizimi nima? Parij tinchlik konferensiyasi 8 Tinchlik konferensiyasida 27 davlat vakillari qatnashgan bo‘lsa-da, amalda barcha asosiy masalalar «katta uchlik» deb atalgan (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya) davlat rahbarlari tomonidan hal etildi. Ularning ichida Fransiya Bosh vaziri Jorj Klemanso o‘zining jo‘shqin nutqlari bilan ajralib turar va o‘ta qiziqqonligi tufayli «yo‘lbars» degan laqab olgan edi. Konferensiyaga to‘rtlar ittifoqi davlatlari hamda Sovet Rossiyasi taklif etilmadi. Katta uchlik davlatlari garchand To‘rtlar ittifoqiga qarshi urushda ittifoqchi bo‘lgan bo‘lsalar-da, ularning har biri Parij konferensiyasi qarorlari aynan o‘zlarining maqsadlariga mos kelishini istar edilar. Xususan, AQSH o‘zini dunyoning yetakchi davlati, Yevropa davlatlariga bergan qarzi hamda Birinchi jahon urushining Antanta foydasiga hal bo‘lishiga qo‘shgan hissasi, shuningdek, Vilson ilgari surgan tinchlik dasturi AQSHga jahonni ma’naviy idora qilish huquqini beradi, deb hisoblar edi. AQSH Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Yevropa siyosatini belgilovchi davlatlar bo‘lib qolishini istamas, shuning uchun Germaniya butunlay kuchsizlantirilgan holatga tushirib qo‘yilishiga qarshi edi. Buyuk Britaniya Germaniyaning dengiz va iqtisodiy qudratini sindirganligini o‘zining katta yutug‘i deb hisoblardi. Germaniyaning sobiq mustamlakalarini o‘z imperiyasi tarkibiga qo‘shib olishga intilardi. Ayni paytda Fransiyaning Germaniya hisobiga kuchayishini ham istamas edi. Parij tinchlik konferensiyasi. Chapdan o‘ngga: D. Lloyd-Jorj, V. Orlando, J. Klemanso, V. Vilson. «Katta uchlik» o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatlar 9 Shuning uchun Fransiya Bosh vaziri J. Klemansoning Buyuk Britaniya Bosh vaziri D. Lloyd-Jorjga: «G‘alabadan keyin darhol Britaniya bizning dushmanimiz bo‘lib qoldi»,— deb ta’na qilganligi bejiz emas. Bunga javoban Lloyd-Jorj Klemansoga qarab kulib turib: «Britaniyaning siyosati shunday emasmi?» — deb javob qaytarganligini tarix unutgan emas. Lloyd- Jorj Fransiya kuchayib ketishining hamda bolsheviklar solishi mumkin bo‘lgan xavfning oldini olish maqsadida kuchli Germaniyaning saqlanib qolishidan manfaatdor edi. Bundan tashqari, Buyuk Britaniya AQSHning jahon siyosatida tutgan o‘rni, shuningdek, harbiy-dengiz qudrati tobora oshib borayotganligidan tashvishda edi. Biroq bu jarayonning oldini olishga qodir emas edi. Chunki AQSH Buyuk Britaniyani qarz beruvchi davlatdan qarzdor davlatga aylantirib qo‘ygan edi. Buning ustiga iqtisodi tobora kuchsizlanib, moliyasi va savdosi izdan chiqib bormoqda edi. Fransiya katta uchlik ichida eng ko‘p zarar ko‘rgan davlat edi. Chunki urush harakatlari uning hududlarida olib borilgan edi. Ayni paytda u ham qarz beruvchi davlatdan qarzdor davlatga aylanib qoldi. Bu ham yetmaganidek, Sovet hukumati podsho Rossiyasining chet davlatlardan olgan qarzini to‘lashdan bosh tortganligi Fransiya uchun qattiq zarba bo‘ldi. Chunki chor Rossiyasi eng ko‘p qarzni Fransiyadan olgan edi. Shuning uchun ham u barcha yo‘qolgan boyliklari o‘rnini Germaniya hisobidan qoplashni istar edi. Bundan tashqari, Fransiya Germaniyaning nihoyatda kuchsizlantirilishi tarafdori edi. Fransiya nafaqat Germaniya bir vaqtlar undan tortib olgan hududlarini qaytarib olishni, ayni paytda Germaniyaning Saar ko‘mir havzasi va Reyn daryosining so‘l sohilidagi yerlarni ham qo‘shib olishni istar edi. Shuningdek, Fransiya Yevropaning Ruminiya, Chexoslovakiya va Polsha kabi davlatlaridan kelgusida Germaniyaga qarshi o‘ziga xos bir ittifoq tuzish niyatida ham edi. Ayni paytda Fransiya hukmron doiralarining rejasiga ko‘ra, bu davlatlar Sovet Rossiyasiga qarshi kurashda ham asqotishi lozim edi. «Katta uchlik» esa Sovet Rossiyasiga qarshi kurash masalasida yagona fikrda edi. 1919-yilning 28-iyunida Versal saroyida yengilgan Germaniya bilan g‘olib Antanta davlatlari o‘rtasida shartnoma imzolandi. Bu shartnoma tarixga Versal tinchlik shartnomasi nomi bilan kirdi. Versal shartnomasi Germaniya va uning ittifoqchilarini urushning aybdorlari deb e’lon qildi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Fransiya Elzas va Lotaringiyani o‘ziga qaytarib oldi. Germaniyaning Saar viloyati 15 yil muddatga Millatlar Ittifoqi boshqaruviga berildi. 15 yildan so‘ng bu viloyat taqdiri plebitsey yordamida hal etiladigan bo‘ldi. Uning ko‘mir havzasi shaxtalari Fransiyaning mulki bo‘lib qoldi. Reyn daryosining chap sohilini 15 yil muddatga Antanta okkupatsiya qildi. Reyndan sharqqa qarab 50 km hudud to‘la demilitari- Versal tinchlik shartnomasining imzolanishi 10 zatsiyalashtirildi. Germaniya Polsha va Chexoslovakiyaning mustaqilligini tan oldi. Bir paytlar Prussiya bosib olgan hududlar, Sharqiy Pomore Polshaga berildi. Buning natijasida Polsha Boltiq dengiziga chiqish imkoniga ega bo‘ldi. Eypen, Malmedi va Morelle okruglarida plebitsey o‘tkazildi, natijada bu okruglar Belgiyaga o‘tdi. Klaypeda esa Litvaga o‘tkazildi. Shlezvigning shimoliy qismi Daniyaga, Sileziyaning bir qismi Chexoslovakiyaga berildi. Gdansk shahri esa Millatlar Ittifoqi boshqaruvidagi «erkin shahar» deb tan olindi. Shu tariqa Germaniya 1914-yilning 1-avgustiga qadar bo‘lgan o‘z hududining 1/8 qismini yo‘qotdi. Germaniya Avstriyaga bo‘lgan da’volaridan voz kechishga majbur etildi. Avstriyaning mustaqilligi Antanta davlatlari tomonidan kafolatlanadigan bo‘ldi. Bundan tashqari, Germaniya dunyodagi barcha mustamlakalaridan mahrum etildi va ular g‘oliblar o‘rtasida taqsimlandi. Chunonchi, Germaniyaning Afrikadagi mustamlakalari Togo va Kamerun Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaga o‘tdi. Shuningdek, Buyuk Britaniyaga Tanganika (Germaniya Sharqiy Afrikasi); Belgiyaga Ruanda va Urundi; Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqiga — Janubi-g‘arbiy Afrika (Namibiya); Yaponiyaga Tinch okeanidagi Marshall, Marian va Karolina orollari, Xitoyning Szyaochjou viloyati, Shandun yarim oroli berildi. Germaniyaga Antanta davlatlari foydasiga katta miqdorda reparatsiya to‘lovi majburiyati yuklandi. Komissiya reparatsiya miqdorini 1921-yilning 1-mayigacha belgilaydigan, Germaniya esa ungacha Antantaga 20 mlrd markani oltin, mahsulotlar, kemalar va qimmatbaho qog‘ozlar bilan to‘lashi zarur edi. Reparatsiya muammosi 1921-yilning aprel — may oylarida London konferensiyasida hal etildi. Unga ko‘ra, reparatsiya 132 mlrd oltin marka miqdorida belgilanadi. Uning 52 foizi Fransiyaga; 22 foizi Buyuk Britaniyaga; 10 foizi Italiyaga; 8 foizi Belgiyaga; Gretsiya, Ruminiya va Yugoslaviyaga birgalikda 6,5 foizi; 0,75 foizi Yaponiyaga to‘lanishi kerak edi. Bu ochiqcha talonchilik Antanta davlatlarining Versal shartnomasida yozib qo‘ygan quyidagi fikrlari bilan oqlanar edi: «Germaniya va uning ittifoqchilari tajovuzi tufayli ro‘y bergan urushda ittifoqchilar (Antantani nazarda tutishayotir) va ularga qo‘shilgan davlatlar fuqarolariga yetkazilgan talafot va zarar uchun butun mas’uliyatni Germaniya o‘z zimmasiga oladi». Germaniya uchun bunday katta miqdorda reparatsiya to‘lash nihoyatda og‘ir edi. Biroq uning rozi bo‘lishdan boshqa iloji yo‘q edi. Hayot Germaniya oldiga ikki imkoniyatni ko‘ndalang qilib qo‘ydi: yo qo‘yilgan shartga rozi bo‘lib, tinchlikka erishish, yoki yana urushga kirishib butunlay xonavayron bo‘lish. Versal shartnomasi Germaniyada umumiy harbiy majburiyatni taqiqladi. Ayni paytda Germaniya suv osti flotiga, katta harbiy kemalarga, harbiy va dengiz aviatsiyasi va tank qo‘shinlariga ega bo‘lish huquqidan mahrum etildi. 11 Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Germaniyaga 100 ming kishilik qo‘shinga ega bo‘lish (bu qo‘shin faqat ko‘ngillilar asosidagina tashkil etilishi mumkin edi) huquqi berildi. Vudro Vilsonning fikricha, bu qo‘shin Germaniyaga ichki tartibni saqlash va bolshevizm xavfiga qarshi turish uchun zarur edi. Millatlar Ittifoqi (Millatlar Ligasi ham deyishadi) — bu, dunyo davlatlarining xalqaro tashkiloti edi. Tashkilotning asosiy vazifasi — tinchlikni va xalqaro xavfsizlikni ta’minlashdan iborat bo‘lishi kerak edi. Bunday tashkilotni tuzish tashabbusi bilan AQSH Prezidenti V. Vilson chiqdi va bu uning 14 moddali tinchlik dasturida o‘z ifodasini topgan edi. Antantaning yetakchi davlatlari (Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya) bu tashabbusni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1919-yilning 14-fevral kuni dunyoning 44 davlati tashkilotning Nizomi (4 ustavi)ni tasdiqladilar. Tashkilotning oliy organi Assambleya edi. Uning ishida barcha a’zo davlatlar ishtirok etardi. Assambleyalar oralig‘ida Ittifoqning ishiga Ittifoq Kengashi rahbarlik qilardi. Unga katta vakolatlar berishgan edi. Besh davlat (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Italiya va Yaponiya) Kengashning doimiy a’zolari edi. Nizom agressor davlatga nisbatan birgalikda harbiy va iqtisodiy sanksiyalar (choralar) qo‘llashni ham ko‘zda tutardi. Biroq Nizomda qanday davlat agressor davlat deyiladi, degan savolga aniq javob yo‘q. Bu esa har bir davlatga xalqaro nizomlar xarakterini o‘zicha talqin etish imkonini beradi. Millatlar Ittifoqi o‘zi faoliyat ko‘rsatgan 1946-yilgacha amalda biror marta ham jazo choralarini qo‘llay olmadi. Bunga Ittifoqning amalda Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya siyosatining quroliga aylanib qolganligi sabab bo‘ldi. (AQSH kongressi Versal shartnomasini tasdiqlamaganligi uchun Ittifoq a’zoligidan chiqqan edi.) Nizomda uning a’zolari zimmasiga «barcha a’zolarning hududiy yaxlitligini hurmat qilish va asrash» vazifasi ham yuklatilgan edi. Biroq amaldagi Ittifoqning hech bir a’zosi bu vazifani bajarishga astoydil intilgan emas. Millatlar Ittifoqining Nizomida «Mandat tizimi» deb atalgan xalqaro huquqning yangi bir normasi belgilab qo‘yildi. Unga ko‘ra, Millatlar Ittifoqi mustamlaka bo‘lib kelgan yoki bo‘lib qolayotgan hududni boshqarish huquqini u yoki bu davlatga topshirishi mumkin edi. Bunday huquqni olgan davlat o‘sha mustamlakani mustaqillikka tayyorlashi lozim edi. Aslida bu ayyorona tizim mustamlakalarni bo‘lib olish siyosatini niqoblovchi mash’um vosita vazifasini o‘tadi. Fransiyada, Germaniyadan tashqari, urushda mag‘lub bo‘lgan boshqa davlatlar bilan ham alohida-alohida shartnomalar imzolandi. Chunonchi, Avstriya bilan bunday shartnoma 1919-yilning 10-sentabr kuni Parij yaqinidagi Sen-Jermen saroyida imzolandi. Shartnoma sobiq Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi tugatilganligini e’lon qildi. Tinchlik shartnomalari Millatlar Ittifoqining tuzilishi 12 Avstriya hududi esa sezilarli darajada o‘zgartirildi. Xususan, Janubiy Tirolning bir qismi Italiya ixtiyoriga o‘tkazildi. Chexiya va Moraviya yangi tuzilgan Chexoslovakiya davlatiga qo‘shildi. Bukovina esa Ruminiyaga nasib etdi. Avstriya qo‘shinlarining soni 30 ming kishidan oshmasligi belgilab qo‘yildi. Floti esa Antanta ixtiyoriga o‘tkaziladigan bo‘ldi. Bundan tashqari Avstriyaning Germaniya bilan qo‘shilishi batamom taqiqlab qo‘yildi. 1919-yilning 27-oktabrida Parijga yaqin Neyi shahrida Bolgariya bilan shartnoma imzolandi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Bolgariya hududining katta qismi Yugoslaviya, Gretsiya va Ruminiyaga o‘tdi. Ayni paytda unga 2,5 mlrd oltin frank kontributsiya to‘lash majburiyati yuklandi. Bolgariya qurolli kuchlarining soni 20000 kishidan oshmasligi belgilandi. 1920-yilning 4-iyulida Versal saroyining Trianon zalida Vengriya bilan shartnoma imzolandi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Vengriya o‘z hududining ancha qismidan mahrum etildi. Chunonchi, Xorvatiya, Bachka va Banatning g‘arbiy qismi Yugoslaviyaga o‘tdi. Ruminiyaga Transilvaniya va Banatning sharqiy qismi berildi. Chexoslovakiya ham esdan chiqarilmadi. Unga Slovakiya va Karpatorti Ukrainasi nasib etdi. Vengriyaga berilgan og‘ir zarbadan biri — bu uning dengizga chiqish imkoniyatidan mahrum etilganligi bo‘ldi. Vengriya 30 ming kishidan ortiq qurolli kuchga ega bo‘la olmas edi. Antanta davlatlari 1920-yilning 10-avgustida Fransiyaning Sevr shaharchasida Turkiya bilan shartnoma imzolashdi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Turkiyaga 1914-yilning 1-avgustigacha qaram bo‘lgan hududlar to‘rtdan uch qismga kamaydi. Turkiya hududi Kichik Osiyo va Istambul shahrini o‘z ichiga olgan Yevropadagi ozgina joy bilan cheklab qo‘yildi. Istambul shahri poytaxt sifatida qoldirildi. Biroq g‘olib davlatlar, agar Turkiya Sevr shartnomasi talablarini bajarishdan bosh torta boshlasa, bu qarorni qayta ko‘rib chiqish huquqiga ega edilar. Qora dengiz bo‘g‘ozlarining barcha davlatlar savdo va harbiy kemalari uchun ochiq ekanligi belgilab qo‘yildi. Turkiyani bo‘g‘ozlardan o‘z harbiy kuchlarini olib chiqib ketishga majbur etishdi. Aslida bu shartlar bo‘g‘ozlar ustidan Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya va Italiya nazorati o‘rnatilishiga imkon berdi. Turkiya o‘z flotini Antanta ixtiyoriga topshirishi zarur edi. Bu ham yetmaganidek, Sevr shartnomasi g‘olib davlatlarga Turkiyaning moliyasi va butun iqtisodiyoti ustidan nazorat o‘rnatish huquqini berdi. Turkiya armiyasining soni 50 ming kishidan oshmasligi belgilandi. Sevr shartnomasi Turkiyaga Antanta davlatlarining yarim mustamlaka tartibini o‘rnatdi. Birinchi jahon urushi tugagandan keyin Yevropada xalqaro kuchlarning yangi nisbati belgilangan Versal tizimi shu tariqa shakllandi. Bu tizim Yevropa siyosiy xaritasini qayta qurish va dunyoni qayta bo‘lib olishni huquqiy jihatdan rasmiylashtirishning o‘ziga xos shakli edi. 13 AQSH Kongressining yuqori palatasi (Senat) Versal shartnomasida AQSHning manfaatlari hisobga olinmagan, degan vaj bilan bu shartnomani ratifikatsiya qilmadi. Jahon urushidan qudratli bo‘lib chiqqan AQSH Osiyo — Tinch okean mintaqasida yangi tartiblar o‘rnatilishidan eng ko‘p darajada manfaatdor davlat edi. Tabiiyki, o‘rnatiladigan bu yangi tartiblar AQSHning manfaatlariga to‘la mos kelishi shart edi. Chunki yer kurrasining bu mintaqasidagi davlatlararo munosabatlar Buyuk Britaniya va Yaponiya o‘rtasida 1902-yilda imzolangan shartnomaga asoslanib kelmoqda edi. Birinchi jahon urushi yillarida qudratli harbiy-dengiz floti yarata olgan va flotning katta qismini Tinch okeanga joylashtirgan AQSHni bu holat mutlaqo qoniqtirmas edi. Endi, AQSH bu qudratli floti yordamida ushbu mintaqaning yetakchi davlati bo‘lib olishni astoydil xohlar edi. Buyuk Britaniya–Yaponiya mavqeyiga shu yo‘l bilangina putur yetkazishi va ularning ittifoqini yo‘qqa chiqarishi mumkin edi. Shu niyatni ro‘yobga chiqarish maqsadida AQSH yangi konferensiya chaqirilishiga erishdi. Bu konferensiya Vashington shahrida 1921-yilning 12-noyabridan 1922- yilning 6-fevraligacha ish olib bordi. Konferensiya ishida Tinch okean havzasida shakllantiriladigan yangi tartiblar bevosita o‘z manfaatlariga daxldor bo‘lgan 9 davlat (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Yaponiya, Fransiya, Italiya, Belgiya, Gollandiya, Portugaliya va Xitoy) vakillari qatnashdi. Sovet Rossiyasi bu konferensiyaga ham taklif etilmadi. Vashington konferensiyasida 3 ta muhim shartnoma imzolandi. Ularning birinchisi 1921-yil 13-dekabrda imzolangan «To‘rtlar shartnomasi» (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya va Yaponiya) edi. Bu shartnoma Tinch okeandagi qaram orollar va mulklar xavfsizligining kafolati hamda bu joylarga nisbatan manfaatlarni birgalikda himoya qilish masalasiga oid edi. 1922-yilning 6- fevralida «Beshlar shartnomasi» (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Yaponiya, Fransiya va Italiya) deb nomlangan shartnoma imzolangan. Bu shartnoma xalqaro munosabatlar tarixida qurollanishni cheklovchi birinchi shartnoma edi. Shartnoma bo‘yicha AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya harbiy-dengiz flotining umumiy suv sig‘imi 525 ming, Yaponiya flotiniki 315 ming, Fransiya va Italiya flotlariniki (har biriniki) 175 ming tonnadan oshmasligi kerak edi. Bundan tashqari, tomonlar suv sig‘imi 35000 tonnadan ortiq bo‘lgan kema qurmaslik yoki sotib olmaslik majburiyatini oldilar. Shunday qilib, AQSH o‘zining dengizdagi asosiy raqibi Buyuk Britaniyaning dunyoning eng qudratli harbiy-dengiz floti miqdoriga ega bo‘lish maqsadini yo‘qqa chiqarishga erisha oldi. Ayni paytda, bu shartnoma suv osti floti xususida hech qanday cheklashni belgilamadi. Bu shartnoma matnida Yaponiya AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya- Vashington konferensiyasi 14 ning Yaponiya sohillariga 5 ming km dan yaqin masofada harbiy dengiz qarorgohi qurmaslik majburiyatini qayd eta oldi. 6-fevral kuni uchinchi shartnoma — «To‘qqizlar shartnomasi» — imzolandi. Bu shartnoma Xitoyga oid edi. Ma’lumki, Xitoy ham Versal shartnomasini imzolamagan. Buning sababi — Germaniyaning Xitoydagi mustamlakalari Xitoyga qaytarib berilmay, Yaponiyaga berib yuborilganligi edi. Germaniya mustamlakalarining Yaponiyaga o‘tishi va uning yanada qudratli davlatga aylanishi AQSHni xavotirga solmay qolmadi. Shuning uchun Vashington konferensiyasida AQSH bu mustamlakalar Xitoyga qaytarib berilishiga erishdi. Bundan tashqari, «To‘qqizlar shartnomasi» Xitoy suvereniteti va hududiy yaxlitligi tan olinishini e’lon qildi hamda bu 9 davlat Xitoyni ta’sir doiralariga bo‘lib olishga intilmaslik majburiyatini oldilar. Ayni paytda shartnomada Xitoy bilan munosabat o‘rnatishda ochiq eshiklar va teng imkoniyatlar tamoyili barcha davlatlar uchun barobar ekanligi ta’kidlandi. Chunki bu tamoyillar AQSH uchun ham Xitoy eshiklarini ochar va kelgusida u yerda o‘z raqiblarini siqib chiqarish imkoniyatini tug‘dirar edi. Vashington konferensiyasi qarorlari Versal shartnomasiga qo‘shimcha sifatida Osiyo — Tinch okean mintaqasidagi kuchlarning yangi nisbati uchun asos bo‘ldi va Versal — Vashington tizimini nihoyasiga yetkazdi. Versal — Vashington tizimi urushdan keyingi keskinlikni yumshatishga ma’lum darajada xizmat qildi. Uning bu xizmati xalqlarning o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilashi huquqining hamda urushga nizoli masalalarni hal etish vositasi sifatida qaramaslik tamoyillarining tan olinishida o‘z ifodasini topdi. Bundan tashqari, Millatlar Ittifoqining tuzilishi hamda qator Yevropa davlatlari mustaqilligining tan olinishi katta ahamiyatga molik tarixiy voqealar edi. Biroq Versal — Vashington tizimi mustahkam tinchlikning qaror topishiga asos bo‘la olmadi. Xo‘sh, nega? Birinchidan, Antanta davlatlari urushdan keyingi qayta qurishlarning barcha og‘irliklarini yengilgan davlatlar hisobidan hal etishga urindilar. Ular yengilgan davlatlar xalqlarining urush chiqarishda aybdor bo‘lgan hukmron sulolalari va hukumatlarini ag‘darib tashlaganliklarini inobatga olmadilar. Bular, o‘z navbatida, yengilgan davlatlar fuqarolari ongida milliy xo‘rlanish tuyg‘usini qo‘zg‘atdi. Bu esa shovinizm va milliy mustaqillik g‘oyalarining keng ildiz otishiga yo‘l ochdi. Ikkinchidan, xalqlarning o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilashi qoidasidan kelib chiqib, milliy davlatlar tuzishda tuzatib bo‘lmas suiiste’molliklarga yo‘l qo‘yildi. Yangi davlatlar chegaralari shunday belgilandiki, natijada 19 mln ga yaqin kishi o‘zi mansub bo‘lgan millat nomi bilan atalgan davlat fuqarosi bo‘la olmay qoldi. Ular boshqa davlatlarda «milliy kam sonli xalqlar» atamasi ostida yashay boshladilar. Binobarin, bu 19 mln ga yaqin kishining mavjud ahvoldan noroziligi tinchlikka tahdid solmay qolmas edi. Versal — Vashington tizimining mustahkam emasligi 15 Uchinchidan, yangi tashkil etilgan davlatlar chegarasi shunday belgilandiki, ular bir-biriga chegara da’vosi bilan istalgan paytda chiqishi mumkin edi. Bu omil ham tinchlikni xavf ostida qoldirardi. To‘rtinchidan, Versal — Vashington tizimi shartnomalarining amalda bajarilishini ta’minlovchi kuchli mexanizm (vositalar) vujudga keltirilmagan edi. Tuzilgan yangi xalqaro tashkilot — Millatlar Ittifoqiga bunday vakolat berilmagan edi. Antanta davlatlari ham bunda qodir emas edilar. Chunki kecha ittifoqchi bo‘lgan bu davlatlar o‘rtasida urushdan keyin vujudga kelgan ziddiyatlar amalda ittifoqchilik majburiyatlarini yo‘qqa chiqargan edi. Beshinchidan, sobiq Germaniya va Turkiya imperiyalari xalqlariga mustaqillik amalda mandat tizimining vasiylik tamoyili bilan niqoblandi, xolos. Yirik mustamlakachi asosiy davlatlar Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya «buyuk vasiy»lar ham bo‘lib oldilar. Mustamlaka xalqlar milliy-ozodlik kurashini davom ettirdilar. Oltinchidan, Versal — Vashington tizimi Sovet Rossiyasining ishtirokisiz yaratildi. Antanta sovet davlatiga dushman Germaniya bilan separat sulh tuzgan sotqin deb, bolshevizmga esa dushmanlik ko‘zi bilan qaradi. Versal — Vashington tizimiga kiruvchi birorta ham shartnomani imzolamagan Sovet davlati bu tizimga nisbatan muxolifat bo‘lib qoldi. Ma’lumki, 20-yillar tarixga «patsifizm erasi» nomi bilan kirdi. Bu hodisa xalqaro munosabatlarda ham o‘z aksini topdi. Shuning uchun ham katta kamchilik va adolatsizliklarga qaramay, Versal — Vashington tizimi o‘zida patsifizm ruhini aks ettirgan edi va bu tizim 20-yillarda xalqaro munosabatlarda vaqtinchalik bo‘lsa-da, nisbatan barqarorlikni ta’minlay oldi. Biroq Versal — Vashington tizimi g‘olib davlatlar o‘rtasidagi hamda g‘oliblar va yengilgan davlatlar o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatlarni bartaraf etmadi. Aksincha, bu ziddiyatlar tez orada o‘zini to‘la namoyon eta boshladi. AQSH 20-yillarning oxiriga kelib barcha buyuk G‘arb va Sharq davlatlari — Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiya birgalikda ishlab chiqargan sanoat mahsulotlaridan ko‘p mahsulot ishlab chiqara boshladi. Chetga sarmoya joylashtirish miqdori bo‘yicha Buyuk Britaniyaga yetib oldi. AQSHning maqsadi xalqaro maydonda Buyuk Britaniya gegemonligiga chek qo‘yish, Germaniyaning Fransiya tomonidan asoratga solinishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik, uni Yevropada Fransiyaga bas keluvchi raqibga aylantirish edi. O‘z navbatida, yengilgan davlatlar va urush natijasida kam o‘lja tekkan mamlakatlar o‘ch olish ishtiyoqida yonmoqda edi. Biroq 20-yillarda ham Yevropada patsifistik kayfiyat va urushga qarshi harakat hali kuchli edi. Buyuk davlatlar hukmron doiralari istaydilarmi, yo‘qmi, bu omil bilan hisoblashishga majbur edilar. 20-yillarda xalqaro munosabatlarning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari 16 Fransiya Yevropada yagona qudratli davlat bo‘lish uchun kurashardi. Shuning uchun ham u eng ko‘p sonli armiya tuzdi. Biroq uning qudrati bundan keyin qanday bo‘lishi Germaniyaning unga to‘lashi lozim bo‘lgan reparatsiyaga ham bog‘liq edi. Xuddi shu muammo uni xavotirga solar edi. Binobarin, Fransiyaning Yevropa qit’asida yetakchi davlat bo‘lish orzusi mustahkam iqtisodiy tayanchga ega emas edi. Tabiiyki, bunday sharoitda Fransiya xalqaro munosabatlarda qudratli siyosiy omil vazifasini bajara olmas edi. Germaniyadan reparatsiya olish masalasini Fransiyaning yakka o‘zi hal eta olmaganligi buning tasdig‘idir. Shuning uchun ham bu muammoni hal etish tashabbusi AQSH qo‘liga o‘tgan edi. Reparatsiya va Yevropa davlatlarining AQSHga qarzini to‘lashi masalasi bilan shug‘ullanuvchi maxsus Xalqaro qo‘mitaning bu masala borasida 1924-yilda Amerika bankiri Daues rejasini qabul qilganligi shu bilan izohlandi. Daues rejasiga ko‘ra, Germaniya dastlab yiliga 1 mlrd markadan reparatsiya to‘lashi, keyinchalik esa bu raqam 3 mlrd markaga chiqarilishi lozim edi. 1929-yilda bo‘lib o‘tgan Gaaga xalqaro konferensiyasi bu masalada Amerika vakili Yung rejasini qabul qildi. Unga ko‘ra, Germaniya to‘laydigan har yilgi reparatsiya miqdori 2 mlrd marka hajmida chegaralanib qo‘yildi. Reparatsiyaning umumiy miqdori esa kamaytirildi. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi boshlangach esa, 1931-yildan Fransiyaning raqiblari taklifi bilan Germaniyaning reparatsiya to‘lash majburiyati to‘xtatib qo‘yildi. Germaniya to‘laydigan reparatsiya miqdorining kamaytirilishi Fransiyani tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Buning ustiga AQSH Germaniya qudratini tiklash yo‘lida unga katta yordam ko‘rsatmoqda edi. Shuning uchun ham 1927-yilning aprel oyida Fransiya tashqi ishlar vaziri A. Brian AQSHga urushdan milliy siyosat quroli sifatida voz kechish haqida shartnoma imzolash haqidagi taklif bilan murojaat qildi. Patsifistik kayfiyat hukmron bo‘lgan bir sharoitda AQSH va boshqa davlatlar bu taklifni qabul qilmay ilojlari yo‘q edi. Natijada, 1928-yil davlat vakillari Brian – Kellog (AQSH davlat kotibi) pakti deb atalgan paktni imzoladi. Biroq muhim xalqaro ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan bu hujjat bajarilmadi. Sovet davlati buyuk davlatlar o‘rtasidagi va ular bilan boshqa davlatlar o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatlardan ustalik bilan foydalana oldi. G‘arb davlatlari Sovet davlatini yakkalab qo‘yishga intilsalar-da, u 1922-yilning aprel oyida Genuyaga yaqin joy — Rapalloda Germaniya bilan shartnoma imzolashga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, tomonlar bir-biriga nisbatan barcha da’volardan, jumladan, qarz va tovonlardan ham voz kechdilar. 1924-yil Sovet davlatini Yevropaning barcha mamlakatlari tan oldilar. Sovet davlati G‘arb davlatlari Davlatlararo munosabatlarning yanada keskinlashuvi Reparatsiya muammosi 17 bilan tinch-totuv yashash masalasiga sinfiy kurashning xalqaro maydondagi shakli sifatida qarar edi. Shuning uchun ham bu munosabat doimiy emas, G‘arb davlatlari ertami-kechmi harbiy intervensiya uyushtirishi mumkin, deb hisoblardi. G‘arb esa, o‘z navbatida Rossiya va Komintern tomonidan inqilobning eksport qilinishi mumkinligidan cho‘chir edi. Shuning uchun ham ularning o‘zaro munosabatlarida hadiksirash mavjud edi. 1925-yilda Lokarno konferensiyasida imzolangan «Reyn kafolat pakti»ga Sovet davlati keskin norozilik bildirdi. Chunki, bu paktga ko‘ra, buyuk davlatlar Belgiya va Gollandiya chegaralari daxlsizligini kafolatlaganlari holda, bunday kafolat Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari uchun joriy etilmadi. Sovet davlati esa, o‘z chegaralari xavfsizligini ta’minlash maqsadida, Germaniya, Turkiya, Litva va Afg‘oniston bilan betaraflik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladi. 30-yillarda xalqaro munosabatlarning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlaridan biri Versal — Vashington tizimining barbod bo‘lishi hamda G‘arb va Sharqda urush o‘choqlarining vujudga kelishi, dunyoning yangi urush sari qadam bosishidan iborat. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi yillarida (1929—1933) Versal — Vashington tizimining barbod bo‘lish jarayoni yanada tezlashdi. Yevropada kuchlar nisbatida keskin o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi, davlatlar o‘rtasida raqobat yanada kuchaydi. Bu raqobat, ayniqsa, qurollanish poygasida yaqqol namoyon bo‘ldi. AQSHning qo‘llab-quvvatlashi bilan Germaniya xavfsizlik tizimi doirasida tenglik huquqini qo‘lga kiritdi. Bu tenglik huquqi amalda Germaniyaning harbiy qudratini tiklash huquqini tan olish bilan barobar edi. Versal tinchlik shartnomasining shu tarzda taftish qilinishi sobiq g‘oliblar va mag‘lublar ahvolini o‘zgartirib yubordi. Ayniqsa, Fransiyaning ahvoli yomonlashdi. 30-yillarning boshidayoq Germaniya tomonidan uning xavfsizligiga tahdid solinayotganligi sezila boshladi. Shunday sharoitda 1932-yilda Fransiya Sovet davlati bilan o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladi. Uzoq Sharqda ham vaziyat keskinlashdi. Xitoy Buyuk Britaniya, AQSH va Yaponiya munosabatlari keskinlashgan maydonga aylanib qoldi. Yaponiya «Buyuk Osiyo» imperiyasini yaratish ishtiyoqi bilan yonmoqda va shu niyatda u 1931-yilda Xitoyga hujum qildi va Manjuriyani bosib oldi. Shu tariqa yangi jahon urushining birinchi o‘chog‘i vujudga keldi. Germaniyada fashizm doiralari qalbini birinchi jahon urushi natijalari bo‘yicha o‘ch olish orzusi egallab olgan edi. Ayni paytda ular dunyoga hukmron bo‘lish da’vosi bilan chiqdilar. Versal shartnomasi amalda inkor etildi. 1935-yilda umumiy harbiy majburiyat joriy etildi va Saar viloyati qo‘shib olindi. 1936-yilning mart oyida Germaniya qo‘shinlari demilitarizatsiyalashtirilgan zonani egalladi va qurollanish poygasini avj oldirdi. Shu tariqa yangi jahon urushining ikkinchi o‘chog‘i vujudga keldi. 30-yillarda xalqaro munosabatlarning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari 2 — Jahon tarixi 18 Bu davrda fashistik Italiya ham qo‘l qovushtirib o‘tirmadi. 1935-yilning oktabr oyida uning qo‘shinlari Efiopiyaga bostirib kirdi. 1936-yil bahoriga kelib bu davlat Italiya mustamlakasiga aylandi. Bu urush Yevropa fashist davlatlarining ochiqdan-ochiq qurolli agressiyaga o‘tishi edi. 1936-yil iyun oyida Germaniya va Italiya fashistlari Ispaniya fashizmiga qurolli yordam ko‘rsatdilar. Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya esa Ispaniya ishlariga aralashmaslik siyosatini e’lon qildi. Bu bilan ular amalda Ispaniya Respublikasining ag‘darilishiga ko‘maklashdilar. 1939-yilda Ispaniyada general Frankoning fashistik tartibi o‘rnatildi. Ayni paytda yangi jahon urushi tashabbuskori bo‘lgan davlatlar ittifoqi qaror topdi. Xususan, 1936-yil noyabrida Germaniya va Yaponiya «Antikomintern pakti» deb atalgan paktni imzoladilar. 1937-yilda bu paktga Italiya ham qo‘shildi. Shu tariqa Berlin — Rim — Tokio uchburchagi — dunyoni kuch ishlatish yo‘li bilan qayta bo‘lishga intilayotgan 3 davlat agressiv ittifoqi vujudga keldi. Bundan ruhlangan Yaponiya Xitoyda yanada yirik bosqinchilik harakatlarini boshladi. Germaniya esa Avstriyani bosib oldi. 30-yillarda xalqaro munosabatlarga xos yana bir xususiyat shu ediki, jahon jamoatchiligining katta qismi urushni xohlamas, urushga faqat ba’zi davlatlargina intilmoqda edi. Xo‘sh, shunday bo‘lsa, nega ikkinchi jahon urushining oldini olib bo‘lmadi? Birinchidan, G‘arb davlatlari jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining oqibatlarini bartaraf etish bilan band bo‘lib qoldilar. Natijada, bu omil G‘arbning urush xavfiga jamoa bo‘lib kurashish qobiliyatini pasaytirib yubordi. Ikkinchidan, jamoaviy xavfsizlik tizimi kuch ishlatishni inkor etmas edi. Binobarin, tinchlikni saqlab qolish jasoratni, har qanday qurbonlarga tayyor turishni, irodani talab etardi. Biroq yaqindagina tugagan birinchi jahon urushining qonli oqibatlari kishilarni dahshatga solib qo‘ygan edi. Shuning uchun ham jamoatchilik fikri bunday yangi qurbonlar berishga tayyor emas edi. Bu holat, o‘z navbatida, yangi urushning oldini olishga qodir davlatlar (Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya) siyosatida passivlik, ehtiyotkorlik va noizchillikni yuzaga keltirdi. AQSHda esa aralashmaslik kayfiyati kuchli edi. Shuning uchun ham urush xavfi kundan-kunga kuchayib borayotgan bir sharoitda AQSH hukmron doiralari o‘z qobiqlariga o‘ralib olishni lozim topdilar. Bu esa yangi urush olovini yoqishga intilayotganlarga juda qo‘l keldi. Uchinchidan, G‘arb Gitlerning hokimiyat tepasiga kelganligi qanday oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkinligiga o‘z vaqtida to‘g‘ri baho bera olmadi. Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya «tinchlantirish» siyosatini yuritdi. To‘rtinchidan, bir tomondan, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya o‘z xavfsizliklarini Germaniya agressiyasini Sharqqa, Moskvaga qarshi burib yuborish yo‘li bilan saqlab qolishga intilgan bo‘lsalar, Sovet davlati, o‘z navbatida, Nega yangi jahon urushining oldini olish mumkin bo‘lmadi? 19 xavfsizligini har qanday vositalar bilan bo‘lsa-da, saqlab qolishga intildi. Binobarin, yangi jahon urushining oldi olinmay qolishida ularning mas’uliyati bab-baravar edi. 1934-yilda Fransiya va Sovet davlati jamoaviy xavfsizlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma loyihasini ishlab chiqqanlarida Buyuk Britaniya uni qabul qilmaganligiga ajablanmasa ham bo‘ladi. Ikki tomonlama yoki uch tomonlama shartnomalar imzolash yo‘li bilan ham jamoaviy xavfsizlik tizimini vujudga keltirish mumkin edi. Shu maqsadda Fransiya va Sovet davlati 1935-yilda o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladilar. Bunday shartnoma ikkala davlat tomonidan Chexoslovakiya bilan ham imzolandi. Bu orada Gitlerning ishtahasi kun sayin o‘sib bordi. 1938-yilda u Chexoslovakiyaning Sudet viloyatini talab qildi. Bu masala 1938-yilning 29-sentabrida Myunxenda Yevropa buyuk davlatlari rahbarlari o‘rtasida muhokama etilib, Sudetni Germaniyaga berishga qaror qilindi. Gitler 1939-yilning 15-martida Chexoslovakiyani to‘la bosib oldi. 1939- yilning 21-martida Polshadan Gdansk shahrini talab qildi. 22-martda Litvaga qarashli Klaypedani egalladi. Aprel oyida Italiya armiyasi Albaniyaga bostirib kirdi. Shu tariqa, tinchlantirish siyosati butunlay halokatga uchradi. Fashist davlatlarining bejazo g‘olibona harakatlari jamoatchilikda bundan buyon agressiyaga yon bosish mumkin emasligi fikrini keltirib chiqardi. Sovet rahbariyati Germaniya va Yaponiya solayotgan xavfdan cho‘chiy boshladi. 1939-yilning mart oyida Buyuk Britaniya Sovet davlatiga Fransiya va Polsha bilan o‘zaro hamkorlik haqida deklaratsiya imzolashni taklif etdi. I. Stalin esa o‘zaro aniq majburiyatlar qayd etilgan uch tomonlama shartnoma imzolashni va Germaniyaning bo‘lajak agressiyasini qaytarish uchun Polsha va Ruminiya hududiga Sovet armiyasini kiritish huquqi berilishi shartini qo‘ydi. Polsha va Ruminiya hukmron doiralari bu shartni sovetlarning Sharqiy Yevropada o‘z nazoratini o‘rnatishga intilishi, deb qabul qilmadilar. Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Polsha va Ruminiyani Sovetlar taklifiga ko‘ndirish choralarini izlamadilar. Natijada Moskva Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Sovet davlati bilan muzokaralarni Gitlerga tazyiq o‘tkazish uchungina olib bormoqda, aslida ularning maqsadi sovetlarga qarshi Gitler bilan kelishish, deb hisobladi. Shunday qilib, uch buyuk davlat — Sovet davlati, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya — bir-biriga ishonmas edi. Shuning uchun ham 1939-yilning 12- avgustida Moskvada boshlangan ingliz-sovet-fransuz muzokaralari natijasiz tugadi. Gitlerning asosiy maqsadi Sovet davlati, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya o‘rtasida shartnoma tuzilishini barbod etish, Polshaga hujum qilish oldidan sovetlarning betaraf qolishiga erishish edi. Natijada 1939-yil 23-avgustda 20 Sovet davlati bilan Germaniya o‘rtasida o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Shartnoma 10 yil muddatga tuzildi. Unda tomonlarning biri boshqa davlat bilan urushga tortilganda, ikkinchi tomon betaraf qolishi yozib qo‘yilgan va, ayni paytda, shartnomaga yashirin ahdnomalar ham ilova qilingan edi. Bu yashirin ahdnomalarda Sharqiy Yevropani Sovet davlati va Germaniyaning ta’sir doiralariga bo‘lib olish nazarda tutilgan edi. Gitler Finlyandiya, Latviya, Estoniya va Bessarabiyani Moskvaning ta’sir doirasida deb, o‘z navbatida, I. Stalin Litvani Germaniya ta’sir doirasida deb tan oldilar. Shuningdek, yashirin ahdnomada kelgusida Polshani ham bo‘lib olish ko‘zda tutilgan edi. Polshaga hujum qilish haqida uzil-kesil bir qarorga kelgan Germaniya esa 1939-yil 1-sentabr tongida polyak yerlariga bostirib keldi. 3-sentabr kuni Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qildilar. Shu tariqa Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlanib ketdi. Xulosa qilib aytish mumkinki, ikki jahon urushi oralig‘idagi xalqaro munosabatlarda kuchli davlatlar dunyoga o‘z hukmini o‘tkazdilar. Urushga qarshi kuchlarning zaifligi natijasida fashizmning oldini olish mumkin bo‘lmadi. Vaholanki, bir qator davlatlar o‘z manfaatlari yo‘lida ular bilan til biriktirdilar. Ma’naviyat qashshoqligi va nafs balosi navbatdagi urushni keltirib chiqardi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Versal — Vashington tizimi iborasining mazmunini izohlab bering. 2. Parij konferensiyasining 18-yanvar kuni ochilishida qanday ramziy ma’no bor edi? 3. «Katta uchlik» davlatlari o‘rtasida vujudga kelgan ziddiyatlarning mohiyatini nima tashkil etadi? 4. Germaniya bilan imzolangan Versal tinchlik shartnomasining mazmunini so‘zlab bering. 5. Reparatsiya muammosi qay tariqa hal etildi? 6. Millatlar Ittifoqi nima va u qay maqsadda tashkil etilgan edi? 7. Sen Jermen, Neyi va Trianon shartnomalari mazmuni haqida so‘zlab bering. 8. Sevr shartnomasi Turkiya davlatini qay ahvolga solib qo‘ydi? 9. Nega Vashington konferensiyasi chaqirildi? 10. Vashingtonda imzolangan «To‘rtlar» shartnomasi, «Beshlar» va «To‘qqizlar» mazmuni haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 11. 20-yillardagi xalqaro munosabatlar xususiyatlarini qayd eting. 12. Nima uchun Versal — Vashington tizimi g‘olib davlatlar o‘rtasidagi hamda g‘oliblar bilan mag‘lublar o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatlarni hal eta olmagan? 13. Nima uchun AQSH Germaniyaning iqtisodiy qudratini tiklashga urinib kelgan edi? 14. «Brian — Kellog pakti» haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 15. Genuya xalqaro konferensiyasi qanday maqsadda chaqirilgan edi? 16. Lokarno konferensiyasidan ko‘zlangan maqsad qanday edi? 17. 30-yillarda xalqaro munosabatlarning o‘ziga xos xususiyati haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? ? 21 18.Qanday omillar Versal — Vashington tizimini barbod eta boshladi? 19. 30-yillarda Yevropada qanday o‘zgarishlar ro‘y berdi? 20. Yaponiyaning Uzoq Sharqdagi agressiv harakatlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 21. Gitlerni tinchlantirish siyosatining mohiyati nimadan iborat edi? 22. Nega Ikkinchi jahon urushining oldini olib bo‘lmadi? 23. Sovet-german shartnomasining mazmuni haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. DARSLIK MATNI BILAN ISHLASH 1 2 3 Versal — Vashington tizimi iborasining mazmuni Versal tinchlik shartnomasining Germaniya uchun oqibatlari Reparatsiya muammosi qay tarzda hal etildi? 4 5 6 Millatlar Ittifoqi qanday tashkilot va nima maqsadda tuzildi? Birinchi jahon urushining Avstriya uchun oqibatlari Birinchi jahon urushining Bolgariya va Vengriya uchun oqibatlari 7 8 9 Sevr shartnomasining Тurkiya uchun oqibatlari Nega Vashington konferensiyasi chaqirildi? «Тo‘rtlar shartnomasi»ning mazmuni 10 11 12 «Beshlar shartnomasi»ning mazmuni «Тo‘qqizlar shartnomasi»ning mazmuni Daues va Yung rejalari mazmuni 13 14 15 Rim—Berlin — Тokio uchburchagi Germaniya — Sovet shartnomasi mazmuni Nega urush boshlandi? QO‘SHIMCHA MATERIAL Vudro Vilsonning tinchlik dasturi: — Tinchlik shartnomalarining yashirin bo‘lmasligi. — Ham tinchlik, ham urush davrida dengiz savdosining erkin bo‘lishi. — Xalqaro savdodagi barcha to‘siqlarni yo‘q qilish. — Davlatlarning qurolli kuchlarini davlat xavfsizligini ta’minlashga imkon beruvchi darajagacha qisqartirish. — Mustamlakalar bilan bog‘liq barcha muammolarni va nizolarni erkin, samimiylik va xolislik ruhida hal etish. — Germaniya bosib olgan barcha hududlarning ozod etilishi. — Belgiyaning ozod etilishi va mustaqilligining tiklanishi. — Elzas va Lotaringiyaning Fransiyaga qaytarilishi. Fransiyaning bosib olingan boshqa hududlarining ozod etilishi. — Italiya chegarasining aniq ajralib turuvchi milliy chegaralar asosida o‘zgartirilishi. — Avstriya-Vengriya tarkibiga kiruvchi xalqlarga muxtoriyat berilishi. — Germaniyaning o‘z qo‘shinlarini Ruminiya, Serbiya va Chernogoriyadan olib chiqib ketishi hamda Serbiyaning dengizga erkin chiqa olishini ta’minlash. — Turkiya hududidagi xalqlarga muxtoriyat berilishi. — Dardanell bo‘g‘ozining hamma davlatlar kemalari uchun ochiqligi. — Dengizga chiqa oladigan mustaqil Polsha davlatining tiklanishi. Polyaklar yashaydigan hududlarning Polshaga berilishi. Millatlar Ittifoqining tuzilishi. Uning ham katta, ham kichik davlatlarning siyosiy mustaqilligini va hududiy yaxlitligini kafolatlash maqomiga ega bo‘lishi. 22 3-§. Sovet davlati Bolsheviklar o‘zlari qurmoqchi bo‘lgan yangi jamiyatni kommunistik jamiyat deb ataganlar. Ularning fikricha: bu jamiyat o‘z taraqqiyotida ikki bosqichni bosib o‘tishi kerak edi. Birinchi bosqichni sotsializm, ikkinchi bosqichni esa kommunizm deb ataganlar. Sotsializm — kommunistik jamiyatning quyi bosqichi, kommunizm esa yuqori bosqichi edi. U sotsializmning yuksak tarixiy taraqqiyoti natijasida vujudga kelar edi. 1917-yilning 14-noyabrida Sovet hukumati xususiy zavod va fabrikalarda ishchi nazoratini o‘rnatish to‘g‘risida qaror chiqardi. Noyabr oxirida yirik sanoatni milliylashtirish (davlat ixtiyoriga olish) boshlandi. 14-dekabrda esa xususiy banklarni, temiryo‘l transportini milliylashtirish, tashqi savdoga davlat monopoliyasini o‘rnatish, ichki va tashqi qarzlarni bekor qilish haqida dekret qabul qilindi. Shu tariqa 1918- yil bahoriga kelib yirik xususiy sanoatning talaygina qismi: ko‘mir, metallurgiya, neft, kimyo, mashinasozlik, to‘qimachilik va qand sanoati, transport, savdo floti va tashqi savdo ham milliylashtirildi va Sovet davlati xalq xo‘jaligining yetakchi tarmoqlarini o‘z qo‘liga oldi. Bu tadbirlar shunday shiddatkorlik va murosasizlik, terror yo‘li bilan amalga oshirildiki, bolsheviklar rahbari V. I. Lenin bu hodisani «kapitalga qizil gvardiyachasiga hujum qilish», deb mag‘rurona baholagan edi. Mulkdorlar jon saqlash uchun chet ellarga qochib ketdilar. Xalq xo‘jaligi davlat sektorini boshqarish maqsadida 1917-yilning 1- dekabrida Xalq xo‘jaligi Oliy Kengashi tuzildi. Bu Kengashga juda katta vakolatlar berildi. Jumladan, u istagan korxonani musodara qila olar, egallab olar, shuningdek, yopib qo‘yar edi. 1918-yilning bahoridan boshlab «Yer to‘g‘risida»gi dekretni amalga oshirish boshlandi. Barcha yer davlat mulki deb e’lon qilindi. Pomeshchik yer egaligi tugatildi. Yerni dehqonlarga taqsimlab berish boshlandi. Yerga ishlov berishda yollanma mehnatdan foydalanish taqiqlandi. Yerni taqsimlab berish jarayonida Sovet hokimiyati faqat kambag‘al dehqonlar manfaatini ko‘zlab ish tutdi. Bu esa o‘rtahol (o‘ziga to‘q) va boy dehqonlar (quloqlar — yerga ishlov berishda yollanma mehnatdan foydalanuvchilar)ning keskin noroziligiga sabab bo‘ldi. Bolsheviklar quloqlarni qishloq burjuaziyasi, deb ham atashardi. Tovar g‘allaning asosiy qismi quloq xo‘jaliklarida yetishtirilardi. Sovet hukumati siyosatidan norozi bo‘lgan quloqlar o‘z g‘allalarini davlat belgilagan narxda davlatga sotishdan bosh tortdilar. Natijada, mamlakatda oziq-ovqat tanqisligi ro‘y berdi. Barcha markaziy sanoat gubernalarida ochlik boshlandi. Petrograd va Moskvada ishchilarga 50 grammdan non beriladigan bo‘ldi. Bolsheviklar qanday jamiyat qurmoqchi bo‘lgan edilar? 23 Shunday sharoitda Sovet hukumati g‘alla yetishtiruvchi asosiy tabaqa — quloqlar bilan sog‘lom aql nuqtayi nazaridan til topishish o‘rniga zo‘ravonlik siyosatini qo‘llashga o‘tdi. 1918-yilning mayidan boshlab mamlakatda oziqovqat diktaturasi o‘rnatildi. Oziq-ovqat komissarligiga (vazirligiga) favqulodda vakolatlar berildi. Mamlakatda don bilan erkin savdo qilish taqiqlandi. Donga qat’iy baho belgilandi. Dehqonlar o‘zlariga iste’mol va urug‘ uchun belgilangan normada g‘alla qoldira olar, qolganini esa davlatga topshirishga majbur edilar. G‘allani yashirganlar «xalq dushmani» deb e’lon qilinardi va ularni 10 yillik ozodlikdan mahrum etish hamda mol-mulkini musodara qilish jazosi kutardi. 1918-yilning o‘zidayoq quloqlardan 13 mln pud don va 50 mln gektar yer tortib olinadi. Davlat, ayni paytda, dehqonlarga bo‘lib berilganidan ortib qolgan yerda sovet xo‘jaligi (sovxoz), ya’ni sovet davlatining qishloq xo‘jalik korxonasini tuza boshladi. Sovxozlarda ishlovchilar qishloq xo‘jaligi ishchilari hisoblanardi. 1918-yilning oxiriga kelganda sovxozlar soni 3 mingdan ortiq bo‘lib, ularning yer maydoni 2 mln desyatinaga yaqin edi. Sovxozlardan tashqari, dastlabki jamoa xo‘jaligi — yerni birgalashib ishlovchi shirkatlar ham tuzila boshlandi. Bu shirkatlarga asosan hech narsasi yo‘q dehqonlar va batraklar birlashgan edilar. Sovet davlati o‘zining 74 yillik umrining eng gullab-yashnagan davrida ham aholisini chet eldan g‘alla sotib olib ta’minlashga majbur bo‘lgan edi. Buning ildizi 1918-yilga borib taqaladi. Chunki xuddi shu yildan boshlab g‘alla yetishtiruvchi asosiy qatlam — boy dehqonlar yo‘qotila boshlangan edi. Bu boy dehqonlar, aslida, bugungi rivojlangan davlatlardagi ishbilarmon, tadbirkor fermerlar kabi edi. Umumiy ko‘lamdagi fuqarolar urushi 1918-yilning yozidan boshlandi va 1920-yilning oxirigacha davom etdi. Ayni shu yillar davomida Antanta davlatlari bosqinchilik yurishlari ham uyushtirdi. Shuning uchun 1918-yilning yozidan 1920-yilning oxirigacha bo‘lgan davr Sovet davlati tarixiga fuqarolar urushi va chet el intervensiyasi davri sifatida kirdi. Xo‘sh, fuqarolar urushi va chet el intervensiyasining sabablari nima edi? 1918-yilning yanvar oyida Ruminiya Sovet hukumatining og‘ir ahvolidan foydalanib, Bessarabiyani bosib oldi. Mart-aprel oylarida Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya va AQSH Murmansk va Arxangelskka, Yaponiya, AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya Uzoq Sharqqa qo‘shin tashladi. Turkiya esa Armanistonni va Ozarbayjonning katta qismini bosib oldi. Buyuk Britaniya qo‘shinlari esa Turkmanistonning bir qismini egalladi. Antanta rahbarlari birinchi jahon urushi yillarida Avstriya — Vengriyaning asir olingan Rossiyadagi chex va slovak millatiga mansub askarlaridan foydalanishga ham qaror qildilar. Antanta Muvaqqat hukumat bilan kelishgan holda ulardan alohida chexoslovak korpusi deb atalgan korpus tuzdi va qurollantirildi. 45 ming kishilik bu korpus Antanta qo‘mondonligiga bo‘ysunar edi. Fuqarolar urushi va chet el intervensiyasi 24 Biroq sovet hukumati urushdan chiqqach, bu harbiy korpusning urush harakatlarida qatnashishiga yo‘l qo‘ymadi va bu korpusni mamlakat hududidan chiqarib yuborishni istadi hamda uning Vladivostok orqali Fransiyaga jo‘nab ketishiga ruxsat berdi. Korpusning eshelonlari Volgadan to butun Transsibir temir yo‘l magistrali bo‘ylab cho‘zilib ketgan edi. 1918- yilning may oyi oxirida korpus Sovet hokimiyatiga qarshi isyon ko‘tardi. Aslida bu sovet davlatiga qarshi Antanta uyushtirgan ochiq harbiy hujum edi. Ularga Sovet hokimiyatining barcha ichki dushmanlari qo‘shildi. Isyonchilar qisqa vaqt ichida Volgabo‘yi, Ural, Sibir va Uzoq Sharqni egalladilar va u yerlarda Sovet hokimiyatini ag‘darib tashladilar. Shu tariqa Sovet Rossiyasi tarixida fuqarolar urushi va chet el intervensiyasi davri boshlandi. Bolsheviklar armiyasi qizil armiya deb, ularning ichki dushmanlari armiyasi esa oq gvardiyachilar, deb atala boshlandi. 1918-yilning yozi oxiriga kelganda Sovet hokimiyati ahvoli nihoyatda og‘irlashdi. Ana shunday sharoitda Sovet hokimiyati o‘zini saqlab qolish uchun qator qat’iy va favqulodda choralar ko‘rdi. Qizil armiyada mustahkam tartib o‘rnatdi. 1918-yil oxiriga kelib qizil armiya soni 1 mln kishiga yetkazildi. Sobiq podsho Rossiyasining 75000 general va zobitini o‘z tomoniga tortishga erishdi. Ularsiz zamonaviy muntazam armiyani tuzib bo‘lmas edi. Armiyadan qochganlar uchun eng og‘ir jazo belgilandi. Bundan tashqari, Sovet hukumati Sovet davlatini «yagona harbiy lager» deb e’lon qildi. 1918-yilning sentabr oyida V. I. Leninga uyushtirilgan suiqasddan so‘ng mamlakatda qizil terror tartibi joriy etildi. 80 mingdan ortiq kishi konsentratsion lagerlarga tashlandi. Ayni paytda Sovet hokimiyati 1919-yildan boshlab mamlakatda «harbiy kommunizm» siyosatini joriy etdi. Uning mazmunini oziq-ovqat razvyorstkasi deb atalgan tartib joriy etilganligi tashkil etdi. Oziq-ovqat razvyorstkasi — bu dehqonlarning o‘zlaridan ortiqcha qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlarining hammasini davlatga majburiy tartibda topshirishidir. Davlatga g‘alla och qolayotgan shahar aholisini (Sovet hokimiyatining asosiy tayanchi bo‘lgan ishchilarni) va qizil armiyani non bilan ta’minlash uchun zarur edi. Bundan tashqari, «harbiy kommunizm» — bu xususiy savdoning batamom taqiqlanishi, pulning bekor qilinishi, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini tenglik tamoyili asosida taqsimlash, faqat yirik va o‘rta sanoatgina emas, hatto mayda sanoatni ham milliylashtirish, boshqaruvning o‘ta markazlashtirilishi ham edi. Xo‘sh, nega bu siyosat «harbiy kommunizm» siyosati deb atalgan? Bu iboradagi «harbiy» so‘zi — bu siyosatning fuqarolar urushi va harbiy intervensiya davrida qo‘llanilganligini anglatadi. «Kommunizm» so‘zi esa 1919—1921-yillarda Sovet Rossiyasida marksizm- leninizm ta’limoti tasavvuridagi kommunizmga xos quyidagi 25 xususiyatlar amal qilganligini anglatadi: savdoning tugatilganligi; pulning bekor qilinganligi, binobarin, mehnat uchun pul to‘lanmasligi; aholiga iste’mol mollarini taqsimlab berishning amal qilishi; barcha xizmat turlarining tekinligi. To‘rtlar ittifoqining yengilishi Antantaga Sovet Rossiyasi hududiga kiritilgan qo‘shinlarining sonini ko‘paytirishga imkon berdi. Chunonchi, 1919-yilning fevral oyida Antantaning Rossiya janubiy hududiga tashlangan qo‘shinining soni 130 ming, Uzoq Sharq va Sibirdagi qo‘shini esa 20 ming kishiga yetkazildi. Ayni paytda, Antanta oq gvardiyachilarni qo‘llabquvvatlay boshladi. 1918-yilning 18-noyabrida Sibirda hokimiyat oq gvardiyachi admiral A. V. Kolchak qo‘liga o‘tdi. U o‘zini Rossiyaning Oliy hukmdori deb e’lon qildi. 1919-yilning yanvarida Shimolda general Ye. K. Miller, shimoli-g‘arbda general N. N. Yudenich, janubida A. I. Denikin diktaturasi o‘rnatildi. Biroq Antanta o‘z niyatiga erisha olmadi. Uning qo‘shinlari mahalliy aholi, qizil armiya qismlarining qattiq qarshiligiga duch keldi. Bundan tashqari, ularga bolsheviklarning tinimsiz tashviqotlari ham qattiq ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Natijada ular Sovet hokimiyatiga qarshi kurashdan bosh torta boshladilar. Ish hatto ularning o‘z hukumatlari intervensiya siyosatiga qarshi isyon ko‘tarishlarigacha borib yetdi. Isyonning eng yirigi Odessa va Sevastopol shaharlari portlarida turgan fransuz harbiy kemalarida yuz berdi. Jangchilarning to‘la bolsheviklashuvidan xavfsirab qolgan Antanta Oliy kengashi 1919-yilning aprelidan boshlab o‘z qo‘shinlarini Sovet Rossiyasi hududidan olib chiqib ketdi. Endi ularning asosiy umidi oq gvardiyachilar edi. Antanta davlatlari ularga har tomonlama yordam ko‘rsatdilar. 1919-yilning mart oyida A. V. Kolchak qo‘mondonligidagi yaxshi qurollangan 300 ming kishilik armiya hujumga o‘tdi. S. S. Kamenev va M. V. Frunze qo‘mondonligidagi sovet armiyasi 1920-yil boshida A.V. Kolchak armiyasini tor-mor etdi. Uning o‘zi asir olindi va otib tashlandi. 1919-yilning yozida Janubiy frontda hal qiluvchi janglar boshlandi. 3-iyul kuni general A. I. Denikin armiyasi hujum boshladi. Biroq u ham maqsadiga erisha olmadi. A. I. Yegorov qo‘mondonligidagi Janubiy front qo‘shinlari oktabr oyida A. I. Denikin armiyasining asosiy qismini tor-mor etdi. Uning qolgan qismiga qo‘mondonlik qilish 1920-yilning aprel oyida general P. N. Vrangel qo‘liga o‘tdi va ular Qrimda mustahkamlanib oldilar. 1920-yilning iyun oyida P.N. Vrangel armiyasi hujumga o‘tdi. Biroq M. V. Frunze qo‘mondonligidagi Janubiy front qo‘shinlari uning hujumini to‘xtatdi. 28-oktabrda esa qarshi hujumga o‘tib, Qrimni to‘la egalladi. Oq gvardiyachilarning qolgan-qutganlari va ularga tarafdor fuqaro qochoqlar kemalarda chet ellarga jo‘nab ketdilar. Frontlardagi o‘zgarishlar 26 Shunday qilib, sovet Rossiyasining Yevropa qismida oq gvardiyachilar to‘la tor-mor etildi. Fransiyaning mablag‘iga qurollantirilgan Polsha armiyasi 1920-yilning 25-aprelida Sovet Ukrainasiga hujum qildi va 6-mayda Kiyev shahrini bosib oldi. Polsha hukmron doiralarining maqsadi Boltiq dengizidan Qora dengizgacha cho‘ziladigan Buyuk Polsha davlatini vujudga keltirish edi. Biroq bu maqsad amalga oshgani yo‘q. 1920-yil 14-may kuni M. N. Tuxachevskiy qo‘mondonligidagi G‘arbiy front va A. I. Yegorov qo‘mondonligidagi Janubi-G‘arbiy front qo‘shinlari qarshi hujumga o‘tdilar. Iyul oyida Polsha armiyasi mamlakat hududidan surib chiqarildi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Sovet davlati rahbariyati urush harakatlarini to‘xtatmadi. Hukumat Qizil Armiya oldiga hujumni davom ettirish, Polsha poytaxtini egallash va Polshada sovet hokimiyatini e’lon qilish uchun barcha zarur harbiy-siyosiy sharoit yaratish vazifasini qo‘ydi. Hujum davom etayotgan bir sharoitda hatto F. E. Dzerjinskiy (Butunrossiya favqulodda komissiyasi raisi) boshchiligida bo‘lajak Sovet Polshasi hukumati tuzildi. Biroq barcha zarur ta’minotdan ajralib qolgan sovet davlatining G‘arbiy front qo‘shinlari Varshava shahri ostonalarida mag‘lubiyatga uchradi va, shu tariqa, Polshani sovetlashtirish siyosati barbod bo‘ldi. 1920-yilning oktabr oyida Polsha— Rossiya yarash bitimi, 1921-yilning mart oyida esa tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, Ukraina va Belorussiyaning g‘arbiy qismlari Polshaga o‘tdi. Polshani «sovetlashtirish» siyosati barbod bo‘lgan bo‘lsa-da, Sovet hukumati bu siyosatni boshqa chekka o‘lkalardagi xalqlarning milliy-ozodlik harakatini qonga botirish orqali amalga oshirdi. Chunonchi, 1920-yilning aprel oyida Ozarbayjonda, noyabr oyida esa Armanistonda, 1920-yilning fevral-mart oylarida Gruziyada shunday qilindi. O‘rta Osiyoni sovetlashtirish maqsadida Turkiston ASSR tuzildi. Buxoro amirligi va Xiva xonligi o‘rnida 1920-yilning fevralida Xorazm, oktabr oyida esa Buxoro Xalq Respublikalari tuzilganligi e’lon qilindi. A. B. Kolchak armiyasi tor-mor etilgach, Qizil Armiya 1920-yilning bahorida Uzoq Sharq tomon yurish boshladi. Uzoq Sharqni bu davrda Yaponiya egallab olgan edi. 1922-yilda Qizil Armiya Vladivostok shahrini egalladi va Uzoq Sharq oq gvardiyachilar hamda interventlardan to‘la tozalandi. Shu tariqa fuqarolar urushi va chet el intervensiyasi bolsheviklar g‘alabasi bilan tugadi. Bolsheviklar g‘alabasining asosiy sababi — ularning mamlakat aholisi asosiy qismi bo‘lgan mayda va o‘rtahol dehqonlar tomonidan qo‘llabquvvatlanishiga erishganliklari edi. Ayni paytda milliy chekka o‘lkalarda ham ularni qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi kuchlar bo‘lgan edi. Sovet—Polsha urushi. Chet el intervensiyasi va fuqarolar urushining tugashi 27 Oq gvardiyachi hukumatlar esa Rossiya hududining bo‘linmasligi va davlatning yagonaligini e’lon qilganlar. Bu esa, tabiiyki, ularning milliy chekka o‘lkalarda qo‘llab-quvvatlanmasligiga sabab bo‘lgan. 1919-yildan Sovet hokimiyati o‘rtahol dehqonlarga nisbatan siyosatni o‘zgartirdi. Agar avvalgi yillarda u o‘rtahol dehqonlarni betaraf qoldirish siyosatini yuritgan bo‘lsa, endi uni o‘z tomoniga og‘dirish siyosatini yurita boshladi. Ayni paytda Sovet davlati Antanta davlatlari o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatlardan ustalik bilan foydalana oldi. Chunonchi, o‘ziga qo‘shni davlatlar — Finlandiya, Estoniya, Latviya va Litva bilan tinchlik shartnomalari, Shvetsiya va Daniya bilan o‘zaro manfaatli savdo shartnomalari imzolay oldi. Bolsheviklar ilgari surgan kommunistik mafkura Turkiston xalqlari uchun mutlaq yot tushuncha edi. Shuning uchun ham mahalliy aholi bu mafkurani avval boshdanoq o‘ziga singdira olmadi. Ikkinchidan, Sovet hukumati o‘rnatilgan dastlabki kundanoq unga mahalliy aholi vakillari jalb etilmadi. Bu bilan bobolarimiz milliy g‘ururi va haq-huquqi inkor qilindi. Shu tariqa, Turkistonda o‘rnatilgan sovet tuzumi podsho Rossiyasi mustamlakachiligining yangi shakli ekanligi dastlabki kunlardanoq oshkor bo‘lib qolgan edi. Uchinchidan, Sovet hokimiyati mahalliy xalqning asrlar davomida shakllangan urf-odatlari, milliy qadriyatlarini toptagan, oyoqosti qilgan edi. Shuning uchun ham millatparvar, erksevar kuchlar 1917-yilda Turkiston Muxtoriyatini tuzdi. Biroq u Sovet hokimiyati tomonidan qonga botirilganligi sizga avvalgi darslardan ma’lum. Turkiston Muxtoriyatining tugatilishi bilan farg‘onaliklar Turkistonda birinchi bo‘lib bolsheviklar hokimiyatiga qarshi qurolli kurashga otlandilar. Turkistonda milliy-ozodlik harakati 1918-yilning fevral oyida boshlandi. Katta Ergash, Kichik Ergash, Madaminbek, Shermuhammadbek, Islom pahlavon va Yormat Maxsum kabilar bu harakat yo‘lboshchilari bo‘ldilar. Sovet hokimiyati Turkiston xalqlari milliy-ozodlik harakatini bosmachilik harakati, deb tahqirladi. «Bosmachi» deyilganda xalq o‘rtasida harbiy sohaga aloqasi bo‘lmagan jinoyatchi unsurlar, o‘g‘rilar va bezorilar to‘dasi tushunilgan. Xo‘sh, Turkistondagi milliy-ozodlik harakatining harakatlantiruvchi kuchlari ana shunday jinoyatchi to‘dalar edimi? Aslo unday emas. Ular Turkistonni bosqinchi bolsheviklar armiyasidan tozalash, Sovet hokimiyatini tugatish, milliy mustaqil davlatga ega bo‘lish uchun kurashganlar. Bu kurash 1935- yilgacha davom etdi. Biroq bu harakat Sovet hokimiyati tomonidan shafqatsizlarcha bostirildi. Fuqarolar urushi va chet el intervensiyasi natijasida Sovet Rossiyasi katta talafot ko‘rdi. Chunonchi, xalq xo‘jaligiga yetkazilgan zarar 50 mlrd oltin so‘mni tashkil etdi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishi 1920-yilda 1913- Yangi iqtisodiy siyosat Turkiston xalqlari milliy-ozodlik harakatining tor-mor etilishi 28 yilga nisbatan 7 baravar, qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish esa 3 foizga kamaydi. Urush maydonlarida, shuningdek, ochlik va kasallik, oq va qizil terror natijasida 8 mln kishi halok bo‘ldi. 2 mln kishi siyosiy boshpana izlab mamlakatdan chiqib ketdi. Ularning 75 mingdan ortig‘i ilg‘or va talantli ziyolilar edi. Ishchilarning soni 2 baravar kamaydi. Ularning ma’lum qismi sinfiy qiyofasini yo‘qotdi. Ishsizlik kuchaydi, bu hol ularda afsuslanish, loqaydlik, tushkunlik kayfiyatini kuchaytirdi. Ayni paytda, ishchilar orasida sovet hokimiyati siyosatidan norozilik ham kuchayib bordi. Ishchilar madadidan ayrilish sovet hokimiyati uchun hayot-mamot masalasi edi. 1920-yilning oxiriga kelganda dehqonlar oziq-ovqat razvyorstkasi siyosatiga ochiqdanochiq qarshi chiqa boshladi. Bu tahdid sovet hokimiyati uchun qanday oqibatga olib kelishi mumkinligini 3,5 millionli Qizil Armiyaning 77 foizini dehqonlar tashkil etganligidan bilsa ham bo‘lar edi. Ahvol shaharlarda ish tashlashga, qishloqlarda esa dehqonlarning isyoni kuchayishigacha borib yetdi. Norozilik armiyaga ham kirib bordi. Chunonchi, 1921-yilning fevral oyida Kronshtadt harbiy-dengiz qal’asida isyon ko‘tarildi. Sovet hukumati isyonni kuch bilan bostirdi. Sovet hukumati «harbiy kommunizm» siyosatini bekor qilishga, 1921-yil bahorida uning o‘rniga yangi iqtisodiy siyosat (nep)ni joriy etish yo‘lini tutishga majbur bo‘ldi. Yangi iqtisodiy siyosatning asosiy yo‘nalishlarini mashhur iqtisodchi M. A. Lorin ishlab chiqqan. Xo‘sh, yangi iqtisodiy siyosat «harbiy kommunizm» siyosatidan qanday asosiy xususiyatlari bilan farq qiladi? 1. Razvyorstka o‘rniga oziq-ovqat solig‘i joriy etildi. Bu soliq, birinchidan, razvyorstkadan 2 baravar kam edi. Ikkinchidan, u oldin e’lon qilib qo‘yildi. Ayni paytda, uning miqdori qat’iy va o‘zgarmas edi. Bu hol, o‘z navbatida, dehqonga soliq uchun to‘langan miqdordan ortib qolgan donni o‘ziga olishga imkon berardi. Endi, dehqon uni bozor narxida erkin sotish imkoniga ega bo‘ldi. Yakka hol dehqonlar qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotining 98,5 foizini ishlab chiqaradigan bo‘ldi. 2. Sovet hokimiyatining dastlabki yillarida milliylashtirilgan mayda va o‘rta korxonalar egalariga qaytarib berildi. Xususiy shaxslarga bunday korxonalarni ochishga ruxsat etildi. Bundan tashqari, ishlab chiqarish vositalari ijarasi joriy etildi. 3. Chet el kapitali kirib kelishiga ruxsat etildi. Ular Sovet davlati korxonalarini ijaraga ola boshladilar. Ayni paytda qo‘shma korxonalar qurishga ruxsat etildi. 20-yillarning o‘rtalariga kelganda, kapitalistik sektor sanoat mahsulotining 27 foizini ishlab chiqara boshladi. Chakana savdoning 75 foizi, ulgurji savdoning esa 18 foizi xususiy soha qo‘lida to‘plandi. 4. Korxonalarning xo‘jalik hisobi asosida ishlashi joriy etildi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, korxonalarning asta-sekin o‘z xarajatlarini o‘zi qoplash, o‘zini o‘zi pul bilan ta’minlash imkonini berar edi. 29 5. Mehnatga qarab ish haqi to‘lash qayta tiklandi. Yangi iqtisodiy siyosat tez orada o‘z samarasini ko‘rsata boshladi. Chunonchi, 1922-yilda mahsulotlarni taqsimot asosida berish bekor qilindi. 1925-yilga kelib don yetishtirish 1909—1913-yillar oralig‘idagi yillik ko‘rsatkich darajasidan oshdi. Chorvachilik mahsulotlari yetishtirish bo‘yicha 1926-yilda 1913-yilgi ko‘rsatkichga erishildi. Sanoat mahsulotlarining asosiy turlarini ishlab chiqarishda 1913-yil ko‘rsatkichiga 1926—1927-yillarda erishildi. Iste’mol buyumlari ishlab chiqarish esa 1913-yildagi ko‘rsatkichning 72 foizini tashkil etdi. Bolsheviklar partiyasi har bir millatga o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilash huquqini berish haqidagi va’dasidan tez orada voz kechdi. Sovet davlati (RSFSR) rahbarlari sobiq Rossiya imperiyasi hududini mumkin qadar yana avvalgi chegaralarda saqlab qolishga urindilar. Xo‘sh, nega shunday bo‘ldi? Bolsheviklar fikricha, birinchidan, yagona imperiya saqlanmasa, Rossiya jahon inqilobi tayanchi va harakatlantiruvchi kuchi bo‘lishdek strategik vazifaning uddasidan chiqa olmas edi. Ikkinchidan, dunyoda faqatgina mehnatkashlar davlati bo‘lgan bolsheviklar davlati, ularning o‘z so‘zlari bilan aytganda, kapitalistik qurshov siquviga bardosh bera olmaydi. Bolsheviklar o‘zlarining bu maqsadlari yo‘lida hech narsadan qaytmadilar. 1922-yilning 30-dekabrida to‘rtta respublika yagona davlat — SSSRga — Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqiga birlashdilar. Bular: RSFSR, Ukraina, Belorussiya va Zakavkaze Sovet Federativ Sotsialistik Respublikasi Ozarbayjon, Armaniston va Gruziyani birlashtirgan edi. Ularning vakolatli vakillari syezdi (SSSR sovetlarining I syezdi) 1922-yilning 30- dekabrida SSSR tuzilganligi haqida Deklaratsiya va Shartnoma qabul qildi. 1924-yilda esa bu yangi davlatning Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Sobiq SSSRdan tashqari boshqa davlatlar tarixshunosligida bu davlat Qizil imperiya deb ataladi. Sovet davlati qon to‘kish hisobiga vujudga kelganligi uchun ular o‘z bayroqlarini qizil rangda tanlagan edilar. Qon rangi bolsheviklar tuzgan imperiyaga nisbatan ham ishlatilgan. Bu imperiya 1940-yilgacha boshqa millatlar haq-huquqlarini poymol qilish hisobiga kengaya bordi. Ular Turkistonni 5 ta «davlat»ga bo‘lib yubordilar. Bu yerda O‘zbekiston, Tojikiston, Turkmaniston, Qirg‘iziston va Qozog‘istonni tuzdilar. 1925—1936-yillar oralig‘ida ular birin-ketin «ixtiyoriy ravishda» qizil imperiya tarkibiga kiritildi. Bu imperiya 15 ta «mustaqil», «tenglar ichida teng» respublikalardan iborat edi. Aslida esa ular Rossiya tarkibidagi mustamlakalar edi. Bolsheviklar (kommunistlar) Qizil imperiya hududida yashayotgan millatlar o‘zligini unutishlari uchun barcha yovuz ishlarni amalga oshirishdi. Biroq bu imperiya tarkibiga kiruvchi hech bir millat, shu jumladan o‘zbek millati bolsheviklar o‘ylab topgan yangi birlik — sovet xalqi bo‘lib shakllanmadi. SSSRning tashkil etilishi 30 Qishloq xo‘jaligini kollektivlashtirish Sovet hukumati 20-yillarda sotsializm qurish deb nomlangan rejani amalga oshirishga kirishdi. Sobiq Sovet davri tarix kitoblarida bu reja «sotsializm qurishning lenincha plani» deb ataladi va uch qismdan, ya’ni mamlakatni industrlashtirish, qishloq xo‘jaligini kollektivlashtirish va madaniy inqilobni amalga oshirishdan iborat edi. Bolsheviklar (kommunistlar) partiyasining 1925-yilda bo‘lib o‘tgan XIV syezdi industrlashtirish yo‘lini e’lon qildi. Industrlashtirish, yirik mashinalashgan ishlab chiqarishni yaratish jarayoni degani edi. Bu jarayon, eng avvalo, og‘ir sanoatni (energetika, metallurgiya, mashinasozlik, neft kimyosi va boshqalar) rivojlantirishni ko‘zda tutardi. Chunki, davlat rahbarlari fikricha, bu sohalarni rivojlantirmay turib «kapitalistik qurshov»ga qarshi turib bo‘lmas edi. Bu maqsadga erishish yo‘lida yangi iqtisodiy siyosatdan ham voz kechildi. Xo‘jalikni boshqarish o‘ta markazlashtirildi. Xalq xo‘jaligi «besh yillik planlar» deb atalgan direktiv rejalar asosida faoliyat ko‘rsatadigan bo‘ldi. Hukumat o‘z maqsadini ro‘yobga chiqarishni qattiq repressiya siyosati bilan qo‘shib olib bordi. Mamlakatda amalda qullik mehnati joriy etildi. Bu tadbirlar o‘z samarasini bermay qolmadi. 1929—1937-yillar oralig‘ida jami 6 mingga yaqin yirik sanoat korxonasi (yiliga 600—700) qurildi. 1937-yilga kelib Sovet davlati sanoat mahsuloti ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha dunyoda AQSH dan so‘ng ikkinchi o‘ringa chiqib oldi. Chetdan 100 turdan ortiq mahsulot sotib olinmaydigan bo‘ldi va texnikiqtisodiy jihatdan boshqa davlatlarga qaramlikdan qutuldi. Biroq shuni ham ta’kidlash adolatli bo‘ladiki, Sovet davlati sanoat mahsuloti ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha dunyoda 2-o‘ringa chiqqan bo‘lsa-da, aholi jon boshiga mahsulot ishlab chiqarishda boshqa buyuk davlatlardan ancha orqada qolgan edi. Qizil imperiya o‘zining butun umri davomida ana shu qoloqlikni bartaraf eta olmadi. Bolsheviklar partiyasining XV syezdi 1927-yilda qishloq xo‘jaligini to‘la kollektivlashtirish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. Qishloq 30-yillarning oxirigacha to‘la kollektivlashtirildi. Ular o‘zlarining bu siyosatini qishloqni sotsialistik asosda qayta qurish, deb atadilar. Xo‘sh, kollektivlashtirish nima edi? Kollektivlashtirish natijasida qishloqda yakka tartibda faoliyat yurituvchi o‘rtahol dehqon xo‘jaliklarini tugatib, ularning o‘rnida qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlarini kollektiv (jamoa) mehnat asosida yetishtiruvchi xo‘jalik (kolxoz deb atalgan) vujudga keltirildi. Jamoa xo‘jaligining yeri davlatniki edi. Davlat yerni kollektiv xo‘jaliklarga tekinga ijaraga berdi. Jamoa xo‘jaligi xo‘jalik hisobi asosida faoliyat yuritdi. Davlat yeridan foydalanganligi uchun hamda topgan daromadlari yuzasidan davlatga soliq to‘lagan. Aholi biror-bir tabaqasining xususiy mulk shaklida yeri bo‘lmagan. Industrlashtirish 31 Kolxoz o‘ziga berilgan yerda davlat rejasiga ko‘ra mahsulot yetishtirgan. Mahsulot davlat tomonidan qat’iy belgilangan narxda sotib olingan. Soliq to‘lovidan hamda mahsulot yetishtirish uchun yil davomida qilgan xarajatlaridan ortgan mablag‘ kolxozning mulki bo‘lgan. Kolxoz o‘z ixtiyori bilan mahsulot yetishtira olmagan. O‘z ixtiyori bilan mahsulot sota olmagan. Shuning uchun ham sobiq qizil imperiya o‘z aholisini sifatli, zarur qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari bilan to‘la ta’minlay olmadi va chetdan sotib olishga majbur bo‘ldi. Kollektivlashtirish shafqatsiz jazo qo‘llash yo‘li bilan olib borildi. Mulkdorlar o‘z mulklarini kolxozga topshirishni istamaganliklari uchun ular qatag‘on qilindi. Mol-mulklari esa tortib olindi. Qishloq aholisi o‘z chorva mollarini kolxozga topshirmaslik uchun ko‘plab miqdorda so‘yib yubordi. Bu esa chorvachilikka o‘nglab bo‘lmas darajada ziyon yetkazdi. Dehqonlar majburan kolxozlarga birlashtirila boshlandi. Bunga qarshi dehqonlarning 1930-yilda 1600 marta qurolli chiqishlari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Kollektivlashtirish jarayonida jami 9 mln kishi quloq qilindi. Xususan, O‘zbekistonda quloq qilinganlarning katta qismi Ukrainaning Xerson viloyatiga surgun qilindi. U yerda ular paxta yetishtirishga majbur etildi. Qolgan dehqonlar jon saqlash maqsadida kolxozlarga kirishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Majburiy kollektivlashtirish oqibatida qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari yetishtirish keskin ravishda kamayib ketdi. Natijada 1932—1933-yillarda ocharchilik bo‘ldi va 5 mln dan ortiq kishi ochlikdan qirilib ketdi. Kollektivlashtirish natijasida dehqonlar soni uchdan bir qismga kamaydi, jami g‘alla yetishtirish amalda ko‘paymagan bo‘lsa-da, davlatga g‘alla sotish 1937-yilga kelib 1928-yilga nisbatan 3 baravar ko‘paydi. Bunga qishloq aholisini xonavayron qilish hisobiga erishildi. O‘zbekistonda paxta yetishtirishni ko‘paytirish hisobiga Sovet davlatining paxta mustaqilligi ta’minlandi. Madaniy inqilobning asosiy vazifasi eski tuzumdan meros qolgan madaniy qoloqlikni tugatish, sotsialistik ziyolilarni shakllantirish, madaniyatni partiya siyosatiga bo‘ysundirish va jamiyatda yagona mafkura — kommunistik mafkura hukmronligini qaror toptirishdan iborat bo‘ldi. Bolsheviklar yangi sotsialistik madaniyat asosini marksistik mafkura tashkil etadi, deb hisoblardilar. Binobarin, sotsialistik madaniyat proletariatning (ishchilarning) sinfiy kurashi vazifalariga xizmat qilishi zarur edi. Bolsheviklarning madaniyat sohasidagi siyosatiga ziyolilar qarshi turdilar. Ular aholining 2,2 foizini tashkil etardi. 1917-yilda ziyolilarning 10 foizdan kamrog‘i bolsheviklar partiyasi, bir qismi kadetlar va liberal sotsialistlar partiyalari safida bo‘lsa, asosiy qismi esa betaraf pozitsiyada turdi. Sovet davlati o‘zining jazo organi BFK — (Butunrossiya favqulodda komissiyasi) 1922-yildan DSB (Davlat siyosiy boshqarmasi), 1923-yildan BDSB Madaniy inqilob 32 (Birlashgan Davlat siyosiy boshqarmasi) yordamida ziyolilarni ta’qib etish siyosatini yuritdi. NEPga o‘tish ziyolilarning bir qismi sovetlar tarafiga o‘tishiga sabab bo‘ldi. Ziyolilarning bir guruhi Rossiyaning iqtisodiy va madaniy jihatdan qayta uyg‘onishi uchun Sovet hokimiyati bilan hamkorlik qilishni afzal deb bilganlar. Ayni paytda, marksistik mafkuraga tarafdor bo‘lmagan ziyolilar egallab turgan vazifalaridan ozod etilgan. 1922-yilda alohida senzura organi — Glavlit tashkil etildi. Uning ruxsatisiz gazeta, jurnal chiqarish va kitoblar chop etish mumkin emas edi. Bolsheviklar partiyasi hokimiyat tepasida mustahkamlanib olgach, sotsialistik ziyolilarni shakllantirish siyosatini yurita boshladi. Bu ziyolilar yangi tuzumga sadoqat bilan xizmat qilishga da’vat etildi. 1927-yilga kelib mamlakatda 148 ta institut va universitet ishlay boshladi (1917-yilda ularning soni 95 ta bo‘lgan). Mafkura kadrlarini tayyorlash uchun 1918-yilda kommunistik universitet; 1921-yilda esa K. Marks va F. Engels instituti, Qizil professorlar instituti, Sharq mehnatkashlarining kommunistik universiteti; 1923-yilda V. I. Lenin instituti ochildi. Madaniy inqilob siyosatida umumta’lim maktablarini qayta qurish masalasi alohida e’tiborda turdi. O‘quv dasturlari va darsliklari, o‘tmish va hozirgi tarix sinfiylik va partiyaviylik nuqtayi nazaridan qayta ko‘rib chiqildi. Madaniy inqilob natijasida, bolsheviklar so‘zi bilan aytganda, «shaklan milliy, mazmunan sotsialistik» adabiyot shakllantirildi. Ijodkorlar «sotsialistik realizm» ruhida asar bitishlari zarur edi. Bunday asarlar o‘zining inqilobiy ruhi, asar qahramoni mafkurasini tubdan o‘zgartirib borish hamda mehnatkashlarni sotsialistik ruhda tarbiyalashga xizmat qilish kabi xususiyatlari bilan ajralib turishi lozim edi. Milliy adabiyotlarda proletar internatsionalizmi g‘oyalari ustun turishi zarur edi. Milliy o‘ziga xoslikni saqlashga uringan ijodkorlar qatag‘on qilindilar. Chunonchi, O‘zbekistonda Abdulla Qodiriy, Usmon Nosir, Abdulhamid Cho‘lpon, Munavvarqori Abdurashidxonov va boshqalar qatl etildi. Bolsheviklar partiyasi tarixi bo‘yicha o‘quv darsligi va qo‘llanmalari o‘ziga xos «yo‘lchi yulduz» vazifasini o‘tay boshladi. Tabiiy, aniq va texnika fanlarini ham imkoni boricha kommunistik mafkuraga xizmat qildirishga harakat qilindi. Sovet davlati 30-yillarning oxiriga kelib xalq xo‘jaligi uchun o‘zining sof mutaxassislarini kerakli miqdorda tayyorlashga muvaffaq bo‘ldi va 1930- yilda umumiy majburiy boshlang‘ich ta’lim joriy etildi. 1932-yilda 8—11 yoshli bolalarning 98 foizi maktablarga qatnay boshladi. 1934-yilda esa 10 yillik ta’lim joriy etildi. 1939-yilga kelib, SSSR aholisining 81,2 foizi savodli edi. 33 Bolsheviklar partiyasi omma o‘rtasida ateistik targ‘ibot ishini zo‘r kuch bilan olib bordi. Cherkov va masjidlar mol-mulkdan mahrum etildi. Dinning jamiyat hayotidagi ijobiy o‘rni butunlay inkor etildi hamda din va dindorlarga qarshi kurash avj oldirildi. Ko‘plab din arboblari qatag‘on qilindi. Sovet jamiyatining har bir a’zosi mafkuralashtirilgan biror-bir tashkilotga jalb etilgan edi. Masalan, eng ishonchli kishilar kompartiya safiga (2 mln kishi), ongli yoshlar komsomolga (9 mln kishi), bolalar — pioner tashkilotiga, ishchi va xizmatchilar kasaba uyushmalariga (22,5 mln kishi), adabiy va badiiy ijodkorlar uyushmalariga birlashtirilgan edi. Ular sovet davlatining navbatdagi har qanday vazifalariga safarbar etilishga tayyor edilar. Xulosa qilib aytganda, 30-yillar oxiriga kelib jamiyatda yagona mafkura — marksizm-leninizm (kommunistik) mafkurasining to‘la hukmronligi qaror toptirildi. Boshqa barcha mafkuralar to‘la inkor etildi. 1921-yilda sovet davlati o‘zining janubiy qo‘shnilari — Turkiya, Eron va Afg‘oniston bilan diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatishga erishdi. 1922- yilda Germaniya amalda sovet davlatini tan oldi va ikki davlat o‘rtasida savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalar rivojlana boshladi. 1924-yilda Buyuk Britaniya Sovet davlatini tan oldi. Buyuk davlatlardan faqat AQSH qizil imperiyani tan olishni paysalga sola boshladi. Sovet davlati o‘z tashqi siyosatining strategik yo‘nalishini belgilashda o‘z xavfsizligiga sobiq Antanta davlatlari tahdid solishi mumkinligini hisobga oldi va shuning uchun ham u g‘arb davlatlari, birinchi navbatda, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya siyosatini diqqat bilan kuzatib bordi. Ayni paytda g‘arb davlatlari o‘rtasida imzolangan Lokarno shartnomasiga qarshi chiqdi. Lokarno shartnomasi Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Italiya, Belgiya, Chexoslovakiya va Polsha o‘rtasida imzolangan va Germaniyani Millatlar Ligasiga qabul qilishga kelishilgan edi. 1925—1927-yillarda Sovet hukumati Turkiya, Litva, Eron va Afg‘oniston bilan betaraflik va bir-biriga hujum qilmaslik haqida shartnomalarni imzolashga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. 1928-yilda buyuk davlatlar o‘rtasida «Siyosatda urushdan voz kechish va barcha kelishmovchilik hamda nizolarni tinch vositalar yordamida hal etish to‘g‘risida» shartnoma imzolandi. Sovet hukumatining qat’iy talabi bilan g‘arb davlatlari shartnomani uning ham imzolashiga rozilik berishga majbur bo‘ldilar. 1932-yilda Sovet davlati Finlandiya, Estoniya, Polsha va Fransiya bilan o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolanishiga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. 1931-yilda Uzoq Sharqda Yaponiya harbiy harakatlarni boshlab yubordi. 1933-yilda Germaniyada fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi xalqaro ahvolga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Endi, Sovet davlati Germaniya va Yaponiya bilan munosabatlarni ehtiyotkorlik, ehtiroslarga berilmaslik tamoyili asosida qurish lozim, deb hisoblardi. 20—30-yillarda SSSRning tashqi siyosati 3 — Jahon tarixi 34 Sovet hukumati 1935-yilda Italiyaning Efiopiyaga qarshi agressiyasini qoraladi. General F. Frankoning Ispaniyada fashistik diktaturasini o‘rnatishiga qarshi kurashayotgan kuchlarga harbiy va moliyaviy yordam ko‘rsatdi. Ularga yordam uchun ko‘ngillilarni jo‘natdi. Fashizm xavfi kuchayib borayotgan bir davrda, Fransiya kollektiv xavfsizlik tizimini vujudga keltirish taklifi bilan chiqqan edi. Sovet davlati 1933-yildan boshlaboq bu g‘oyaning faol tarafdorlaridan biriga aylandi. Chunki Germaniya fashizmining antikommunistik tig‘i, uning nemis kommunistlariga nisbatan tutayotgan siyosati Sovet hukumatini befarq qoldirmadi. Xavfsizlik tizimi uchun kurash Sovet davlati xalqaro ahvolining yaxshilanishiga xizmat qildi. Chunonchi, 1933-yilda AQSH Sovet davlatini tan oldi va u bilan diplomatik aloqa o‘rnatdi. 1934-yilda esa Qizil imperiya Millatlar Ligasiga qabul qilindi. Biroq, kollektiv xavfsizlik tizimini vujudga keltirish ishiga qo‘shilgan real hissa 1935-yilda Sovet davlatining Fransiya va Chexoslovakiya bilan o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risidagi shartnomani imzolashi bilan cheklanib qolgan. Vaholanki, qudratli siyosiy doiralar bu shartnomalarning amalda bajarilishiga ishonmas edilar. Fransiya Buyuk Britaniyaning Germaniyaga nisbatan qo‘llayotgan «tinchlantirish» siyosatiga qo‘shildi (qarang 1—2-§). 1938- yilda Myunxen shartnomasi imzolangach, Sovet davlati kollektiv xavfsizlik tizimini yaratib bo‘lmasligiga qat’iy ishondi. Myunxen shartnomasi 1935- yilda Sovet davlatining Fransiya va Chexoslovakiya bilan imzolagan shartnomalarini amalda quruq qog‘ozga aylantirib qo‘ydi. Buning ustiga, Fransiya tez orada Germaniya bilan shartnoma imzoladi. Moskvada «imperialistik davlatlar» o‘zaro nizolarini Sovetlar hisobidan hal etmoqchi, degan qat’iy fikr paydo bo‘ldi. 1938-yilda Yaponiya bilan yuz bergan harbiy to‘qnashuv Sovet davlatining bu fikrini yanada mustahkamladi. Moskva endi ikki frontda — G‘arbda Germaniya bilan, Sharqda esa Yaponiya bilan urushga tortilishdan xavfsirab qoldi. Bu xavfsizlik Sovet davlati rahbariyatini o‘z tashqi siyosati yo‘nalishini qayta ko‘rib chiqishga undadi. 1939-yilda Yaponiyaning Mo‘g‘ulistonga hujum qilishi Moskvaning Germaniya bilan yaqinlashishga bo‘lgan moyilligini yanada kuchaytirdi. Chunki Yaponiya bilan to‘qnashish muqarrar edi. Holbuki, Moskva ikki frontda urushga tortilishni aslo istamas edi. Sovetlarning Germaniya bilan yaqinlashuvi shu tariqa ro‘y berdi. 1939-yilning 23-avgustida Sovet davlati bilan Germaniya o‘rtasida 10 yil muddatga o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi (qarang 1—2-§). Bu shartnoma Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaning Sovetlar hisobiga Germaniya bilan kelishishdek mash’um niyatlarini puchga chiqardi. Ayni Kollektiv xavfsizlik tizimini vujudga keltirish muammosi 35 paytda bu shartnoma Germaniyaga urush harakatlarini boshlashga yo‘l ochib berdi. Shunday qilib, ikki jahon urushi oralig‘ida Sovet davlati tashkil topdi, mustahkamlandi. Bolsheviklar yangi jamiyat qurdilar. Lekin bu jamiyat qilich va qon bilan qurildi. Dunyoda inqilob qilmoqchi bo‘ldi. Qatag‘onlarni amalga oshirdi. Ma’naviy tubanlikka ketib, fashizm bilan til biriktirdi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Bolsheviklar qurmoqchi bo‘lgan jamiyatni ta’riflab bering. O‘ylab ko‘ringchi, ularning qaysi g‘oyalari umuminsoniy va milliy qadriyatlarga zid edi? 2. Bolsheviklar «eng adolatli jamiyat» qurish ishini nimadan boshlaganlar? 3. Sovet hokimiyati masalasi qanday hal etildi? 4. Rossiyada fuqarolar urushi va chet el intervensiyasining boshlanishiga nimalar sabab bo‘ldi? 5. «Harbiy kommunizm» siyosatining mazmunini ta’riflab bering. 6. Qanday sabablarga ko‘ra bolsheviklar fuqarolar urushida g‘alabaga erishdilar? 7. Sovet hukumati sobiq Rossiya imperiyasi milliy chekka o‘lkalarini sovetlashtirish siyosatini qanday usullarda amalga oshirdi? 8. Turkiston xalqlari milliy-ozodlik harakati haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 9. Sovet hukumati nega «harbiy kommunizm» siyosatini bekor qilishga majbur bo‘lgan? 10.Yangi iqtisodiy siyosatning mazmunini tushuntirib bering. 11.Sovet davlati nima uchun imperiya hisoblanadi? 12.SSSR tashkil topishining Turkiston xalqlari taqdirida o‘ynagan mash’um oqibatlari haqidagi Sizning fikringiz? 13.Sotsializm qurishning lenincha rejasi haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 14.Industrlashtirish nima? 15.Qishloq xo‘jaligini kollektivlashtirishning fojiaviy oqibatlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 16.Madaniy inqilobdan ko‘zlangan asosiy maqsad nima edi? 17.Lokarno shartnomasida qanday masalalar ko‘rilgan edi? 18.Nima uchun Yevropada kollektiv xavfsizlik tizimini vujudga keltirib bo‘lmadi? 19.Nega Sovet davlati, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Germaniya agressiyasi boshlanishining oldini ololmadilar? 20.1939-yil 23-avgustda imzolangan sovet — german shartnomasi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. SOVET DAVLATINING BOSHQA DAVLATLAR BILAN TUZGAN SHARTNOMASINI IZOHLANG T.r. Shartnoma tuzgan davlatlar Shartnomalar izohi ? 36 4-§. Germaniya Germaniya va uning ittifoqchilari Birinchi jahon urushida mag‘lubiyatga uchradi (bu haqda avvalgi mavzularda batafsil ma’lumot olgansiz). Germaniya urushda 2 mln dan ortiq qurbon berdi. Yarador bo‘lganlar, asirlar va bedarak yo‘qolganlarni qo‘shganda, jami yo‘qotish 7,5 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Ayni paytda hukmron doiralar, monopoliya egalari urushdan juda katta foyda ko‘rdilar. (Masalan, birgina Krupp konsernining daromadi 15 baravar ortdi.) Natijada yirik mulkdorlar mamlakat hayotida qudratli ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy, siyosiy kuchga aylandilar va hukumat siyosatiga katta ta’sir ko‘rsata boshladilar. Urush mehnatkash tabaqalarga katta salbiy oqibatlar keltirdi. Umumiy mehnat majburiyati ishchilar uchun amalda katorgaga teng edi. Urush qishloq xo‘jaligiga ham katta talafotlar keltirdi. 1918-yilning kuziga kelganda ekin maydonlari amalda 2 baravar kamaygan edi. Ochlik, epidemiyalar va cho‘zilib ketgan urush azoblari aholining boshiga juda katta kulfatlar keltirdi. Aholining bunday qismati mamlakatda inqilobiy vaziyatni vujudga keltirdi. Ayni paytda Rossiya inqilobi ham o‘z ta’sirini o‘tkazmay qolmadi. Germaniya inqilobi 1918-yil 3-noyabr kuni boshlandi. Shu kuni Kil shahrida joylashgan harbiy dengizchilar urush davom etishiga qarshi qo‘zg‘alon ko‘tardilar. Kil ishchilari esa qo‘zg‘alonni qo‘llab-quvvatladilar va umumiy ish tashlash e’lon qildilar. Shaharda ishchilar va soldatlar Sovetlari tashkil etildi. Inqilob to‘lqini 9-noyabrda Berlingacha yetib keldi va u butun Germaniyaga yoyildi. Qo‘rqib ketgan imperator Vilgelm II mamlakatdan qochib ketdi. Shu tariqa Germaniyada monarxiya quladi. Mamlakatda hokimiyat xalq vakillari Soveti qo‘liga o‘tdi. 10-noyabrda tuzilgan yangi hukumatga Germaniya sotsial-demokratik partiyasining yirik arboblaridan biri — F. Ebert rahbarlik qilgan. Bu hukumat Germaniyani Respublika deb e’lon qildi va u 11-noyabr kuni Antanta bilan dastlabki yarash bitimi imzoladi. Bu bitimning imzolanishi yangi hukumatning xalqaro maydonda tan olinishi degani edi. Unga ko‘ra, mamlakatda qamal holati bekor qilindi, so‘z, yig‘ilish o‘tkazish, uyushmalarga birlashish erkinligi e’lon qilindi. Shuningdek, siyosiy mahbuslarga amnistiya e’lon qilindi. Birinchi marta umumiy, teng, to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri, yashirin ovoz berish yo‘li bilan saylov o‘tkazish joriy etildi. Ayni paytda hukumat demobilizatsiya qilingan soldatlarni, ishsizlarni ish bilan ta’minlash va ijtimoiy himoya qilish tadbirlarni ko‘ra boshladi. 15-noyabrda Kasaba uyushmalari bilan ish beruvchilar o‘rtasida kelishuvga erishildi. Unga ko‘ra, Kasaba uyushmalari, ularning jamoaviy shartnoma tuzish va korxonalarda ishchi nazoratini olib boruvchi qo‘mitalar tuza olish huquqlari tan olindi. Bundan tashqari, hukumat eng yirik korxonalarni Birinchi jahon urushining Germaniya uchun oqibatlari 37 davlat ixtiyoriga o‘tkaza olish huquqiga ega bo‘ldi. Shuningdek, hukumat Konstitutsiyani ishlab chiqish uchun Ta’sis yig‘ilishi chaqirishga va’da berdi. Bularning bari Germaniya mehnatkashlarining katta ijtimoiy yutuqlari edi. Germaniyada eng ommaviy va nufuzli partiya Germaniya sotsial-demokratik partiyasi (GSDP) edi. Biroq bu partiyada hech qachon yagona birlik bo‘lmagan. Partiya amalda o‘nglar, markazchilar va so‘llar deb atalgan 3 oqimga bo‘lingan edi. O‘ng oqim (yirik namoyandalari F. Ebert, Sheydeman, Bernshteyn, Noskelar)ning maqsadi burjua tartiblarini saqlab qolish, islohotlar o‘tkazib, aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilish va mamlakatda parlament respublikasini to‘la qaror toptirish edi. So‘llar esa (yirik namoyandalari K. Libknext va R. Lyuksemburg) monarxiyaga inqilobiy yo‘l bilan to‘la barham berish, Rossiyadagidek sotsialistik jamiyat qurish uchun kurashdilar. So‘llar «spartakchilar» degan guruhga birlashganlar. Keyinchalik shu guruh asosida Germaniya kommunistik partiyasi tuzildi. Markazchilar (yirik namoyandalari K. Kautskiy va Gaaze) 1917-yilning bahorida Germaniya mustaqil sotsial-demokratik partiyasini tuzdilar va partiya vakillari Ebert hukumati tarkibiga kirdilar. «Spartakchilar» guruhi sotsialistik inqilobni amalga oshirish, sovet hokimiyatini o‘rnatish va barcha ishlab chiqarish vositalarini umumlashtirish uchun kurash boshladilar. Biroq 1918-yilning dekabr oyida o‘tkazilgan Sovetlarning I Umumgerman syezdi «Butun hokimiyat sovetlarga!» shiorini rad etdi. Ayni paytda u 1919-yilning 19-yanvarida Ta’sis majlisiga saylov o‘tkazishga qaror qildi. «Spartakchilar» 1918-yilning 30-dekabrida Germaniya kommunistik partiyasini tuzdilar. 5-yanvarda Berlinda ishchilarning stixiyali qurolli chiqishi ro‘y berdi. Ularning maqsadi Ebert hukumatini ag‘darish edi. Bu chiqish 12-yanvar kuni hukumat tomonidan bostirildi. 15-yanvarda esa K. Libknext va R. Lyuksemburglar o‘ldirildilar. Shu tariqa o‘ng sotsial-demokratlar o‘z hokimiyatini ochiq shaklda terrorchilik yo‘li bilan yanada mustahkam qaror toptirdilar. Kommunistlar kurashni parlamentdan tashqarida davom ettirdilar. 13-aprelda ular Germaniyaning Bavariya o‘lkasida sovet hokimiyatini o‘rnatdilar va Bavariya Sovet Respublikasi tuzilganligini e’lon qildilar. Biroq bu respublika atigi 3 hafta yashadi. Lekin Sovet Rossiyasi hukumati andozasi asosida qator tadbirlarni (ishchi nazoratini tashkil etish, Qizil Armiya va BFQ tuzish, ishlab chiqarish vositalarini davlat mulki deb e’lon qilish va boshqalarni) amalga oshirdi. 19-yanvar kuni Ta’sis majlisiga bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovlarda o‘nglar va markazchilar g‘alaba qozondilar. Kommunistlar esa saylovda ishtirok etmadilar. Germaniya ijtimoiy harakatidagi bo‘linish 38 Ta’sis majlisi osoyishta Veymar shahrida o‘z ishini boshladi. Shuning uchun ham Ta’sis Majlisida qabul qilingan Konstitutsiya va uning asosida tuzilgan Respublika Germaniya tarixiga Veymar Konstitutsiyasi va Veymar Respublikasi nomi bilan kirdi. Konstitutsiya Germaniyani kuchli prezidentlik hokimiyatiga ega bo‘lgan federativ respublika deb e’lon qildi. Ayni paytda hukumatning prezident oldida emas, parlament (reyxstag) oldida javobgar ekanligi belgilab qo‘yildi. Fridrix Ebert Germaniyaning birinchi prezidenti etib saylandi. Konstitutsiyada xususiy mulkning muqaddas va daxlsiz ekanligi qayd etildi hamda 20 yoshdan boshlab erkak va ayollar uchun yalpi saylov huquqi berildi. So‘z, yig‘ilish, matbuot erkinligi e’lon qilindi va referendum o‘tkazish mumkinligi belgilab qo‘yildi. Hukumat reyxstagda ko‘p o‘rin olgan partiya yoki partiyalar ittifoqi tomonidan tuziladigan bo‘ldi. Bosh vazir (kansler) Prezident tomonidan tayinlansa-da, u reyxstagga hisob berardi. Ikki palatadan iborat qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat ta’sis etildi. Quyi palata (reyxstag) butun Germaniya bo‘yicha yalpi ovoz berish yo‘li bilan saylanar edi. Yuqori palata (reyxsrat) esa belgilangan normalarda o‘lka va viloyatlar vakillaridan iborat bo‘lardi. Reyxsrat veto huquqiga ega edi. Davlat boshlig‘i — Prezidentga juda katta vakolatlar berilgan edi. U bir vaqtning o‘zida Respublika qurolli kuchlarining oliy bosh qo‘mondoni hisoblanar edi. Prezident reyxstagni tarqatib yuborish va unga yalpi saylov belgilash huquqiga ham ega bo‘ldi. Shuningdek, Prezidentga lozim bo‘lganda favqulodda dekretlar chiqarish yo‘li bilan mamlakatni boshqarish, majburlash choralarini qo‘llash huquqi ham berildi. Bundan tashqari, Prezident Konstitutsiyaning u yoki bu moddalarining amal qilishini to‘xtatib ham qo‘ya olardi. Prezidentning yalpi ovoz berish yo‘li bilan 7 yil muddatga saylanishi belgilab qo‘yildi. Veymar Konstitutsiyasi demokratik kuchlarning muhim yutug‘i edi. Germaniyada demokratik respublika tuzumining qaror topishi va yangi siyosiy tizimning barqarorlashuvi juda qiyin kechdi. 1919-yildan 1923-yil oxirigacha mamlakatda keskin siyosiy vaziyat saqlanib turdi. Buning sababi, bir tomondan, Versal shartnomasi va Veymar Konstitutsiyasiga qarshi kuchlarning bosh ko‘targanligi edi. Bu kuchlar Versal shartnomasi va Veymar Konstitutsiyasini tan olmadilar. Ayni paytda bu kuchlar mamlakatda monarxiyani qayta tiklash orzusida edilar. Bu kuchlar 1920-yilning 13-mart kuni monarxist V. Kapp va general E. Lyudendorf boshchiligida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazish uchun isyon ko‘tardilar. V. Kapp o‘zini kansler (bosh vazir) deb e’lon qildi va parlamentni tarqatib yubordi. Qo‘rqib ketgan hukumat Berlindan qochib ketdi. Ana shunday sharoitda Germaniyada 12 mln ishchi va xizmatchi isyonga qarshi norozilik belgisi sifatida ish tashladi. Bu hodisa isyonchilarni Veymar Respublikasi Veymar Respublikasi inqirozining boshlanishi 39 chekinishga majbur etdi. 1922-yilda V. Kuno boshchiligidagi hukumat mamlakatda millatchilik g‘oyalarini avj oldirdi. Shuningdek, Antanta davlatlariga tovon to‘lamaslikni zo‘r berib targ‘ib eta boshladi. Bunga javoban Fransiya va Belgiya armiyasi Rur viloyatini ishg‘ol etdi. Bu voqea mamlakatda uningsiz ham og‘ir ahvolni yanada og‘irlashtirib yubordi. Natijada V. Kuno hukumati iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1923-yilda Germaniya kommunistik partiyasi E. Telman boshchiligida Gamburgda qo‘zg‘alon ko‘tardi. Bu qo‘zg‘alonni Komintern moddiy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatlagan edi. So‘llarning bu avantyurasi tezda bostirildi. Shu yilning 8-dekabr kuni Myunxen shahrida bir guruh fashistlar fashistik diktatura o‘rnatish talabi bilan mitingga to‘plandilar. A. Gitler boshchiligidagi bu isyon ham bostirildi. 1924-yilga kelgandagina Germaniyada vaziyat barqarorlasha boshladi. Bu barqarorlikning iqtisodiy asosi «Daues rejasi» deb nom olgan reja edi. AQSH Germaniyaning butunlay zaiflashtirib qo‘yilishini aslo istamas edi. Chunki Germaniyaning butunlay zaiflashuvi AQSHning doimiy raqiblari Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyani yanada kuchaytirgan bo‘lardi. Bundan tashqari, AQSHga yangi raqibi — Sovet davlatini jilovlashda qudratli Germaniya zarur edi. Shuning uchun AQSH Germaniyaga iqtisodiy va moliyaviy yordam ko‘rsatishga qaror qildi. Bu yordam rejasi tarixga «Daues rejasi» nomi bilan kirgan. Oxir-oqibatda esa, bu reja Germaniya iqtisodiyotining gurkirab rivojlanishiga, uning harbiy qudrati qayta tiklanishiga asos bo‘lib xizmat qildi. Rejani AQSHlik bankir, general Daues boshchiligidagi maxsus komissiya ishlab chiqqan edi. Mazkur reja 1924-yil 16-iyulda Londonda bo‘lib o‘tgan xalqaro konferensiyada qabul qilindi. Rejada Germaniya sanoatini, birinchidan, chet el sarmoyasi yordamida, ikkinchidan, Germaniya va Rossiya o‘rtasidagi savdoni yanada rivojlantirish yo‘li bilan tiklash ko‘zda tutildi. Rejada Germaniyaning 1925- yilda Antanta davlatlariga oltin hisobida 1 mlrd marka tovon to‘lashi ko‘zda tutilgan. 1929-yilda esa bu ko‘rsatkich yiliga 2,5 mlrd markani tashkil etishi kerak edi. Keyinchalik bu to‘lovlar miqdori kamayar va Germaniya iqtisodi imkoniyati darajasiga qarab to‘lanar edi. «Daues rejasi»ning qabul qilinishiga Fransiya rozi bo‘lsa, AQSH Fransiyaning qarzlarini kechib yuborish majburiyatini olgan edi. Shuning uchun ham u «Daues rejasi»ni qabul qildi va 1925-yilda Rur viloyatidan o‘z qo‘shinlarini olib chiqib ketdi. Buyuk Britaniya esa Fransiyaning Yevropa qit’asida yetakchi davlat bo‘lib qolishini xohlamas edi. Kuchli Germaniyaning mavjud bo‘lishi Fransiyani Buyuk Britaniya bilan hisoblashishga majbur etar edi. Qolaversa, kuchli Germaniya Buyuk Britaniya uchun Sovet davlatiga qarshi turishi ham zarur edi. «Daues rejasi» 40 1924—1929-yillar oralig‘ida chet davlatlarning Germaniyaga bergan qarzlari, kiritgan sarmoyalari 21 mlrd markani tashkil etdi. AQSHning o‘zi 10 mlrd dollarlik sarmoya kiritdi. Bu qarz o‘z samarasini ko‘rsatdi. Germaniya iqtisodiy taraqqiyotida katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi va 1927— 1928-yillarga kelib bu davlat sanoat ishlab chiqarish va tashqi savdo hajmi bo‘yicha urushdan oldingi darajaga chiqib oldi. 1929-yil esa undan oshib ham ketdi. Sanoat taraqqiyotida u Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyani orqada qoldirdi. 1929-yilda «Daues rejasi» «Yung rejasi» bilan almashtirildi (qarang 1—2-§). Iqtisodiyotning yuksalish yillarida (1924—1929) sanoatning deyarli barcha sohalarida monopoliyalar yanada kuchaydi. Yangi sarmoyadorlar ko‘paydi. 1930-yilda ularning soni 2100 taga yetdi hamda iqtisodiyot va siyosatga tobora katta ta’sir ko‘rsata boshladilar, shuningdek, jamoatchilik fikrini belgilashda hal qiluvchi mavqega erisha bordilar. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, mamlakatda millatchi revanshchi kuchlarning ta’siri kuchayishiga olib keldi. Bu kuchlarning yirik namoyandalaridan biri sobiq kayzer, Germaniya qurolli kuchlarining bosh qo‘mondoni feldmarshal P. Gindenburg edi (1874—1934). U 1925-yilda mamlakat prezidenti lavozimiga saylandi. Uning prezidentligi davrida Germaniya armiyasi qayta qurollantirila boshlandi. Harbiy-dengiz floti ham tiklana boshlandi. Sanoatning harbiy maqsadlarga mo‘ljallangan tarmoqlari rivojiga katta mablag‘ sarflandi. Germaniya endi Versal shartnomasini ochiqdan-ochiq inkor etish yo‘liga o‘tdi. Xususan, armiya soni 350 ming kishiga yetkazildi. Mamlakat aholisi, asosan yoshlar ongi g‘oyaviy jihatdan yangi urushga tayyorlana boshlandi. Veymar Respublikasi hukumati xalqaro maydonda G‘arb davlatlari bilan yaqinlashish siyosatini yurita boshladi. 1925-yilda Germaniya Lokarno shahrida Reyn paktini imzolashga erishdi. Unga ko‘ra, Germaniyaning Fransiya va Belgiya bilan mavjud chegarasi tan olindi. Ayni paytda Fransiya va Germaniya bir-biriga hech qachon hujum qilmaslik majburiyatini oldilar. Buyuk Britaniya va Italiya esa bu paktning xalqaro kafillari deb belgilanadi. Biroq Germaniyaning sharqiy qo‘shnilari bilan mavjud chegaralar buzilmasligi masalasi ochiq qoldi. Buning nima oqibatlarga olib kelganligi avvalgi mavzulardan ma’lum. 1926-yilda Germaniya Millatlar Ligasiga qabul qilindi va unga Liga Kengashining doimiy a’zosi maqomi berildi. Bu amalda Germaniyaning buyuk davlat sifatida tan olinishi edi. Mamlakat siyosiy hayotida revanshchi kuchlarning kuchayishi 41 1929-yilda yuz bergan jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Germaniyani ayanchli ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Uch yil davomida ishlab chiqarish tinimsiz pasayib bordi. Xususan, ishlab chiqarish 40 foizga, real ish haqi esa 50 foizga kamaydi. Mamlakatda ishsizlar soni 9 mln dan oshdi. Ularning faqat 20 foizigina ishsizlik nafaqasini olardi. Xizmatchilarning ahvoli nihoyatda yomonlashdi. Mayda va o‘rta tadbirkorlar, sotuvchilar bankrotga uchradilar. Qator banklarning bankrotga uchrashi moliya-kredit tizimini larzaga soldi. Iqtisodiyotning chet el moliyaviy yordamiga qaramligi, ayni paytda inqiroz davrida chet el sarmoyasining qaytarib olina boshlanishi, ichki bozorning torligi, sobiq Antanta davlatlariga tovon to‘lash, moddiy resurslar manbayi bo‘lish, mustamlakalarning yo‘qligi kabi omillar buning sababi edi. Iqtisodiyotning keskin beqarorlashuvi siyosiy inqirozni ham muqarrar qilib qo‘ydi. 1928-yilda reyxstagga o‘tkazilgan saylovda hech bir siyosiy partiya mutlaq ko‘pchilik ovoz ola olmagan edi. Shuning uchun GSDP (153 o‘ringa ega edi), Katolik Markaz partiyasi (78 o‘ringa ega edi) hamda Nemis milliy partiyasi (73 o‘ringa ega edi) vakillaridan iborat koalitsion hukumat tuzilgan va katta koalitsiya nomi bilan faoliyat yurita boshlagan edi. Biroq koalitsiya 1930-yilning martida tarqalib ketdi. G. Myuller hukumati iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Prezident Gindenburg Katolik markazi partiyasi arbobi G. Bryuningni kansler etib tayinladi. Biroq GSDP oppozitsiyaga o‘tgach, G. Bryuning hukumati faol harakat qila olmay qoldi. Natijada mamlakat Prezidentning favqulodda dekretlari kuchi bilan boshqarila boshlandi. Bu hol, o‘z navbatida, reyxstagni obro‘sizlantirdi. 1932-yilda u faqat 5 tagina qonun qabul qildi, xolos. Yangi hukumat yirik sarmoyadorlar manfaatiga xizmat qildi. Inqiroz yillarida aksiyalarni sotib olish yo‘li bilan ularni amalda bankrot bo‘lishdan saqlab qoldi. Ayni paytda hukumat ishsizlik uchun to‘lanadigan nafaqani, ijtimoiy sug‘urta to‘lovlarini, davlat xizmatchilarining ish haqini kamaytirdi. Soliqlar miqdorini esa oshirdi. Inqiroz tobora chuqurlashib bordi. Yuz minglab ishchi o‘rinlari qisqara bordi. Non va xayriya yordamlariga muhtojlar soni to‘xtovsiz o‘sa boshladi. Mamlakatda davom etayotgan ham iqtisodiy, ham siyosiy inqiroz, o‘z navbatida, fashizmning kuchayishiga va uning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishiga zamin tayyorladi. Mamlakatda siyosiy kuchlar joylashuvida tub o‘zgarishlar ro‘y berdi. Garchand so‘l kuchlar (GKP va GSDP) siyosiy hayotda o‘z ta’sirlarini saqlab qolayotgan bo‘lsa-da, o‘zini «Nemis milliy-sotsialistik ishchi partiyasi» degan nom bilan atagan fashistlar partiyasining ta’siri tobora kuchaya boshladi. Chunki inqiroz aholi ko‘z o‘ngida boshqaruvning respublika tartibini butunlay obro‘sizlantirib qo‘ydi. Endi, aholining aksariyat qismi Fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi 42 boshqaruvning respublika tartibiga barcha kulfatlarning manbayi, deb qaray boshladi. Ayni paytda ular ongida kuchli tartib o‘rnatishga qodir totalitar rejim tomon xayrixohlik kuchaya bordi. Ularning ko‘z o‘ngida A. Gitler boshchiligidagi fashistik partiya shunday tartib o‘rnatishga qodir kuch sifatida gavdalana boshladi. Fashistlar o‘z targ‘ibotlarida ijtimoiy adolat, mehnatsiz daromadni tugatish, jamiyat hayotining barcha sohalarida qattiq davlat tartibini o‘rnatish haqida zo‘r ehtiroslar bilan so‘zlay boshladilar. Ular ishchilarga ishsizlikni tugatishni, o‘rtahol qatlamni sog‘lom o‘rta tabaqaga aylantirishni, sudxo‘rlik foizlaridan ozod etishni, yersiz yoki kam yerli dehqonlarga esa Sharqdagi unumdor yerlarni berishni va’da qildilar. Fashistlar dasturiga hatto ayrim ziyolilar ham xayrixohlik bildira boshladilar. Fashistlarning «Yo‘qolsin Versal shartnomasi», «Yo‘qolsin chayqovchilar!», «Yo‘qolsin chirik hukumat» kabi talablari ham omma ongida fashistlarga xayrixohlik tuyg‘usini uyg‘otdi. Fashistlarning bunday ehtirosli targ‘ibotlari chorasizlikdan sillasi qurigan ishsizlarni va Versal shartnomasini nemis millati uchun haqorat deb hisoblovchi fuqarolarni ular tomon og‘dirdi. Ayni paytda fashistlar hukmron millat, irqiy ustunlik, antisemitizm, kuch oldida sajda qilish g‘oyalarini omma ongiga zo‘r berib singdira boshladilar. Ularning fikricha, dunyoga hukmronlikka faqat nemis millati loyiq edi. Bu omillarning bari fashistlar partiyasi va uning rahbari A. Gitlerning obro‘sini oshirib bordi. Hatto uni yirik sarmoyadorlar ham qo‘llab-quvvatlay boshladi. Bunga, bir tomondan, mamlakatda Germaniya Kommunistik partiyasining ham ta’siri o‘sib borayotganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Chunonchi, GKP 1928- yilda reyxstagga o‘tkazilgan saylovda 11 foiz ovoz olgan bo‘lsa, 1932-yilda 17 foiz ovoz olishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Bu GKPni yoqlab 6 mln saylovchi ovoz berdi, degani edi. GKPning saylovdagi muvaffaqiyatlari hukmron doiralarni tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Hukmron doiralar so‘l kuchlar ta’sirini yo‘qqa chiqarishning birdan-bir yo‘li fashizm diktaturasi o‘rnatilishidir, deb hisoblay boshladilar. Ikkinchidan, Veymar davrida vujudga kelgan Germaniya yirik sarmoyadorlariga jahon bozori, behisob xomashyo manbalari zarur edi. Bularga yangiyangi mustamlakalarni bosib olmay turib, bu yo‘lda ularga g‘ov bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Sovet davlati kabi davlatlarning qarshiligini sindirmay turib erishib bo‘lmas edi. Hukmron doiralar, yirik sarmoyadorlar fikricha, Germaniyaning dunyoda hukmronlik mavqeyini tiklashga faqat A. Gitler qodir edi. Shuning uchun ham ular nemis fashizmini qo‘llab-quvvatlay boshlagan va unga moliyaviy yordam ham ko‘rsata boshlagan edilar. Gitlerning yirik sarmoyadorlar bilan birinchi uchrashuvi 1932-yil 27- yanvarda bo‘lib o‘tdi. Shu kuni «Po‘lat tresti»ning rahbari Tissen uni 43 Germaniya sanoatchilariga tanishtirdi. Uchrashuv 4 soat davom etdi. Gitler nutqining asosiy mazmuni «Oq irq (aslida nemislar nazarda tutiladi) Yer sharida yashovchi boshqa xalqlarni o‘ziga bo‘ysundirishi lozim», degan iborada mujassamlangan edi. Uchrashuvda sanoatchi sarmoyadorlardan birining: «Buning uchun nima kerak?» — degan savoliga A. Gitler: «8 mln kishilik armiya», — deb javob bergan. Sarmoyadorlar Gitler timsolida o‘z niyatlarini amalga oshiruvchi shaxsni ko‘rdilar. Shundan so‘ng ular A. Gitlerni fyurer, ya’ni dohiy, deb atab, Gitlerning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi uchun juda qattiq kurash boshladilar. Ayni paytda AQSH sarmoyadorlari ham A. Gitlerni mablag‘ bilan ta’minlab, unga homiylik qildilar. Ularning nazarida Gitlerning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi Yevropada urushni muqarrar qilib qo‘yadi. Aynan shu urush — AQSH sarmoyadorlari uchun bo‘lg‘usi daromad manbayi hisoblanardi. Xo‘sh, Germaniyada fashizm hokimiyat tepasiga kelishining oldini olish mumkin edimi? Ha, mumkin edi. Biroq oldini olib bo‘lmadi. Bunga Germaniyadagi antifashistik kuchlarning birlasha olmaganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Bu kuchlar asosan GSDP va GKP edi. 1932-yilda reyxstagga o‘tkazilgan saylovda A. Gitler partiyasi 33 foiz ovoz olgan bo‘lsa, GSDP 20 foiz va GKP 17 foiz — ikkalasi birgalikda 37 foiz ovoz olgan. Bu ikki so‘l partiya ittifoq tuza olganda, fashistlarning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishining oldi olingan bo‘lardi. Afsuski, ular birlasha olmadilar. Bunga, birinchidan, Komintern ko‘rsatmasi bilan (sotsial-demokratlar bilan hamkorlik qilmaslik to‘g‘risidagi) ular o‘rtasida paydo bo‘lgan dushmanlik munosabati sabab bo‘ldi. Ikkinchidan esa, ular fashizm xavfini yetarlicha baholay olmadilar. 1932-yil 6-noyabrdagi saylovdan so‘ng yirik monopoliyalar, bankirlar va generallar uzil-kesil fashistlar tomoniga o‘tdilar. Ular so‘l kuchlarning ittifoqi tuzilib qolishidan cho‘chib, Gindenburgga maxsus xat jo‘natganlar. Xatda Gitlerni darhol reyxkansler (imperiya bosh vaziri) etib tayinlash talab etilgan edi. 1933-yilning 4-yanvarida Gitler Germaniyaning yirik va yetakchi sanoatchilari, sarmoyadorlari bilan uchrashuv o‘tkazdi. Uchrashuvda Gitler kansler bo‘lishi kerak, degan qarorga kelindi. 1933-yilning 30-yanvarida Gindenburg A. Gitlerni Germaniyaning reyxkansleri etib tayinladi. Aslida esa, 1933-yilda Germaniyada davlat boshqaruvining bir (burjua demokratik) shaklining boshqa bir shakli, ya’ni totalitar diktatura bilan almashinuvi yuz berdi. Fashizm — bu, davlat boshqaruvining terrorchi totalitar shakli, hukmron doiralarning eng reaksion va agressiv kuchlari manfaatini ifodalovchi oqim. U dastlab Yevropada (Italiyada) vujudga kelgan. «Fashizm» atamasi «fashio» so‘zidan olingan bo‘lib, «to‘da», «uyushma» degan ma’nolarni Fashizmning mohiyati 44 anglatadi. 1919-yilda Italiyada birinchi jahon urushining sobiq askarlari o‘z manfaatlarini, haq-huquqini himoya qilish uchun kurashuvchi tashkilot tuzdilar. Bu tashkilot «Fashi di kombattimento» («Kurash uyushmasi», «Quroldoshlar kurash uyushmasi») deb atalgan. Tashkilot a’zolari «fashistlar», harakat esa «fashizm» nomini olgan, u turli joyda turli nom bilan, masalan, Germaniyada «natsistlar», deb atalgan. Fashizmning mohiyatini uning quyidagi belgilari yaqqol tasvirlab beradi. Uning birinchi belgisini o‘ta millatchilik tashkil etadi. Fashistlar uchun millat manfaati boshqa har qanday manfaatdan ustun turadi. Ular jamiyatni sinflarga bo‘lmaydi. Xo‘sh, nima uchun millatchilik Germaniya va Italiyada boshqa davlatlardagiga nisbatan kuchli bo‘lgan edi? Ular birinchi jahon urushi oqibatlarini o‘zlari uchun qattiq haqorat, milliy tuyg‘uning mislsiz tahqirlanishi, deb qabul qilgan edilar. Nemis millati Versal shartnomasi shartlariga toqat qila olmayotgan edi. Italyan millati esa o‘zini «g‘oliblar ichidagi mag‘lub», deb hisoblardi. Chunki Antanta tarafida urushda ishtirok etgan g‘olib Italiya urushda ko‘zlagan maqsadlariga erisha olmagan edi. Germaniyada millatchilik irqchilik bilan qo‘shilib ketgan edi. Natsistlar fikricha, butun insoniyat tarixi — bu, turli millatlar va irqlar kurashi tarixi edi. Bu kurashda faqat kuchlilargina g‘olib chiqadi. Mag‘lublar qismati yo o‘lim, yo g‘oliblarga bo‘ysunishdir. Qudratli irq — bu nemis millatiga mansub bo‘lgan oriy, nordik irqdir. Ularning tarixiy missiyasi butun dunyoga hukmron bo‘lishdir. Fashizmning yana bir belgisi uning o‘ta agressivligidir. O‘ta millatchilik va irqchilik sharoitida shunday bo‘lishi tabiiy edi. Fashizmga xos bo‘lgan yana bir belgi davlat hokimiyati oldida sig‘inish, unga sajda qilish edi. Fashizm uchun bu milliy ruhni mujassamlashtiradigan qudrat, barqarorlik va tartibning kafolati edi. Fashistlar — totalitar tartib, ya’ni jamiyat hayotining barcha sohalari to‘la davlat nazoratiga olingan tartib tarafdori edilar. Germaniya fashizmining ommaviy asosini Birinchi jahon urushida eng ko‘p jabr ko‘rgan tabaqalar — hunarmandlar, dehqonlar, urush faxriylari, ishsizlar, ertangi hayoti qanday bo‘lishidan cho‘chib qolgan ishchilar tashkil etdi. Yirik kapital esa fashizmni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Fashistlar ichki siyosatining asosiy yo‘nalishini fashizmning mohiyati belgilab berdi. Binobarin, fashizm hokimiyat tepasiga kelgach, A. Gitler hukumati birinchi navbatda siyosiy demokratiyani yo‘q qilishga kirishdi. Bu maqsadni ro‘yobga chiqarish uchun har qanday jirkanch vositalarni ishga soldi. Xususan, siyosiy partiyalar faoliyatiga barham berish uchun 1933-yil 23-fevralda Reyxstag binosiga o‘t qo‘yishni uyushtirdi va aybni kommunistlarga ag‘darib, bolgariyalik G. Dimitrovni sud qildi. Lekin uni oqlashga majbur bo‘ldi. Fashistlar ochiq terror yo‘liga o‘tdilar. Fashistlarning ichki siyosati 45 Fashistlar partiyasidan boshqa barcha siyosiy partiyalar faoliyati taqiqlandi. A. Gitler sotsial-demokratlarni Birinchi jahon urushida Germaniya taqdiri hal bo‘layotgan kezlarda noyabr inqilobini keltirib chiqarganlikda, kommunistlarni esa «qizil diktaturani» o‘rnatmoqchi bo‘lganlikda va sovetlarning josuslari sifatida aybladi. Gitler prezident Gindenburgga «Xalq va davlatni muhofaza qilish to‘g‘risida»gi dekretni imzolatishga erishdi. Bu dekret A. Gitlerga favqulodda vakolatlar berdi. Endi Reyxstag boshlig‘i Gitler o‘z dekretlari bilan mamlakatni boshqarish huquqiga ega bo‘ldi. 1934-yil 2-avgust kuni prezident Gindenburg vafot etdi. A. Gitler prezidentlik lavozimini ham egalladi. Shu tariqa, butun hokimiyat A. Gitler qo‘lida to‘plandi. Endi u Germaniyaning Federativ Davlat maqomini bekor qildi, barcha darajadagi ma’muriy organlar rahbarlari tayinlanadigan bo‘ldi. Davlat hokimiyatining bo‘linishi tamoyili harakatdan to‘xtatildi va Reyxstagga saylov bekor qilindi hamda qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat funksiyasi hukumatga topshirildi. Shu tariqa Veymar Respublikasi amalda barham topdi. Taqiqlangan kasaba uyushmalari o‘rniga natsistlar partiyasiga to‘liq bo‘ysunuvchi «Germaniya mehnat fronti» tuzildi. Barcha matbuot nashrlari yopildi yoki fashistlar nazorati ostiga olindi. Fashizmning kelajagini tarbiyalash maqsadida «Gitleryugen» deb ataluvchi yoshlar tashkiloti tuzildi. Davlat apparatida puxta tozalash o‘tkazildi. Natsizmga ozgina bo‘lsa-da, muxoliflikda shubha qilinganlar xizmat vazifalaridan bo‘shatildi. Ularning o‘rnini natsistlar partiyasi a’zolari egalladilar. Qurolli kuchlarning barcha zobitlari natsistlar partiyasi a’zosi bo‘lishi shart qilib qo‘yildi. 1933-yilning oxiridayoq muxolif marralarda turuvchi barcha tashkilotlar amalda yo‘q qilindi. Ayni paytda A. Gitler o‘z partiyasi ichidagi muxoliflarni ham qatag‘on qildi. Bu mash’um reja 1934-yil 30-iyun kuni tunda amalga oshirildi. Bu tun Germaniya tarixiga «uzun pichoqlar kechasi» nomi bilan kirgan. Shu tariqa A. Gitler Germaniyaning yagona hukmdori, partiya rahbari, fyurer, ya’ni Germaniya xalqining cheksiz huquqqa ega bo‘lgan dohiysiga aylandi. Uning hokimiyatini mustahkamlash asosi terror edi. A. Gitlerning fikricha, terror — bu siyosiy raqiblarini yo‘q qilish vositasigina emas, ayni paytda butun nemis xalqini qo‘rqitish omili, fuqarolarda qarshilik ko‘rsatish muqarrar halokatga olib boradi, degan aqidani qaror toptirish vositasi ham bo‘lishi kerak edi. Albatta, Gitler yalpi terror va qatag‘on siyosatini bu siyosatni amalga oshirishga qodir bo‘lgan qudratli terrorchi tashkilotlarsiz amalga oshira olmas edi. Shuning uchun ham u bunday tashkilotlarni vujudga keltira oldi. Tez orada natsistlar o‘zlarining bosh jazo idorasi — xavfsizlik otryadlarini (qo‘riqlash qo‘shini) — SSni tuzdilar. Unga A. Gitlerning ishongan odami G. Gimmler rahbarlik qildi. 46 SS otryadlarining vazifasi — o‘zgacha fikrlovchi odamlarni ta’qib etish, ommaviy qirg‘in uyushtirish, pechlarda yoqib yuborish, gaz kameralarida zaharlab o‘ldirishdan iborat edi. Shuningdek, o‘lim lagerlari (konslager)ga olib kelingan asirlar ustidan turli tajribalar (muzlatish, zaharli o‘t ta’siri, turli tibbiy sinovlar) o‘tkazilishini tashkil etdi. SSning tarkibiy qismini gestapo (maxfiy politsiya) va SD (razvedka va kontrrazvedka) tashkil etgan. Ularning asosiy vazifasi mavjud tuzumga qarshi paydo bo‘lgan har qanday muxolifatni joyida yo‘q qilishdan iborat edi. Ayni paytda ular zimmasiga yahudiylarni ommaviy qirg‘in qilish vazifasi ham yuklatilgan. Fashistlar o‘zgacha fikrlovchilar, demokratik tashkilotlar vakillari va harbiy asirlarni ommaviy qirg‘in qilish maqsadida 15 ta o‘lim lagerlari barpo etdilar, bu lagerlarda 10 mln ga yaqin kishi yo‘q qilindi. Asir ayollar sochlaridan kema machtalariga iplar to‘qilgan, odam bolasi terisidan ayollar sumkachalari, qo‘lqoplar tayyorlangan, yog‘idan sovun ishlab chiqarishda foydalanilgan, yoqilgan murdalarning kullari o‘g‘it sifatida ekin maydoniga sepilgan. Asirlarning tilla tishlari sug‘urib olinib, fashistlar davlati manfaatlari yo‘lida ishlatilgan. Davlatda oziq-ovqat tanqisligi ro‘kach qilinib, yaratuvchilik mehnatiga noqobil bo‘lgan barcha kishilar, qariyalar, telbalar, ruhiy bemorlar, tutqanoq kasali bilan og‘rigan bemorlarni qirib yuborishga buyruq berilgan. Germaniyaning 275 ming aholisi o‘ldirilgan. Natsistlar yahudiy aholini to‘liq qirib tashlash bo‘yicha maxsus dastur ishlab chiqqanlar. Bu — insoniyat tarixida eng shafqatsiz irqiy ta’qib edi. Xususan, Yevropada 6 mln dan ortiq yahudiy qirib tashlangan. Fashistlar o‘z ichki siyosatlarida maktab tarbiyasiga katta e’tibor berganlar. Maktabga qadam qo‘yilgan davrdan boshlaboq «irqiy dunyoqarash», «irqiy ustunlik» va german qonunini sof saqlashga e’tiqod tarbiyalana boshlagan. Maktablarda faqat natsizmga xizmat qiluvchi o‘qituvchilargina ishlagan. 1933-yilning may oyidan boshlab 18—25 yoshlilar uchun ichki mehnat majburiyati joriy etildi. 1935-yil mart oyidan boshlab esa umumiy harbiy majburiyat to‘g‘risidagi qonun kuchga kirdi. Germaniya iqtisodiyotini harbiy izga ko‘chirish uchun zarur chora amalga oshirildi. Shu maqsadda 1934-yil 20-yanvarda «Milliy mehnatni tartibga solish to‘g‘risida» qonun qabul qilindi. Unga ko‘ra, fuqaro uchun mehnatni erkin tanlash huquqi bekor qilindi. 1936-yilning yozida iqtisodiyotni harbiy yo‘nalishga o‘tkazishning 4 yillik rejasi rasman tasdiqlandi. Shu 4 yil ichida dunyoda eng qudratli zamonaviy armiya tashkil etilishi lozim edi. Shu yillar davomida harbiy xarajat 10 baravar oshdi. 1939-yilga kelib Buyuk Britaniya harbiy xarajati 5 mlrd, Fransiyaniki 2,3 mlrd markani tashkil etgani holda Germaniya harbiy xarajatlari 18 mlrd markani tashkil etdi. 1939-yilda Germaniyada diviziyalar soni 1914-yilgi darajaga yetkazildi va ular eng zamonaviy qurol-yarog‘lar bilan qurollantirildi. Harbiy-dengiz floti modernizatsiya qilindi. 47 Shunday qilib, Germaniya ikki jahon urushi oralig‘ida vayronalikdan g‘arb mamlakatlari yordamida tiklandi, taraqqiy qildi. Lekin fashizm tinchliksevar kuchlardan ustun kelib, ikki yuzlamachi siyosat yuritdi. Dunyoga hukmron bo‘lishga intildi. Bu yo‘lda tajovuzkor davlatlar bilan til biriktirdi. Dunyoni bo‘ysundirishga intilgan Germaniya urush olib borishga tayyorgarlikni nihoyasiga yetkazdi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. 1918-yildagi inqilobning shart-sharoitlari va uning oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Veymar Respublikasi va Konstitutsiya haqida so‘zlab bering. 3. Nima uchun Germaniyada 1919—1923-yil davomida keskin siyosiy vaziyat saqlanib turgan va shiddatli siyosiy kurashlar davom etgan? 4. «Daues rejasi»dan kuzatilgan maqsad nima edi? Fransiya qanday sabablarga ko‘ra «Daues rejasi»ning qabul qilinishiga rozi bo‘lgan? 5. 1924—1929-yillar oralig‘ida Germaniya iqtisodiy taraqqiyotida qanday natijalarga erishdi? 6. Qanday omillar Germaniyada o‘ta millatchi revanshchi kuchlar roli oshishiga sabab bo‘ldi? 7. Fashizm haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 8. Germaniyada fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishining sabablari haqida so‘zlab bering. 9. Germaniya fashistlarining ichki siyosati haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 10. Fashizm insoniyatga qarshi qanday mash’um jinoyatlar sodir etgan? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. GERMANIYA PREZIDENTLARI FAOLIYATI T.r. Prezidentlar nomi Hokimiyatga kelgan vaqti Faoliyati 5-§. Fransiya Fransiya jahon urushida g‘olib chiqqan davlatlardan biri edi. Biroq bu g‘oliblik Fransiya uchun juda katta yo‘qotishlar evaziga qo‘lga kiritildi. Chunonchi, urush tufayli 1,4 mln nafar fransiyalik halok bo‘ldi, 750 mingi yarador, mayib-majruh bo‘lib qoldi. Urush harakatlari oqibatida sanoati taraqqiy etgan viloyatlar vayronaga aylandi. 3 mln 250 ming gektar haydaladigan yer foydalanishga yaroqsiz bo‘lib qoldi. Fransiya qarz beruvchi davlatdan qarzdor davlatga aylandi. 1920-yilga kelganda Fransiyaning davlat qarzi 300 mlrd frankka yetdi. (O‘sha davrdagi hisoblarda AQSH dan 300 mlrd dollar, Buyuk Britaniyadan esa 650 mln funt sterling qarz bo‘ldi.) Birinchi jahon urushining oqibatlari ? 48 Ayni paytda urush Fransiyani G‘arbiy Yevropaning birinchi davlatiga ham aylantirdi. Elzas va Lotaringiyaning qaytarilishi, Saar viloyati ustidan Fransiya nazoratining o‘rnatilishi mamlakatning bundan keyingi taraqqiyotida juda katta ijobiy rol o‘ynadi. Yangi iqtisodiy hududlar Fransiya metallurgiya sanoati qudratini 75 foizga oshirdi. Bundan tashqari, Fransiya hukumati vayron bo‘lgan xo‘jalikni tiklash masalasiga ham jiddiy e’tibor berdi. Bu maqsad uchun to‘langan 100 mlrd markaga yaqin tovon sanoatni texnologiya jihatidan qayta qurish imkonini berdi. Bularning bari mamlakatni yanada industrlashtirish uchun qudratli omil bo‘lib xizmat qildi, oxir-oqibatda Fransiya agrar-industrial davlatdan industrial-agrar davlatga aylandi. Temir rudasi qazib chiqarish bo‘yicha Fransiya Yevropada birinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Qudratli banklar («Mirabo», Rotshildlar oilasi, aka-uka Lazarlar, Malle kabi) paydo bo‘ldi. Sanoatning yetakchi tarmoqlarida «Reno», «Sitroyen», «Pejo», «Simka» kabi ulkan kompaniyalar tashkil topdi. Shu bilan barobar mamlakatdagi katta miqdordagi mayda korxonalar ham saqlanib qoldi. Ular barcha sanoat mahsulotining deyarli 50 foizini ishlab chiqardilar. Qishloq xo‘jaligida ham tub o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi. Chunonchi, katta yer egaligi salmog‘i kuchaydi. Masalan, jami xo‘jaliklarning 3,3 foizini tashkil etgan 40 gektardan ortiq yerga egalik qiluvchi xo‘jaliklar qo‘lida ekin maydonlarining 45,6 foizi to‘plandi. Ular urushdan oldin atigi 2,6 foiz ekin maydoniga egalik qilardilar, xolos. Urush tufayli Fransiya mustamlakachi imperiyasi yanada kengaydi. Suriya va Livanda Fransiya nazorati o‘rnatildi (Ular sobiq Turkiya imperiyasi mulklari edi). Shuningdek, Fransiya Germaniyaning Afrikadagi mustamlakalari — Togoning bir qismi va Kamerunga ega bo‘ldi. Fransiya jamiyati ichki hayotida shovinizm kayfiyati nihoyatda kuchaydi. Vaqtli matbuot «Nemislar hamma narsa uchun haq to‘lashlari kerak» shiorini keng targ‘ib etdi va mamlakatdagi millatchi kuchlar Germaniyani mumkin qadar kuchsizlantirishga urindilar. Ayni paytda Fransiya Sovet Rossiyasiga qarshi chet el imperiyasining eng faol tashabbuskorlaridan biri bo‘ldi. Chunki Rossiyaga bergan qarzlari taqdiridan nihoyatda tashvishga tushib qolgan edi. Fransiya hukmron doiralarining bosh maqsadi Fransiyani Yevropaning eng qudratli, Yevropa mamlakatlari orasida hal qiluvchi so‘zni aytuvchi davlatga aylantirish edi. 1919-yil noyabr oyida urushdan keyin birinchi marta parlamentga saylov o‘tkazildi. Saylovgacha o‘ng partiyalar «Milliy blok» deb ataluvchi ittifoqqa birlashdi. Blokni o‘ta o‘ng partiyalar — «Milliy respublikachilik partiyasi», «Respublikachi-demokratik partiya» — tuzgan edilar. Radikallar va Respublikachilar partiyalari ularga qo‘shilgan. «Milliy blok» hukumati. Uning ichki va tashqi siyosati 49 Versal shartnomasi Fransiyaga juda katta foyda keltirgan bo‘lsa-da, o‘ta o‘ng kuchlarni u qanoatlantirmas edi. Shuning uchun ular Versal shartnomasini Fransiya diplomatiyasining muvaffaqiyatsizligi deb hisobladilar. Shu bois saylov oldidan o‘ta o‘ng partiyalar mamlakatda millatchilik g‘oyalarini zo‘r berib avj oldirdilar. Ayni paytda ular aholining ma’lum qismini «bolshevizm xavfi» bilan ham cho‘chitishga erishdilar. Bu omillar «Milliy blok»ning saylovda g‘alaba qozonishini ta’minladi. Ular Millat Majlisidagi jami o‘rinlarning uchdan ikki qismidan ko‘prog‘ini egallashga muvaffaq bo‘ldilar. Bu o‘ng kuchlar g‘alabasining rekord darajasi edi. «Milliy blok» hukumatini A. Milyeran (1859—1943) boshqardi. «Milliy blok»ning ichki siyosatdagi asosiy vazifasi mamlakatda inqilob ro‘y berishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik va ijtimoiy harakat to‘lqinini pasaytirish edi. Shuning uchun ham u saylovchilarga ishchilarning daromadidan o‘z ulushlarini olishlariga imkoniyat yaratish, ularga korxonalarni boshqarishda qatnashish huquqini berish kabi chuqur ijtimoiy islohotlarni amalga oshirishga va’da berdi. Biroq tez orada boshlangan jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi bu va’dalarni bajarishga imkon bermadi. Aksincha, A. Milyeran hukumati, yirik kapital xohishi o‘laroq, 8 soatlik ish vaqti joriy etish to‘g‘risidagi qonunni amalda joriy etishga to‘sqinlik ham qildi. Soliqlar yukini kamaytirmadi. Ish haqi oshirilishi haqidagi talablarga qarshilik ko‘rsatdi. Bunday siyosat mamlakatda kuchli ish tashlash harakati avj olishiga olib keldi. 1919-yilda bu harakatlarda 1,2 mln dan ortiq ishchi qatnashdi. O‘ta o‘ng partiyalar siyosatiga qarshi pozitsiyada turadigan yirik siyosiy kuch Fransiya sotsialistik partiyasi (FSP) edi. Biroq uning safida ham birlik yo‘q edi. Bu partiyada o‘ng, markaz va so‘l qanot deb ataluvchi guruhlar o‘rtasida o‘zaro ichki kurash davom etmoqda edi. 1920-yilning dekabr oyida FSPda bo‘linish yuz berdi. Bo‘linib chiqqan qism yangi siyosiy partiya — Fransiya Kommunistik partiyasini (FKP) tuzdi. Ijtimoiy harakatda ana shunday bo‘linishlar, shuningdek, kasaba uyushmalarida hukumat bilan kelishishga intiluvchi tomon kuchli mavqega egaligi hukumatni mamlakatda tub ijtimoiy islohotlarni o‘tkazishga majbur etish imkonini bermadi. «Milliy blok» tashqi siyosatida Fransiyaning Yevropada yetakchi davlat bo‘lib qolishi uchun qo‘lidan kelgan barcha choralarni ko‘rdi. Chunonchi, u Germaniyani mumkin qadar kuchsizlantirishga intildi. 1920—1921-yillarda Fransiya ta’siri ostida Chexoslovakiya — Ruminiya — Yugoslaviya ittifoqi tuzildi. U tarixda «Kichik Antanta» nomi bilan ham ma’lum. Bundan tashqari, 1921-yilda ham Sovet Rossiyasi, ham Germaniyaga qarshi qaratilgan Fransiya — Polsha harbiy ittifoqi tuzildi. Bunga javoban Germaniya va Rossiya 1922-yilda Rapallo shartnomasi deb atalgan savdo-iqtisodiy shartnomani imzoladilar. Shartnoma har ikkala mamlakatning xalqaro mavqeyini mustahkamladi. 4 — Jahon tarixi 50 Fransiyaning Yevropada o‘z gegemonligini butun choralar bilan qaror toptirishga urinishi uning Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH bilan munosabatlarini sovuqlashtirdi. Buyuk Britaniya Yevropada Fransiyaning gegemon bo‘lishini aslo istamas, aksincha, bu mavqega o‘zi da’vogarlik qilardi. Xalqaro maydonda gegemonlikka da’vogar AQSH ham Fransiyaning yanada kuchayib ketishini xohlamas edi. Shuning uchun Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH Germaniya Fransiyaga to‘lashi lozim bo‘lgan tovon miqdorini mumkin qadar kamaytirishga intilganlar. Buning ustiga, Germaniya tovonni hamisha ham vaqtida va belgilangan miqdorda to‘lash qobiliyatiga ega bo‘lmagan. Germaniya tovonning bir qismini ko‘mir bilan to‘lash majburiyatini ham olgan edi. 1922-yilda Rur viloyatidan Fransiyaga ko‘mir yuborishni to‘xtatdi. Bu hodisa Fransiya metallurgiya sanoati rivojiga katta salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Buning oldini olish maqsadida «Milliy blok» hukumati (bu vaqtda uni ashaddiy militarist va shovinist R. Puankare boshqarar edi) 1923-yil yanvarda Rur viloyatiga qo‘shin kiritdi va uni bosib oldi. Biroq Fransiya o‘z maqsadiga erisha olmadi. Rur ko‘mir konlari ishchilari (nemislar) Germaniya hukumatining chaqirig‘i bilan ko‘mir qazib chiqarish va uni vagonlarga ortishdan bosh tortdilar. Natijada Fransiyaning o‘nlab metallurgiya zavodlarida ish to‘xtab qoldi. Ayni paytda istilochi qo‘shinni saqlab turish hukumatni ma’nosiz katta xarajat qilishga majbur etdi. Bu xarajat soliqlarni yanada oshirish evaziga amalga oshirildi. Mamlakatda pul qadrsizlandi. Bu esa Fransiyada ichki siyosiy vaziyatni keskinlashtirib yubordi. Rur istilosi xalqaro munosabatlarda tanglik yuz berishiga olib keldi. Buyuk Britaniya Germaniyaning yonini ola boshladi. AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya Fransiyaning Yevropa qit’asida gegemonlik o‘rnatish xomxayolini butunlay chippakka chiqarish yo‘llarini qidira boshladilar. Bu yo‘lni topdilar ham. Bu yo‘l Germaniya iqtisodiyotini tiklash va bu bilan Germaniyaning Yevropa siyosiy hayotidagi rolini oshirishga xizmat qiluvchi Daues rejasini hayotga tatbiq etish edi. Shu tariqa Rur istilosi aslida hukumatning kaltabin siyosati bo‘lib chiqdi. Bu istilo Fransiyaning ichki va tashqi ahvolini yomonlashtirib yubordi. Bu esa oxir-oqibatda «Milliy blok»ning 1924-yildagi saylovda mag‘lubiyatga uchrashiga olib keldi. 1919—1924-yillarda Fransiyaning «Milliy blok» hukumati siyosatidan norozi ichki va tashqi so‘l kuchlar «So‘l blok» tuzishga qaror qildilar. 1924- yilda bunday blokning tuzilishiga erishildi. Radikallar partiyasi va sotsialistik partiya bu blokka birlashdilar. Ular saylovchilarga chuqur ijtimoiy islohot o‘tkazish, «Milliy blok»ning xalqqa qarshi qaratilgan tadbirlarini bekor qilish, Sovet davlati bilan diplomatik munosabat o‘rnatish, Germaniyadan Fransiya qo‘shinini olib chiqib ketish kabi va’dalarni berdilar va 1924-yilning may oyida parlamentga o‘tkazilgan saylovda g‘alaba qozondilar hamda «So‘l blok» hukumatini tuzdilar. Hukumatni Radikallar partiyasi rahbari E. Errio 51 (1872—1957) boshqardi va Rur viloyatidan Fransiya qo‘shinlarini olib chiqib ketdi. Oktabr oyiga kelib Sovet davlatini tan oldi va diplomatik munosabat o‘rnatdi. Uy-joy muammosini hal etish maqsadida 300 mln frank mablag‘ ajratdi. 1925-yilda og‘ir sanoatda ishlab chiqarish urushdan oldingi darajadan oshib ketdi. Biroq «So‘l blok» hukumati milliy pulning qadrini ta’minlay olmadi. Inflatsiya o‘sib bordi. Masalan, 1915-yilda 1 dollar 5,5 frankka teng bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, bu ko‘rsatkich 1926-yilda 47 frankni tashkil etdi. Hukumat mamlakatda chuqur ijtimoiy islohotlar o‘tkazilishini istamayotgan yirik kapital qarshiligini yenga olmadi. Buning ustiga bu hukumat Fransiya mustamlakalarida (Marokash va Suriyada) boshlangan milliy-ozodlik harakatlarini qonga botirdi. Germaniya masalasida hukumat AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya oldida to‘la taslimchilik yo‘lini tutdi. E. Errio hukumatini «Daues rejasi»ni qo‘llab-quvvatlashga majbur etdilar. Bu Fransiyaning Yevropada gegemon bo‘lish orzusiga xotima berilganligini anglatar edi. Bu ham yetmagandek, Fransiya 1925-yilda Lokarno shartnomasini imzoladi. Bu shartnomaning imzolanishi aslida Fransiyaning o‘z ittifoqchilari bo‘lgan Polsha va Chexoslovakiyaga nisbatan xiyonati edi. Chunki mazkur shartnomada bu ikki davlatning Germaniya bilan chegaralari buzilmasligiga xalqaro kafolat berish ko‘zda tutilmagan edi. Bunday riyokorona shartnomaning imzolanishiga Fransiyaning Germaniyaning bo‘lajak agressiyasi tig‘ini Sharqqa burib yuborishdek mash’um niyati sabab bo‘ldi. Bu omillarning bari o‘ng kuchlarga so‘llarni Fransiya manfaatiga xiyonat qilishda ayblashlariga imkoniyat tug‘dirdi. Ayni paytda Fransiyada moliyaviy inqiroz kuchayib bordi. Moliya-sanoat doiralari frankni barqarorlashtirish uchun favqulodda soliqlar joriy etish rejasini ilgari surdilar. Biroq Sotsialistik partiya bu rejani qo‘llab-quvvatlamadi. Natijada 1926-yilning iyun oyida «So‘l blok» barham topdi. Sotsialistik partiya bilan orani ochiq qilgan Radikallar partiyasi o‘nglar bilan hamkorlik yo‘liga o‘tdi. O‘ng kuchlar radikallar bilan koalitsion hukumat tuzdilar. Bu hukumat «Milliy blok» hukumati deb ataldi va unga yana R. Puankare (1860 — 1934) boshchilik qildi. Parlament R. Puankarega moliyaviy islohot uchun cheklanmagan vakolatlar berdi. Chunonchi, hukumat soliqlarni 9 mlrd frankka ko‘paytirdi. Davlat xarajatlarini qisqartirdi. Urush nogironlariga to‘lanadigan nafaqalar kamaytirildi. 1926-yilda frankning barqarorlashuviga erishildi (1 dollar avvalgi 47 frank o‘rniga 24,8 frankka teng bo‘ldi). Inflatsiyadan eng ko‘p zarar ko‘rgan mayda mulkdorlar R. Puankarega frank xaloskori deb qaray boshladi. Bundan tashqari, shu yilning o‘zida davlat budjeti daromadlari ilk bor urushdan keyingi xarajatlardan ortiq bo‘ldi. Moliyaviy barqarorlik, o‘z navbatida, iqtisodiyotning umumiy yuksalishi boshlanganini anglatar edi. Fransiya sanoati mahsuloti hajmi birinchi bor urushdan oldingi darajadan ortiq bo‘ldi. 1930-yilga kelganda Fransiyada 52 ikki jahon urushi oralig‘idagi eng yuqori sanoat ishlab chiqarishiga va savdo aylanmasiga erishildi. U sanoat taraqqiyotining o‘sish surati bo‘yicha Buyuk Britaniya va Germaniyani ortda qoldirdi. Iqtisodiyotda davom etgan barqaror taraqqiyot aholi turmush darajasi o‘sishiga ham ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Chunonchi, 1926-yildan boshlab ishsizlik, keksalik nafaqalari hamda kasallik, nogironlik va homiladorlik yordam pullari joriy etildi. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Fransiyaga ham ta’sir ko‘rsatmay qolmadi. 1930-yilning oxirida Fransiya iqtisodiyotida inqiroz boshlandi va u uzoq — 1936- yilgacha davom etdi. Ayni paytda u juda og‘ir kechdi. Chunonchi, 1931— 1935-yillarda sanoat mahsuloti ishlab chiqarish va milliy daromad hajmi 30 foizdan ortiqqa kamaydi. Inqirozdan ayniqsa yengil sanoat katta talafot ko‘rdi. 1934-yilda to‘qimachilikda yalpi mahsulot ishlab chiqarish 65 foizga kamaydi. 135 ta ip-gazlama fabrikasi yopildi. Sanoatda ishsizlar soni 1,5 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Ish soati 10—12 soat davom etadigan bo‘lib qoldi. Ish haqi 40 foizgacha kamaytirildi. Qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish hajmi 40 foizgacha kamaydi. Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari narxi ko‘tarildi. Soliqlar miqdori oshirildi. Iqtisodiy inqiroz mamlakat tashqi savdosiga ham juda katta zarba berdi. Uning hajmi 60 foizga kamaydi. Inqiroz Fransiya mustamlakalariga ham ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Xususan, Hindixitoyda mustamlakachilik zulmiga qarshi qo‘zg‘alon ko‘tarildi. Marokash va Jazoirda milliy-ozodlik kurashi kuchaydi. Xalqaro ahvol ham Fransiya uchun qulay emas edi. 1933-yilda Germaniyada fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi Fransiyaning biqinida urush o‘chog‘i vujudga kelganligini anglatar edi. Bir tomondan, iqtisodiy inqirozni vujudga keltirgan iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar va hukumatning ularni bartaraf etishdagi ojizligi, ikkinchi tomondan, Germaniyaning Versal shartnomasini buzishga urinishi va uning keng miqyosda qurollana boshlashiga qarshi tura olmaslik mamlakatda o‘ta o‘ng hamda fashistik kuchlar faollashuviga olib keldi. Ular parlament tuzumiga ishonchsizlik bilan qaray boshladilar va jamiyat hayotida davlatning rolini oshirish talabi bilan chiqa boshladilar. 1932-yilda parfyumeriya sanoati yirik magnati Koti «Fransuz hamkorligi» deb ataluvchi fashistlar partiyasini tuzdi. Shuningdek, mamlakatda «Jangovar xochlar» va boshqa qator fashistik tashkilotlar faoliyat yurita boshladi. Ularning maqsadi Fransiyada ham fashistik diktatura o‘rnatish edi. Fashistik tashkilotlarning faoliyati kuchayib bordi. Fransiya fashistlari hokimiyatni egallashga ochiqdan- ochiq harakat qila boshladilar. Shu maqsadda ular 1934-yil 6-fevralda qurolli isyon uyushtirdilar. Bu isyonga «Stavisskiy ishi» bahona bo‘lgan. Rossiyalik emigrant, xalqaro firibgar, tovlamachi Stavisskiy firibgarlik orqasidan juda katta boylik Fashistlar isyoni Iqtisodiy inqiroz va uning oqibatlari 53 to‘plagandi. U Fransiyada aholiga juda katta miqdorda qalbaki aksiyalar sotishga ulgurgan va bu qalbaki aksiyalar uni sotib olganlarni xonavayron qilgandi. 1934-yil yanvar oyida Stavisskiy fosh etildi. Tekshiruvlarda qator siyosiy arboblarning ham qalbakichilikda qo‘li borligi aniqlandi. Fashistlar bu ishda mamlakat parlamentini aybdor deb e’lon qildilar va 6-fevral kuni qurolli isyon ko‘tardilar. Garchand, isyon muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagan bo‘lsada, fashistlar hukumatning iste’fo berishiga erishdilar. Fashistlar isyoni Fransiya jamiyatining sog‘lom kuchlarini qattiq qayg‘uga soldi. Ularning chaqirig‘i bilan kuchli antifashistik harakat oyoqqa turdi. 12-fevral kuni ularning (sotsialistlar, kommunistlar, radikallar va partiyasizlar) chaqirig‘i bilan mamlakatda umummilliy namoyishi o‘tkazildi. Unda 4,5 mln kishi qatnashdi. Shu tariqa, mamlakatda antifashistik kuchlar ittifoqini vujudga keltirish uchun qulay sharoit vujudga keldi. Fashizm xavfi sotsialistlar va kommunistlarni o‘rtadagi o‘zaro ginalarni unutishga undadi. Natijada 1934-yil 27-iyulda Fransiya Sotsialistik partiyasi va Fransiya Kommunistik partiyasi o‘rtasida «Harakat birligi to‘g‘risida pakt» imzolandi. Bu ikki partiyaning antifashistik harakatiga tez orada radikallar partiyasi ham qo‘shildi. 1935-yil 14-iyulda sotsialistlar, kommunistlar va radikallar partiyasi birgalikda katta namoyish o‘tkazdilar. Shu tariqa Fransiyada «Xalq fronti» vujudga keldi. 1936-yil aprel—may oylarida o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovlarida xalq fronti g‘alaba qozondi. U parlamentda umumiy o‘rinning deyarli uchdan ikki qismini egalladi. Sotsialist Leon Blyum boshchiligida yangi hukumat tuzildi. Bu hukumat ish haqini oshirish, 40 soatli ish haftasi, korxonalarda jamoa shartnomalari tuzish, kasaba uyushmalari huquqini himoya qilish, haq to‘lanadigan ta’til berish kabi qator qarorlar qabul qildi. Parlament fashistik tashkilotlar faoliyatini taqiqlash haqida muhim qonun qabul qildi. Biroq bu qonun fashistlarga qonuniy faoliyat yurituvchi partiya tuzishga ruxsat etgan. Shunday qilib, Fransiyada fashizm hokimiyatni egallay olmadi. Bunga Fransiyada fashizmning ijtimoiy tayanchi yo‘qligi hamda so‘l kuchlarning xalq fronti tuzishga erishganligi sabab bo‘ldi va mamlakatni fashizm diktaturasidan saqlab qolishda Xalq fronti hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynadi. Biroq tez orada «Xalq fronti» ichida kelishmovchilik yuzaga keldi. Buning sababi xalqaro va ichki siyosatda yagona fikrga kela olmaganlikda edi. 1936-yil iyul oyida Ispaniyada boshlangan Franko isyoni Fransiya uchun fashist davlatlari qurshovida qolish xavfini vujudga keltirdi. Shunday sharoitda hukumat Buyuk Britaniya qistovi bilan Ispaniya ishlariga «aralashmaslik» siyosatini yurita boshladi. Kommunistlar bu siyosatga qarshi chiqdilar. Bundan tashqari, mamlakatda fashistlar partiyasining faoliyati man etilmaganligi hukumat bilan so‘l kuchlar o‘rtasida o‘zaro kelishmovchilikni yanada kuchaytirdi. Xalq frontining tuzilishi 54 Ayni paytda hukumat budjet tanqisligini bartaraf etolmaganligi ham munosabatlarni yanada sovutdi. Bularning bari 1938-yil aprel oyida L. Blyum hukumatini iste’fo berishga majbur etdi. Radikallar partiyasi rahbari Ye. Dalad’e yangi hukumat tuzdi. Uning 30-sentabrda Myunxen shartnomasini imzolashi Xalq frontida qattiq tanqidga sabab bo‘ldi. Myunxen shartnomasiga ko‘ra, Chexoslovakiyaning Sudet viloyati Germaniyaga olib berilgan edi. Bu shartnoma tez orada Gitlerga Chexoslovakiyani to‘la bosib olish uchun yo‘l ochgandi. Natijada Radikallar partiyasi noyabr oyida «Xalq fronti» tarkibidan chiqdi. Shu tariqa Xalq fronti tarqab ketdi. Ye. Dalad’e o‘ng partiyalarga tayanib faoliyat yurita boshladi. 1938-yil 6- dekabrda Fransiya Germaniya bilan o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risidagi bitimdan hech farq qilmaydigan qo‘shma deklaratsiyani imzoladi va shu oyda Italiyaning Efiopiyani bosib olganligini ham tan oldi. 1939-yil mart oyida Germaniyaning Chexoslovakiyani bosib olishiga hech qanday to‘sqinlik qilmadi. Uning niyati Germaniya agressiyasi tig‘ini Sharqqa — Rossiyaga burib yuborish edi. Ayni paytda 1939-yilning mart oyida Fransiya hukumati har ehtimolga qarshi Buyuk Britaniya bilan harbiy ittifoq tuzdi. Biroq tashqi siyosatdagi bu nayranglar Fransiyani saqlab qola olmadi va u 1940-yilda Germaniya hujumi natijasida tiz cho‘kishga majbur bo‘ldi. Shunday qilib, Fransiya Birinchi jahon urushida g‘olib bo‘lsa-da, iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti tezlashmadi. Buyuk davlatlar ta’siridan chiqolmadi. Ikki yuzlamachi siyosat yuritdi. Fashizm qurboni bo‘ldi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Birinchi jahon urushining Fransiya uchun oqibatlari jadvalini tuzing. «Milliy blok» hukumatining ichki va tashqi siyosati haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. AQSH va Buyuk Britaniyaning Fransiyaga nisbatan tutgan siyosatidan qanday xulosa chiqargan bo‘lardingiz? 3. «So‘l blok» qay tariqa yuzaga keldi? Bu ittifoq ichki va tashqi siyosatining mazmunini tahlil eting va uni «Milliy blok» ichki va tashqi siyosati bilan taqqoslang. 4. «So‘l blok»ning barham topishi sabablarini qayd eting. 5. «Milliy birlik» hukumati qay tariqa tuzildi? 6. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining Fransiya uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 7. Fransiyada fashizm hokimiyat tepasiga kela olmaganligini izohlab bering. 8. Xalq fronti qay tariqa vujudga kelgan edi? Uning Fransiya tarixida tutgan o‘rniga baho bering. 9. Germaniya agressiyasining oldi olinmaganligida Fransiya ham aybdor ekanligini faktlar asosida izohlab bering. ? 55 JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. 1918—1939-YILLARDA FRANSIYA SIYOSATI T.r. Mamlakat hukumati rahbari Hukmronlik yillari Ichki siyosati Tashqi siyosati 6-§. Buyuk Britaniya Birinchi jahon urushining Buyuk Britaniya uchun oqibatlari, avvalo, uning bu urushda g‘olib chiqqan davlatlardan biri bo‘lganligi bilan belgilanadi. G‘alaba tufayli Buyuk Britaniya ko‘p narsalarga erishdi. Chunonchi, Germaniyaning Buyuk Britaniyaga xavfi barham topdi. Buyuk Britaniyaning harbiy qudrati va xalqaro maydondagi ta’siri yanada o‘sdi hamda u Millatlar Ligasida hukmron mavqega ega bo‘lgan davlatga aylandi. Millatlar Ligasi joriy etgan mandat tizimi eng ko‘p darajada Buyuk Britaniyaga foyda keltirdi. Chunonchi, mag‘lub Germaniya va Turkiya sobiq mustamlakalarining eng ko‘p qismi Buyuk Britaniyaga tegdi. Masalan, Buyuk Britaniya Yaqin Sharqda Falastin, Transiordaniya va Iroqni boshqarish huquqini qo‘lga kiritdi. Afrikada Tanganika, Togo va Kamerunning bir qismida ham Buyuk Britaniyaning shunday huquqi qaror topdi. Shuningdek, Buyuk Britaniya dominionlari ham quruq qolmadi. Millatlar Ligasi, xususan, Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqiga Germaniyaning Janubi-G‘arbiy Afrikasini, Avstraliyaga Yangi Gvineyadagi Germaniya mustamlakalarini, Yangi Zelandiyaga esa G‘arbiy Samoa orollarini boshqarish huquqini berdi. Biroq shuni ham alohida ta’kidlash zarurki, urush Buyuk Britaniyaga faqat muvaffaqiyat keltiribgina qolmadi. Urush uning dunyodagi mavqeyiga katta putur yetkazib, jahon bozorida hukmronlik mavqeyini pasaytirdi. Moliyaviy yetakchiligi ham barham topdi. Natijada u qarz beruvchi davlatdan qarz oluvchi davlatga aylanib qoldi. Chunonchi, Buyuk Britaniyaning ichki davlat qarzi 1914-yildagi 650 mln funt sterlingdan 8 mlrd funt sterlingga yetgan. AQSHdan esa 5 mlrd dollardan ortiq miqdorda qarz bo‘lib qoldi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishi keskin darajada pasaydi. Ishlab chiqarilgan tovarlarning raqobatbardoshligi pasayishi oqibatida mamlakat tashqi savdosi hajmi 2 baravardan ortiq kamaydi. Buyuk Britaniya shundan so‘ng o‘zining «dengiz malikasi» maqomini tiklay olmadi. Germaniya harbiy-dengiz floti qudrati sindirilgan bo‘lsa-da, endilikda AQSH harbiy-dengiz flotining qudrati shitob bilan o‘sib bordi. Natijada 1920-yilga kelib Buyuk Britaniya hukumati ikki davlat harbiydengiz flotiga teng keladigan flot saqlash an’anasidan voz kechishga majbur Birinchi jahon urushining Buyuk Britaniya uchun oqibatlari 56 bo‘ldi. Bu omillar va Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakalaridagi milliy-ozodlik kurashi oqibatida Britaniya mustamlakachilik tizimining inqirozi boshlandi. Buyuk Britaniya hukmron doiralari butun choralar bilan mavjud ahvolni o‘zgartirishga harakat qildi. 1918-yilning oxirida mamlakatda iqtisodiy o‘sish boshlandi. Bu 1920-yilning o‘rtalarigacha davom etdi. Bunga keng iste’mol tovarlariga aholi talabining o‘sishi hamda urush vayronalarini tiklash ehtiyoji hisobiga erishildi. Bu o‘sish tashqi savdo o‘sishida yaqqol namoyon bo‘ldi. Chunonchi, shu davr oralig‘ida eksport 38,1 foiz o‘sdi. Biroq bu o‘sish uzoqqa cho‘zilmadi. 1920-yilning kuzidayoq mamlakat iqtisodiyotining barcha tarmoqlarini qamrab olgan iqtisodiy tanglik boshlandi. 1921-yilda sanoat ishlab chiqarishi uchdan birga qisqardi va u urushdan oldingi darajaning 68 foizini tashkil etdi. Ko‘mir qazib chiqarish 30 foiz, tashqi savdo hajmi esa urushdan oldingi darajadan 2 baravarga kamaydi. Ishlab chiqarishning keskin kamayishi ishsizlar sonining o‘sishiga sabab bo‘ldi. Masalan, ishsiz sifatida ro‘yxatga olinganlar soni 1920-yilda 375 ming nafarni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 1921-yil o‘rtalarida bu ko‘rsatkich 2,2 mln ga yaqin kishini tashkil etdi. 1922—1923-yil mobaynida mamlakat iqtisodiyotida turg‘unlik saqlanib qoldi. 1924—1929-yillar davlatlar iqtisodiyotida qisman barqarorlashuvning qaror topishi davri bo‘ldi. Biroq Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiyoti amalda bir joyda depsinib turdi. Masalan, 1929-yilda sanoat ishlab chiqarishi hajmi 1913-yil darajasiga arang yetdi. Faqat sanoatning yangi turlari (mashinasozlik, kimyo, samolyotsozlik va avtomobil) hisobigagina bunga erishildi. 1913-yilda rivojlangan davlatlar orasida Buyuk Britaniyaning sanoat ishlab chiqarishidagi ulushi 14,8 foizni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, bu ko‘rsatkich 1926— 1929-yillarda 9,8 foizga tushib qoldi. Buyuk Britaniyaning iqtisodiy jihatdan tobora orqada qolayotganligining asosiy sababi kapitalni yangilashga kam mablag‘ sarflanayotgani, investitsiya ko‘proq «dengiz orti davlatlari»ga qo‘yilayotgani va sanoatda ishlatilayotgan texnika sifat jihatidan raqobatbardosh emasligi edi. Angliya hukmron doiralari bu omillar ahamiyatini o‘z vaqtida va to‘g‘ri anglay olmadilar. Texnika jihatidan qoloqligi tufayli Buyuk Britaniya jahon bozorida birin-ketin o‘z mavqeyini boy bera boshladi. Eksport tobora qisqara bordi. Tashqi savdo hajmi urushdan oldingi darajaning 87 foizini tashkil etdi, xolos. Importning hissasi tobora ortib bordi. Bu holat oddiy xalqning turmush darajasiga ta’sir etmay qolmadi. Xalq turmush darajasi ancha pasaydi va real ish haqi kamaydi. Bu davrda mamlakat hayotini uchta partiya — Liberallar, Konservativ va Leyboristlar partiyalari o‘rtasidagi kurash belgilar edi. Birinchi jahon urushi yillarida hokimiyat tepasida turgan Liberal partiya yuqorida qayd Mamlakatning siyosiy hayoti Mamlakat iqtisodiy hayotidagi o‘zgarishlar 57 etilgan omillar ta’siri ostida tobora o‘z mavqeyini yo‘qotib bordi. Liberal partiya rahbari, mamlakat bosh vaziri D. Lloyd-Jorj (1863—1945) o‘z partiyasining mavqeyini saqlab qolish niyatida 1918-yil dekabr oyida parlament saylovini o‘tkazdi. Birinchi jahon urushida erishilgan g‘alabaga qo‘shgan hissasi tufayli Liberal partiya harbiylar orasida salmoqli mavqega ega bo‘ldi. Liberallar va Konservatorlar partiyasi saylovda birgalikda ishtirok etdilar. Ular saylovda mamlakatni iqtisodiy va siyosiy qayta qurish shiori bilan ishtirok etdilar. Saylovchilarga yalpi ish o‘rni, mehnatni adolatli taqdirlash, arzon uy-joy, tinchlik, chuqur ijtimoiy islohotlarni o‘tkazishni va’da qildilar. Leyboristlar saylovchilarga ishlab chiqarish vositalariga jamoaviy egalik qilishga imkon beruvchi yangi jamiyat qurishni, ishchilar hukumati tuzishni, milliy transport, energiya manbalari va banklarni egalaridan sotib olish yo‘li bilan milliylashtirishni va’da qildilar. Saylovda Liberal-Konservatorlar ittifoqi g‘alaba qozondi. Ular parlamentdagi 707 o‘rindan 477 tasiga ega bo‘ldilar (undan 136 tasi Liberal partiyaga tegishli edi). Leyboristlar 62 o‘ringa ega bo‘lgan bo‘lsalarda, 1910- yildagi saylovga nisbatan 5 baravar ko‘p (2,5 mln) ovoz oldilar. Shu tariqa bu partiya borgan sari Liberal partiyani siyosiy kurash maydonidan siqib chiqara boradi. Lloyd-Jorj yana bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi va 1922-yilgacha hukumatni boshqardi. Bu davr ichida koalitsion hukumat ham ichki, ham tashqi siyosatda muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga uchradi. Hukumat saylovchilarga bergan va’dasi ustidan chiqa olmadi. Natijada, birinchi navbatda ishchilarning kuchli zabastovka harakatlari boshlandi. 1919-yilda bu harakatda 2,5 mln dan ortiq ishchilar qatnashdilar. Ishchilar 40 soatlik ish haftasi joriy etilishini, ish haqi kamaytirilmasligini talab etdilar. Ayniqsa, konchi ishchilar harakati to‘lqini kuchli bo‘ldi. Ular ish haqini 30 foiz oshirishni, 6 soatlik ish kuni belgilanishini talab eta boshladilar. Shunday sharoitda hukumat ishchilar harakati to‘lqinini yo‘qqa chiqarish yo‘lini tutdi. 1920-yil oktabr oyida mamlakat parlamenti hukumatga ishchilar harakatini bostirish uchun favqulodda vakolatlar berdi. Konchilar talabini qondirishni istamagan kon egalari 1921-yil 1-aprelda lokaut e’lon qildilar. Hukumat esa favqulodda holat e’lon qildi va ko‘mir konlariga armiya qismlarini jo‘natdi. Temir yo‘l va transport ishchilari ularga birdamlik ramzi sifatida zabastovka boshladilar. Biroq hukumat ishchilar harakatini bostirishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Yuqorida qayd etilgandek, Lloyd-Jorj hukumati tashqi siyosatda ham qator muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga uchradi. Milliy-ozodlik harakati Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakachilik imperiyasini larzaga sola boshladi. Chunonchi, 1919-yilda Hindistonda mustaqillik uchun kurash kuchaydi. 1919—1921- 58 yillarda Misrda mustamlakachilikka qarshi qo‘zg‘alon bo‘lib o‘tdi. 1919- yilda Afg‘onistonda Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi mustaqillik urushi boshlandi. Buyuk Britaniya hukmron doiralari mustamlakachi imperiyani halokatdan saqlab qolish uchun qator yon berishlarga majbur bo‘ldi. Xususan, 1918- yilda Hindistonda mahalliy kadrlarga davlat ishlarini boshqarishda qatnashish imkonini beruvchi Konstitutsiyaviy islohotlar o‘tkazildi. Dominionlarga Parij tinchlik konferensiyasida mustaqil subyekt sifatida qatnashish huquqi berildi. Afg‘onistonning mustaqilligini tan olishga majbur bo‘lindi. Misr esa nomiga bo‘lsa-da, mustaqil davlat deb tan olindi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Irlandiya masalasida juda katta qiyinchiliklarga uchradi. Buyuk Britaniya hukmron doiralari o‘zlarining –«bo‘lib tashla, hukmronlik qil», degan an’anaviy shiorlariga bu safar ham sodiq qoldilar. Irlandiya milliy-ozodlik harakatida bo‘linish yuz berdi. Uning o‘ng qanoti Buyuk Britaniya bilan muzokaralarga kirishdi. 1921-yilda Buyuk Britaniya — Irlandiya shartnomasi imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra Irlandiya ikkiga bo‘lindi. Poytaxti Dublin shahri bo‘lgan Janubiy Irlandiyaga dominion huquqi berildi. Shimoliy Irlandiya esa Buyuk Britaniya tarkibida qoldi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab mamlakat rasman «Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiya qo‘shma qirolligi» deb ataladigan bo‘ldi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumatining Sovet Rossiyasiga qarshi kurashi muvaffaqiyatsiz yakunlandi. Buning ustiga u 1921-yilning 16-martida Rossiya bilan savdo shartnomasini imzolashga majbur bo‘ldi. Bu shartnoma amalda Sovet Rossiyasining tan olinganligini ham anglatar edi. Bundan tashqari Buyuk Britaniyaning Gretsiya bilan birgalikda Turkiyaga qarshi uyushtirgan agressiyasi mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Vatanparvar kuchlar Kamol Otaturk boshchiligida Turkiya mustaqilligini saqlab qoldilar. Tashqi siyosatdagi bunday muvaffaqiyatsizlik Konservatorlar partiyasini qattiq larzaga soldi. Endi bu partiya koalitsion hukumat tarkibidan chiqishga qaror qildi. 1922-yil 19-oktabrda Lloyd-Jorj ham bosh vazir lavozimidan iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Bosh vazir lavozimini oldin konservatorlar partiyasi rahbari bo‘lgan B. Lou, birozdan so‘ng esa S. Bolduin egalladi. S. Bolduin hukumatining asosiy vazifasi mamlakat iqtisodiyotini inqirozdan olib chiqish edi. Shundagina jamiyatning asosiy ijtimoiy xastaligi — ishsizlikka barham berish va ayni paytda korxonalar to‘la quvvat bilan ishlashini ta’minlash mumkin edi. Shu maqsadda hukumat iqtisodda proteksionizm usulini qo‘llashga o‘tdi. Biroq bu ko‘zlangan natijani bermadi. Aksincha, 1923-yil oxiriga kelib Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiyoti boshi berk ko‘chaga kirib qoldi. Natijada mamlakatda norozilik uyg‘otdi. Ana shu sharoitda, 1923-yili parlamentga saylov o‘tkazildi. Unda garchand Konservatorlar partiyasi g‘alaba qilgan bo‘lsa-da (258 o‘rin), Leyboristlar partiyasi (191 o‘rin) ham katta yutuqqa erishdi. Bu partiya saylovchilarga ko‘mir sanoatini milliylashtirishga va’da bergan edi. 59 Leyboristlar va Liberallar partiyasi (158 o‘rin) birgalikda S. Bolduin hukumatiga ishonchsizlik bildirdi. Natijada hukumat iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Endi Buyuk Britaniya tarixida birinchi marta Leyboristlar partiyasiga hukumat tuzish topshirildi. 1924-yil yanvarda bu partiya rahbari R. Makdonald (1866—1937) boshchiligida yangi hukumat tuzildi. R. Makdonald hukumati uzoq yashamadi. Bunga bu hukumatning yirik kapital tazyiqi ostida saylovchilarga bergan va’dasini (ko‘mir sanoatini milliylashtirish, ishsizlikni bartaraf etish, ishchilar uchun uy-joy qurish va h.k.) bajara olmaganligi sabab bo‘ldi. 1924-yil 8-oktabrda Konservatorlar partiyasi deputatlari parlamentda ko‘pchilikka ega bo‘lmagan leyboristlar hukumatiga ishonchsizlik bildirishga muvaffaq bo‘ldilar. R. Makdonald iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. 29-oktabrda bo‘lib o‘tgan yangi parlament saylovida Konservatorlar partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi (415 o‘rin). Noyabr oyida S. Bolduin yana bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. S. Bolduin bosh vazirligi davrida ham (1924— 1929) Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiyotida jiddiy o‘zgarishlar bo‘lmadi. Garchand avtomobil, elektrotexnika va kimyo sanoati jadal sur’atda rivojlangan bo‘lsa-da, sanoatning an’anaviy tarmoqlari bo‘lgan kemasozlik, ko‘mir sanoati hamon turg‘unlik holatida edi. Ingliz sarmoyadorlari o‘z kapitalini mamlakat sanoatini zamon ruhida rekonstruksiya qilishga sarflashdan ko‘ra xorijga chiqarishni afzal bildi. Buning oqibatida Buyuk Britaniya urushgacha bo‘lgan mavqeyini qayta tiklay ololmadi. Dominion va mustamlakalarda o‘z milliy sanoatlari taraqqiy etdi. Buyuk Britaniya imperiyasiga AQSH kapitalining kirib kelishi kuchaydi. Buyuk Britaniyada bir vaqtlar gullab rivojlangan ko‘mir sanoati ayniqsa og‘ir ahvolda edi. Urushgacha sanoatning bu tarmog‘ida 1 mln 200 ming ishchi mehnat qilgan va mamlakatda yiliga 290 mln tonna ko‘mir qazib olingan. Urushdan keyin esa ahvol keskin yomonlashib, bu sanoat eng qoloq tarmoqqa aylandi. Bunga kichik-kichik shaxtalarning ko‘pligi hamda ular jihozlarining eskirib qolganligi asosiy sabab bo‘lgan. Bundan tashqari, yerlaridan ko‘mir koni topilgan yer egalariga to‘lanadigan katta to‘lov ham bu soha rivojining asosiy to‘siqlaridan biri edi. Bu omillar, o‘z navbatida, Buyuk Britaniya ko‘miri tannarxini oshirib yubordi. Natijada ingliz ko‘miri arzon nemis va polyak ko‘miri bilan raqobat qila olmay qoldi. Kon egalari o‘z foydalari darajasini ishchilarga to‘lanadigan ish haqini kamaytirish va ish kunini uzaytirish hisobiga qoplashga urinar, ishchilar esa bunga qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatar edilar. 1925-yilning yozida kon egalari ish haqini kamaytirishga urindilar. 1925-yil 31-iyulda konchilar ish haqi pasaytirilgan taqdirda ish tashlashni boshlashga qaror qildilar. Transportchilar va temiryo‘lchilar konchi- 1926-yil voqealari 60 larga o‘z birdamliklarini ma’lum qildilar. S. Bolduin hukumati bu umumiy ish tashlashga aylanib ketishining oldini olish maqsadida kon egalariga subsidiya to‘lashga qaror qildi. Ammo hukumatning bu subsidiyasi 9 oyga yetdi, xolos. 1926-yil aprelda kon egalari konchi ishchilar oldiga ultimatum qo‘ydilar. Unda ishchilardan ish haqining pasaytirilishiga, ish kuni bir soatga oshirilishiga hamda shaxta egalari bilan tred-yunionlar o‘rtasida mamlakat miqyosida jamoaviy shartnomalar imzolanishining bekor qilinishiga rozi bo‘lish talab etilgan edi. Ayni paytda, agar ishchilar bu talabni rad etsalar, lokaut e’lon qilinishi bilan dag‘dag‘a qildilar. Ultimatum mamlakatda keskin norozilikka sabab bo‘ldi. Shunga qaramay, kon egalari 1926-yilning 1-may kuni ish haqi kamaytirilishini e’lon qildilar. Bunga javoban 4-may kuni Buyuk Britaniyada ishchilarning umumiy ish tashlashi boshlandi. Unda jami 6 mln ishchi qatnashdi. Tred-yunionlar umumiy ish tashlash sof iqtisodiy talablar ostida o‘tishini istar edi. Biroq ish tashlashlar iqtisodiy doiradan chiqib, siyosiy nizoga aylanishi xavfi tug‘ildi. Chet davlatlar ishchilari Buyuk Britaniya ishchilari bilan birdam ekanliklarini bildirdilar. Ular Buyuk Britaniyaga jo‘natilishi mo‘ljallangan yuklarni ortishni to‘xtatib qo‘ydilar. Ish tashlaganlarga moddiy yordam ko‘rsatish maqsadida mablag‘ to‘plab, Buyuk Britaniya ishchilariga jo‘natdilar. Siyosiy nizo kelib chiqishidan cho‘chigan tred-yunionlar Bosh kengashi 12-may kuni umumiy ish tashlashni to‘xtatish haqida qaror qabul qildi. Ayni paytda hukumat bilan muzokaraga kirishildi. Ishchilar o‘zlari xohlamasalar-da, tred-yunionlar Bosh kengashi qaroriga bo‘ysunishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Konchilar esa kurashni dekabr oyigacha davom ettirdilar va oxiroqibatda ular ham ish tashlashni to‘xtatishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Shunday qilib, 1926-yilgi umumiy ish tashlash mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Tred-yunionlar rahbariyati Buyuk Britaniyadagi mavjud ijtimoiy-siyosiy tizimni saqlab qolish tarafdori ekanligi tufayli shunday bo‘ldi. Hukmron doiralar o‘z mavqelarini yanada mustahkamlashga qaror qildilar. Chunonchi, ish tashlashni taqiqlovchi qonun qabul qilindi. Bunga ko‘ra, ish tashlash ayrim olingan bir korxona yoki sanoatning ayrim olingan bir tarmog‘idagina o‘tkazilishi mumkin edi. 1929-yilning may oyida Buyuk Britaniyada navbatdagi parlament saylovi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda Leyboristlar, kichik farq bilan bo‘lsa-da, g‘alaba qozondi (287 o‘ringa ega bo‘ldi. Konservatorlar partiyasi 260 o‘ringa ega bo‘ldi). Leyboristlar bu g‘alabaga ko‘mir sanoatini, transport va banklarni milliylashtirish, ishsizlikni tugatish, 7 soatlik ish kunini tiklash, 1927-yilgi tred-yunionlar haqidagi bergan va’dasi tufayli erishdi. Iyun oyida R. Makdonald leyboristlarning ikkinchi hukumatini tuzdi. Leyboristlarning ikkinchi hukumati 61 1929-yilning kuzida boshlangan jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi hukumat va’dalarining bajarilishini qiyinlashtirib qo‘ydi. 1930-yil boshlarida Buyuk Britaniyada ham iqtisodiy inqiroz boshlandi va u 1932-yilda o‘z cho‘qqisiga chiqdi. Shu yili sanoat ishlab chiqarishi 1929-yilga nisbatan 20 foizga qisqardi. Ishsizlar soni 3—3,5 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Funt sterling qiymati uchdan birga qadrsizlandi. Real ish haqi kamaydi. Qishloq xo‘jaligida ham ishlab chiqarish qisqardi. Tashqi savdo hajmi keskin kamaydi. Buyuk Britaniyani an’anaviy bozorlardan siqib chiqarish jarayoni kuchaydi. Shunday sharoitda ham hukumat qator va’dalarni bajardi. Chunonchi, ko‘mir konlarida 7 soatlik ish kuni joriy etildi. Ishsizlik bo‘yicha, sug‘urta to‘g‘risida yangi qonun qabul qilindi. Ishsizlik bo‘yicha nafaqa olish muddati 3 oydan bir yilga uzaytirildi. Ishsizlikka qarshi kurash bo‘yicha yangi vazirlik va ishsizlar uchun ish qidirish bo‘yicha maxsus qo‘mita tashkil etildi. Bu tadbirlar ishsizlarning ahvolini ma’lum darajada yaxshilashga xizmat qildi. Biroq yirik kapital tazyiqi ostida kun tartibida ish haqini, ishsizlik nafaqalarini kamaytirish, bilvosita soliqlarni oshirish masalasi ko‘ndalang bo‘lib qoldi. Bu hol Leyboristlar partiyasining bo‘linib ketishiga olib keldi. Yuqorida qayd etilgan masala tarafdori bo‘lgan R. Makdonald 1931-yil 25-avgustda «Milliy hukumat» deb atalgan koalitsion hukumat tuzdi (uning tarkibiga milliy-leyboristlar, milliy-liberallar va konservatorlar partiyasi vakillari kirdi). Shunday sharoitda, 1931-yil oktabr oyida parlamentga navbatdan tashqari saylov o‘tkazildi. Unda konservatorlar partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi (740 o‘rin). Yana milliy hukumat (1931—1935) tuzildi. Uni yana R. Makdonald boshqardi. Hukumat ish haqini va ijtimoiy sohalarga ajratiladigan xarajatlarni kamaytirish hisobiga inqirozdan chiqish dasturini amalga oshira boshladi. Ingliz kapitalining chetga ko‘plab chiqib ketishidan qo‘rqqan hukumat funt sterlingning oltinga nisbatan qiymatini bekor qildi. Binobarin, endilikda funt sterling oltinga almashtirilmaydigan bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda AQSH va Fransiya banklari Buyuk Britaniyaga 80 mln funt sterling miqdorda qarz berdi. Hukumat tashqi savdoda erkin savdodan voz kechish va proteksionizm (milliy iqtisodiyotni himoya qilish) yo‘lidan bordi. Unga ko‘ra, imperiya tarkibiga kiruvchi hududlarda ingliz tovarlaridan olinadigan boj chet davlatlar tovarlarinikidan 10 foiz kam miqdorda belgilandi. Bu tadbir Buyuk Britaniyaning imperiya bozorlaridagi mavqeyini mustahkamladi. Hukumat ko‘rgan chora-tadbirlar o‘z samarasini berdi. 1932-yil oxiridan boshlab iqtisodiyotda biroz bo‘lsa-da, sog‘lomlashish boshlandi. 1934-yilga kelib sanoat ishlab chiqarishi hajmi 1929-yil darajasiga yetdi. 1935-yil oxirida parlamentga bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovlarda Konservatorlar partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi (385 o‘rin). Bu partiya rahbari S. Bolduin ikkinchi 62 milliy hukumatni tuzdi. Hukumat iqtisodiyotni to‘la sog‘lomlashtirish siyosatini davom ettirdi. Chunonchi, proteksionizm davom ettirildi. Bu siyosat avtomobil, aviatsiya, elektrotexnika va kimyo sanoatiga katta ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Funt sterlingni oltinga almashtirish bekor qilinishining davom ettirilishi ham ijobiy samara bermay qolmadi. Bu yo‘l ingliz sarmoyasini chetga chiqarishning oldini oldi. Chunki funt sterlingning oltinga almashtirilmasligi sarmoyani chetga chiqarishni foydasiz yoki samarasiz qilib qo‘ydi. Endi sarmoyadorlar o‘z sarmoyalarini asosan mamlakat ichida joylashtira boshladi. Masalan, 1936-yilda Buyuk Britaniya chetga 61 mln funt sterling sarmoya chiqargan bo‘lsa, bu ko‘rsatkich mamlakat ichkarisida 217 mln funt sterlingni tashkil etdi. Bu esa sanoatning yanada taraqqiy etishiga olib keldi. Xususiy sarmoyalarning ichki bozorga joylashtirilishiga hukumat olib borgan moliyaviy siyosat ham katta yordam berdi. Xususan, hukumat banklarning tadbirkorlarga eng arzon — 2 foiz miqdorida kredit berishi tartibini joriy etdi. (Avval 10—12 foiz edi.) Biroq Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiy inqiroz iskanjasidan to‘la qutula olmadi. 1937-yilning kuzidan boshlab ishlab chiqarish yana pasaya boshladi. Chunonchi, 1938-yilda sanoat ishlab chiqarishi 1937-yilga nisbatan 12 foizga kamaydi. Ishsizlar soni yuqoriligicha qolaverdi. Shu tariqa 30-yillarning oxiriga kelib Buyuk Britaniyaning jahondagi iqtisodiy mavqeyi sezilarli darajada pasaydi. Endilikda nafaqat AQSH, balki Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiya uning raqiblariga aylangan edi. R. Makdonald realist siyosatchi edi. U o‘z siyosiy faoliyatini Buyuk Britaniya qudratli davlat bo‘lgan paytdan boshlab, uning bu qudratidan faqat alamli xotira qolgan paytda yakunladi. R. Makdonald realist bo‘lganligi uchun ham Buyuk Britaniyaning sobiq buyukligini, qudratini qayta tiklab bo‘lmasligini yaxshi tushunar edi. Biroq u Buyuk Britaniyani bundan keyin ham jahon siyosatida o‘z so‘zi bor davlat holatida ko‘rishni xohlar va shunga astoydil intilar edi. Garchand u sovetlarga qarshi bo‘lsa-da, real voqelikdan kelib chiqib, 1924-yilda Sovet davlatini tan oldi va u bilan diplomatik aloqa o‘rnatdi. Buyuk Britaniya 1925-yilda o‘tkazilgan Lokarno konferensiyasi tashabbuskorlaridan biri edi. Bu konferensiya Germaniyani G‘arb davlatlari bilan yarashtirishga xizmat qildi. Ayni paytda G‘arb davlatlari Germaniyaning Yevropa Sharqidagi erkin harakatiga to‘siq bo‘luvchi kafolatlar tizimini yaratmadi. 1927-yil 24-martda Buyuk Britaniya Xitoyga qarshi harbiy intervensiya uyushtirdi. Uning maqsadi Xitoyda Chan Kayshi hokimiyatini to‘la qaror toptirish edi. 18-aprelda Nankinda Chan Kayshi hukumati qaror topdi. 30-yillarda Buyuk Britaniya tashqi siyosati ikki asosiy muammoga duch keldi. Bular, bir tomondan, fashistlar Germaniyasining Yevropadagi agressiv 1924—1939-yillarda tashqi siyosat 63 tashqi siyosati, ikkinchi tomondan esa, imperiya mustamlakalarida kuchaygan milliy-ozodlik harakati muammolari edi. Buyuk Britaniya Fransiyaning Yevropadagi ta’sirini zaiflashtirishda Germaniyadan foydalanishga intildi. Buning natijasi o‘laroq, 1935-yil 30- iyunda Buyuk Britaniya — Germaniya dengiz bitimi imzolandi. Bu bitimga muvofiq Germaniya Buyuk Britaniya harbiy-dengiz flotining uchdan bir qismiga teng miqdorda dengiz floti tuzish imkoniyatini qo‘lga kiritdi. Bu Versal shartnomasining ochiqdan-ochiq buzilishi edi. Fashistlar Germaniyasi Reyn viloyatiga qo‘shin kiritganda ham Buyuk Britaniya jim kuzatuvchiga aylandi. Bu jim kuzatuvchilik amalda Germaniyaga kelgusida ham shunday tajovuzlarni davom ettirishga ruxsat berish bilan barobar edi. 1936-yilda Ispaniyada Franko fashistik diktaturasi o‘rnatilishiga Germaniya yordam qo‘lini cho‘zgan paytda Buyuk Britaniya Ispaniya ishlariga aralashmaslik siyosatini yuritdi. Bu siyosat Ispaniyaning qonuniy hukumatiga qurol-yarog‘ eksport qilishni amalda to‘xtatib qo‘ydi va bu bilan Buyuk Britaniya Ispaniyada fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishiga ko‘maklashdi. 1937-yilda hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan Konservatorlar partiyasi rahbari N. Chemberlen (1869—1940) o‘zining 3 yillik bosh vazirlik faoliyati davomida Gitlerni «tinchlantirish» siyosatining tashabbuskori bo‘lib maydonga chiqdi. Shuning uchun ham Buyuk Britaniya Germaniyaning Avstriya, Chexoslovakiyani bosib olishiga amalda yordamlashdi. U bunday «kichik» yon berishlar bilan butun bir avlod uchun tinchlikni saqlab qolmoqdaman, deb qayta-qayta uqtirardi. Biroq Germaniya birinchi navbatda Sovet davlatiga emas, G‘arb davlatlariga qarshi urush boshlashi to‘g‘risidagi rejasi haqidagi ma’lumotlar tez orada Buyuk Britaniyaga ma’lum bo‘lib qoldi. Endi Buyuk Britaniya zo‘r berib urushga tayyorlana boshladi. Harbiy xarajatlar ikki baravar oshirildi. Bundan tashqari, Buyuk Britaniya harbiy doktrinani faqat o‘zini emas, balki Fransiyani ham himoya qilishga mo‘ljallab qayta tuzdi. 1939-yil 15- aprelda Buyuk Britaniya tarixida birinchi marta tinch davrda umumiy harbiy majburiyat joriy etildi. Agar Germaniya Polshaga hujum qilsa, Buyuk Britaniya unga harbiy kuch bilan ham yordam beradigan bo‘ldi. Bunday kafolatlar Gretsiya, Ruminiyaga ham berildi. Biroq N. Chemberlen hanuz Germaniya bilan til topishish umididan voz kechmagan edi. Uning maqsadi Germaniya agressiyasi tig‘ini Sovet davlatiga burib yuborish edi. Germaniya armiyasi Pragani egallagach, N. Chemberlen umidlari puchga chiqdi. Endi urush bo‘lishi muqarrar edi. Bu hol Buyuk Britaniyani Moskva bilan muzokaralar boshlashga majbur etdi. Biroq har ikki tomonning aybi bilan bu muzokaralar natijasiz tugadi. Xususan, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaning maqsadi Sovet davlatiga bir tomon64 lama majburiyat yuklash, uni Germaniyaga qarshi urushga tortish, o‘zlari esa chetda qolish edi. Moskva esa bu orada Buyuk Britaniyaning Germaniya bilan dunyoni o‘z ta’sir doiralariga bo‘lib olish to‘g‘risida yashirin muzokaralar olib borayotganligi haqidagi ma’lumotlarni qo‘lga kiritdi. Natijada Sovet hukumati bunga javoban Germaniya bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tutdi. Va 1939-yil 23- avgustda Germaniya bilan Sovet davlati o‘rtasida o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma tuzildi. Sharqda o‘z mavqeyini mustahkamlab olgan Germaniya 1939-yil sentabrda Polshaga hujum qildi. 2—3-sentabr kunlari esa Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qildilar. Shu tariqa Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlanib ketdi. Endi Buyuk Britaniya doiralari N. Chemberlenning «tinchlantirish» siyosatining mevasini tatib ko‘rishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Buyuk Britaniyaning mustamlakalarida milliyozodlik kurashi hech vaqt to‘xtagan emas. Dominionlar esa o‘z huquqlarining yanada kengaytirilishi uchun kurashganlar. Shuning uchun ham Buyuk Britaniya mustamlaka va dominionlarda juda katta qo‘shin saqlashga majbur bo‘ldi. 1930-yil aprel oyida Hindiston Milliy Kongressi hind xalqini yana fuqaroviy bo‘ysunmaslikka chaqirdi. (Birinchi bosqich 1919—1922-yillar.) Bu narsa kuchli ommaviy namoyishni keltirib chiqardi. Ingliz ma’murlari bu namoyish rahbarlarini juda og‘ir jazolarga mubtalo etdi. 1931-yilda Buyuk Britaniya o‘z dominionlarining huquqlaridagi cheklashlarni bekor qilish haqidagi hujjatni joriy etishga majbur bo‘ldi. Bu hujjat Buyuk Britaniya tarixiga «Vestminster nizomi» nomi bilan kirgan. Hujjat dominionlarining ichki va tashqi siyosatda to‘la mustaqilligini e’lon qildi. Endi dominionlar (Kanada, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya) qabul qilgan qarorlar Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti tomonidan tasdiqlanmaydigan bo‘ldi. Shu tariqa shu vaqtgacha davom etgan qoida, ya’ni Buyuk Britaniya parlamentining dominionlarda qabul qilingan istalgan qonunni bekor qilish huquqi barham topdi. Biroq Buyuk Britaniya hukmron doiralari Hindistonga dominion huquqi berishga shoshilmadi. Ayni paytda hukumat dominionlarni mumkin qadar o‘z ta’sir doirasida saqlashga harakat qildi. «Vestminster nizomi»ga ko‘ra, dominionlar Buyuk Britaniya bilan birgalikda «Britaniya Millatlar Hamdo‘stligi»ga birlashdilar. (Bu hamdo‘stlik hozirgi kunda ham mavjud. Kanada, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya kabi sobiq dominionlarda hamon davlat boshlig‘i Buyuk Britaniya qirolichasi tomonidan tayinlanadi.) 30-yillarda Irlandiya masalasi yana keskinlashdi. 1937-yilda Janubiy Irlandiya Mustaqil davlat deb e’lon qilindi. Shimoliy Irlandiya esa imperiya tarkibida qolaverdi. Mustamlaka va dominionlardagi ahvol 65 SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Birinchi jahon urushi Buyuk Britaniya uchun qanday oqibatlar keltirdi? 2. 1918—1929-yillardagi Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 3. Buyuk Britaniya ichki siyosiy hayoti qay yo‘nalishda davom etdi? 4. 1918—1923-yillardagi Buyuk Britaniya tashqi siyosati asosiy yo‘nalishlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 5. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining Buyuk Britaniya uchun oqibatlari nimalardan iborat bo‘ldi va hukumat inqirozdan chiqish uchun qanday favqulodda choralarni ko‘rdi? 6. 1924—1939-yillarda Buyuk Britaniya tashqi siyosatida ro‘y bergan asosiy voqealar haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 7. N. Chemberlenning Germaniyani tinchlantirish siyosati qanday oqibatlarga olib kelgan edi? 8. Buyuk Britaniya o‘z mustamlakalari va dominionlariga nisbatan tutgan siyosatining mohiyatini nima belgilar edi? DARSLIK MATNI BILAN ISHLASH Fransiya va Buyuk Britaniyada yuz bergan iqtisodiy inqiroz, uning oqibatlari va inqirozni bartaraf etish bo‘yicha ko‘rilgan choralarni qiyoslash jadvalini to‘ldiring Fransiyada Buyuk Britaniyada 7-§. Italiya va Ispaniya Italiya ham urushda g‘olib davlatlardan biri edi. Biroq bu g‘oliblik unga juda qimmatga tushgan. Italiya urushda 650 ming fuqarosini yo‘qotdi. 800 mingdan ortiq kishi mayib-majruh bo‘lib qoldi. Mamlakat harbiy xarajatlari 46 mlrd lirni tashkil etdi. Urush mamlakatni moliyaviy jihatdan holdan toydirdi. Ayni paytda Italiya Buyuk Britaniyadan 2,5 mlrd, AQSHdan esa 1,5 mlrd dollar qarz bo‘lib qoldi. Shu tariqa Italiyaning chet el mahsulotlariga, kreditlarga qaramligi yanada kuchaydi. Urushgacha ham qishloq xo‘jaligi Italiya iqtisodiyotining nihoyatda qoloq sohasi edi. Urush esa bu sohani yanada xarob qildi. Yer egaligida o‘rta asrchilik qoldiqlari hamon davom etardi. Chunonchi, 40 ming yirik yer egalari 10 mln gektar yerga egalik qilgani holda, 2,5 mln dehqon atigi 6 mln gektar yerga egalik qilardi. Dehqon oilalarining deyarli yarmida hech qanday yer yo‘q edi. Ular og‘ir shartlar asosida ijaraga yer olib hayot kechirganlar. Italiyaning janubida (Sitsiliya va Sardiniyada) ahvol undan ham og‘ir edi. Birinchi jahon urushining Italiya uchun oqibatlari ? 5 — Jahon tarixi 66 Davlat qarzining ko‘pligi soliqlarni keskin oshirishga olib keldi. Pul qadrsizlandi, natijada narx-navo dahshatli tarzda o‘sib bordi. Mamlakatda ocharchilik ro‘y berdi. Buning ustiga urush natijalari Italiyani g‘oliblar ichida mag‘lub davlatga aylantirib qo‘ydi. Ma’lumki, Italiya dastlab «Uchlar ittifoqi»ning a’zosi bo‘lgan edi. Jahon urushi boshlangach Italiya kutib turish yo‘lini tutdi. Bundan foydalangan Antanta, katta va’dalar berib, Italiyani o‘z tomoniga og‘dirishga muvaffaq bo‘lgan edi. Ammo Parij sulh konferensiyasida Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya o‘z va’dalari ustidan chiqmadi. Ya’ni, ular va’da qilingan hududlarni Italiyaga bermadi. To‘g‘ri, Italiya nasibadan quruq qoldirilmadi. Chunonchi, sobiq Avstriya — Vengriya imperiyasiga qarashli Janubiy Tirol va Adriatika sohilidagi Triyest porti, Yugoslaviyaning ba’zi hududlari, shuningdek, Turkiyaga qarashli Dodekanes oroli Italiyaga berildi. Ayni paytda Italiya Millatlar Ligasining doimiy a’zosi maqomiga ega bo‘ldi. Shuningdek, unga Fransiya harbiy-dengiz floti qudratiga teng flotga ega bo‘lish huquqi berildi. Biroq hukmron doiralar uchun bular oz bo‘lib ko‘rindi. Oz ulush tekkanidan arazlagan Italiya bosh vaziri Orlando Parij tinchlik konferensiyasidan ketib qolgan edi. G‘oliblar ichidagi bunday mag‘lubiyat Italiya aholisi ruhiyatiga jiddiy salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Urushning Italiya uchun ham iqtisodiy, ham siyosiy jihatdan bunday oqibatlari mamlakatda siyosiy inqirozni yanada chuqurlashtirib yubordi. Shunday bir sharoitda Italiyada chuqur islohotlar o‘tkazish yo‘li bilan jamiyatni iqtisodiy va siyosiy inqirozdan chiqarib keta olishga qodir bo‘lgan biror-bir yetakchi siyosiy partiya yo‘q edi. Binobarin, Italiyada kuchli parlamentarizm an’analari bo‘lmagan. Bu omil, o‘z navbatida, Italiyada fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishiga yo‘l ochdi. Italiyaning yirik siyosiy arboblaridan biri Orlando 1917-yilning oktabrida bosh vazir lavozimini egallagan. Orlando hukumati Italiyaning jahon urushida qatnashishini davom ettirdi. Bu hukumat Antantaning Sovet Rossiyasiga qarshi kurashida Italiya ishtirokining tarafdori bo‘ldi. Shuning uchun ham 1918-yili o‘z qo‘shinlarini Odessa, Murmansk va Vladivostokka yubordi. Antantaning Sovet hukumatini harbiy yo‘l bilan bo‘g‘ib tashlashga urinishi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganligi avvalgi mavzulardan ma’lum. Chunonchi, Italiyaning g‘oliblar ichida mag‘lub bo‘lib qolishi Orlando hukumatining katta yo‘qotishi edi va uning obro‘sini tushirib yubordi. Chunki Italiya o‘zi da’vo qilgan Dalmatsiya, Valoniya, Simernadan birortasini ham ololmadi. Buning ustiga, Turkiyaga qarashli Simernani bosib olish uchun 1919-yilning may oyida hujum boshladi va mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Bundan tashqari, Italiya Albaniyani ham tashlab chiqishga majbur bo‘ldi. Hukumat tashqi savdo bozorlarining qo‘ldan ketishi hamda tashqi kredit uzilib qolishining oldini ololmadi. Natijada urushdan biroz keyin mamla- Orlando hukumatining ichki va tashqi siyosati 67 katda iqtisodiy inqiroz boshlandi. Oqibatda ish haqi keskin pasaydi, inflatsiya kuchaydi. Armiya safidan bo‘shatilgan harbiylar ishsiz qoldilar. Ana shunday sharoitda (1919-yil iyun oyida) Orlando hukumati iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘lgan. 1919-yil noyabr oyida bo‘lib o‘tgan parlament saylovida Italiya Sotsialistik partiyasi g‘alaba qozongan bo‘lsa-da, bu mamlakatdagi iqtisodiy va siyosiy vaziyatni yumshatishga olib kelmadi. 1919—1920-yillar Italiya tarixiga ham «Qizil ikki yillik» nomi bilan kirdi. Bu ibora shuni bildiradiki, shu ikki yil ichida Italiyada ham Sovet Rossiyasida (bolsheviklar qizil deb ham atalardi) amalda oshirilgan ba’zi tadbirlar amalga oshirildi. Chunonchi, Shimoliy Italiyada ishchilar zavod va fabrikalarni egallab oldilar va ishlab chiqarish ustidan o‘z nazoratlarini o‘rnatdilar. Zavod va fabrikalarni qo‘riqlash uchun qizil gvardiya tuzdilar. Italiya armiyasi mamlakat ichkarisidagi siyosiy voqealarga nisbatan o‘z betarafligini e’lon qilganligi uchun hukumat ishchilarning bunday «o‘zboshimcha»ligini bostirish uchun armiyani yubora olmadi. Natijada hukumat va korxona egalari yon berishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Xususan, 8 soatlik ish vaqti belgilandi. Narxlar o‘sishining aholiga ko‘rsatadigan oqibatini pasaytirish maqsadida ish haqiga qo‘shimcha to‘lov (kompensatsiya) to‘lanishi e’lon qilindi. Yer egalariga yollanib ishlovchilar, ijaraga yer olib ishlovchilar uchun shartlar nisbatan yengillashtirildi. Mamlakat janubida dehqonlar yer egalaridan tortib olgan yerlarning bir qismi ularga qonunlashtirilib berildi. 1920-yilda Italiya mehnatkashlari hokimiyatni egallab olish imkoniga ega bo‘ldilar. Biroq ularning harakatini uyushtirishga qodir, bu ishni parlament yo‘li bilan amalga oshirish tomon yetaklaydigan jiddiy siyosiy partiya yo‘q edi. 1892-yildan beri faoliyat ko‘rsatayotgan Italiya Sotsialistik partiyasi uch oqimga bo‘linib ketgan edi. Partiya mehnatkashlarning hokimiyatni egallashlariga qarshi edi. 1919-yilda tashkil topgan hamda o‘z dasturiga kirgan ikki muhim va’da bilan (1. Yer egalaridan haq to‘lab bir qism yerlarni olish va uni dehqonlarga bo‘lib berish. 2. Mehnat uchun adolatli haq to‘lash) omma orasida obro‘-e’tibor qozonib borayotgan «Xalq partiyasi» ham mustahkam emas edi. O‘z navbatida, bu partiya ham noqonuniy yo‘l bilan hokimiyatni egallashga qarshi edi. 1920-yilda Italiyada inqilobiy harakatning yanada kuchayishi Orlandodan keyin bosh vazirlik lavozimini egallagan Nitti hukumatini ham bir yil o‘tmay iste’fo berishga majbur etdi (1920-yil iyun). Yangi tuzilgan Jolitti hukumati inqilobiy harakat to‘lqinini pasaytirish maqsadida oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari narxini 50 foizga kamaytirdi. Oxir-oqibatda ishchilarning kasaba uyushmasi va hukumat inqilobiy harakatni chuqur islohotlar o‘tkazishga va’da berish yo‘li bilan pasaytirishga Fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi 68 erishdilar. Biroq mamlakatda ro‘y bergan «qizil ikki yillik» hukmron doiralarni cho‘chitib qo‘ydi. Ular kommunistik — qizil to‘ntarish xavfidan dahshatga tushdilar va mamlakatda kuchli diktatura o‘rnatishga intila boshladilar. Bu, o‘z navbatida, Italiyada fashizmning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishiga yo‘l ochdi. Avvalgi sahifalarda aytib o‘tilganidek, 1919-yilda Italiyada frontdan qaytgan sobiq askarlar o‘z manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun «Quroldoshlar uyushmasi» (Fashi di kombattimento) deb atalgan tashkilot tuzgan edilar. Bu tashkilotni Benito Mussolini (1883—1945) boshqargan. Bu tashkilot Italiyada fashizm g‘oyalarini keng targ‘ib etdi. Benito Mussolini dastlab sotsialist edi. Burjua parlamentarizmining mamlakatda tartib o‘rnatishdagi ojizligi, urushdan keyin o‘z turmush darajasining yaxshilanishiga umid qilgan millionlab fuqarolar orzu-umidlari puchga chiqqanligi, shuningdek, Italiya hukmron doiralarining urush natijalaridan qanoatlanmaganligi fashizmni yuzaga chiqargan omillar edi. Xuddi shu omillar ko‘pchilik italyanlarning fashistlar mafkurasi tomon og‘ishiga sabab bo‘ldi. Shu tariqa Italiyada boshqaruvning qattiqqo‘llik shaklini o‘rnatishga chaqirayotgan yangi yo‘lboshchi — Mussolini siyosiy kurash maydonida paydo bo‘ldi. Italiyada fashizmning tezda muvaffaqiyat qozonishida Mussolinining shaxsiy sifatlari ham juda katta rol o‘ynagan. U kuchli notiqlik qobiliyatiga ega edi. Mussolini fashizmni o‘ziga xos dinga aylantira olgan shaxs sifatida mashhur. U ko‘p ming kishilik mitinglarda yirik mulkdorlarning mehnatsiz daromadlarini, amaldorlarning suiiste’mollarini, birorta ham muammoni hal etishga qodir bo‘lmagan Italiya parlamentini ayovsiz tanqid qilar edi. Ayni paytda u Italiyaning Qadimgi Rim imperiyasi davridagi qudratini tiklashga va’da berar edi. O‘zini esa bo‘lajak imperiyaning dohiysi deb bilar, shuning uchun ham qadimgi rimliklarning «duche» (dohiy) so‘zini o‘ziga laqab qilib olgan edi. Uning otashin, jozibador so‘zlari sehrlab qo‘ygan miting qatnashchilari «boshla bizni, duche» deb xitob qilar edilar. Mussolini fikricha: «Italiyada yangi tartib — milliy sotsializm» hukmron bo‘lishi kerak edi. Bunday sotsializmda davlat har qanday sinfiy manfaatdan ustun turadi. Va u nihoyatda kuchli bo‘ladi hamda mehnat bilan sarmoyaning hamkorligini ta’minlaydi. Ayni paytda davlat mehnat va sarmoya yagona hamkorligi birlashmasi (korporatsiya) ni tashkil etadi. Binobarin, Italiya yagona korporatsiyaga, ya’ni butun Italiya jamiyati manfaatlarini himoya qiluvchi birlashmaga aylanadi. Bu korporatsiyada barcha — sarmoyadorlar va ishchilar, yer egalari va dehqonlar, aholining qolgan qatlamlari bir oila a’zolariga birlashadilar va mehnat qiladilar. Davlat esa bu oila barcha a’zolarining manfaatlari va 69 maqsadlari birligini kafolatlaydi. Ana shunday jamiyatdagina uning a’zolari barcha og‘ir muammolardan tezda xalos etiladi. Italiya aholisining katta qismi Mussolinining va’dalariga ishondi va uni qo‘llab-quvvatlay boshladi. 1920-yildan boshlab fashistlar yanada faollashdilar va ular o‘zlarining harbiy otryadlarini tuza boshladilar. Italiya Sotsialistik partiyasi va Umumiy Mehnat Konfederatsiyasi fashizmga qarshi kurash o‘rniga, 1921-yilning 3- avgustida Mussolini bilan «totuvlik pakti»ni imzoladilar. Ishchilar tashkilotlarining bunday yo‘l tutishi fashizmni yanada kuchaytirdi va u yetakchi siyosiy kuchga aylana bordi. 1922-yilgi parlament saylovlarida ular 35 o‘ringa ega bo‘lsalar-da, mahalliy saylovlarda katta muvaffaqiyatga erishdilar. 1922-yil oktabr oyida ular bir necha vazirlik lavozimlarini talab qilib Rimga yurish uyushtirdilar. Bu amalda mavjud Konstitutsiyaviy tuzumga qarshi isyon edi. Hukumat isyonni bostirish chorasini ko‘rmadi. Buning sababi — yirik sarmoyadorlar asosiy ko‘pchiligining hukumatga tazyiq o‘tkazganligi edi. Yirik sarmoyadorlar hokimiyatni Mussoliniga topshirish tarafdori edilar. Masalan, mamlakat hayotida eng katta ta’sirga ega bo‘lgan «Sanoat bosh konfederatsiyasi» rahbarlari qirol Viktor-Emmanuel III ga telegramma yuborib, undan hokimiyat Mussoliniga berilishini talab etdilar. Qirol bunga javoban Mussolinini Bosh vazir etib tayinladi va 1922-yil 30-oktabr kuni Mussolini koalitsion hukumat tuzdi. Shu tariqa Italiyada fashizm qonuniy yo‘l bilan hokimiyat tepasiga keldi. Parlamentda (420 o‘rinli) atigi 35 o‘ringa ega bo‘lgan fashistlar yetakchisi Mussolini dastlab boshqa siyosiy kuchlar bilan murosa qilishga majbur bo‘lgan. Ayni paytda yirik sarmoya egalarining qo‘llab-quvvatlashi orqali u o‘z hokimiyatini tobora mustahkamlab bordi. Chunonchi, qirol va parlament 1922-yilning 23-noyabrida Mussoliniga cheklanmagan huquq berdi. Endi u o‘z partiyasi a’zolaridan tuzilgan «Katta fashist kengashi» deb atalgan kengash orqali hukumat faoliyatini nazorat ostiga oldi. Tayyorlanayotgan qonun loyihalari shu kengash nazoratidan o‘tar edi. Barcha lavozimlarga Mussolini partiyasi a’zolari tayinlanadigan bo‘ldi. 1924-yil oxirida Mussolinining tazyiqi ostida saylov to‘g‘risidagi qonunga o‘zgartirishlar kiritildi. Unga ko‘ra, saylovda eng ko‘p ovoz olgan partiya parlamentdagi deputatlar o‘rnining uchdan ikki qismini egallar edi. Yangi qonun bo‘yicha 1924-yildagi parlament saylovida Mussolini partiyasi g‘alaba qozongan. Shu tariqa mamlakatda Mussolinining fashistik diktaturasi qaror topdi. 1926-yildan boshqa siyosiy partiyalar tarqatib yuborildi. Endi Italiya bir partiyali diktatorlik davlatiga aylandi. 1929-yili Mussolini Vatikan bilan shartnoma imzoladi. Unga ko‘ra, Rim (Vatikan) papasi diniy hukmdor deb tan olindi va katoliklik milliy din deb e’tirof etildi, cherkov mulki soliqlardan ozod etildi. 70 Ichki siyosatda iqtisodiyot masalasiga alohida e’tibor berildi. Mussolinining maqsadi iqtisodiyotda korporativ tartibni to‘la qaror toptirish edi. Shu maqsadda 1927-yilda «Mehnat xartiyasi» deb nomlangan hujjat qabul qilindi. Iqtisodda joriy etilgan korporativ tartibga ko‘ra, ishlab chiqarish muammolarini birgalikda hal etish uchun ishchilar va sarmoyadorlar yagona Kasaba uyushmasining teng huquqli a’zosiga aylandi. Xalq xo‘jaligi bo‘yicha turli sohalarda 22 ta korporatsiya tuzildi va ular Korporatsiyalar Milliy Kengashiga birlashtirildi. Milliy Kengash tarkibi ishbilarmonlardan va fashistlar partiyasi vakillaridan iborat edi. Korporatsiyalar yirik mulkdorlar mavqeyiga putur yetkazgani yo‘q. Ayni paytda Italiya iqtisodiyotida davlat sektorining ulushi ortib bordi. Bu Italiya fashizmining o‘ziga xos belgilaridan biri edi. Mamlakat iqtisodiyotini boshqarishni davlat qo‘liga olib berishni ta’minlaydigan ikkita muassasa tuzildi. Uning biri Sanoatni tiklash instituti deb atalardi. U davlatning yirik trestiga aylanadi. Masalan, cho‘yan eritishning 90 foizi, po‘lat ishlab chiqarishning 70 foizi, mashinasozlikning 25 foizi shu trestga qarashli edi. Bundan tashqari, butun savdo floti, fuqaro aviatsiyasi, telefon, aloqa, avtomobil yo‘llari ham shu trestga qaraydigan bo‘ldi. Ikkinchi muassasa Suyuq yoqilg‘i bo‘yicha Milliy boshqarma deb atalgan. Unga gaz qazib olishning 75 foizi, sun’iy kauchuk ishlab chiqarishning 100 foizi, neftni qayta ishlash zavodlarining 30 foizi qaragan. Hukumat yirik monopoliyalarni qo‘llab-quvvatlash yo‘lidan bordi. Ularni inqiroz oqibatlaridan saqlab qolish va moliyaviy yordam ko‘rsatishni tashkil etdi, kasodga uchrashi mumkin bo‘lgan banklarning aksiyalarini davlat sotib oldi va shu tariqa ularni sinishdan saqlab qoldi. 1929-yilda yuz bergan jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi kam taraqqiy etgan Italiya iqtisodiyotini nihoyatda og‘ir ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Inqiroz 1932-yilda o‘z cho‘qqisiga chiqdi. Shu yili sanoat ishlab chiqarishi 1929-yilga nisbatan 33 foizga qisqardi. Tashqi savdo 3 baravar kamaydi. 12 mingga yaqin mayda va o‘rta korxona bankrot bo‘ldi. Ishsizlar soni 1 mln kishidan ortdi. Oylik ish haqi 50—60 foizga kamaydi. Inqiroz dehqon xo‘jaliklarini ham xonavayron qildi. O‘n ming gektarlab yer maydonlari sudlarning hukmi bilan qarz berganlarga o‘tkazildi. 1933-yilga kelibgina ishlab chiqarishning pasayishi to‘xtatildi. 1937-yilga kelib sanoat ishlab chiqarishi hajmi 1929-yil darajasiga yetdi. Davlat xo‘jalik hayotini tashkil etar ekan, avtarkiya xo‘jaligi yo‘lini tanladi. Avtarkiya xo‘jaligi — bu, barcha zarur mahsulot turlari bilan o‘zini o‘zi ta’minlaydigan xo‘jalik. Bunday xo‘jalikda importga ko‘z tikilmaydi. 1934— 1935-yillarda Italiyada tashqi savdoda davlat monopoliyasi joriy etilganligi ham shu bilan izohlanadi. Qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari importiga qaram bo‘lib qolmaslik maqsadida davlat qat’iy belgilangan narxlarda qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlarini sotib Ichki siyosat 71 oladigan bo‘ldi. Bu esa dehqonlarni mahsulot sotishning kafolatlangan bozori bilan ta’minladi. Ayni paytda o‘n minglab dehqon xo‘jaliklarini inqirozdan saqlab qoldi. 1937-yilga kelib Italiya industrial-agrar davlatga aylandi. Biroq, baribir, u iqtisodiy taraqqiyotning asosiy ko‘rsatkichlari bo‘yicha boshqa rivojlangan davlatlar — AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Germaniya va Fransiyadan orqada qolaverdi. 30-yillar davomida siyosiy hayotda ham totalitar diktatura to‘la qaror topdi. Demokratiyaning barcha ko‘rinishlari, jumladan, parlament ham tugatildi. Parlament o‘rniga fashistlar partiyasi va korporatsiya vakillari palatasi tuzildi. Uning deputatlari davlat tomonidan tayinlanadigan bo‘ldi va fashist partiyasi davlat tizimi bilan qo‘shilib ketdi. Partiya davlat xizmatini bajaruvchi fuqaro militsiyasiga aylandi. Ommaviy axborot vositalari to‘la fashist davlati xizmatiga bo‘ysundirildi. Oliy o‘quv yurtlari o‘qituvchilari B. Mussoliniga — Duchega sodiqlikka qasamyod qildirildi. Barcha vositalar yordamida fashist mafkurasi ommaga singdirildi. B. Mussolini ilohiylashtirildi. U o‘zining nutqlarida fashizm demokratiya tufayli buzilgan Yevropani yangilaydi va sog‘lomlashtiradi, deb qayta-qayta uqtirar edi. Yosh avlod fashistlarning bolalar va o‘smirlar tashkilotlariga jalb etildi. Mussolini tashqi siyosatining asosiy maqsadi Buyuk Italiya davlatini barpo etish orzusiga bo‘ysundirilgan edi. Bu davlat butun O‘rta dengiz bo‘ylarini o‘z ichiga olishi va u Buyuk Italiyaning ichki dengiziga aylanishi hamda Qadimgi Rim imperiyasi tarkibiga kirgan barcha hududlarni birlashtirishi lozim edi. 1923-yilda Italiya Gretsiyaga qarashli Korfu orolini bosib oldi. Biroq Buyuk Britaniyaning talabi bilan orolni tashlab chiqishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1924-yilda Yugoslaviyaga qarashli Fiuma porti Italiyaga o‘tdi. Italiya shu yili Sovet Rossiyasini tan oldi va u bilan diplomatik aloqa o‘rnatdi. 1927-yilda Albaniya ustidan amalda o‘z protektoratini o‘rnatdi. 1935-yil 3-oktabrda 600 ming kishilik Italiya armiyasi Efiopiyaga bostirib kirdi. 1936- yil may oyiga kelib Efiopiyani bosib olish nihoyasiga yetdi. Shu yil yozida Italiya armiyasi Ispaniyada fashistik diktatura o‘rnatish uchun general Frankoga yordamga yuborildi. Chunki Gitler Frankoni qo‘llab-quvvatlar edi. Shu tariqa Germaniya bilan yaqinlashuv boshlandi. 1937-yilda u Germaniya va Yaponiya o‘rtasida imzolangan «Antikomintern pakti» ga qo‘shildi. B. Mussolini bu paktni butun Yevropa uning atrofida birlashsa arziydigan ahdnoma, deb atadi. Ushbu bitimga ko‘ra, Germaniya Italiyaning Efiopiyani bosib olganligini tan oldi. 1939-yil aprelda Italiya Albaniyani butunlay bosib oldi. Mamlakatda totalitar diktaturaning qaror topishi Mussolinining tashqi siyosati 72 Shu tariqa fashistik davlatlar o‘zlarining bosqinchilik siyosatlari bilan Ikkinchi jahon urushini tobora muqarrar qilib qo‘ydilar. Ispaniya Ispaniya Birinchi jahon urushida betaraf qoldi. Bu hol unga urushayotgan har ikki harbiy-siyosiy ittifoqqa kiruvchi davlatlar bilan muvaffaqiyatli savdo-sotiq munosabatlarini amalga oshirishga imkon berdi. Eksport hajmi import hajmidan yuqori bo‘ldi. Buning natijasida mamlakat oltin zaxirasi 4 baravar ko‘paydi. Urush yillarida harbiy buyurtmalar salmog‘ining oshishi, o‘z navbatida, sanoatdagi ayrim tarmoqlarning gurkirab rivojlanishini ta’minladi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Ispaniya, baribir, kam taraqqiy etgan, agrar-industrial davlat bo‘lib qolaverdi. Mamlakat qishloq xo‘jaligida o‘rta asrchilik munosabatlarining qoldiqlari hamon kuchli edi. Barcha yer maydonining uchdan ikki qismi yirik yer egalari va mamlakat hayotida katta ta’sirga ega bo‘lgan katolik cherkovi ixtiyorida edi. Millionlarcha dehqon xo‘jaliklariga esa atigi uchdan bir qism yer tegishli edi. Yersizlar ham ko‘p bo‘lib, ular asoratli shartlar asosida yerni ijaraga olardilar. Qishloq xo‘jaligida mehnat unumdorligi juda past bo‘lgan. Mamlakat iqtisodiyotining ahvoli chet el kapitali kiritilishiga sezilarli darajada bog‘liq edi. Chunonchi, sanoatga joylashtirilgan chet el kapitalining 54 foizi ingliz, 34,5 foizi fransuz kapitali edi. Ispaniya taraqqiyotining bunday orqada qolishi o‘rta asrchilik tartiblari hamon kuchli darajada saqlanib qolayotganligi bilan izohlanar edi. Katta yer egalari hamda ularning tayanchi bo‘lgan armiya va katolik cherkovi o‘zlarini asrlar davomida qaror topgan tartiblar qo‘riqchisi, deb hisoblardi. Shuning uchun ham yangilikka bo‘lgan har qanday intilishlarni mamlakat milliy manfaatiga solinayotgan tahdid, deb qabul qildilar. Ayni paytda ularni yo‘qotish uchun barcha vositalarni ishga soldilar. Mamlakatda harbiylarning o‘rni tobora ortib bormoqda edi. Vujudga kelgan «harbiy xuntalar» (harbiylar to‘dasi) XX asrda mamlakat siyosiy hayotiga tez-tez aralashib turish quroliga aylangan. Ispaniya urush harakatlarida qatnashmagan bo‘lsa- da, urush mamlakat aholisi turmush darajasini og‘ir ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Chunonchi, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining narxi 65 foizga ortdi. Inflatsiya kuchaydi va real ish haqi kamaydi. Buning oqibatida 1917-yil 13-avgustda mamlakatda yalpi siyosiy ish tashlash ro‘y berdi. Namoyishchilar monarxiyani tugatishni, Ta’sis Majlisi chaqirishni va Respublika hukumatini tuzishni talab qildilar. Ish tashlash shiddatli ko‘cha janglariga aylanib ketdi. Hukumat mamlakatda qamal e’lon qildi va armiyaning kuchi bilan tartib o‘rnatdi. Birinchi jahon urushining Ispaniyaga ta’siri Harbiy fashistik diktatura o‘rnatilishi 73 1918—1920-yillarda Ispaniyada inqilobiy harakat to‘lqini yanada kuchaydi. Bu hol hukmron doiralarni sarosimaga solib qo‘ydi. Shu yillar davomida hukumat 8 marta almashdi. Hukumat yetilgan dolzarb ijtimoiy muammolarni hal etishga ojizlik qildi. Vujudga kelgan bu ahvol mamlakatda harbiy diktatura o‘rnatilishi xavfini tug‘dirdi. Hukumat ijtimoiy harakatni bostirish uchun qanchalik harakat qilmasin, baribir, qator talablarni bajarishga majbur bo‘ldi. Chunonchi, 1920-yilning aprel oyidan boshlab 8 soatlik ish kuni joriy etildi. Ish haqi oshirildi, bolalar mehnati taqiqlandi. Qarilik va nogironlik sug‘urtalari joriy etildi. Ayni paytda hukmron doiralarning qo‘llab-quvvatlashi natijasida ispan fashistlari o‘z qurolli tashkilotlarini tuza boshladilar. Ularning asosiy vazifasi xalq harakatini bostirish edi. Hukumatning shafqatsiz terrori tufayli 1921- yilga kelib ijtimoiy harakatning pasayishiga erishildi. Biroq bu hol ko‘pga cho‘zilmadi. Mustamlakalarda ham harakat kuchaydi. 1921-yilning iyunida hukumat Ispaniyaning mustamlakasi — Marokashda boshlangan milliyozodlik harakatini bostirish uchun armiya yubordi. Biroq Ispaniya armiyasi tor-mor etildi hamda 25000 jangchi asirga tushib qoldi. Bu mag‘lubiyat mamlakatda urushga qarshi harakat boshlanishiga turtki bo‘ldi. Norozilik hatto armiya ayrim qismlarida ham ro‘y berdi. 1922—1923-yillarda ish tashlash harakati yana kuchaydi, hukumat terrorni to‘xtatishga hamda xuntalarni tarqatib yuborish to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilishga majbur bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda, 1923-yil aprelida parlamentga qayta o‘tkazilgan saylovda Liberal partiya g‘alaba qozondi. Siyosiy voqealarning bu tarzda rivojlanishi qirol saroyini, hukmron doiralarni tashvishga solib qo‘ydi va ular o‘z hokimiyatini mamlakatda harbiy diktatura o‘rnatish yo‘li bilan saqlab qolishga qaror qildilar. Natijada 1923-yilning 13-sentabrida Kataloniya harbiy okrugi qo‘mondoni general Primo de Rivera tomonidan davlat to‘ntarishi amalga oshirildi. Hokimiyat harbiy direktoriya qo‘liga o‘tdi. Shu tariqa Ispaniyada harbiyfashistik diktatura o‘rnatildi (1923—1930). Primo de Rivera 1924-yilda «Vatanparvarlik ittifoqi» deb nomlangan fashistik partiyani tuzdi. Bundan ko‘zlangan maqsad diktaturaning ijtimoiy tarkibini kengaytirish edi. Bunga partiya safiga mayda va o‘rta mulkdorlarni jalb etish orqali erishish ko‘zda tutilgandi. Bundan tashqari, Primo de Rivera mehnat bilan sarmoyaning hamkorligini ta’minlash maqsadida «Baravarlik komissiyasi» tuzdi va komissiyaga har ikki tomondan teng miqdorda vakillar kiritildi. Bu komissiya mehnat sharoiti va ish haqi masalasini hal etishi kerak edi. 1926-yilda ijtimoiy sug‘urta va ishsizlik masalalari bilan shug‘ullanuvchi korporatsiya tuzildi. Ayni paytda diktatura ijtimoiy harakatni shafqatsizlik bilan bostirish yo‘lini tutdi. 74 Primo de Rivera o‘z diktaturasiga qonuniy tus berishga harakat qildi. Shu maqsadda 1925-yil dekabrda direktoriyani Ministrlar kabineti bilan almashtirdi va mamlakatda yangi Konstitutsiyani ishlab chiqishga kirishildi. Primo de Rivera Italiya fashizmi bilan yaqinlasha boshladi. 1926-yilning 7-avgustida u bilan do‘stlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladi. U tashqi siyosatda mustamlakalarni qanday bo‘lmasin saqlab qolishga intildi. Shu maqsadda milliy-ozodlik harakatini bostirish yo‘lini tutdi. Xususan, Fransiya bilan birgalikda 1927-yilda Marokash xalqining milliyozodlik harakatini qonga botirdi. Biroq ichki va tashqi siyosatda qo‘llangan usullar Primo de Rivera diktaturasini saqlab qola olmadi. 1929-yilda boshlangan jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi og‘ir ahvolda bo‘lgan Ispaniya iqtisodiyotini izdan chiqardi. Davlat qarzi keskin ko‘paydi. Keng miqyosda korrupsiya avj oldi. Mamlakatda inqilobiy portlash ro‘y berishining oldini olish maqsadida harbiy generalitet yanvar oyida Primo de Riverani iste’fo berishga majbur etdi. Ispaniya jamiyati bu davrda mamlakatni rivojlantirish uchun monarxiyani tugatish va respublika o‘rnatish, agrar islohot o‘tkazish, katolik cherkovi hukmronligiga barham berish, armiyani demokratlashtirish, aholi turmush darajasini oshirish, milliy masalani hal etish kabi muammolarni yechishga muhtoj edi, chunki bu muammolarni hal etmay turib Ispaniyada siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minlab bo‘lmas edi. Iqtisodiy inqiroz bu muammolarni yanada chuqurlashtirib yubordi. Mamlakatda ish tashlash harakati yangi kuch bilan quloch yoydi. 1930- yilda bu tadbirda 1 mln dan ortiq ishchi qatnashdi. Bunday sharoitda, hatto yirik sarmoyadorlar ham, 1876-yilgi Konstitutsiyani qayta ko‘rib chiqish tarafdori bo‘ldilar. Ularning maqsadi kortes (parlament)ning huquqi oshirilishiga erishish edi. Sarmoyadorlar o‘z mavqelarini saqlab qolishning yo‘li monarxiyaga barham berish ekanligini tobora chuqur angladilar. Mamlakatda respublikachilik harakati kuchaydi. 1931-yil 12-aprelda bo‘lib o‘tgan mahalliy saylovlarda respublikachilar g‘alaba qozondi. Saylov yakuni haqidagi xabar siyosiy kurashning rivojlanishiga turtki berdi. Mamlakatda burjua-demokratik inqilobi yuz berdi. 14-aprel kuni inqilobchilar qirol hokimiyati ag‘darilganligini e’lon qildilar. Buni eshitgan va yengilishiga iqror bo‘lgan qirol Alfonso XIII shu kuni taxtdan voz kechdi va mamlakatdan qochib ketdi. 1931-yil iyun oyida Ta’sis Majlisiga saylov bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda respublikachi partiyalar va sotsialistlar g‘alaba qozonishdi. Mamlakatda sotsialistlar va so‘l respublikachilarning M. Asanya boshliq koalitsion hukumati tuzildi. 9-dekabrda mamlakatning yangi Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Konstitutsiya Ispaniyani «barcha mehnatkashlar respublikasi» deb e’lon qildi. Mamlakatda chuqur islohotlar o‘tkazilishi belgilandi. Chunonchi, agrar islohot haqida qonun qabul qilindi. Unga ko‘ra, yirik yer egalarining yerlari 1931-yil inqilobi. Monarxiyaning qulashi 75 uning haqini to‘lash evaziga musodara qilinishi ko‘zda tutildi. Bundan tashqari, eng og‘ir majburiyatlar bekor qilindi. Ijara haqi kamaytirildi. Milliy masala qisman hal etildi, ya’ni faqat Kataloniyaga cheklangan avtonomiya berildi, xolos. Koalitsion hukumat ishchilarning ahvolini yaxshilashga qaratilgan ba’zi tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi. Chunonchi, 8 soatlik ish kuni belgilandi. Ijtimoiy sug‘urta haqida qonun qabul qilindi. Tashqi siyosatda Ispaniya Fransiya bilan yaqinlasha boshladi. Italiya bilan tuzilgan do‘stlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnomani bekor qildi. 1933-yilda Sovet davlati bilan diplomatik aloqa o‘rnatdi. So‘l kuchlar koalitsion hukumatining ichki va tashqi siyosatdagi tadbirlari o‘ng kuchlarni tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Ular qanday bo‘lmasin hokimiyatni egallashga bel bog‘ladilar. Shu maqsadda 1932-yilda «Ispaniya avtonom o‘nglar konferensiyasi» (SEDA)ga birlashdilar. Bu tashkilotda sarmoyadorlar, cherkov va harbiy doiralar bilan hamkorlik qilayotgan katta yer egalari yetakchilik qilardilar. Bu tashkilotni ayni paytda dehqonlarning o‘ziga to‘q qismi ham qo‘llabquvvatlay boshladi. Fashistlar esa 1933-yilda «Ispan falangasi» deb atalgan partiya tuzdilar. O‘ng kuchlar faollashuviga xalq ommasining so‘l kuchlar hukumati (Asanya hukumati) siyosatidan noroziligi ham sabab bo‘lgan. Hukumatning islohotlarni o‘tkazishdagi qat’iyatsizligi xalq ommasi ko‘z o‘ngida uning obro‘sini to‘ka boshladi. Xususan, agrar islohot nihoyatda sustkashlik bilan hayotga yarim-yorti tatbiq etila boshladi. Masalan, 2 yil davomida atigi 7 mingdan ortiq dehqon xo‘jaligi yer ololgan, xolos. Buning ustiga iqtisodiy inqiroz tobora chuqurlashib bordi. Natijada ishsizlar soni 1,5 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Hukumat milliy masalada ham jiddiy o‘zgarishlar qila olmadi. Armiyani demokratlashtirish haqidagi va’dalar qog‘ozda qoldi. Katolik cherkov qudratli kuch bo‘lib qola berdi. 1933-yilning oxirida o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovlarida o‘ng partiyalar g‘alaba qozondilar. Shu tariqa, Ispaniyada fashistik to‘ntarish bo‘lishi tobora oydinlasha bordi. O‘nglar hukumati avvalgi islohotlarga qarshi tadbirlar o‘tkaza boshladi. Chunonchi, cherkovga qarshi qonun bekor qilindi va ruhoniylarga beriladigan davlat subsidiyasi tiklandi. Bu oddiy ruhoniylarni xonavayron bo‘lish va qashshoqlikdan saqlab qoldi. Minnatdorchilik ramzi sifatida, ruhoniylar o‘nglar hukumatining ashaddiy tarafdoriga aylandilar. Agrar islohot to‘xtatildi. Davlat to‘ntarishida qatnashgan harbiylar jazodan ozod etildi. Ayni paytda fashistlarning faoliyatiga qarshi kurashilmadi. Bu esa fashistik tashkilotlarning yanada o‘sishiga imkon yaratib berdi. Fashistik partiyalar («Ispan falangasi» va XONS) 1934-yil noyabrda «Ispaniyani inqilobiy yangilash» deb nomlangan demagogiyadan iborat dasturni e’lon qildi. O‘ng kuchlarning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi 76 «26 modda» deb nomlangan bu dastur Buyuk Ispan imperiyasini tuzish orqali yangi tartib o‘rnatishni targ‘ib etadi. Shu tariqa mamlakatda siyosiy totalitarizm va kuchli davlat mashinasiga sig‘inish qaror toptirildi. Fashizm tobora chuqur ildiz ota boshlagan bir sharoitda so‘l kuchlar birlashish zarurligini anglab yetdilar. 1936-yil 15-yanvarda ular xalq fronti haqida bitim imzoladilar. Xalq fronti o‘zining saylov oldi dasturida saylovchilarga siyosiy mahbuslarni afv etishga, ishdan bo‘shatilganlarni ishga tiklashga, repressiya aybdorlarini jazolashga, armiya va davlat apparatini demokratlashtirishga, dehqonlarga soliq va ijara haqini kamaytirishga, ishsizlikni tugatish uchun jamoat ishlarini tashkil etishga, ijtimoiy sug‘urta to‘g‘risidagi qonunni tiklashga va’da berdilar. 1936-yil 16-fevralda parlamentga bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovda Xalq fronti g‘alaba qozondi. Xalq fronti hukumati o‘z va’dalarini bajarishga kirishdi. Masalan, agrar islohot bo‘yicha 1936-yilning iyuligacha dehqonlar 700 ming gektardan ortiq yer oldilar. Xalq fronti hukumatining chuqur islohotlari yirik sarmoyadorlarni, cherkovni, katta yer egalarini, harbiy generalitetni tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Ular mamlakatda harbiy to‘ntarish o‘tkazishga tayyorgarlik ko‘rdilar. Gitler va Mussolini ularni qo‘llab-quvvatlashga va’da berdilar. 1936-yilning 17-iyul kuni harbiylar Marokashda isyon boshladilar. 18- iyulda isyon Ispaniya hududiga ko‘chdi. Shu tariqa, Ispaniyada fuqarolar urushi boshlandi. Armiyaning 80 foizi isyonchi fashistlar tarafiga o‘tdi. Isyonga general F. Franko (1892—1975) rahbarlik qildi. Ispaniya qonuniy hukumati respublikaning konstitutsiyaviy tuzumini himoya qilish yuzasidan shoshilinch choralar ko‘ra boshladi. 300 ming kishilik respublikachilar armiyasi tuzildi. Fuqarolar urushi taqdirini Germaniya va Italiyaning aralashuvi hal etdi. Ular o‘z harbiy kuchlarini F. Frankoga yordamga yubordilar (jami 365 ming kishi). AQSH «betaraflik», Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Ispaniya ishlariga «aralashmaslik» yo‘lini tutdilar. Natijada respublikachilar chetdan qurol sotib olish imkonidan mahrum bo‘ldilar. Yevropa davlatlaridan, shu jumladan Sovet davlatidan ko‘ngilli qismlar kelib, Ispaniyaning qonuniy hukumati tomonida turib urush harakatlarida qatnashdilar. Shunday og‘ir sharoitda ham hukumat (Largo Kabalero) islohotlarini davom ettirdi. Birgina 1936-yilning 7-oktabridan, dekretga ko‘ra, dehqonlar va chorakorlarga 5,5 mln ga yer berildi, basklarga milliy avtonomiya e’lon qilindi, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga qat’iy narx belgilandi. 1936-yil sentabrda isyonchi fashistlar mamlakat poytaxti Madridga hujum boshladilar. Fashistlar harbiy aslaha sifati va miqdori jihatidan katta ustunlikka ega edi. Respublikachilar ularga qarshi mardonavor jang qildilar. Biroq kuchlar teng emas edi. Fashizm g‘alaba qozondi. 1939-yil 28-martda Madrid egallandi. G‘arb davlatlari F. Franko hukumatini darhol tan oldilar. Fashistik diktatura o‘rnatilishi Xalq fronti g‘alabasi 77 Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya hali qonuniy hukumat qulamagan paytdayoq isyonchi fashist hukumatini tan olgan bo‘lsalar, AQSH 1939-yilning 1-aprelida tan oldi. Shu tariqa fashistik davlatlar soni yana bittaga ko‘paydi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Birinchi jahon urushi Italiya va Ispaniya uchun qanday oqibatlar keltirganligini faktlar asosida taqqoslang. 2. Italiya va Ispaniya iqtisodiyotidagi o‘xshash va farqli jihatlarni ajrating. 3. Yevropaning bu ikki davlatida fashizm qay tariqa hokimiyat tepasiga kelganini tahlil qiling. 4. B. Mussolini joriy etgan korporativ davlatning mohiyati haqida so‘zlab bering. 5. B. Mussolini hamda Primo de Riveraning ichki va tashqi siyosati haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 6. Totalitarizmning mohiyatini izohlab bering. 7. Fashizmning Italiyada qonuniy yo‘l bilan, Ispaniyada esa davlat to‘ntarishi yo‘li bilan hokimiyat tepasiga kelganligini qanday izohlaysiz? 8. Nega G‘arb davlatlari Ispaniya ishlariga aralashmaslik siyosatini yuritgan edilar? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. ITALIYA VA ISPANIYA HUKUMAT RAHBARLARI FAOLIYATI (1918—1939) T.r. Hukumat rahbarlari nomi Faoliyat ko‘rsatgan yili Ichki va tashqi siyosati 8-§. Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari AQSH jahon urushi natijasida dunyoning qudratli davlatiga aylandi. Xo‘sh, qanday omillar bunga sabab bo‘ldi? Ma’lumki, AQSH Birinchi jahon urushiga 1917-yilning aprel oyida kirgan edi. Yevropadagi harbiy harakatlarda esa 1918-yilning yozidan ishtirok etdi. AQSH monopoliyalari Yevropa davlatlariga ulkan miqdorda qurolyarog‘ va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari sotdi. Urush yillarida Qo‘shma Shtatlar monopoliyalari 35 mlrd dollar miqdorida sof daromad ko‘rdilar. Ayni paytda Yevropa davlatlari AQSHdan katta miqdorda qarz olishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Chunonchi, Yevropaning 20 davlati (jumladan, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya ham) 10 mlrd dollar miqdorida qarz bo‘lib qoldi. Bu qarz uchun yiliga to‘laydigan foizning o‘zi 1 mlrd dollarni tashkil etgan. Vaholanki, AQSH urushgacha Yevropa davlatlaridan 6 mlrd dollar qarz edi. Urush yillarida AQSHning chetga sarmoya joylashtirishi 6 baravar ko‘paydi. Birinchi jahon urushining AQSH uchun oqibatlari ? 78 AQSH tashqi savdo aylanmasi 1914-yilda 2,3 mlrd dollarni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, bu ko‘rsatkich 1920-yilda 8 mlrd dollarga yetdi. Eksport importdan 4 mlrd. dollar ortiq bo‘ldi. AQSH xazinasida dunyo oltin zaxirasining deyarli 50 foizi to‘plandi. 1914—1920-yillar mobaynida AQSH milliy boyligi 2,5 baravar ortdi. 1920-yilga kelib butun dunyoda ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotning 47 foizi AQSH hissasiga to‘g‘ri keldi. Ayni paytda AQSH sanoatining turli tarmoqlari ham gurkirab rivojlandi. Masalan, dunyo bo‘yicha avtomobilning 80 foizi, neftning 67 foizi AQSHda ishlab chiqarildi. Shu tariqa AQSH jahonning yetakchi davlatiga, moliyaviy markaziga va jahon bozorining qudratli tayanchiga aylandi. Yuqorida qayd etilganidek, urush AQSHni nihoyatda boyitdi. Biroq bu narsa Amerika jamiyatidagi ijtimoiy muammolarni butunlay hal etgani yo‘q. Aksincha, bu ijtimoiy muammolar keskinlashib bordi. Chunonchi, 1918-yilning oxirida ishsizlar soni 3 mln dan ortiq kishini tashkil etdi. Urush yillarida kundalik xalq iste’mol tovarlari ishlab chiqarish kamaydi. AQSH monopoliyalari to‘plagan boylik yildan yilga o‘sdi. Biroq mehnat ahli turmush darajasi boylik bilan teng o‘smadi. Natijada ishchilar o‘z haqhuquqlari uchun kurasha boshladilar. Bu kurashda qatnashganlarning soni 1919-yilda 4 mln dan ortiq kishini tashkil etdi va ular 44—48 soatlik ish haftasini talab qildilar. AQSH hukmron doiralari ishchilar harakatiga va ularning so‘l tashkilotlari faoliyatiga mavjud konstitutsiyaviy tuzumga qarshi suiqasd deb qaradilar. Shu tufayli mamlakatda o‘zgacha fikrlovchilarga qarshi eng shafqatsiz va mislsiz qatag‘on avj oldirildi. Xususan, AQSH hukumati 1918- yilda «Da’vatkorlik to‘g‘risidagi hujjat»ni qabul qildi. Hujjat mamlakatdagi mavjud tuzum to‘g‘risida bildiriladigan har qanday salbiy fikrlarni jinoyat, deb e’lon qildi. Bunday ayblovga uchraganlar yo 10 ming dollar jarima to‘lardi, yoki 20 yil muddatga ozodlikdan mahrum etilardi. 2 mingdan ortiq kishi shunday jazolarga mahkum etildi. 1919-yilda sanoatda xususiy mulkdorlikni qoralovchi har qanday da’vat man etildi. 1920-yilda o‘zgacha fikrlashda shubha qilinganlikda ayblanib, 10 mingga yaqin taraqqiyparvar arboblar hibsga olindi. Kasaba uyushmalari ichida Amerika Mehnat Federatsiyasi (AMF) faollari va rasmiy rahbariyatning siyosatiga qarshi chiquvchilar ham quvg‘in ostiga olindi. Jumladan, 1920- yilda kasaba uyushmalari harakatining faollari, italiyalik muhojirlar Sakko va Vansetti bankini talash va politsiyachini o‘ldirishda ayblanib qamoqqa olindilar. Sud ularni o‘lim jazosiga hukm qildi va 1927-yilda ular elektr stulga o‘tqazilib qatl etildi. Bu mudhish voqeaning atayin uyushtirilganligi faqat Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin dunyoga ma’lum bo‘ldi. Shu tariqa AQSHda 20-yillarning 2-yarmida o‘zgacha fikrlovchi va so‘l tashkilotlar tugatildi. AMF 1923-yilda ishchi tashkilotlar «Baltimor-Ogayo» Amerika jamiyatidagi muammolar 79 deb nomlangan rejani qabul qilishlariga erishdi. Unga ko‘ra, mulkdorlar ishchilar maoshini oshirish majburiyatini oldilar. Amerika ishchilar harakatida ish tashlash 1926-yilda barham topdi. Kasaba uyushmalari esa, o‘z navbatida, korxona egalari bilan kelishib, ish tashlashlarga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik, ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish va ish kunini uzaytirishga rozilik berish majburiyatini oldilar. 1922-yilning oxirida AQSH iqtisodiyotida yangi yuksalish boshlandi. 1928—1929-yillarga kelib AQSH sanoati Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiya sanoati birgalikda ishlab chiqargandan ko‘p mahsulot ishlab chiqardi. Chetga sarmoya chiqarish 1929-yilda 4 baravar ortdi. 1919—1929-yillar davomida AQSHning chet davlatlarga bergan qarzi boshqa barcha rivojlangan davlatlar bergan qarzdan ko‘p bo‘ldi. Bu qarzlar evaziga AQSH 1922—1932-yillar davomida 9,2 mlrd dollar foyda oldi. AQSH sudxo‘r davlatga aylandi. AQSHda iqtisodiy yuksalish yangi texnikaviy asosda eng yangi texnika uskunalarini qo‘llash, konveyer tizimi, standartlashtirish va modernizatsiyalash kabi usullarni keng tatbiq etish yo‘li bilan amalga oshirildi. Buning natijasi o‘laroq, birgina avtomobilsozlik sanoatida 1927-yilda 7 mln dona avtomobil ishlab chiqarildi. Shu tariqa ishlab chiqarish Amerika jamiyati taraqqiyotini harakatlantiruvchi kuchga aylandi. Ishlab chiqarishning tinimsiz o‘sishi orqali katta boylik yaratilishi rejalashtirildi va bu boylikning bir qismi qashshoqlikka barham berishga sarflanishi lozim edi. Shu tariqa, jamiyatdagi ijtimoiy muammolarni hal etishning Yevropa yo‘lidan farq qiluvchi Amerika yo‘li vujudga keldi. Yevropa yo‘li — ijtimoiy muammolarni ijtimoiy islohotlar yo‘li bilan hal etish yo‘li. Amerika yo‘li esa tadbirkorlik faoliyatini yanada o‘stirish orqali mulkdorlarni yanada boyitish va bu boylikning bir qismini ijtimoiy muammolarni hal etishga sarflash yo‘li edi. Bu hodisa tarixda «yangi ijtimoiy falsafa», deb nom olgan. AQSHda yangi ijtimoiy falsafa hayotda ma’lum darajada o‘z ifodasini topdi. 20-yillar oxirida avtomobillar soni 28 mln ni tashkil etdi. Bu — Amerika deyarli har bir oila avtomobilga egalik qilishi imkoniyatini qo‘lga kiritdi, degani edi. Boshqa iste’mol tovarlari ham ko‘plab ishlab chiqarildi. Tovarlarni kreditga sotish keng yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Bu esa ishlab chiqarishning yanada o‘sishiga olib keldi. Mamlakat to‘la telefonlashtirildi. Biroq bu aytilganlar Amerika jamiyatida muammolar tugatildi, degani emas edi. Xususan, 1928-yilda jamiyatda ishsizlar soni 3 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi og‘ir ahvolda qoldi. 1920—1930-yillarda fermer xo‘jaliklari soni kamaydi. Ularning qarzi 15 mlrd dollarga yetdi. Buning asosiy sababi mamlakatda qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari asosan chet davlatlardan keltirilishi edi. 20-yillarda AQSHning iqtisodiy ahvoli 80 AQSHdek qudratli rivojlangan davlat ham iqtisodiy inqirozni chetlab o‘ta olmadi. 1929-yilning kuzida AQSHda iqtisodiy inqiroz boshlandi. Bu inqiroz boshqa davlatlarga ham keng yoyildi va u jahon iqtisodiy inqiroziga aylandi. Inqirozga ortiqcha ishlab chiqarish sabab bo‘ldi. Iqtisodiy inqiroz AQSH uchun eng ko‘p talafot keltirdi. Shuning uchun ham u «Buyuk depressiya » deb nom oldi. Chunonchi, inqiroz tufayli AQSHda sanoat ishlab chiqarishi deyarli 50 foizga qisqardi. 10 ming bank sindi. 130 mingga yaqin savdo va sanoat firmalari bankrot bo‘ldi. Ishlab chiqarilgan tovarlar sotilmay qoldi. Natijada ular yo‘q qilina boshlandi. Ishchilarga to‘lab kelinayotgan yillik ish haqining umumiy summasi 15 mlrd dollardan 6 mlrd dollarga tushib qoldi. 1933-yilning boshida mamlakatda ishsizlar soni 17 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Bu AQSH tarixida eng yuqori ko‘rsatkich edi. Mamlakatda ishsizlikni sug‘urtalash haqida qonun yo‘q edi. Natijada ochdan o‘lish hollari ham yuz berdi. Inqiroz AQSH qishloq xo‘jaligi uchun ham ayanchli bo‘ldi. Xarid narxining pasayishi fermer xo‘jaliklarini halokat yoqasiga olib keldi. Prezident Guver (1928—1932) hukumat korxonalari sinishining oldini olish maqsadida 3,5 mlrd dollarlik kapitalga ega bo‘lgan moliyaviy qayta qurish korporatsiyasini tashkil etdi. Hukumat Federal fermer kengashiga 500 mln dollar mablag‘ ajratdi. Uning maqsadi tovarlarning bozordagi narxini tushirmasdan saqlashni ta’minlash edi. Biroq bu tadbirlar yetarli samara bermadi. «Buyuk depressiya» ommaviy stachka harakatining boshlanishiga sabab bo‘ldi. Ishsizlar Vashington shahriga yurish boshladilar. Bu yurishlar «ochlar yurishlari» deb nom oldi. Hukumat ommaviy harakatlarni shafqatsizlik bilan bostirdi. 1932-yilda AQSHda bo‘lib o‘tgan prezidentlik saylovida Demokratlar partiyasi nomzodi Franklin Delano Ruzvelt g‘alaba qozondi. U AQSH tarixida eng mashhur prezident sifatida nom qoldirdi. AQSH Konstitutsiyasiga ko‘ra, bir kishi ketma-ket ikki marta prezident etib saylanishi mumkin bo‘lgan holda F. Ruzveltga kelganda, davr nuqtayi nazaridan kelib chiqib, Konstitutsiyaning bu talabini buzishga to‘g‘ri keldi. U to‘rt marta ketma-ket prezidentlikka saylandi. Xo‘sh, F. Ruzvelt (1882—1945) qanday xizmatlari evaziga bunday buyuklikka erishgan? U AQSHni iqtisodiy inqirozdan qutqarish va uning buyukligini saqlab qolishning har tomonlama puxta ishlangan rejasini yarata oldi va uni hayotga to‘la tatbiq qildi. Bu AQSH tarixiga F. Ruzveltning «yangi yo‘li» nomi bilan kirdi. Yangi yo‘l — Amerika iqtisodiyotida keng miqyosli islohotlar o‘tkazish yo‘li edi. Uning mohiyati ishlab chiqarish vositalariga xususiy mulkchilikni to‘liq saqlab qolgan holda, davlat boshqaruvini iqtisodiyotga va ijtimoiy muno- F. Ruzveltning «yangi yo‘li» 30-yillarda iqtisodiy ahvol 81 sabatlarga keng joriy etishni tashkil etadi. F. Ruzveltning «yangi yo‘li» bo‘yicha davlat mamlakat iqtisodiyotini boshqarishga faol aralashdi. Mehnat huquqi jiddiy ravishda qayta ko‘rib chiqildi. Ishsizlikka qarshi kurash uchun katta miqdorda mablag‘ ajratildi. Ayni paytda ijtimoiy sug‘urta asoslari — pensiya, nafaqa, sog‘liqni saqlash va xalq ta’limini takomillashtirish ko‘zda tutildi. F. Ruzvelt ishni birinchi navbatda banklarni saqlab qolishdan boshladi. Shu maqsadda Favqulodda bank qonuni qabul qilindi. Unga ko‘ra, faqat eng yirik banklarga davlat qarzi olishga ruxsat etildi. Oqibatda 25 mingta bankdan 15 mingtasi qoldi. Ular davlatdan qarz olib, omonatchilar ko‘z o‘ngida o‘z obro‘larini saqlab qola oldi. 1933-yilda «Sanoatni qayta tiklash haqida» qonun qabul qilingan. Bu qonun sanoatning davlat tomonidan boshqarilishi tizimini joriy etdi. Bu tizim sanoatning har bir sohasi uchun ishlab chiqilgan «Halol raqobat kodeksi» deb nomlangan hujjatda o‘z ifodasini topgan. Bu kodekslarda har bir korxonaning mahsulot ishlab chiqarish hajmi, mahsulot narxi, savdo bozori belgilab qo‘yildi. Ayni paytda qonun ish haqi eng kam miqdori hamda ish haftasining maksimal vaqti kodekslarda qat’iy belgilanishini talab etadi. Bundan tashqari, qonunda korxona ma’muriyati bilan jamoaviy shartnoma tuzilishi, ishsizlarga yordam berilishi ko‘zda tutildi. Davlat ishsizlikka qarshi kurash maqsadida ijtimoiy ishlar maxsus qo‘mitasini tuzdi. Bu qo‘mitaga yo‘l qurish, maktablarni ta’mirlash, sport Franklin Delano Ruzvelt. 6 — Jahon tarixi 82 majmualari barpo etish kabilar yuklatildi. Shu orqali 8 mln ishsiz ish bilan ta’minlandi. Kambag‘al oilalardagi 18—25 yoshli ishsiz fuqarolar uchun maxsus lagerlar barpo etilgan. Ularda tekin ta’lim berilib, bu ishsizlar sanoatning yangi tarmoqlari uchun zarur ixtisosliklarga o‘rgatildi. Har bir shtatga ishsizlarga yordam ko‘rsatish uchun dotatsiyalar ajratildi. Natijada bu tadbirlar AQSHni ijtimoiy larzalardan saqlab qoldi. «Yangi yo‘l» AQSH qishloq xo‘jaligini ham qamrab oldi. Chunki inqiroz AQSH qishloq xo‘jaligiga juda katta ziyon yetkazgan edi. Buning oqibatida ko‘plab fermer xo‘jaliklari halokatga uchradi. AQSH Kongressi 1933-yilning 12-mayida «Fermerlarga yordam haqida» qonun qabul qildi. Qonunga ko‘ra, qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlarining xarid narxlari oshirildi. O‘z navbatida, fermerlar ekin maydoni va chorva mollari sonini qisqartirish haqida davlat bilan shartnoma tuzishlari lozim edi. Shunday qilgan fermerlarga mukofot belgilandi. Fermerlarning qarzi davlat hisobiga o‘tkazildi yoki uni to‘lash noma’lum muddatga to‘xtatib qo‘yildi. Ayni paytda fermerlarga kredit berildi va nihoyatda nochor fermer xo‘jaliklari tugatildi. Bular jami fermer xo‘jaliklarining 10 foizini tashkil etgan. Bu tadbirlar Amerika qishloq xo‘jaligini halokatdan saqlab qoldi. «Yangi yo‘l» siyosati ijtimoiy himoyani ham e’tibordan chetda qoldirmadi. Chunonchi, 1935- yilda Kongress «Vagner qonuni»ni qabul qildi. Unga ko‘ra, ishchilar jamoaviy shartnoma tuzish huquqiga ega bo‘ldilar. Ayni paytda ishchilarga ish tashlash huquqi ham berildi. Ish tashlashda qatnashganlik uchun ta’qib etish taqiqlandi. Shu yili AQSH tarixida birinchi marta ijtimoiy sug‘urtalash haqida qonun qabul qilindi. Unda keksalarni ta’minlash; ishsizlik bo‘yicha yordam puli to‘lash; nogironlarga, yolg‘iz oilalarga va yetim bolalarga nafaqa to‘lash ko‘zda tutildi. Bu hodisa adolatli jamiyat qurilishi yo‘lidagi katta qadam edi. «Yangi yo‘l» keng ommaning ahvolini yaxshilash uchun eng boy oilalarning daromadlariga qo‘shimcha soliq solishni izchillik bilan amalga oshirdi. Shu tariqa, F. Ruzveltning «yangi yo‘li» dunyoda eng ko‘lamli inson huquqlari va konstitutsiyaviy kafolatlar tizimini vujudga keltirdi. Oqibatda AQSHda dunyoda eng yuqori turmush darajasi ta’minlandi. «Yangi yo‘l» AQSHga buyuk, gullab-yashnayotgan, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jihatdan mukammal davlat shuhratini keltirdi. AQSH tashqi siyosatida ikki oqim, ya’ni izolatsionizm va internatsionalizm tarafdorlari o‘rtasida kurash ketdi. Izolatsionizm tarafdorlari AQSHning faol tashqi siyosatiga qarshi edilar. Ular asosan ichki muammolar bilan shug‘ullanishni afzal bildilar. Internatsionalizm tarafdorlari esa, AQSH jahon siyosatining faol ishtirokchisi bo‘lishi kerak, deb hisoblardilar. Oxir-oqibatda bu oqim g‘alaba qozondi. Ijtimoiy himoya borasidagi tadbirlar Tashqi siyosat 83 AQSH dunyodagi eng buyuk davlatga aylangan bir davrda, tabiiyki, u dunyo siyosatidan chetda tura olmas ham edi. AQSHning Birinchi jahon urushida qatnashishi izolatsionizmga uzil-kesil chek qo‘ydi. Birinchi jahon urushi tugagach, AQSH jahon siyosiy xaritasini qayta qurishning faol ishtirokchisi bo‘lishga urinib ko‘rdi. Chunonchi, u Versal — Vashington tizimini yaratishda faol qatnashdi. Uning qat’iy talabi bilan Millatlar Ligasi ustaviga Versal shartnomasi matni qo‘shildi. Ayni paytda Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya AQSHning dunyoda, xususan, Yevropada gegemonligi o‘rnatilmasligi uchun barcha choralarni ko‘rdilar. Xususan, Versal shartnomasi, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya manfaatlarini ko‘proq aks ettirganligi shu bilan ham izohlanadi. Bundan tashqari, Parij sulh konferensiyasi Uzoq Sharqda Yaponiya mavqeyini ham mustahkamladi. Bular AQSH tashqi siyosatining amaldagi muvaffaqiyatsizligi edi. Shuning uchun ham AQSH Kongressi Versal shartnomasini tasdiqlamadi. AQSH Yevropadagi ta’sirini saqlab qolish uchun 1921-yilda Germaniya bilan alohida tinchlik shartnomasini imzolashga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. AQSH Tinch okean havzalarida o‘z mavqeyini mustahkamlash niyatida prezident U. Garding (1921—1923) talabi bilan 1921-yilda Vashington konferensiyasini chaqirishga erishdi. Bu konferensiya qarorlari haqidagi 1—2- paragrafda aytib o‘tildi. AQSH kuchaya borgan sari, boshqa buyuk davlatlarni jahon bozorlarida ta’qib eta boshladi. Xususan, Buyuk Britaniyaning Markaziy va Janubiy Amerika bozoridagi o‘rniga zarba berdi. Masalan, 1913—1927-yillar oralig‘ida Buyuk Britaniyaning bu mintaqa davlatlari importida ulushi 25% dan 16% ga tushib qoldi. AQSHning ulushi 24% dan 38% ga ortdi. AQSHning Janubiy Amerika davlatlariga joylashtirgan sarmoyasi esa 13 baravar ko‘paydi. To‘g‘ri, Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarining Vatanparvar kuchlari AQSHning bu mamlakatlarni asoratga solishiga befarq qarab turmadilar. Ular imkoniyatlari darajasida qarshilik ko‘rsatdilar. Prezident K. Kulij (1923—1929) davrida Lotin Amerikasi xalqlarining milliy-ozodlik kurashlari ayovsiz bostirildi. 1928-yilga kelganda Lotin Amerikasining 20 davlatidan 14 tasi AQSHga moliyaviy qaram bo‘lib qoldilar. Shu tariqa g‘arbiy yarim sharda AQSH sarmoyasi tanho hukmronlik qila boshladi. AQSH hukmron doiralari faqat Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarini asoratga solish yoki ularning ichki ishlariga aralashish bilan cheklanib qolmadi. AQSH G‘arbiy Yevropani ham o‘z moliyaviy ta’sirida saqlab turishga zo‘r berib urindi. Bunda «Daues rejasi» ga (1924-y.) katta umid bog‘ladi. Bu reja Germaniya harbiy qudratini amalda qayta tikladi. Germaniya qudratini qayta tiklashdan maqsad Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaning Yevropada haddan tashqari qudratli davlatga aylanishlariga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik edi. 84 1927-yilning mart oyida AQSH harbiy-dengiz kuchlari Xitoyga qarshi harbiy intervensiyada ishtirok etdi va shu yilning aprelida Chan Kayshi amalga oshirgan davlat to‘ntarishini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Prezident G. Guver davrida (1929—1932) AQSHning harbiy xarajatlari yildan yilga o‘sib bordi. Xususan, 1929-yilda AQSHning harbiy xarajatlari Fransiya va Yaponiyaning birgalikdagi harbiy xarajatlaridan ko‘p bo‘ldi. Sovet davlatini tan olmaslik siyosati davom ettirildi. AQSH Germaniya iqtisodiy qudratini yanada tiklash siyosatini davom ettirdi. Chunonchi, 1929- yilda Daues rejasini «Yung rejasi» bilan almashtirishga erishdi. Bu reja Germaniyaning reparatsiya to‘lash shartlarini yanada yengillashtirdi. Uzoq Sharq va Tinch okean havzasida AQSH — Yaponiya munosabatlari keskinlashib bordi. AQSH Buyuk Britaniya harbiy-dengiz flotining yetakchi mavqeyini yo‘qqa chiqarish uchun hamma choralarni ko‘rdi. 1930- yilga kelib amalda bunga erishdi ham. Shu yil Londonda o‘tkazilgan va dengiz masalasini muhokama qilgan konferensiya ikki davlat harbiy-dengiz floti bir xil qudratga ega bo‘lishi to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. 1930-yilda AQSH tashqi savdoda import tovarlar uchun katta boj to‘lovi joriy etdi. Bu esa uning boshqa buyuk davlatlar bilan o‘zaro munosabatlarini yanada sovuqlashtirdi. 1932-yilda bo‘lib o‘tgan Lozanna konferensiyasi AQSHning qat’iy qo‘llab-quvvatlashi tufayli Germaniyani reparatsiya to‘lashdan amalda ozod etdi. Bu esa Germaniya harbiy qudratining tiklanishiga xizmat qildi. F. Ruzvelt davrida (1932—1945) AQSHning xalqaro mavqeyi yanada mustahkamlandi. 1933-yil 16-noyabrda AQSH Sovet davlatini tan oldi va u bilan diplomatik munosabat o‘rnatdi. Lotin Amerikasi xalqlari ko‘z o‘ngida AQSH o‘zining bu mintaqadagi tashqi siyosatining tub mohiyatini niqoblash maqsadida «yaxshi qo‘shnichilik» shiorini e’lon qildi. AQSH Germaniya va Yaponiyaning agressiv rejalariga qarshi xalqaro to‘siq qo‘yish borasida amalda jiddiy harakat qilmadi. Aksincha, 1935- yilda AQSH Kongressi «Betaraflik to‘g‘risida» qonun qabul qildi. Qonun prezidentga urushda qatnashayotgan tomonlarga qurol sotishni taqiqlash huquqini berdi. Biroq Germaniya va Italiya urushuvchi davlatlar ro‘yxatiga kiritilmagan edi. Shuning uchun ham ular AQSHdan qurol sotib olishlari mumkin edi. Aksincha, agressiya qurbonlari bo‘lgan Efiopiya va Ispaniya AQSHdan qurol sotib olish va qarz olish huquqlaridan mahrum etilgan edi. AQSHning betaraflik siyosati amalda Germaniyaning kuchayishini va yangi urush o‘chog‘iga aylanishini ta’minladi. Shunday qilib, ikki jahon urushi oralig‘ida AQSH dunyodagi eng boy davlatga aylandi. «Ford», «Jeneral Motors», «Dyupon», «Po‘lat tresti» kabi gigant kompaniyalar yanada kuchaydi. Dunyoning ko‘p joylarida o‘z ta’sirini o‘tkazdi. «Bo‘lib tashla, hukmronlik qil» prinsipiga amal qildi. Boylik orttirish maqsadida urushlarni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Ma’naviy tubanlikka ketdi. 85 SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Birinchi jahon urushining AQSH uchun oqibatlari jadvalini tuzing. 2. 20-yillarda Amerika jamiyati oldida qanday muammolar mavjud edi? 3. AQSHning 20-yillardagi iqtisodiy ahvolini baholang va uni 30-yil iqtisodiy ahvoli bilan taqqoslang. 4. F. Ruzvelt «yangi yo‘l» siyosatining mohiyati nimadan iborat edi? 5. «Yangi yo‘l» siyosati AQSH uchun nimalar berdi? 6. AQSHning 1918—1939-yillardagi tashqi siyosati bilan Buyuk Britaniya hamda Fransiya tashqi siyosatini taqqoslang va undan mustaqil xulosa chiqaring. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. AQSH PREZIDENTLARI FAOLIYATINI YORITING T.r. Prezidentlar nomi Hukmronlik yillari Ichki va tashqi siyosati 9-§. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari Birinchi jahon urushi Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari hayotiga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Chunonchi, bu mamlakatlar iqtisodiyoti tez sur’atlar bilan o‘sa boshladi. Bunga Birinchi jahon urushida qatnashayotgan davlatlarda Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlari xomashyosi va qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlariga nisbatan talabning ortib ketganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Ikkinchidan, urush tufayli Yevropadan keltiriladigan tayyor mahsulotlar keskin kamaygan. Bu hol Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida qayta ishlash sanoatini kuchaytirdi. Uchinchidan, jahon bozorida xomashyo va qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlarining narxi ham ko‘tarilgan edi. Masalan, Kuba eksport qiladigan qandning narxi 11 baravar ko‘tarildi. Bu omillar, o‘z navbatida, kapital jamg‘arilishiga va milliy ishlab chiqarishning o‘sishiga olib keldi. Xususan, Braziliyada 6 mingga yaqin yangi sanoat korxonasi qurildi. Bu Braziliya tarixida undan avvalgi 25 yil ichida qurilgan sanoat korxonalari sonidan ko‘p edi. Ayni paytda buyuk davlatlar Lotin Amerikasida o‘zlarining iqtisodiymoliyaviy ta’sirlarini saqlab qolishga urindilar. Bu AQSH — Buyuk Britaniya munosabatlarini keskinlashtirdi. Birinchi jahon urushigacha yer yuzining bu nuqtasida Buyuk Britaniya kapitali yetakchi mavqega ega bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, AQSH uni endi tobora iskanjaga oldi va AQSH kapitali yildan-yilga o‘z mavqeyini mustahkamlay bordi. ? Birinchi jahon urushining Lotin Amerikasi davlatlariga ta’siri 86 20-yillarda jahon bozorida Lotin Amerikasi tovarlariga qulay narx-navo saqlanib turdi. Bu, o‘z navbatida, iqtisodiyotning taraqqiyotiga xizmat qildi. Biroq bu iqtisodiy taraqqiyot asosan ekstensiv omillar hisobiga ta’minlana bordi. Shuningdek, bu qit’a davlatlari iqtisodiyotiga qishloqda latifundiyachilar zo‘ravonligi, ishlab chiqarishning asosan tashqi bozor ehtiyojlariga moslashib qolganligi hamda chet el kapitaliga qaramlik xususiyatlari ham xos edi. Bular iqtisodiyotni tobora qiyin ahvolga tushirib qo‘ymoqda edi. Bundan foydalangan buyuk davlatlar bu qit’a davlatlari iqtisodiyotiga o‘z ekspansiyalarini yanada kuchaytirdilar. Agar 20-yillarga qadar Lotin Amerikasiga sarmoya joylashtirishda Buyuk Britaniya birinchi o‘rinda turgan bo‘lsa, 20-yillarning oxiriga kelib vaziyat tubdan o‘zgardi. Endi AQSH bu borada Buyuk Britaniyani ortda qoldirdi. 30-yillarning oxiriga kelib esa AQSHning yirik kompaniyalari bu yerda o‘z hukmronlik mavqeyini o‘rnatdilar. Xususan, elektr stansiyalar, temir yo‘llar, pochta-telegraf, port va tog‘ sanoati AQSH sarmoyasiga qaram bo‘lib qoldi. Xorijiy sarmoyaning bunday tazyiqi Lotin Amerikasining jahon ijtimoiy taraqqiyotidan orqada qolishiga olib keldi. Shu tariqa, Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari rivojlangan davlatlar iqtisodiyotining xomashyo bazasiga aylanib qoldi. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida siyosiy hayot turlicha edi. Iqtisodiy jihatdan qoloq davlatlarda rasman respublika tuzumi e’lon qilingan bo‘lsa-da, amalda ularda avtoritar va diktatorlik tartiblari o‘rnatilgan edi. Ayrim davlatlar konstitutsiyasida hokimiyatning oliy vakillik organi huquqlari kafolatlanishi qayd etilgan bo‘lsa-da, hokimiyat u yoki bu soha oligarxiyasi qo‘lida to‘plangan edi. Masalan, Braziliyada butun hokimiyatni amalda qahva oligarxiyasi qo‘lga olgan edi. Iqtisodiy jihatdan nisbatan taraqqiy etgan davlatlarda (Argentina, Chili va Urugvay) urushdan keyin konservativ-oligarxiya tartibi o‘z o‘rnini liberal-demokratik kuchlarga bo‘shatib berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Ular mamlakatda liberal islohotlarni amalga oshirdilar. Bu islohotlar Lotin Amerikasi tarixida yangi hodisa edi. O‘z mazmuniga ko‘ra Yevropa islohotiga yaqin bo‘lgan bu islohotlar natijasida qator ijtimoiy muammolar bartaraf etildi. Bu o‘rinda Argentinada prezident I. Irigoyen davrida 1928—1930-yillarda amalga oshirilgan islohotlar, ayniqsa, diqqatga sazovor. U davlat vositachiligi yo‘li bilan sarmoya va mehnat o‘rtasida hamkorlikni ta’minlay oldi. Bu mamlakatda 8 soatlik ish kuni, yakshanbada dam olish, ijtimoiy sug‘urta kabi ijtimoiy muammolar ijobiy hal etildi. Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiysiyosiy ahvoli 87 Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi (1929—1933) Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari iqtisodiyotiga katta salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Bunga bu davlatlar iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti chet el bozoriga bog‘liq bo‘lib qolganligi, shuningdek, xorijiy kapitalga qaramligi sabab bo‘ldi. Inqiroz tufayli Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari eksporti keskin darajada pasaydi. Natijada minglab zavod va fabrikalar, plantatsiyalar to‘la ishlamay qo‘ydi. O‘z xaridorini topa olmagan millionlab tonna kofe, don va boshqa qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari yo‘q qilindi. Ishsizlar soni ko‘paydi. Bular, o‘z navbatida, davlatlarning ichki siyosiy barqarorligini izdan chiqardi va keskin siyosiy o‘zgarishlar yuz berishga olib keldi. Bu o‘zgarishlar, bir tomondan, ba’zi davlatlarda hokimiyat tepasida turgan liberal islohotchilarni, ikkinchi tomondan esa, ba’zi davlatlarda hokimiyat tepasida turgan avtoritar va diktatorlik tartiblarini qulatganligi bilan ajralib turadi. Masalan, 1930-yilda Argentinada harbiy to‘ntarish o‘tkazilib, islohotchi prezident I. Irigoyen hukumati ag‘darilgan bo‘lsa, Braziliyada qahva oligarxiyasi tartibi hokimiyati quladi. Chili va Kubada ham diktatorlik boshqaruvi barham topdi. Kolumbiyada 1930-yilda konservator oligarxiya tartibi o‘rniga hokimiyatga liberal islohotchilar keldi. Bu faktlar iqtisodiy inqirozning ham konservator, ham diktator, ham liberal islohotchilar obro‘sining xalq ommasi ko‘z o‘ngida birday to‘kilishiga sabab bo‘lganligining isbotidir. Iqtisodiy inqiroz davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashuviga sabab bo‘ldi. Davlat inqirozdan chiqish uchun iqtisodiyotni tartibga sola boshladi. Davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashuvi va uni tartibga solishi, birinchi navbatda, import mahsulotlarga yuqori boj to‘lovlarini joriy etishda yaqqol ko‘zga tashlandi. Ikkinchidan, davlat milliy ishlab chiqarishni rivojlantirish uchun mahalliy tadbirkorlarga imtiyozli kredit berish va imtiyozli soliq tartibini qo‘llashni joriy etdi. Uchinchidan, iqtisodiyotda davlat sektorini rivojlantirish va mustahkamlash yo‘lini tutdi. Ayni paytda mamlakatda ichki siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash maqsadida qator ijtimoiy islohotlar ham o‘tkazildi. Davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashuvi milliy ishlab chiqarishning o‘sishiga va milliy sarmoyaning mustahkamlanishiga xizmat qildi. Yuqorida ta’kidlanganidek, urushgacha Buyuk Britaniya Lotin Amerikasida yetakchi mavqeni egallar edi. Birinchi jahon urushi vaziyatni tubdan o‘zgartirib, Yevropa davlatlarining Lotin Amerikasidagi faolligini pasaytirib yubordi. Bundan foydalangan AQSH bu mintaqada o‘z ekspansiyasini kuchaytirdi. Natijada AQSHning Lotin Amerikasi davlatlariga joylashtirgan sarmoyasi 1929-yilga kelib 1913-yildagi ko‘rsatkichga nisbatan 4,5 baravar ortdi. Buyuk davlatlarning Lotin Amerikasi uchun kurashi Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining Lotin Amerikasiga ta’siri 88 Lotin Amerikasi xalqlari orasida Amerikaga qarshi kayfiyat kuchayishining oldini olish hamda AQSHning bu mintaqadagi mavqeyini mustahkamlash maqsadida prezident F. Ruzvelt 1933-yilda AQSH intervensiyadan voz kechganligi hamda boshqa davlatlarning ichki ishlariga aralashmasligi haqida bayonot berdi. Ayni paytda Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari bilan «yaxshi qo‘shnichilik» siyosatini e’lon qildi. Bu siyosat AQSH ekspansiyachilik siyosatining yangi davrdagi o‘ziga xos shakldagi davomi edi. 30-yillardan boshlab Lotin Amerikasida fashist blokiga kiruvchi davlatlar — Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiya ham o‘z ta’sirini qaror toptirishga urindilar. Ular strategik xomashyoga muhtoj bo‘lganliklari tufayli bu qit’a davlatlari bilan savdo aloqalarini rivojlantirdilar va o‘z sarmoyalarini joylashtirishga urindilar. Xususan, Germaniya sarmoyasi Argentina, Braziliya, Chili va Paragvay iqtisodiyotiga joylashtirildi. Biroq Germaniya fashistlari savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalar bilan cheklanib qolmadilar. Ular bu mintaqada ham fashistik tashkilotlar tuzishga urindilar. Bu niyatni amalga oshirishda Lotin Amerikasida yashayotgan nemis muhojirlariga tayandilar. Eng yirik davlatlar — Argentina va Braziliya fashizm ekspansiyasining Lotin Amerikasidagi tayanchlari bo‘lishi kerak edi. Tashkil etilgan fashistik tashkilotlar hokimiyatni egallash uchun ham harakat qildilar. Bundan tashqari, Germaniya va Italiya Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida fashistlarning hokimiyatni Ispaniya usulida egallashlariga umid bog‘ladilar va ularni qo‘llab-quvvatladilar. Biroq fashistlar o‘z maqsadlariga erisha olmadilar. Buning sababi Germaniya va uning ittifoqchilarining bu mintaqada AQSH va G‘arbiy yevropalik boshqa raqiblarini siqib chiqarishga iqtisodiy qudratlari yetmaganligida edi. Ikkinchidan, Lotin Amerikasining u yoki bu davlatida ichki fashistik kuchlarning hokimiyatni egallash yo‘lidagi urinishlari liberal-demokratik kuchlar boshchiligidagi antifashistlarning qudratli qarshiligiga uchragan edi. Shu tariqa, Lotin Amerikasi xalqlari qit’ada fashizm qaror topishiga yo‘l qo‘ymadilar. Braziliya — Birinchi jahon urushida ishtirok etgan davlatlardan biri. Xususan, u 1917-yilning 26- oktabrida AQSHdan so‘ng Germaniyaga urush e’lon qildi. Biroq Braziliyaning bu urushdagi ishtiroki keng ko‘lamli bo‘lmadi. Chunonchi, Braziliya Buyuk Britaniyaning bir qator harbiy-dengiz tadbirlarida qatnashdi. Shuningdek, uning harbiy kemalari Janubiy Atlantikada patrul xizmatini bajargan, xolos. Shu ma’noda olganda, Braziliyaning jahon urushidagi ishtiroki ko‘proq ramziy ma’no kasb etdi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Braziliya Versal shartnomasini g‘olib davlatlar qatorida imzoladi. Urush ayni paytda Braziliya iqtisodiyoti rivojiga ijobiy ta’sir Braziliya 89 ko‘rsatgan. Bunga urush tufayli Yevropa eksporti kamayganligi sabab bo‘lgan. Biroq, baribir, Braziliya agrar davlat bo‘lib qola berdi. Ishga yaroqli aholining 72% qishloq xo‘jaligida band bo‘lgandi. Qishloq xo‘jaligining asosini kofe va qand yetishtirish tashkil etgan va mamlakat moliyaviy ahvoli ayni shu kofe eksporti darajasi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan. Braziliya iqtisodiyotining gurkirab rivojlanishi uzoqqa cho‘zilmadi. 1920— 1921-yillarda uning iqtisodiyotida inqiroz yuz berdi. Eksport mahsulotlarining narxi keskin pasaydi. Masalan, 1919-yilda 1 qop (60 kg) kofe 27 sentga sotilgan bo‘lsa, 1921-yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 9,5 sentni tashkil etdi. Inqiroz Braziliya iqtisodiyotining chet el sarmoyasiga qaramligini yanada kuchaytirdi. 1923—1928-yillarda Braziliya iqtisodiyotining qisman barqarorlashuvi asosan chet el sarmoyasi hisobiga amalga oshirildi. Chunonchi, 1929-yilga kelib AQSHning bu davlat iqtisodiyotiga joylash-tirgan sarmoyasi 476 mln dollarni, Buyuk Britaniya joylashtirgan sarmoya esa 1 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. Ayni paytda mamlakatda ichki siyosiy vaziyat ham keskinlashib bordi. Prezident S. Bernardis (1922—1926) davrida mamlakatda diktatorlik tartibi qaror topa boshladi. Mamlakatda siyosiy josuslik va ayg‘oqchilik tizimi keng quloch yoydi va bu hodisa mamlakatda keskin norozilikni keltirib chiqardi. Norozilik hatto armiyaga ham ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. 1924-yilning 5-iyulida San-Paulo shahrida joylashgan harbiy qismda qo‘zg‘alon ko‘tarildi. Hukumatga sodiq qo‘shinlar qo‘zg‘alonchilarga qarshi 3 hafta davomida kurash olib borishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1924-yilning 28- oktabrida esa Santo-Anjelu shahrida kapitan K. Prestes boshchiligida harbiylar qo‘zg‘aloni boshlandi. Hukumat qo‘shinlari qo‘zg‘alonchilarga qarshi og‘ir janglar olib borishga majbur bo‘ldi va, nihoyat, 1927-yilning 13-fevralida qo‘zg‘alonchilarning so‘nggi otryadlarini Boliviya hududiga surib chiqara oldi. 1929-yilda yuz bergan jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Braziliya iqtisodiyotini yanada og‘ir ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Inqirozdan mamlakat qishloq xo‘jaligi, ayniqsa, katta talafot ko‘rdi. Xususan, mamlakat omborxonalarida 37 mln qop kofe yig‘ilib qoldi. 3 yil ichida 40 ming qop kofe dengizga oqizildi yoki yoqib tashlandi. Eksport keskin kamaydi. Mamlakat aholisining turmush darajasi nihoyatda yomonlashdi. Bu omillar, o‘z navbatida, demokratik va ijtimoiy harakatni kuchaytirdi. Shunday bir sharoitda hukmron doiralar mavjud tartibni saqlab qolish maqsadida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazishga qaror qildilar. Uni 1930-yilning oktabrida hukmron doiralar bilan mustahkam aloqada bo‘lgan harbiylar amalga oshirdilar. Mamlakatda J. Vargas diktaturasi o‘rnatildi va diktatura 1891-yilgi mamlakat Konstitutsiyasini bekor qildi. Hatto qonun chiqaruvchi barcha vakolatni ham hukumatning o‘zi amalga oshira boshladi. Lekin diktatura mamlakatdagi ichki siyosiy vaziyatni barqarorlashtira olmadi. Hukmron doiralar turli tabaqalari o‘rtasida hoki90 miyat uchun kurash davom etdi. Natijada 1934-yilning 16-iyulida mamlakatning yangi Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Ichki iqtisodiy va siyosiy barqarorlik ayni paytda mamlakatda fashizm harakatini vujudga keltirdi. Fashizm siyosiy hayotga tobora jiddiy xavf sola boshladi. Mamlakatning taraqqiyparvar kuchlari 1935-yilda fashizmga qarshi yagona xalq frontini tuzishga muvaffaq bo‘ldilar. Bu front — «Xalq fronti umumbraziliya tashkiloti milliy ozodlik Alyansi» deb ataldi. Alyans tub ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy islohotlar o‘tkazish dasturini ilgari surdi. Alyansning obro‘- e’tibori tobora o‘sib bordi. Bundan cho‘chigan hukumat 1935-yilning 11- iyulida uning faoliyatini taqiqladi. Mamlakatda terror va repressiya kuchaydi. Bunga javoban 1935-yilning noyabr oyida harbiylarning bir qismi qo‘zg‘olon ko‘tardi. Biroq Vargasga sodiq harbiy qismlar bu qo‘zg‘olonni bostirdi. Endi mamlakatda reaksiya avj oldi. 1937-yilning 10-noyabrida J. Vargas Kongressni tarqatib yubordi. 1934- yilgi Konstitutsiyani bekor qildi va mamlakatda uning shaxsiy diktaturasi o‘rnatildi. Shu kuni J. Vargas butun hokimiyatning Prezident qo‘lida to‘planishini qonunlashtirgan yangi Konstitutsiyaga ham imzo chekdi. 1937- yilning 2-dekabrida barcha siyosiy partiyalar faoliyati taqiqlandi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, J. Vargas hukumati mamlakatda xalq harakatining yangidan vujudga kelishining oldini olish maqsadida qator yon berishlarga ham bordi. Jumladan, eng kam ish haqi haqida, ish kunini tartibga solish haqida dekretlar chiqardi. Ayni paytda davlatning iqtisodiyotga ta’sirini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan qonunlar ham qabul qilindi. Vargas hokimiyati 1945-yilgacha hukm surdi. Birinchi jahon urushi natijasida Yevropa eksporti kamayganligi tufayli Argentina milliy iqtisodiyoti gurkirab rivojlana boshladi. Bu hodisa, o‘z navbatida, mamlakat eksportining o‘sishiga xizmat qildi. Chunonchi, Argentina bug‘doy eksport qilish bo‘yicha dunyoda ikkinchi o‘ringa (Kanadadan so‘ng), go‘sht mahsulotlari eksporti bo‘yicha esa birinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Uning asosiy savdo hamkorlari Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH edi. Xususan, 1920-yilda Buyuk Britaniya va Argentina o‘rtasida savdo ayirboshlashi 817 mln pesoni, AQSH bilan esa 726 mln pesoni tashkil etdi. Biroq Braziliyada bo‘lganidek, Argentina iqtisodiyotidagi o‘sish ham uzoq davom etmadi. 1920—1921-yillardagi iqtisodiy inqiroz mamlakat iqtisodiyotiga katta talafot yetkazdi. Davlat subsidiyasi asosida ishlayotgan korxonalarda ishlab chiqarish to‘xtab qoldi. Ayni paytda inqiroz Argentinada ish yuritayotgan chet el korxonalari faoliyatiga ta’sir ko‘rsatmadi. Chunki ularning moliyaviy ahvoli yaxshi edi. Bu hodisa 1920—1921-yillardagi iqtisodiy inqirozning o‘ziga xos xarakterli belgisi edi. Inqiroz ichki siyosiy vaziyatni murakkablashtirdi. Radikal-fuqaro ittifoqi partiyasi vakili Prezident I. Irigoyen hukumati (1916—1922) islohotlar Argentina 91 yo‘li bilan siyosiy vaziyatni barqarorlashtirishga urindi. Xususan, talabalar tashabbusi qondirilib, universitetlar faoliyati demokratik asosda qayta qurila boshlandi. Bundan tashqari, yirik yer egalarining qudratini cheklashga kirishildi. Hukumat mehnat qonunchiligi sohasida, ayniqsa, jiddiy o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. Chunonchi, 8 soatlik ish kuni, haftada 1 kunlik dam olish kuni, ishchilarga ta’til berish, ish haqining eng kam miqdori joriy etildi. I. Irigoyen hukumati o‘tkazgan islohotlarda izchillik ta’minlanmagan bo‘lsa-da, islohotlar ko‘lami va mazmuni hukmron tabaqalarni tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Ular mamlakat armiyasi orasida hukumatga qarshi tashviqotni kuchaytirdilar. 1922-yilda o‘tkazilgan prezident saylovida radikal partiyaning boshqa bir vakili M. Alveor (1922—1928) g‘alaba qozondi. U yangi tuzgan hukumati tarkibiga harbiylar vakillarini ham kiritdi. 1923-yilda Argentina iqtisodiyotida yana jonlanish yuz berdi. Biroq iqtisodiyotda ko‘zlangan maqsadga erishilmadi. Buning sababi mamlakat qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishining jahon bozoriga qaramligi edi. 1925-yildan boshlab jahon bozorida narx-navoning pasayishi mamlakat moliyaviy ahvoliga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. 1927-yilda o‘tkazilgan prezidentlik saylovida yana I. Irigoyen (1928— 1930) g‘alaba qozondi. Hukumat amalga oshirgan eng katta tadbir neft sanoatining milliylashtirilishi bo‘ldi. Bu hodisa yirik sarmoyadorlar hamda chet el monopoliyalari manfaatiga berilgan katta zarba edi. Ular endi davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazishga qaror qildilar. 1930-yilning 6- sentabr kuni general Xose F. Uriburu boshchiligida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazildi. F. Uriburu o‘zini vaqtincha Prezident deb e’lon qildi. Yangi hukumat mamlakat Kongressini tarqatib yubordi, 8 soatlik ish kunini bekor qildi. Mamlakatda qamal holatini joriy etadi. Matbuot uchun qattiq senzura tartibi o‘rnatildi. Mamlakat neft sanoatini milliylashtirish haqidagi qaror bekor qilindi. General F. Uriburu mamlakatni noqonuniy ravishda uzoq boshqarishi mumkin emas edi. Biroq u prezident saylovida g‘alaba qozona olmas ham edi. Chunki uning obro‘si yo‘q edi. Shuning uchun ham 1931-yilning noyabr oyida prezidentlikka boshqa general — P. Xusto (1932—1938) nomzodi qo‘yildi va u g‘alaba qildi. Yangi hukumat mamlakatda ish tashlashni man etish hamda qamal holati e’lon qilish haqidagi qonunlarni amalda joriy ettirdi. Iqtisodiyotda davlatning aralashuvi siyosati yuritildi. Tashqi siyosatda esa Buyuk Britaniya bilan yanada yaqinlashish yo‘li qo‘llanildi. Ayni paytda AQSHga qaram bo‘lib qolmaslik, Lotin Amerikasida AQSHning ta’siri kuchayib ketishining oldini olishga intildi. Shu maqsadda Argentina tashabbusi bilan Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari o‘rtasida o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik va yarashuv to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma imzolandi. Bu shartnomaning mohiyatini to‘g‘ri anglab yetgan AQSH prezidenti F. Ruzvelt 1933-yilda Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari bilan munosabatda «yaxshi qo‘shnichilik» ta92 moyilini e’lon qildi. Ayni paytda AQSH ham yuqorida nomi tilga olingan shartnomani imzoladi. Bu shartnoma tarixga «Savedro Lamas pakti» nomi bilan kirdi. S. Lamas Argentina tashqi ishlar vaziri edi. Bu Argentina diplomatiyasining katta yutug‘i bo‘lgandi. Prezident P. Xusto davrida ham mamlakat ichki siyosiy hayotida barqarorlik ta’minlanmadi. Aksincha, fashizm xavfi vujudga keldi. 1938- yilgi prezident saylovida so‘l kuchlar birlikka erisha olmadilar. Natijada o‘ng kuchlar vakili Roberto Ortis (1938—1940) g‘alaba qozondi. R. Ortis ichki siyosatda qisman bo‘lsa-da, konstitutsiyaviy tartiblarni tiklashga harakat qildi. Repressiya va terror to‘lqini pasaydi. Fashizm jilovlandi. Tashqi siyosatda esa AQSH bilan yaqinlashish yo‘li to‘sildi. 1917-yilning 5-fevralida Meksikada demokratik ruhdagi konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Xususan, Konstitutsiya yerni, yer osti boyliklarini va suvni davlat mulki deb e’lon qildi. Chet davlatlar va chet el monopoliyalari bilan tuzilgan ijara shartnomalarining qayta ko‘rib chiqilishi belgilandi. Har bir shtatda egalik qilinadigan yerning miqdori belgilab qo‘yilishi, ortiqcha yerlar esa dehqonlar va batraklarga bo‘lib berilishi kerak edi. Konstitutsiya ayni paytda cherkovning o‘zgarmas mulkka ega bo‘lish huquqini bekor qildi. Cherkovning barcha mulkini davlat mulki deb e’lon qildi. 1926-yilda ruhoniylarning siyosatga aralashuvini taqiqlovchi qonun kuchga kirdi. Konstitutsiya 8 soatlik ish kunini, minimal ish haqi miqdori belgilanishini, kasaba uyushmalariga birlashish va ish tashlash huquqini e’lon qildi. Endi hamma gap konstitutsiya e’lon qilgan tadbirlarni bajarishda qolgan edi. Biroq bu oson vazifa emas edi. Chunki konstitutsiya talablari bajarilishiga ham ichki, ham tashqi kuchlar qarshilik ko‘rsatishi muqarrar edi. Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH monopoliyalari Meksika iqtisodiyotida mustahkamlanib olgan edilar. Ular o‘zlari bilan imzolangan ijara shartnomalarini qayta ko‘rib chiqishga aslo rozi bo‘lmas edilar. Vatikan esa cherkovning mulkdan mahrum etilishiga aslo toqat qila olmas edi. Shuning uchun ham Meksika ruhoniylarining hukumat siyosatiga qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatishi muqarrar edi. Tez orada shunday bo‘ldi ham. Vatikan ko‘rsatmasi bilan Meksika ruhoniylari ibodatlarni to‘xtatdi. Meksika hukumatining neft sohasidagi siyosatiga javoban AQSH Meksikaga nisbatan iqtisodiy taqiq siyosatini qo‘lladi. Ichki yirik sarmoyadorlarning ham qarshiligi kuchaydi. Bu hol Konstitutsiya qoidalarini hayotga tatbiq etish vazifasini nihoyatda qiyinlashtirdi. Hukumat yon berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Faqat reaksiyaning qattiq qarshiligini yengish hisobiga qator jiddiy o‘zgarishlar amalga oshirildi. Chunonchi, 1934-yilda «Agrar kodeks» kuchga kiritildi. L. Kardenas (1934—1940) hukumati davrida latifundiyachilar va chet el kompaniyalariga qarashli 18 mln ga yer ekspropriatsiya qilindi va deh- Meksika 93 qonlarga berildi, ungacha bo‘lgan 17 yillik davrda dehqonlarga 8 mln ga yer berilgan edi, xolos. Hukumat dehqonlarga yordam ko‘rsatish maqsadida 1935-yilda maxsus bank tashkil etdi. Chet el kompaniyalarining Meksika qonunlarini oyoqosti qilishlariga qarshi hukumat 1938-yilning mart oyida neft sanoatini milliylashtirish haqida qaror qabul qildi. AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya va Gollandiya sarmoyadorlariga qarashli 17 ta neft kompaniyasi ekspropriatsiya qilindi. Bunga qarshi ular Meksika neftini boykot qilish siyosatini qo‘llay boshladilar. Natijada Meksika nefti eksporti 1938-yilda ikki baravar kamaydi. Bu ham yetmagandek, AQSH hukumati Meksika kumushiga embargo joriy etdi. Buyuk Britaniya Meksika hukumatiga keskin ruhdagi notalar jo‘natdi. Bunga javoban Meksika 1938-yilning may oyida Buyuk Britaniya bilan diplomatik aloqalarni uzdi. Endi ichki va tashqi reaksiya L. Kardanes hukumatini ag‘darishni rejalashtira boshladi. 1938-yilning may oyida ichki kuchlar hukumatga qarshi isyon ko‘tardilar. Ularni chet ellik reaksiya kuchlari qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Biroq isyonchilar yengildi. L. Kardanes mamlakatdagi turli tabaqa vakillarini birlashtirgan yangi partiya — Meksika inqilobi partiyasini tuzishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Kuba Birinchi jahon urushida qatnashgan davlatlardan biri. U 1917-yilning 17-aprelida Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qildi. Biroq uning ham jahon urushidagi ishtiroki ramziy ma’noga ega bo‘ldi. Xususan, Kubaning bu urushdagi ishtiroki Yevropaga tibbiy xizmat guruhlarini jo‘natishdan iborat bo‘ldi, xolos. Urush yillarida Kuba iqtisodiyoti ham rivojlandi. Bunga urush tufayli Yevropada qand ishlab chiqarishning kamayishi sabab bo‘ldi. Bu hodisa Kubada qand ishlab chiqarish va uni eksport qilishning ko‘payishiga olib keldi. Agar 1913-yilda 2,4 mln tonna qand ishlab chiqarilgan bo‘lsa, bu ko‘rsatkich 1919-yilda 4 mln tonnani tashkil etdi. Biroq 1920-yildan boshlab vaziyat keskin o‘zgardi. Yevropada qand ishlab chiqarishning ko‘payishi Kuba qandiga talabni keskin pasaytirdi. Masalan, 1920-yilda 1 mlrd 22 mln pesolik qand sotilgan bo‘lsa, 1921-yilda bu ko‘rsatkich atigi 292 mln pesoni tashkil etdi, xolos. Natijada qand sanoati halokati boshlandi. O‘sha davrda mamlakat eksportining 90 foizi qandga to‘g‘ri kelishi hisobga olinsa, bu halokat darajasi yanada oydinroq namoyon bo‘ladi. Bu hol mamlakat moliyaviy ahvolini izdan chiqardi va ichki siyosiy vaziyatni keskinlashtirdi. Hokimiyat uchun kurashuvchi hukmron kuchlarning ikki guruhi (liberallar va konservatorlar) o‘rtasidagi munosabat yanada keskinlashdi. Amerikaparast konservatorlar hukmronligiga qarshi liberallar qo‘zg‘olon ko‘tardilar. AQSH hukumati o‘z tarafdori prezident Menokalga (1916—1920) harbiy yordam ko‘rsatdi. Kuba 94 Chunonchi, AQSH 1917-yilning fevral oyida Guantanamo, Santyago va boshqa muhim strategik obyektlarga o‘z harbiy kuchlarini joylashtirdi. 1917- yilning iyul oyida qo‘zg‘olon bostirildi. Shu tariqa, Kuba amalda AQSH tomonidan okkupatsiya qilindi va bu 1922-yilgacha davom etdi. Ayni paytda Kubaning AQSHga moliyaviy qaramligi tobora ortib bordi. Xususan, 1929-yilda AQSHning Kubaga joylashtirgan sarmoyasi 1,5 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. Uning 800 mln dollari qand sanoatiga joylashtirildi. 1929-yilda ro‘y bergan jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Kuba iqtisodiyotini xonavayron qildi. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining bunday katta zarar keltirishiga Kuba iqtisodiyotining qand yakkahokimligiga ixtisoslashganligi va uning asosan AQSH bozoriga qaramligi sabab bo‘ldi. Natijada Kubaning AQSHga eksporti keskin kamaydi. Masalan, bu eksport 1929-yilda 137,6 mln dollarni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 1932-yilda atigi 38 mln dollar bo‘ldi. Qand ishlab chiqarish esa 5,1 mln tonnadan 1,9 mln tonnaga tushib qoldi. Korxonalarning sinishi Kuba tarixida misli ko‘rilmagan darajaga yetdi. Ishsizlar soni 600 ming kishini tashkil etdi (4 mln aholiga nisbatan). Bir so‘z bilan aytganda, aholining turmushi keskin darajada pasaydi. Mamlakatda siyosiy vaziyat keskinlashdi va 1930-yil noyabrda harbiy tartib o‘rnatildi. Siyosiy kurashning oldingi safida talabalar bordilar. Bunga javoban hukumat 1931-yilda Gavana universitetini yopib qo‘ydi. Hatto umumta’lim maktablari ham yopildi. 1933-yilda prezident X. Machado (1924—1933) o‘z diktatorligini yanada mustahkamlash maqsadida Kongressdan favqulodda vakolat olishga erishadi. Konstitutsiyaning amal qilishi 30 kunga to‘xtatildi. Biroq bu choralar ko‘zlangan natija bermadi va mamlakatda umumiy ish tashlash davom etdi. Endi hukmron doiralar oldida ikki yo‘l turardi: yo xalq inqilobi, yoki diktator Machadoni almashtirish. Ular ikkinchi yo‘lni tanladilar va Machadoga qarshi harbiylar fitna uyushtirishdi. Ular 11-avgust kuni Machado oldiga 48 soat ichida mamlakatdan chiqib ketish talabini qo‘ydilar. Shu tariqa, Machado iste’fosiga erishildi. Kubaning AQSHdagi sobiq elchisi Karlos de Sespedes vaqtinchalik prezident deb e’lon qilindi. Machado va uning yaqinlari AQSHga jo‘nab ketishga majbur bo‘ldilar. K. Sespedes hukumati mamlakatdagi siyosiy vaziyatni barqarorlashtira olmadi. Harbiylar ichida mamlakatda qattiq tartib o‘rnatish tarafdorlari kuchayib bordi. Ularga F. Batista rahbarlik qilardi. 1933-yil 5-sentabr kechasi F. Batista davlat to‘ntarishini amalga oshirdi. U mamlakat harbiy kuchlari shtabining boshlig‘i etib tayinlandi. Gavana universiteti professori San Martin prezidentlik lavozimini egallagan bo‘lsa-da, amalda hokimiyat F. Batista qo‘lida to‘plandi. 95 Shunday bo‘lsa-da, S. Martin hukumati qator ijobiy tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi. Jumladan, 1901-yilda qabul qilingan reaksion xarakterdagi Konstitutsiyani bekor qildi. 8 soatlik ish kuni joriy etdi. Mehnat vazirligi tashkil etildi. Yashash joyi uchun to‘lanadigan haq kamaytirildi. Ishchilar uchun ish haqi minimumi belgilandi. Gavana universitetining muxtor huquqi tiklandi. Tashqi siyosatda esa avvalgi hukumatning AQSH bilan tuzgan shartnomalari bajarilishi ma’lum qilindi. Dekabr oyida S. Martin hukumati elektr energiya, gaz, telefondan foydalanganlik uchun to‘lanadigan haqni 45 foizga kamaytirdi. 2 ta yirik Kuba-Amerika qand kompaniyasi ustidan davlat nazoratini o‘rnatdi. S. Martin hukumatining bunday qat’iy xatti-harakatlari ichki va tashqi sarmoyadorlarni qattiq tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Ular F. Batistani qo‘llabquvvatlay boshladilar. 1934-yilning 14-yanvarida F. Batista S. Martindan iste’fo berishni talab etdi. 18-yanvar kuni polkovnik Mendteta Kubaning vaqtinchalik prezidenti deb e’lon qilindi. AQSH 26-yanvar kuni yangi prezident va uning hukumatini tan oldi. Yangi hukumat S. Martin amalga oshirgan tadbirlarning barini bekor qildi. Shu tariqa, mamlakatda AQSH manfaatiga xizmat qiluvchi F. Batista diktaturasi to‘la qaror topdi. Shunday qilib, Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari o‘ziga xos taraqqiyot yo‘lidan borgan bo‘lsalar-da, AQSH va boshqa buyuk davlatlarga iqtisodiy va siyosiy jihatdan qaram bo‘lib qoldilar. Lekin ularning jahon hamjamiyatidagi roli o‘sdi. Bir qator ijtimoiy tadbirlar o‘tkazildi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Birinchi jahon urushi Lotin Amerikasi davlatlariga qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatdi? 2. Urushdan keyingi yillarda Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va siyosiy hayotiga xos bo‘lgan xususiyatlarni qayd eting. 3. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining Lotin Amerikasi uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 4. Buyuk davlatlar Lotin Amerikasi iqtisodiy va siyosiy hayotida qanday o‘rin tutgan? 5. Braziliyaning o‘ziga xos taraqqiyoti qanday kechdi? 6. Argentinada qishloq xo‘jaligining ahvoli qanday edi? 7. Meksika — AQSH munosabatlari qanday bo‘ldi? 8. Kubaning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy taraqqiyotida AQSH qanday rol o‘ynadi? ? 96 DARSLIK MATNI BILAN ISHLASH LOTIN AMERIKASI DAVLATLARINI TAVSIFLANG Davlatlar Birinchi jahon urushidagi ishtiroki Birinchi jahon urushining ta’siri 1920—1921- yillar iqtisodiy inqiroz oqibatlari 1929—1933- yillardagi islohot iqtisodiy inqiroz oqibatlari 1 2 3 4 5 Braziliya, Argentina, Meksika, Kuba 6 7 8 9 Iqtisodiyotlariga xos umumiy xususiyatlari Hukmron tabaqalar Qurolli kuchlarning mamlakat hayotidagi o‘rni Lotin Amerikasida o‘z ta’sirini kuchaytirishga uringan davlatlar 2-bob. OSIYO VA AFRIKA DAVLATLARI 10-§. Xitoy va Hindiston Birinchi jahon urushigacha Osiyo va Afrika asosan mustamlaka davlatlardan iborat edi. Birinchi jahon urushi yillarida Osiyo va Afrika davlatlarida chuqur o‘zgarishlar ro‘y berdi. Antanta qurolli kuchlari saflarida mustamlaka davlatlar aholisi ham ishtirok etdi. Mustamlaka xalqlarning ilg‘or qatlami urushdan keyin mustaqillik berilishiga umid bilan qaramoqda edi. Biroq Parij tinchlik konferensiyasi bu umidni oqlamadi. Aksincha, konferensiya mustamlakachilikning eski shaklini yangisi bilan almashtirdi. Mustamlakachilikning bu yangi shakli avvalgi darslarda siz tanishgan Millatlar Ligasining mandat tizimi edi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Osiyo va Afrika davlatlarida vaziyat asr boshidagiga nisbatan o‘zgardi. Bu o‘zgarish jahon siyosiy xaritasida Sovet Rossiyasi (keyinchalik SSSRning) vujudga kelishi bilan ham bog‘liq edi. Mustamlakachi davlatlar xohlaydilarmi, yo‘qmi, endi bu omil bilan hisoblashishga majbur edilar. Ikkinchi tomondan, Rossiyada yuz bergan chuqur ijtimoiy-siyosiy o‘zgarishlar milliy-ozodlik harakatlariga katta ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Osiyo va Afrika davlatlari rivojlanishidagi o‘ziga xos xususiyatlar 97 Mustamlakalarda milliy-ozodlik kuchlari o‘sdi. Stixiyali milliy-ozodlik kurashi ongli kurashga aylana bordi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, mustamlakachi davlatlar o‘z mustamlakalaridagi mavqelarini deyarli saqlab qola oldilar. Buning sababi, birinchidan, mustamlakachilik tizimining yemirilishi uchun zarur xalqaro shart-sharoitlar hali to‘la yetilmaganligi bo‘lsa, ikkinchidan, mustamlakalarda mustamlakachilarga qarshi kurashuvchi kuchlarning qaror topish jarayoni hali davom etayotganligi edi. Biroq bu milliy-ozodlik kurashi ma’lum vaqtga to‘xtab qoldi, degani emas edi. Yaqin va O‘rta Sharq mamlakatlarida, Xitoy va Hindistonda milliyozodlik kurashi shiddat bilan davom etdi. Chunonchi, 1918—1923-yillarda Turkiyada ozodlik kurashi g‘alaba bilan yakunlandi. Dunyoviy Turkiya Respublikasi tashkil topdi. Sovet Rossiyasi 1921-yilda Turkiya bilan do‘stlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladi hamda Turkiyaga 10 mln oltin so‘m hisobida moliyaviy yordam ko‘rsatdi. Xuddi shunga o‘xshash shartnoma 1921-yilda Eron bilan ham imzolandi. Eron Buyuk Britaniya qo‘shinlarining mamlakatdan chiqib ketishiga erishdi. Afg‘on xalqining Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakachilariga qarshi olib borgan kurashi 1919-yilda g‘alaba bilan yakunlandi. Afg‘oniston mustaqil davlatga aylandi. 1921-yilda sovet-afg‘on do‘stlik shartnomasi imzolandi. 1918—1921-yillarda Sovet Rossiyasi Mo‘g‘ulistonning milliy-ozodlik kurashiga yordam ko‘rsatdi. Bu yordam Mo‘g‘uliston mustaqilligini saqlab qolishda katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. To‘g‘ri, Sovet Rossiyasi yuqorida nomlari tilga olingan davlatlarga bekorga yordam bermagan. Uning maqsadi o‘zining janubiy chegaralari xavfsizligini ta’minlashdan iborat edi. Ayni paytda Sovet davlati qo‘shni davlatlar bilan aloqani yaxshilash masalasiga «bo‘lajak jahon inqilobi»ning tarkibiy qismi, deb ham qarar edi. Mustamlakachi davlatlar ham qo‘l qovushtirib o‘tirmadilar, albatta. Ular Vashington konferensiyasida mustamlakalarning daxlsizligiga kelishib oldilar. Biroq tez orada bu kelishuvni Osiyoda Yaponiya (1931-yilda), Afrikada esa Italiya buzib yubordi. Birinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng ham Xitoy qoloq, yarim mustamlaka davlat edi va unda 450 mln dan ortiq xalq yashardi. Uni buyuk davlatlar ta’sir doirasiga bo‘lib olgan edilar. Mamlakat sanoati, transporti, banklari va tashqi savdosining asosiy qismi chet el kompaniyalari qo‘lida edi. Bu omillar Xitoyni rivojlangan davlatlar ekspansiyasiga qarshi kurashda ojiz qilib qo‘ygan edi. 1911—1913-yillarda bo‘lib o‘tgan inqilob asosiy masalalardan biri — Xitoyni yagona davlatga birlashtirish masalasini hal eta olmadi. Bu masalani hal etmay turib Xitoyni yarim mustamlaka sirtmog‘idan qutqarish nihoyatda og‘ir edi. 1918-yilda Xitoyda inqilobiy kurashning ikki yirik kuchi mavjud edi. 7 — Jahon tarixi Xitoyning urushdan keyingi ahvoli 98 Ularning biri milliy-ozodlik kurashining yirik vakili, tan olingan yo‘lboshchi Sun Yatsen (1867—1925) boshchiligidagi Gomindan (Xitoy milliy partiyasi) bo‘lsa, ikkinchisi Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi (XKP) edi. Versal shartnomasi qarorlariga qarshi mamlakatda «4-may harakatlari» nomli xalq noroziligi bo‘lib o‘tdi. 1921-yilda Sun Yatsen mamlakat prezidenti lavozimiga saylandi. Biroq buyuk davlatlar bu saylovni va Sun Yatsen hukumatini tan olmadilar. Sun Yatsen «Xitoyni qutqarish» dasturini ilgari surdi. Bu dasturni chet davlatlarning yordamisiz amalga oshirib bo‘lmas edi. Buyuk davlatlar esa yordam berishdan voz kechdilar. Vashington konferensiyasida qabul qilingan «9 davlat kelishuvi» bo‘yicha, Xitoyda o‘z hukmronliklarini o‘rnatdilar. Shunday sharoitda Sun Yatsen moddiy va harbiy yordam so‘rab Sovet Rossiyasiga murojaat qildi va muzokara uchun general Chan Kayshini Moskvaga jo‘natdi. 1923-yilda Sun Yatsen Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi bilan hamkorlik yo‘liga o‘tdi. Shunday qilinganda Sovet Rossiyasidan yordam olish oson kechishini u yaxshi bilardi. 1924-yil yanvarda Gomindan va XKP umummilliy birlashgan inqilobiy front tuzdilar. Frontning maqsadi Xitoyning shimolida joylashib olib, xorijiy bosqinchi davlatlar bilan hamkorlik yo‘lini tutayotgan ichki kuchlarga hamda Xitoyni yarim mustamlaka holatiga tushirgan imperiyachi buyuk davlatlar ta’siriga qarshi kurash edi. Bunda Sun Yatsenning uch tamoyili: «milliylik, demokratiya va xalq farovonligi» katta rol o‘ynadi. 1925-yil bahorida Shanxay shahrida talabalar namoyishga chiqdilar. Biroq ingliz politsiyasi bu namoyishni o‘qqa tutdi. Bu hodisa Xitoyda xorijiy bosqinchi davlatlarga qarshi kuchli harakat boshlanishiga turtki bo‘ldi. Bu harakat Xitoy tarixiga «30-may harakati» nomi bilan kirgan. Shu tariqa Xitoyda chet el bosqinchilariga qarshi milliy inqilob boshlandi. Ularning asosiy shiorlari — Xitoy suverenitetini tiklash, mustamlakachi davlatlar bilan hamkorlik qilayotgan militaristik katta yer egalari hukmronligini ag‘darish va Xitoyning demokratik milliy harakat hokimiyati ostida siyosiy butunligini ta’minlash edi. Inqilob rahbarligi Gomindan qo‘lida edi. 1925-yilda Sun Yatsen vafot etgach, bu partiya rahbarligi Chan Kayshi qo‘liga o‘tdi. Inqilobda Xitoy jamiyatining barcha tabaqalari ishtirok etdi. 1925-yilning oktabr-dekabr oylarida Chan Kayshi hukumati mamlakat shimoliy qismining Guandun provinsiyasida joylashgan militaristlar hukumatiga qarshi harbiy yurish boshladi. Shu tariqa Xitoyda fuqarolar urushi boshlandi. 1926-yilda 7 ta provinsiya egallab olindi. 1927-yil martda Angliya va AQSH Chan Kayshiga yordam berish uchun Xitoyga qurolli kuch yubordi. 18-aprelda Nankinda Chan Kayshi hukumati to‘la qaror topdi. Yurishning birinchi bosqichi 1928-yilda yakunlandi. Buning oqibatida shimoldagi militaristik kuchlarga qattiq zarba berildi. Jumladan, Shanxay Buyuk milliy inqilob 99 va Nankin shaharlari bosib olindi. Chan Kayshi hukumati qarorgohi Nankin shahriga ko‘chirildi. Barcha buyuk davlatlar bu hukumatni tan oldilar. Markaziy hokimiyat qo‘lga kiritilgach, inqilobning asosiy yetakchi kuchlari — Gomindan va XKP o‘rtasida bo‘linish yuz berdi. Bunga Xitoy inqilobiy vazifalariga Gomindan va XKP ning turlicha qarashlari sabab bo‘ldi. Chunonchi, Gomindan markaziy hokimiyat egallanishi bilan inqilob o‘z vazifasini bajardi, deb hisobladi. Endigi vazifa mo‘tadil islohotni zo‘ravonliksiz o‘tkazishdan iboratligini e’lon qildi. XKP esa inqilobni davom ettirish, hali Xitoyda kam sonli bo‘lgan proletariat gegemonligini o‘rnatish, agrar inqilobni avj oldirish, mulkdorlarning mulkini musodara qilish, barcha banklarni, konlarni, temir yo‘llarni, yirik korxonalarni milliylashtirishni talab etdi. Bu ikki siyosiy kuch o‘rtasidagi nizo 20 yil davom etgan fuqarolar urushini (1949-yilgacha) keltirib chiqardi va shu tariqa birlashgan umummilliy inqilobiy front barham topdi. Milliy buyuk inqilob natijasida Gomindanning yakka partiyaviy hokimiyati qaror topdi. Gomindan Xitoyda iqtisodiyot bozor munosabatlariga asoslangan jamiyat qurish tarafdori edi. Shuning uchun ham Gomindan hukumati xususiy mulkni himoya qildi va bunday mulkni tugatishni targ‘ib etuvchi XKP ga qarshi kurashdi. Milliy bozor rivojiga g‘ov bo‘layotgan ichki boj to‘siqlari bekor qilindi. Chet el sarmoyadorlariga ijaraga berilgan 33 ta korxonadan 20 tasi qaytarib olindi. Gomindan markaziy hokimiyatni kuchaytirishga urindi, iqtisodiyotga davlat aralashuvini joriy etdi. Iqtisodiyotda davlat sektorini vujudga keltirdi. Bundan tashqari, ichki siyosiy barqarorlikka erishish maqsadida qator ijtimoiy islohotlar o‘tkazildi. Mehnat to‘g‘risida qabul qilingan ijobiy ruhdagi qonun kam sonli ishchilar sinfining ahvoli yaxshilanishiga xizmat qildi. Biroq agrar masala hal etilmadi. Qishloqda yirik yer egalari hukmronligi saqlanib qola berdi. Tashqi siyosatda esa Xitoyning chet davlatlar bilan imzolangan noteng shartnomalarini bekor qilish yo‘li tutildi. 1928-yilda chet el tovarlari uchun boj to‘lovi tartibi tiklandi. Bu bilan ichki bozor ham himoya qilindi. Gomindan bilan XKP o‘rtasidagi umummilliy birlashgan front barham topgach, Xitoyda fuqarolar urushining ikkinchi bosqichi boshlandi. Gomindan «XKP ga qarshi urushga tayyorlana boshladi» va ko‘p o‘tmay uning qurolli kuchlariga qarshi hujum boshlandi. 1930—1934-yillarda 5 marta yurish qilindi. AQSH 90 mln dollar yordam berdi. 300 ta samolyotdan foydalandi. Xitoyga nemis generali Fon Sekt keldi va harbiy operatsiyalarga boshchilik qildi. Bu davrda XKP qurolli kuchlarining soni 300 mingni tashkil etardi (XKP qurolli kuchlari Qizil Armiya deb atalgan). XKP 1927-yildan 1936-yilgacha Xitoyda sovetlar shaklidagi proletariat va dehqonlar inqilobiy diktaturasini o‘rnatish uchun Chan Kayshi hukmronligining kuchayishi 1927—1937- yillardagi fuqarolar urushi 100 kurash olib bordi va o‘zi egallagan provinsiyalarda hokimiyatning shunday shaklini o‘rnatdi. 1931-yilning noyabr oyida Szyansi provinsiyasida o‘tkazilgan sovet tumanlari vakillarining 1-Butunxitoy syezdi Xitoy Sovet Respublikasi tuzilganligini e’lon qildi. Davlat boshlig‘i etib Mao Szedun saylandi. Shunday qilib Xitoy uchga bo‘linib ketdi. 1934-yilda Gomindan hukumati XKP armiyasiga qattiq zarba berdi. Biroq uni tor-mor eta olmadi. Armiyaning bir qismi qurshovni yorib chiqishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. 1931-yilning sentabrida Yaponiya armiyasi Xitoyga hujum qildi. Bu hujum Chan Kayshining Xitoyni birlashtirish yo‘lidagi harakatini to‘xtatib qo‘ydi. Uch oy ichida Yaponiya Xitoyning shimoli-sharqida 1 mln kv km maydonni egalladi va u yerda 1932-yil 1-martda Man’chjou-Go deb atalgan davlat tuzdi. Uni manjurlar sulolasining so‘nggi imperatori Pu I boshchiligidagi qo‘g‘irchoq hukumat boshqarardi (manjurlar sulolasi hukmronligi 1912-yil Sun Yatsen boshchiligidagi inqilob natijasida ag‘darilgan edi). 30 mln aholi, 37 foiz temir ruda zaxirasi, 95 foiz neft, 4 foiz savdo va temir yo‘l yaponlar qo‘liga o‘tdi. 1936-yil Chan Kayshi Sianga kelganida armiya qo‘zg‘alon ko‘tarib, uni asir oldi. Lekin undan fuqarolar urushini boshlamaslikka va’da olinib, qo‘yib yuborildi. Chan Kayshi 1935-yilda Yaponiya agressiyasiga qarshi kurashda yordam so‘rab Sovet davlatiga murojaat qildi. Sovet davlati yordam berishga tayyorligini bildirdi, biroq buning uchun fuqarolar urushini to‘xtatish va Xitoy kommunistlariga qarshi jazo operatsiyalari o‘tkazmaslik shartini qo‘ydi. 1937-yilning iyun oyida Gomindan va XKP o‘rtasida harbiy harakatlarni to‘xtatish haqida shartnoma imzolandi. Shu tariqa Xitoyda yagona antiyapon milliy fronti vujudga keldi. 1937-yilning yozidan 1945-yil kuzigacha davom etgan yapon-xitoy urushi boshlandi. Yaponlar 1937-yil avgustda Pekin, noyabrda Shanxay, dekabrda Nankin shaharlarini bosib oldi. 1937-yil 21-avgustda SSSR bilan Xitoy o‘rtasida hujum qilmaslik haqida shartnoma imzolandi. Xitoy 1938-yil 100 mln dollar, 1939-yilda esa 150 mln dollar zayom oldi. 1938-yildagi Hasan ko‘lida, 1939-yildagi Xalxin Golda bo‘lib o‘tgan janglar yapon kuchlarini zaiflashtirdi. Yaponiya 1941-yil 9-dekabrda Xitoyga qarshi urushni rasmiy e’lon qildi va bu yerda urush oxirigacha o‘z hukmronligini saqlab qoldi. Urush yillarida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Hindistonga urushdan keyin o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish huquqini berishni va’da qilgan edi. Aslida Buyuk Britaniya imperiyaning eng boy qismi bo‘lgan Hindistondan ajralishni xohlamas edi. Bu hol hind xalqining milliy-ozodlik kurashini yanada kuchaytirdi. Hindistonda bu davrda 320 mln aholi Birinchi jahon urushidan keyin Hindistondagi ahvol Yaponiya agressiyasi 101 bor edi. Urush yillarida qora metallurgiya 30 foiz o‘sgan bo‘lsa, qishloq xo‘jaligi orqaga ketdi. 12 mln kishi ochdan o‘ldi. 1919-yilning 13-aprelida Panjob shtati poytaxti Amritsar shahrida ingliz qo‘shinlari aholining norozilik yig‘ilishini o‘qqa tutdi. Buning natijasida 1000 dan ortiq kishi o‘ldirildi, 2000 dan ortiq kishi yaralandi. Shu tariqa hamma joyda politsiya bilan to‘qnashuv boshlanib ketdi. Buyuk Britaniya 1919-yili Hindistonni boshqarish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. Bunga binoan 2 palatali boshqarish tizimi tashkil qilindi. Deputatlarning 50 foizini vitse-qirol tayinlardi. 1,5 foiz hind saylov huquqi oldi. Bu qonun bilan birga «anarxizm va inqilobiy chiqishlarga qarshi» Rouletta qonuni ham qabul qilindi va politsiyaga cheklanmagan huquqlar berdi. Hind xalqi milliy-ozodlik kurashiga rahbarlik qiluvchi qudratli siyosiy tashkilot — Hindiston Milliy Kongressi (HMK) partiyasi kurashning kuch ishlatish usuliga qarshi chiqdi. HMK ga 1915-yildan boshlab hind xalqining buyuk farzandi Maxatma Gandi (1869—1948) boshchilik qiladi. Uning rahbarligi davrida HMK da kurashning kuch ishlatmaslik, faqat tinch, zo‘rliksiz shakliga tayanadigan yo‘li g‘alaba qozondi. Bu yo‘l tarixga kurashning gandicha yo‘li nomi bilan kirgan. M. Gandining tinch kurash yo‘li hind xalqi keng qatlamini milliy-ozodlik kurashiga jalb etish imkonini berdi. Gandizm — diniy-falsafiy tizim bo‘lib, idealizm, induizm, jaynizm va xristianlik elementlarini o‘zida birlashtirgan. Uning asosida «haqiqat, ishonch, hech kimga yomonlik qilmaslik» yotadi. Xo‘sh, kurashning tinch, kuch ishlatmaslik yo‘li — «satyagraxi» deyilganda nima nazarda tutilgan? Bu tushuncha ingliz ma’murlari tadbirlarini boykot qilishni, o‘z noroziligini tinch namoyishlar yo‘li bilan bildirishni, mustamlakachi ma’muriyat bilan hamkorlik qilishdan bosh tortishni, zo‘ravonliksiz fuqaroviy bo‘ysunmaslikni anglatadi. Kurashning bu yo‘li asrlar davomida sabr-toqat ruhiga singib ketgan va milliy-ozodlik kurashining asosiy harakatlantiruvchi kuchi hisoblangan dehqonlar psixologiyasiga, xarakteriga mos yo‘l edi. Hindiston jamiyatining asosini dehqonlar tashkil etgan bir sharoitda M. Gandi tanlagan yo‘l birdan-bir to‘g‘ri yo‘l edi. M. Gandining zo‘ravonliksiz hamkorlik qilmaslik, fuqaroviy bo‘ysunmaslik harakatining birinchi bosqichini 1919—1922-yillar tashkil etadi. Rouletta qonuniga javoban M. Gandi 1919- yilning 6-aprelida hind xalqini do‘konlarini yopib qo‘yishga va har qanday amaliy faoliyatni to‘xtatishga chaqirdi. Mustamlakachi Moxandas Gandi. 102 ma’muriyat bunga kuch ishlatish bilan javob berdi. 1919-yilning kuzida HMK syezdi ingliz ma’murlari joriy etgan qonun bo‘yicha saylovni boykot qilish haqida qaror qabul qildi. Natijada saylov amalda barbod bo‘ldi. Bu davrda HMK saflarida 10 mln kishi bor edi. Boykot, shuningdek, ingliz tovarlarini sotib olmaslikni, inglizlar joriy etgan faxriy unvonlar va mansablardan voz kechishni, rasmiy qabullarga bormaslikni, ingliz maktablarida o‘qimaslikni, ingliz sudlarini rad etishni, davlat soliqlarini to‘lamaslikni ham nazarda tutar edi. Shu bilan birga Panjobning turli joylarida qo‘zg‘alonlar ham bo‘lib o‘tdi. Lohur shahrida qo‘zg‘alonga askarlar ham qo‘shildi. Bu yerda «Armiya kaltagi» degan tashkilot shuhrat qozondi. Gujaratdagi qo‘zg‘alon samolyotlar yordamida bostirildi. Amritsarda ingliz ma’murlari haqoratli buyruq chiqardi. Mahalliy aholi ingliz missioner ayoli o‘ldirilgan ko‘chadan boshdan-oxir qurbaqaga o‘xshab emaklab o‘tishga majbur qilindi. Kim bu tartibni buzsa, otib tashlandi. Bu davrning xarakterli xususiyatlaridan biri Musulmonlar ligasi bilan Milliy kongressning yaqinlashuvi bo‘ldi. 1919—1922-yillardagi ozodlik harakatlariga Kalkutta jut korxonalari ishchilari, Bombey to‘qimachilari, Madras ishchilari, Jamshedpur temir yo‘lchilari qo‘shildilar. Bu harakatlarning bir qismi oz bo‘lsa-da, g‘alabaga olib keldi. Bombey to‘qimachilarining ish kuni 12 soatdan 10 soatga tushirildi. Metallurglarning mukofot haqi 15—20 foizga oshirildi. 1920-yil oxirida Umum Hindiston kasaba uyushmalari kongressi tashkil etildi. 1922-yil noyabrda Umum Hindiston kasaba uyushmalari kongressining 2-syezdi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Syezd Buyuk Britaniya shahzodasi Uelsning kelishiga 80 ming kishilik «qo‘zg‘alondan ham kuchliroq» namoyish uyushtirdi. Oradan ko‘p o‘tmay Milliy kongress kuch ishlatmasdan qarshilik ko‘rsatishni to‘xtatdi. Bunga sabab Chauri-Chauradagi voqealar edi. Chunki bu yerda politsiya dehqonlarni ommaviy o‘qqa tutdi, dehqonlar ham bir necha politsiyachini o‘ldirdilar. Bombey va Garaxpurdagi vahshiyliklar takrorlanmasligi uchun Gandi harakatni to‘xtatishga ko‘rsatma berdi. Ozodlik harakatini vaqtincha bostirgan inglizlar 1923—1928-yilda o‘zlarining zaiflashayotgan ahvolini biroz yaxshilab oldilar. Bu davrda Hindiston iqtisodiyoti urush yillaridagidan ham tez o‘sdi. Fabrikalar soni 1,5 baravar ko‘payib, 7515 taga yetdi. Buyuk Britaniyaning Hindistondagi kapitali 1 mlrd funt sterlingga yetdi. 1928-yilda u Hindistondagi faqat irrigatsiya inshootlaridan 74 mln rupiy foyda oldi. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Hindistonga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Buyuk Britaniya inqiroz og‘irligini metropoliyaga yuklamoqchi bo‘ldi. Qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari bahosi pasaydi. Ekin maydonlari qisqardi. Mayda kapitalistlar, hunarmandlar xonavayron bo‘ldi, ocharchilik avj oldi. Ishsizlar ko‘paydi. Ish haqi kamaydi. 103 Qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari bilan sanoat mahsulotlari o‘rtasidagi «qaychi» monopolistlarga ko‘plab foyda olishga imkon berdi. Ozodlik harakati kuchaydi. Saymon komissiyasi bilan birgalikda M. Neru, J. Neru guruhlari Hindiston Konstitutsiyasi loyihasini ishlab chiqdilar. Unga to‘la mustaqillik so‘zlari kiritildi. Inglizlar oldiga bir qancha radikal talablar qo‘yildi, lekin ular buni bajarishmadi. Natijada mustaqillik uchun kurash kuchayib, qonli to‘qnashuvlar avj ola boshlagan bir sharoitda M. Gandi barcha chiqishlar oqimini fuqaroviy bo‘ysunmaslik o‘zaniga burishga harakat qildi. Bunga mustamlakachi hukumatning 1865-yilda joriy etilgan tuz solig‘ini bekor qilish haqidagi M. Gandi talabini inkor etishi sabab bo‘ldi. Inglizlar tuzga davlat monopoliyasi joriy etgan edi. Natijada tuz narxi hindlarning uni sotib olishga qurbi yetmas darajada oshib ketdi. Hindlar tuzsiz ovqat yeyishga mahkum edilar. Bu esa aholini jismonan tanazzulga uchratish bilan barobar edi. Gandi ham dengizdan, odamlar bilan tuz ola boshladi. Inglizlar bu harakatni to‘xtatmoqchi bo‘lishdi. Unga qarshi 1930- yilda Hindistonda bo‘ysunmaslik harakatining ikkinchi bosqichi boshlandi. Bunga javoban mustamlakachi ma’muriyat 60 mingdan ortiq kishini (M. Gandi va uning yaqin safdoshlarini ham) qamoqqa tashladi. HMK ni esa qonundan tashqari, deb e’lon qildi. Lekin bular natija bermagach, 1931- yilning 5-martida ingliz mustamlakachi ma’muriyati HMK bilan bitim imzolashga majbur bo‘ldi. Unga ko‘ra, ingliz ma’murlari repressiyani to‘xtatish va siyosiy mahbuslarni ozod etish majburiyatini oldi. HMK esa fuqaroviy bo‘ysunmaslik harakatini to‘xtatadigan bo‘ldi. M. Gandi rasmiy London bilan «dumaloq stol» atrofida muzokara boshlashga rozilik berdi. Londonda hind muammosiga bag‘ishlab o‘tkazilgan konferensiyaga HMK «Hindiston fuqarolarining asosiy huquq va burchlari haqida» deb nomlangan hujjatni taqdim etdi. Amalda bu hujjat bo‘lajak mustaqil Hindiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining asosi edi. Hujjatda Hindistonda demokratik erkinliklarni joriy etish; kastalar va dinlarning tengligini tan olish; diniy omilni hisobga olgan holda Hindistonni ma’muriy qismlarga qayta bo‘lish; ish haqining eng kam miqdorini joriy etish; yer uchun to‘lanadigan ijara haqini cheklash; soliqlarni kamaytirish va shu kabi boshqa talablar ilgari surilgan edi. Tabiiyki, ingliz mustamlakachilari bu talablarni qabul qilmadilar. Natijada konferensiya ishi barbod bo‘ldi. Inglizlar ozodlik kurashini bostirishda bir guruh vatanparvarlar ustidan 1933-yilda sud jarayonini o‘tkazdi. Muzaffar Ahmad o‘lim jazosiga hukm qilindi, lekin xalqning talabi bilan ozod etildi. 1934—1939-yillarda Hindiston iqtisodiy jihatdan biroz yuksalsa-da, Angliyaning olgan foydasi tez o‘sib bordi. 1935-yilda Boshqaruv agentligi to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qilindi. Zaxira bank hind kapitalini nazorat qiladigan bo‘ldi. Ish haqi 25 foizga kamaydi. Hindlar buni «qullik konstitutsiyasi» deb atadilar. Ozodlik harakati kuchaydi. 104 Biroq Buyuk Britaniya Hindistonda yangi saylov qonunini joriy etishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1937-yilda o‘tkazilgan saylovda HMK jami 11 shtatdan 8 tasida g‘alaba qozondi va ularda o‘z hukumatini tuzdi. Bu hodisa mustaqillik yo‘lidagi yirik qadam edi. 1939-yil sentabr oyida ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlangach, Hindiston vitse-qiroli Hindistonni urushuvchi tomon, deb e’lon qildi. Urush yillarida hind xalqining ahvoli yanada yomonlashdi. Guruch 5 baravar qimmatlashdi. Ish kuni 12 soatga uzaytirildi. 2 mln hind armiya va flotda xizmat qildi. Hindiston 0,5 mln ingliz-amerika askarlarini boqdi. ESDA TUTING! Moxandas Karamchand GANDI (2.10.1869—30.01.1948) savdogar kastasiga mansub gujarat oilasida dunyoga keldi. Buyuk Britaniyada oliy yuridik ma’lumot oldi. 1899—1933-yillarda Janubiy Afrikadagi Hindiston savdo firmasida ishladi. U yerda uning irqchilikka qarshi nafrati shakllandi. U gumanist va vatanparvar edi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Osiyo va Afrika davlatlari rivojida qanday o‘ziga xos jihatlar mavjud edi? 2. Qanday sabablarga ko‘ra birinchi jahon urushidan keyin ham imperialistik davlatlar o‘z mustamlakachilik imperiyalarini saqlab qola olgan edilar? 3. Urushdan keyingi yillarda Xitoy davlati taraqqiyotiga xos xususiyatlarni aniqlang. 4. Gomindan va XKP kurash hamda maqsad dasturlarining o‘xshash va o‘ziga xos jihatlarini taqqoslang. 5. Nima uchun 1925-yilgi Xitoy inqilobi «buyuk milliy inqilob» deb ataladi? 6. Xitoyda 1927—1937-yillardagi fuqarolar urushining sabablarini aniqlang. 7. 1937-yilda Xitoyda yagona antiyapon milliy fronti qay tariqa vujudga keldi? 8. Hind xalqi milliy-ozodlik kurashi yo‘lboshchisi M. Gandining mustamlakachilik zulmiga qarshi tanlagan o‘ziga xos yo‘lining mazmunini tushuntirib bering. 9. Kurashning «fuqaroviy bo‘ysunmaslik» usuli mazmunini izohlab bering. 10.Nima uchun Buyuk Britaniya hukumati HMK taqdim etgan «Hindiston fuqarolarining asosiy huquq va burchlari haqida»gi hujjatni rad etdi? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. XITOY VA HINDISTONNING AHVOLINI SOLISHTIRING Xitoy Hindiston ichki siyosat tashqi siyosat ichki siyosat tashqi siyosat ? 105 11-§. Turkiya. Eron. Afg‘oniston Turkiya birinchi jahon urushidan mag‘lub davlat sifatida chiqdi va katta zarar ko‘rdi. 4 yil mobaynida 500 ming kishi o‘ldi, 800 mingdan ortiq kishi mayib-majruh bo‘lib qoldi. Antanta armiyasi 1918-yil noyabr oyidayoq mamlakat poytaxti Istambul shahrini ishg‘ol etgan edi. 1919-yilning oxirida Turkiya Buyuk Millat Majlisiga (TBMM) saylov o‘tkazildi va unda kamolchilar g‘alaba qozonishdi. TBMM mamlakat hududida chet el nazoratiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik to‘g‘risida qaror qildi. Bunga javoban, ingliz harbiy ma’muriyati TBMM ni tarqatib yubordi. TBMM o‘z majlisini Mustafo Kamol (Otaturk) qo‘shini egallab turgan Anqara shahrida o‘tkaza boshladi. TBMM 1920-yilning 23-aprelida Mustafo Kamol Otaturkni davlat boshlig‘i etib sayladi. Shu tariqa ikki hokimiyatchilik Istambul shahrida sulton hokimiyati, Anqarada esa kamolchilar hokimiyati vujudga keldi. 1920-yilning 10-avgustida sulton hukumati bilan Antanta davlatlari Sevr shartnomasini imzoladilar. Shartnoma mustaqil Turkiya davlati amalda tugatilganligini anglatar edi. 1921-yilning 20-yanvarida kamolchilar Turkiyaning vaqtinchalik Konstitutsiyasini qabul qildilar. Kamolchilar Turkiya uchun og‘ir sharoitda — 1921-yilning 16-martida Sovet Rossiyasi bilan Do‘stlik va birodarlik haqida shartnoma tuzishga muvaffaq bo‘ldilar va yordam oldilar. 1921-yilning bahorida Buyuk Britaniya va Gretsiya Turkiyaga qarshi intervensiya uyushtirdilar. Intervensiya turk xalqining qattiq qarshiligiga duch keldi. Va, nihoyat, 1922-yilning 26-avgustida Turkiya armiyasi hujumga o‘tdi. Milliy-ozodlik urushi 1922-yil oktabr oyida g‘alaba bilan tugadi. 1-noyabrida sultonlik hokimiyati tugatildi. 1923-yilning 29-oktabrida Turkiya Respublika deb e’lon qilindi. Kamol Otaturk birinchi Prezident etib saylandi. Shu tariqa milliy-ozodlik inqilobi (kamolchilar inqilobi ham deyiladi) suveren Turkiya davlatining tashkil etilishi bilan yakunlandi. 1923-yilning 24-iyulida Antanta davlatlari Lozanna konferensiyasida mustaqil Turkiya Respublikasini tan oldilar. 1924-yilda xalifalik tugatildi. Birinchi jahon urushi va Turkiya Mustafo Kamol (Otaturk). 106 Turkiya Respublikasi ichki siyosati Tashqi siyosat Turkiya hukumati mamlakatdagi chet el mulklarini sotib olish yo‘li bilan ularni davlat mulkiga aylantirish hamda iqtisodiyotga davlat mablag‘ini joylashtirish siyosatini yurita boshladi. Milliy bank tashkil etildi. Iqtisodiyotga davlat mablag‘ining joylashtirilishi chet el kapitali harakatini cheklab qo‘ydi. Hukumat, ayni paytda, milliy sarmoyalarning xususiy tashabbuslarini ham keng qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1923-yilning oktabrida poytaxt Istambul shahridan Anqaraga ko‘chirildi. Din davlatdan ajratildi. Vaqf mulki bekor qilindi. Ta’limga sof dunyoviy tus berildi. Diniy o‘quv yurtlari yopildi. Dunyoviy sud joriy etildi. Davlat hududi yangidan viloyatlarga bo‘lib chiqildi. 1924- yilning 20-aprelida Respublikaning birinchi Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Dunyoviy qonunlar joriy etildi. Konstitutsiya va qonunlarda yevropacha hayot tarziga ruxsat etildi. Arab alifbosi lotin alifbosiga almashtirildi. 1928-yilda Konstitutsiyadan islom davlat dini ekanligi haqidagi qoidalar olib tashlandi. Shu tariqa Turkiya dunyoviy davlatga aylandi. 1931-yilda kamolchilar yangi dastur qabul qildi. Bunda partiya emblemasi 6 qanotli, ya’ni Turkiya — respublikachi, milliy, xalq, etatist, dunyoviy, inqilobiy davlat sifatida tasvirlandi. Antanta davlatlari uzoq vaqt Turkiya Respublikasini itoatda tutishga urindilar. Fransiya va Buyuk Britaniyaning yangi hukumatga sultonlik davridagi qarzlarini yuklashga muvaffaq bo‘lganligi ham shu bilan izohlanadi. 1928-yilda Turkiya ularga 86,5 mln lira qarz to‘laydigan bo‘ldi. Bu davrdan boshlab Turkiya tashqi siyosatida buyuk davlatlar bilan yaqinlashish an’anasi kuchaydi. Xususan, 1926-yilda Italiya bilan, 1930-yilda Germaniya bilan savdo shartnomasi imzolandi. AQSH ham tashqi savdoda Turkiyaga katta e’tibor bera boshladi. 1932-yilning iyul oyida Turkiya Millatlar Ligasiga qabul qilindi. Fashistlar Germaniyasi Turkiyaga katta qiziqish bilan qaray boshladi. Bu hodisa va Italiyaning Efiopiyaga hujumi Buyuk Britaniyani Turkiyaga munosabatini o‘zgartirishga majbur etdi. 1935-yilda ikki tomon ingliz-italyan nizosi kelib chiqqan taqdirda Turkiyaning Buyuk Britaniya bilan hamkorlik qilishiga kelishib oldilar. Buning evaziga hamda Sovet davlatining qo‘llab-quvvatlashi tufayli Turkiya Qora dengiz bo‘g‘ozlari (Bosfor va Dardanell) ustidan olib boriladigan xalqaro nazoratning bekor qilinishiga erishdi. 1936-yil iyulida Montryo shartnomasiga ko‘ra bo‘g‘ozlar nazorati yana Turkiya ixtiyoriga o‘tdi. Buyuk Britaniya Germaniya ta’sirining kuchayishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik uchun Turkiyaga ko‘p miqdorda harbiy texnika va qurolyarog‘ sota boshladi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi yillarida Turkiya betaraf qoldi. Biroq bu hol uning 1941-yil 18-iyun kuni Germaniya bilan do‘stlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma tuzishiga xalal bermadi. 1943-yilning 2-fevralida Germaniya armiyasining Stalingrad ostonalaridagi mag‘lubiyati Turkiyaning bundan keyingi siyosatiga ta’sir ko‘rsatmay qolmadi. 107 Chunonchi, 1944-yil avgustda Turkiya Germaniya bilan diplomatik munosabatlarini uzdi. Ayni paytda u AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya bilan yaqinlasha boshladi. Bu yaqinlashuv 1945-yilning fevralida Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qilishga olib keldi. Biroq Turkiya urush harakatlarida qatnashmadi. Bu davrda Eron amalda Buyuk Britaniya va podsho Rossiyasining yarim mustamlakasi edi. Sovet davlati 1917-yilning 3-dekabrida podsho hukumatining Eronga majburan qabul qildirgan shartnomalaridan voz kechdi. Rus qo‘shinlari evakuatsiya qilindi. Buyuk Britaniya esa 1918-yilning boshlarida Eronni butunlay ishg‘ol etishga kirishdi. Inglizlarni birinchi navbatda Eron nefti va O‘rta Osiyo paxtasi qiziqtirardi. Bundan ko‘zlangan maqsad Eronni yarim qaram holatda saqlashni davom ettirish va milliy-ozodlik harakatlarining Hindistonga tarqalishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik edi. Buyuk Britaniya 1919- yilning 9-avgustida Eron hukumatini tengsiz shartnoma imzolashga majbur etdi. Vosiq ud-davla bunga qarshilik qilolmadi. Unga ko‘ra, armiya, moliya, tashqi savdo, yo‘l qurilishi nazorati ingliz maslahatchilari qo‘liga o‘tdi. Biroq Eron xalqi yarim mustamlaka holatiga ko‘nikmagan, albatta. 1919- yildan mamlakatda milliy-ozodlik kurashi boshlandi. Muhammad Xiyoboniy boshchiligida Tabrizda katta qo‘zg‘alon bo‘lib o‘tdi va hokimiyatni egallab, «Ozodiston»ni tuzdi. Resht shahrida G‘ilon Sovet Respublikasi tuzildi. Shunday sharoitda Buyuk Britaniya o‘ziga xayrixoh guruhlarning hokimiyatga kelishiga harakat qildi. Bunga davlat to‘ntarishini uyushtirish yo‘li bilan erishdi. 1921-yil 21-fevral kuni Rizoxon boshchiligidagi harbiylar Tehronda davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. Rizoxon harbiy ishlar vaziri bo‘lib qolsa-da, amalda hokimiyatni o‘z qo‘liga oldi. Yangi hukumat mamlakatdagi siyosiy kayfiyat ta’sirida 1919-yilgi ingliz-eron shartnomasini bekor qilishga majbur bo‘ldi. Biroq Buyuk Britaniya mavqei saqlab qolindi. Ayni paytda, yangi hukumat 1921-yilning 26-fevralida Sovet Rossiyasi bilan ham shartnoma imzoladi. Eron xalqining 1919—1922-yillardagi milliy-ozodlik harakati izsiz ketgani yo‘q. Buning natijasida Buyuk Britaniya Erondan o‘z armiyasini olib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. Eron armiyasi va moliya tizimida ingliz maslahatchilarining ishlashi taqiqlandi. Biroq inglizlar o‘z ta’sirini saqlab qolaverdi. Lekin 1922-yildan boshlab Eron AQSH bilan yaqinlasha boshladi. 5 ta viloyatda neft qazish ishlarini ijaraga berdi. Lekin ko‘p o‘tmay bekor qilindi. Chunki ingliz-eron neft kompaniyasida ularning ta’siri kuchli edi. 1920—1922-yillarda mamlakatda markaziy hokimiyatni kuchaytirish borasida jiddiy o‘zgarishlar amalga oshirildi. Chunonchi, separatchi kuchlar qarshiligi bostirildi. Turli ko‘rinishdagi qurolli kuchlar yagona armiyaga birlashtirildi. Bu o‘zgarishlar Rizoxon nomi bilan bog‘liq edi. 1923-yil oktabrida u bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. 1925-yilning 31-oktabrida Eron parlamenti (majlis) Kojarlar sulolasi ag‘darilganligini va hokimiyat Rizoxon- Eronning ichki va tashqi siyosati 108 ga topshirilganligini e’lon qildi. 12-dekabr kuni esa Rizoxon Eron shohi deb e’lon qilindi. 1929—1933-yilgi jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi davrida ishlab chiqarish 30—40 foizga tushdi, gilam narxi 75 foizga arzonlashdi. Mamlakatda qator islohotlar o‘tkazildi. «Xolisa» yerlarni sotishga ruxsat etildi. Pul solig‘i joriy etildi. Davlat yerlari ijaraga beriladigan bo‘ldi. Dunyoviy maktablar ham ochildi. 1934-yilda Tehron universiteti ochildi. 1935-yilda ayollarning paranjisiz yurishi haqida qonun chiqarildi. Yevropacha turmush tarziga ruxsat etildi. Ayni paytda shoh hokimiyati tobora kuchayib bordi. Parlament huquqi cheklandi. 1933-yilda ingliz-eron neft kompaniyasi bilan yangi shartnoma imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, kompaniyaning davlatga to‘laydigan to‘lovi miqdori oshirildi. Buning evaziga Kompaniya ijara muddatini 1993-yilgacha uzaytirib oldi. Rizoxon Sovet davlati bilan munosabatlarni tobora cheklab qo‘yish siyosatini yuritdi. 30-yillar oxirida Eron va Sovet davlati o‘rtasidagi savdo munosabatlari to‘xtab qoldi. Ayni paytda Germaniya bilan yaqinlashuv kengaya bordi. Eron tashqi savdosining 40—45 foizi Germaniyaga to‘g‘ri keldi. Eron strategik jihatdan Germaniya uchun nihoyatda zarur edi. Birinchi jahon urushi oxirida Afg‘oniston mustaqil davlat hisoblansa-da, amalda Buyuk Britaniyaga qaram davlat edi. Mamlakat hukmdori amir Habibullaxon inglizlar tayanchi edi. Mamlakatda mavjud ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va siyosiy tartiblarga qarshi kuchlar ham vujudga keldi. Bu kuch «Yosh afg‘onlar harakati» deb atalgan. Ularning maqsadi davlat mustaqilligiga erishish va erkin tadbirkorlik munosabatlarini qaror toptirish edi. Ana shunday sharoitda, 1919-yilning fevralida saroy fitnasi uyushtirildi. Uning natijasida amir Habibullaxon o‘ldirildi. Taxtni Habibullaxonning o‘g‘li Omonullaxon egalladi. U yosh afg‘onlar harakati bilan mahkam bog‘langan edi. 1919-yilning 28-fevralida Omonullaxon Afg‘onistonni mustaqil davlat deb e’lon qildi. Sovet Rossiyasi o‘z janubiy chegaralarida Buyuk Britaniyaning mustahkamlanib olishini va uning Afg‘oniston bilan birga Turkistondagi milliyozodlik kurashi tayanchi bo‘lib qolishini istamas edi. Shuning uchun ham Afg‘onistonning davlat mustaqilligini birinchi bo‘lib Sovet Rossiyasi tan oldi. Ayni paytda, Afg‘onistonga zarur bo‘lib qolsa, harbiy yordam berishini ham ma’lum qildi. 1921-yilda sovet-afg‘on shartnomasi imzolandi. Buyuk Britaniya Afg‘oniston davlatining mustaqil siyosat yuritishiga aslo chiday olmadi. Afg‘onistonni itoatkor davlatga aylantirish maqsadida 1919- yilning 3-mayida unga hujum qildi, shu tariqa uchinchi ingliz-afg‘on urushi boshlandi. Inglizlar 300 ming qo‘shin bilan hujum boshladi. Afg‘on armiyasi 60 ming kishi edi. Lekin 200 mingdan ortiq jangchisi bo‘lgan afg‘on qabilalari chegara bo‘ylab joylashgan edi. Shu sababli ingliz armiyasining hujumi Afg‘oniston ichki siyosati 109 muvaffaqiyatsiz yakunlandi. 8-avgust kuni Ravalpindi shahrida ingliz-afg‘on shartnomasi imzolandi. Bu voqea mustaqil Afg‘on davlatining tan olinishini ham anglatar edi. Lekin 3 mln aholini o‘z ichiga olgan afg‘on qabilalari hamon Hindiston hisobida qoldi. Omonullaxon markaziy hokimiyatni mustahkamladi. Bu o‘rinda 1923-yilda qabul qilingan Afg‘oniston davlatining birinchi Konstitutsiyasi muhim rol o‘ynadi. Qabila boshliqlari hokimiyati cheklab qo‘yildi va ular davlat soliqlarini yig‘ish huquqidan mahrum etildi. Ruhoniylarning sud va ta’lim tizimidagi mavqei ma’lum darajada cheklab qo‘yildi. Yosh afg‘onlar hukumati milliy sanoatni rivojlantirishga alohida e’tibor berdi. Chet el mollariga boj ko‘paytirildi. 1923-yilda yerga xususiy mulkchilikni joriy etish to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilindi. Dunyoviy o‘quv yurtlari kengaytirildi. Xotin-qizlar gimnaziyasi ochildi. Nikoh haqida qonun qabul qilindi. Ko‘p xotinlilik cheklandi. Yer solig‘i natural emas, pul bilan olinadigan bo‘ldi. Bu ijobiy o‘zgarishlar, tabiiyki, aholi kambag‘al qismining turmush darajasiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Natijada aholining bu qatlami orasida hukumat siyosatidan norozilik vujudga keldi. Yosh afg‘onlar hukumatiga qarshi hukmron tabaqalar bundan o‘z maqsadlari yo‘lida foydalandilar. 1924-yilda Xostda reaksion g‘alayon ko‘tarildi. Podshohni «dindan qaytgan» deb e’lon qilindi. Xotin-qizlar gimnaziyasi yopildi. 1927-yilda Omonullaxon chet el safarida bo‘ldi. Misr parlamentiga afg‘on qilichini taqdim qilar ekan «mustaqillik jangda qo‘lga kiritiladi, sadaqa qilinmaydi», – dedi. 1928-yilda safardan qaytgan Omonullaxon umumiy majburiy xizmat joriy etdi. Feodal nishonlarini bekor qildi. Qirolicha Surayyo ochiq yuz bilan delegatlar oldiga chiqdi. Natijada feodallar 1928- yilning kuzida yosh afg‘onlar hukumatiga qarshi qo‘zg‘alon uyushtirishga erishdilar. Buning oqibatida 1929-yilning yanvarida Omonullaxon hukumati ag‘darildi. Amirlik taxtini reaksiya tayanchi Bachai Sako egalladi. Yangi hukumat yosh afg‘onlar boshlagan islohotlarni bekor qildi. Bu hol Afg‘onistonning burjuacha yo‘ldan rivojlanishi tarafdori bo‘lgan kuchlarning noroziligiga sabab bo‘ldi. Bu kuchlar 1929-yilning oktabr oyida general Muhammad Nodir boshchiligida hokimiyatni egalladilar. Bachai Sako taxtdan ag‘darildi. Muhammad Nodirshoh markaziy hokimiyatni mustahkamlagani holda, mahalliy xonlar va ruhoniylarning qator imtiyozlarini ham tikladi. Chunonchi, ruhoniylar sud ishlari va ta’lim sohasida avvalgi mavqega ega bo‘ldilar. Biroq ularning faoliyati davlat nazorati ostiga olindi. 1931-yilda mamlakatning yangi Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. U Afg‘onistonning mutlaq monarxiyadan konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya davlatiga aylanishi yo‘lida yangi qadam bo‘ldi. 1933-yilda Nodirshoh vafot etgach, taxtga o‘g‘li Muhammad Zohirshoh o‘tirdi. U otasi kabi ichki siyosatda milliy, iqtisodiyotda bozor munosabatlarini chuqurlashtirish yo‘lini tutdi. 110 Afg‘onistonning tashqi siyosati har doim ham bir maromda bo‘lmadi. Masalan, Omonullaxon davrida shimoliy qo‘shni Sovet davlati bilan do‘stona munosabat o‘rnatilgan bo‘lsa, Bachai Sako davrida, aksincha, bu munosabat yomonlashdi. Bunga Afg‘onistonning Turkistondagi milliy-ozodlik harakatini qo‘llab-quvvatlaganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Buyuk Britaniya Afg‘onistonda o‘z mavqeyini kuchaytirishga harakat qildi. Nodirshoh davrida afg‘on-sovet munosabatlari yana o‘z iziga tusha boshladi. 1931-yilning 24-iyunida Afg‘oniston va Sovet davlati o‘rtasida betaraflik va hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi arafasida Germaniya va Italiya Afg‘onistonga qiziqish bilan qaray boshladi. Chunki Afg‘oniston geografik jihatdan Sovet davlati hamda Germaniya va Italiyaning siyosiy raqiblaridan biri bo‘lmish Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi Hindistonga yaqin edi. Ular Afg‘onistonni betaraflik yo‘lidan qaytarishga urindilar. Lekin bunga muvaffaq bo‘lolmadilar. Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlangach, Afg‘oniston betarafligi e’lon qilindi. 1941-yilda esa, Buyuk Britaniya va Sovet davlati murojaati bilan Afg‘oniston hududidan elchixonalar xodimlaridan tashqari barcha Germaniya va Italiya fuqarolari chiqarib yuborildi. Urush davomida Afg‘oniston o‘z betarafligini saqlab qoldi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Turkiya Respublikasi qay tariqa tashkil topgan? 2. Turkiya hukumatining ichki va tashqi siyosati haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? Kamol Otaturk kim? 3. 1919-yilgi ingliz-eron shartnomasining mazmuni haqida so‘zlab bering. 4. 1921-yilda Eronda yuz bergan to‘ntarish qanday oqibatlarga olib keldi? 5. Eronning urushdan avvalgi tashqi siyosatidagi asosiy islohotlarni qayd eting. 6. 1919-yilda Afg‘onistonda qanday kuchlar siyosiy fitnani amalga oshirgan va qanday oqibatlarga olib kelgan? 7. Omonullaxon va Zohirshoh davridagi Afg‘onistonni qiyoslang. 8. Bachai Sako kim edi? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING Turkiya Eron Afg‘oniston ichki siyosat tashqi siyosat ichki siyosat tashqi siyosat ichki siyosat tashqi siyosat Tashqi siyosat ? 111 12-§. Yaponiya Yaponiya Birinchi jahon urushida Antanta tarafida qatnashdi. Binobarin, u g‘oliblar safida bo‘ldi. Antanta Yaponiyani quruq qo‘ymadi. Unga Shandun yarim oroli, Tinch okeandagi Germaniyaga qarashli Marian, Karolina, Marshall orollari mandati taqdim etildi. Bu orollar muhim strategik ahamiyatga ega edi. Ular Yaponiyaga Tinch okean akvatoriyasi markaziga chiqish va AQSH ning asosiy harbiy-dengiz bazasi bo‘lmish Gavay orollariga yaqinlashish imkonini berdi. Ayni paytda Yaponiya Xitoyda o‘z mavqeyini mustahkamladi. Uzoq Sharq va Tinch okean havzasi davlatlari bozorini shitob bilan egallay boshladi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, yapon monopoliyalari (Mitsui, Mitsubisi, Yasuda, Sumitomo)ning daromadlarini yanada ko‘paytirdi. Urush yillari yapon magnatlari uchun «Oltin davr» bo‘ldi. To‘qimachilik 4,5, metallurgiya 6, mashinasozlik 5,5 baravar o‘sdi. Biroq mamlakatda mehnatkashlarning turmush darajasi pasaydi. Bu hodisa 1918-yilning 3-avgustida Toyama prefekturasida yuz bergan «sholi isyoni»da o‘z ifodasini topdi. Bu isyon chayqovchilar tomonidan sholining narxini oshirib yuborish natijasida kelib chiqdi. 10- avgustda isyon Kiotoga ham tarqaldi. Och qolgan isyonchilar do‘konlarni bosib ola boshladilar. Qisqa muddat ichida «sholi isyoni» butun Yaponiyaning uchdan ikki qismiga tarqaldi. Biroq hukumat isyonni qattiqqo‘llik bilan bostirdi. Minglab kishilar hibsga olindi, ko‘plari surgun qilindi va umrbod qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi. Yaponiya mustamlakachi imperiyasi asoslarini larzaga keltirgan bu isyon mustamlakalarda milliy-ozodlik kurashining yangi to‘lqini ko‘tarilishiga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Yaponiyaning o‘zida urushga qarshi kurash kayfiyati kuchaydi. Buning ustiga, Uzoq Sharqda Qizil Armiya yapon bosqinchilariga qaqshatqich zarba bera boshladi. Shunday bir sharoitda, 1920—1922-yillardagi iqtisodiy inqiroz Yaponiya iqtisodiyotiga katta zarba berdi. Buning sababi iqtisodiyotning tashqi bozorlarga qaramligi edi. Inqiroz mamlakat ichkarisida mehnat va sarmoya o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatni yanada keskinlashtirdi. 1923-yilning oxiriga kelib Yaponiya iqtisodiyotida jonlanish bo‘ldi. Bunga shu yilning 1-sentabrida yuz bergan yer qimirlashidan so‘ng boshlangan tiklash ishlari qulay sharoit yaratdi. Hukumat yirik tadbirkorlar zarar ko‘rmasligi uchun barcha zarur choralarni ko‘rdi. Chunonchi, ularning barcha to‘lovlari muddatini kechiktirdi. Ko‘rgan zararlari uchun kompensatsiya to‘lovini amalga oshirdi. Yapon monopoliyalari katta foyda miqdorini saqlab qolish uchun eksport tovarlari narxini pasaytirdi. Mamlakatda cho‘yan ishlab chiqarish 2 baravar o‘sdi va 1 mln 100 ming tonnaga, po‘lat ishlab chiqarish 842 ming tonnadan Yaponiyaning ichki siyosati «Sholi isyoni» Iqtisodiy ahvol 112 Yaponiyaning tashqi siyosati 1 mln 720 ming tonnaga o‘sdi. Umumiy saylov huquqi haqida qaror qabul qilindi. Saylovchilar 3 mln dan 4,3 mln ga ko‘paydi. 1929—1933-yillardagi jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Yaponiya iqtisodiyotiga yanada katta zarba berdi. Bu yapon va amerika bozorlarining bir-biri bilan juda mustahkam bog‘lanib qolganligining, Yaponiya iqtisodiyoti boshqa buyuk davlatlar iqtisodiyotiga nisbatan zaifligining, 1923-yilda yuz bergan yer qimirlashi oqibatlari chuqurligining natijasi edi. Inqiroz, ayniqsa, qishloq xo‘jaligida og‘ir kechdi. AQSHga ipak eksport qilish hajmi 30 foiz kamaydi. Ipak narxi keskin tushib ketdi. 1931-yilga kelib sanoat mahsulotlari 31, eksport 65, import 72 foizga qisqardi. Inqiroz yillarida ishsizlar soni 3 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Inqiroz mamlakat ichkarisida ijtimoiy ahvolni keskinlashtirib yubordi. Mamlakatda «Yosh zobitlar va yangi konsernlar ittifoqi» vujudga keldi. Ular mayda va o‘rta tadbirkorlar manfaatini ko‘zlar edilar. Inqiroz ularning ahvolini yanada og‘irlashtirib yuborganligi yosh zobitlarni befarq qoldirmadi. Chunki ular Yaponiya jamiyatida eng ko‘p zarar ko‘rgan qatlamning vakillari edi. Ikkinchidan, Yaponiyaning harbiy-dengiz qudratini cheklovchi turli xalqaro shartnomalar yosh zobitlarda kuchli norozilik uyg‘otdi. Biroq Yaponiyada vujudga kelgan yangi ittifoq demokratik kayfiyatdagi kuchlarning ittifoqi emas edi. Aksincha, bu ittifoq Yaponiyada fashizm yo‘liga o‘ta bordi. Ayni paytda yosh zobitlar imperatorga sodiq edilar. Ular imperatordan eski konsernlar hukmronligini cheklashni talab eta boshladilar. Parlamentga qarshi chiqdilar. Shu tariqa Yaponiya fashistlashib bordi. Ular «panosiyo» va dunyoga hukmronlik g‘oyalarini zo‘r berib targ‘ib eta boshladilar. Yosh zobitlar yangi konsernlar egalarining hokimiyatga intilishini qo‘llab-quvvatlay boshladilar. Biroq eski konsernlar katta moliyaviy qudratga ega bo‘lganliklari uchun ularning mavqei hali qudratli edi. Eski va yangi konsernlar egalarini birlashtiruvchi bir omil mavjud edi. Bu omil — dunyoga hukmron bo‘lishga intilish edi. 1932-yilning 15-mayida yosh zobitlarning fashistik isyoni ko‘tarildi. Buning natijasida, hatto, mamlakat bosh vaziri Inukai o‘ldirildi. Isyon bostirilgan bo‘lsa-da, mamlakatda harbiylar mavqei har qachondagidan oshib ketdi. Shu davrdan boshlab 1945-yilgacha hukumatni boshqarish faqat harbiy byurokratiya vakillariga topshirilgani bejiz emas. Shunga qaramay, 1936- yilning 26-fevralida 1500 harbiy qatnashgan ikkinchi fashistik isyon uyushtirildi. Isyon 29-fevral kuni bostirilgan bo‘lsa-da, u Yaponiya hukmron doiralarini qattiq tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. 17 isyonchi o‘ldirildi. Ular mamlakatda ro‘y bergan chuqur ichki siyosiy inqirozni agressiv harbiy harakatlar boshlash yo‘li bilan bartaraf etishga qaror qildilar. Urushdan so‘ng Tinch okean havzalarida Yaponiyaning AQSH bilan munosabatlari keskinlasha bordi. Buning sababi har ikki tomonning bu mintaqada yetakchilikka intilishi edi. Hatto Vashington konferensiyasi (1921- 113 yil noyabr) qarorlari ham buyuk davlatlar o‘rtasidagi ziddiyatlarni to‘la bartaraf eta olmadi. Yapon monopoliyalari katta foyda miqdorini saqlab qolish uchun eksport tovarlarining narxini pasaytirdi. Ayni paytda Yaponiya monopoliyalari Sovet davlati bilan munosabatlarning yaxshilanishiga harakat qildi. Chunki Yaponiya Rossiyaning sharqiy qismiga Yaponiya iqtisodiyoti uchun katta xomashyo manbayi sifatida qarar edi. Yaponiya bunday manbani 1918—1925-yillar davomida harbiy yo‘l bilan qo‘lga kirita olmadi. Aksincha, Yaponiya uyushtirgan harbiy intervensiya mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Endi Sovet davlati bilan manfaatli iqtisodiy va savdo aloqalarini rivojlantirishdan boshqa yo‘l yo‘q edi. Shuning uchun 1925-yilning 20-yanvarida Sovet davlati bilan Yaponiya o‘rtasida «O‘zaro munosabatlarining asosiy tamoyillari to‘g‘risida» shartnoma imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, Yaponiya Sovet Rossiyasi hududidagi so‘nggi harbiy qismlarini olib chiqib ketdi. Biroq bu Yaponiya hukmron doiralarining sovet Uzoq Sharqi hududlariga da’volaridan voz kechdi, degani emas edi. 1927-yilda faol agressiv tashqi siyosat tarafdorlari hukumati tuzildi. Yangi hukumat o‘z maqsadlarini «Tanaka memorandumi» deb atalgan hujjatda ifoda etdi. 1927-yilning 25-iyulida imperatorga yuborilgan bu hujjatda Yaponiyaning dunyoga hukmronlik qilishiga ochiqdan-ochiq da’vo qilingan edi. Chunonchi, hujjatda quyidagilar yozilgan edi: «Xitoyni bosib olish uchun avval Manjuriya va Mo‘g‘ulistonni bosib olishimiz zarur. Dunyoni bosib olish uchun esa avval Xitoyni bosib olishimiz lozim. Agar biz Xitoyni bosib ololsak, Osiyoning barcha kichik davlatlari, Hindiston, shuningdek, janubiy dengiz davlatlari bizdan qo‘rqadi va bizning oldimizda taslim bo‘ladi. Bizning milliy rivojlanish dasturimizga Mongoliya dalalarida Rossiya bilan qilich urushtirish kiradi... Biz AQSH ni yakson qilishimiz zarur». Yaponiya hukmron doiralari tez orada o‘z orzularini amalga oshirishga kirishdilar. 1931-yilning sentabrida Yaponiya armiyasi Xitoyning shimoli-sharqiga — Manjuriyaga hujum qildi va 1932-yilning boshlarida bosib oldi. 1932-yilda Xitoyning boshqa qismlariga bostirib kirdi. 1932-yil martida bo‘lib olingan yerlarda Manchjou-Go davlatini tuzdi. 1932-yil yozida Jexe va Xebey viloyatlarini egalladi. AQSH bu harakatlarni ma’qulladi va 147 mln dollarlik qurol-yarog‘ yetkazib berdi. Xalqaro hamjamiyat nazaridan xoli bo‘lish maqsadida Yaponiya 1933-yilning mart oyida Millatlar Ligasidan chiqdi. 1934-yilda esa, Sharqiy Osiyoga hukmronlik da’vosi bilan chiqdi va harbiy kuchlarini cheklagan Vashington shartnomasidan voz kechishini ma’lum qildi. Yaponiya Germaniya bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tutdi. Chunki G‘arbni Germaniya, Sharqni Yaponiya egallashi kerak edi. 1936-yil noyabrda ikki davlat o‘rtasida «Antikomintern ahdnomasi» tuzildi. Yaponiya Sovet davlati chegaralarida turli janjallarni kuchaytirdi. 1938- yil 29-iyul — 11-avgustda Sovet davlati hududiga hujum uyushtirdi. Bu voqea Hasan ko‘li hududida (Primoreda) yuz berdi. Biroq Sovet armiyasi 8 — Jahon tarixi 114 o‘z hududini yapon qo‘shinlaridan tozalashga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. 1938-yilning sentabrida imzolangan Myunxen shartnomasi (uning qanday shartnoma ekanligini eslang) Yaponiya hukmron doiralarining ishtahasini yanada oshirib yubordi. Shu yilning 3-noyabrida Yaponiya Sharqiy Osiyoda yangi tartib o‘rnatish haqida deklaratsiya e’lon qildi. 1939-yilning 11-may kuni Yaponiya armiyasi Mo‘g‘uliston Xalq Respublikasiga (MXR) hujum qildi (Xalxin-Gol daryosi bo‘yida). O‘zaro shartnomaga ko‘ra, sovet armiyasi MXR ga yordam ko‘rsatdi. To‘rt oy davom etgan urushda Yaponiya armiyasi tor-mor etildi. Shunga qaramay, Yaponiya o‘z niyatlaridan (ya’ni Sharqiy Osiyoda hukmronlik o‘rnatishdan) voz kechmadi. 1939-yil bahorida fashist davlatlar Buyuk Sharqiy Osiyo kengligida yangi tartib o‘rnatish borasida Yaponiya gegemonligini tan oldi. Lekin Yaponiyaning Sharqiy Osiyo kengligida katta manfaatlarga ega bo‘lgan boshqa davlatlar (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya) bilan munosabatlari keskinlashib bordi. Yaponiyaning ularga qarshi urush boshlashi muqarrar edi. Bu omil, shuningdek, Xalxin-Goldagi mag‘lubiyat, Sovet-Germaniya shartnomasi (1939-yil 23-avgustdagi) Yaponiyaning Sovet davlati bilan munosabatini o‘zgartirishga majbur etdi. Yevropada urush harakatlari boshlanishi bilan 1939-yil 4—13-sentabrda Yaponiya hukumati deklaratsiya e’lon qilib, G‘arbdagi urushga aralashmasligini bildirdi. 1940- yil 1-avgustda Kanae Bosh vazirlikni egalladi va Sharqiy Osiyoda «yangi tartib o‘rnatish» rejasini davom ettirdi. 1940-yil 23-sentabrda Yaponiya Hindixitoyning shimoliga bostirib kirdi. 27-sentabrda Tokioda Germaniya va Italiya bilan uchlik siyosiy ittifoqini 10 yil muddatga tuzdi. Bu narsa uning fashistik davlatlarga o‘z maqsadi yo‘lida butunlay sherik bo‘lganini anglatar edi. 1941-yil 13-aprelda Sovet davlati bilan betaraflik shartnomasini tuzdi. Lekin «Kantokuen» rejasini tuzib, qulay fursatni poylab turdi. Armiya 700 ming kishiga yetkazildi. AQSH bilan munosabatlar keskinlashdi. Yaponiya 1941-yil 7-dekabrda AQSHning Pirl-Xarbor bazasiga to‘satdan hujum qildi va ko‘p talafot yetkazdi. Malayya, Birma, Tailand, Indoneziya, Filippin hududlarini egalladi. 1942-yildan boshlab ingliz-amerika qo‘shinlari qarshi hujumga o‘tdi va Yaponiyaning asosiy kuchlarini tor-mor keltirdi. 1945-yil 6—9-avgustda AQSH Yaponiyaga atom bombasini tashladi. 9-avgustda SSSR hujumga o‘tdi. 2-sentabrda Yaponiya so‘zsiz taslim bo‘ldi. Urushda o‘lgan, yarador bo‘lganlar, izsiz yo‘qolganlar bo‘lib 5 mln kishini yo‘qotdi. 340 harbiy kema, 50 ming samolyot, 8,4 mln tonnajlik savdo kemalaridan ajraldi. Zarar 64,3 mlrd iyenni tashkil qildi. 1937—1945-yillar orasida 270 mlrd iyen harbiy xarajat qildi. Urushda ishtiroki 115 SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Birinchi jahon urushining Yaponiya uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. 1929—1933-yillardagi jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining Yaponiya uchun oqibatlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 3. «Panosiyo» g‘oyasining mohiyati nimadan iborat edi? 4. Yaponiya tashqi siyosatiga xos xususiyatlar haqida so‘zlab bering. 5. «Tanaka memorandumi» nima? 6. Yaponiya nima uchun fashistik Germaniya bilan yaqinlashdi? 7. Yaponiya bosib olgan joylarni xaritadan belgilang. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. IKKI JAHON URUSHI ORALIG‘IDA YAPONIYA Sana Asosiy voqealar Mamlakat uchun ahamiyati 13-§. Arab davlatlari Arab davlatlari dunyoning ikki qit’asida (Osiyo va Afrikada) joylashgan. XX asr boshlarida barcha arab davlatlari mustamlaka yoki yarim mustamlaka bo‘lganlar. Xususan, Osiyoda joylashgan arab davlatlari Turkiya imperiyasi tarkibiga kirgan. Afrika qit’asidagi Misr va Sudan — Buyuk Britaniyaning; Tunis, Jazoir va Marokash — Fransiyaning; Marokashning bir qismi — Ispaniyaning; Liviya esa Italiyaning mustamlakasi edi. Birinchi jahon urushi natijasida Turkiya imperiyasi quladi. Biroq bu hodisa barcha arablarga ham mustaqillik keltirgani yo‘q. Saudiya Arabistoni va Yaman mustaqil davlatlarga aylandi. Osiyodagi arab hududlari (Millatlar Ligasining mandat tizimiga asosan) Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya nazorati ostiga berildi. Shimoliy Afrikada yashovchi arab xalqi mustamlaka zulmi ostida qolaverdi. Bunga qarshi xalq milliy-ozodlik kurashini tobora kuchaytirdi. Suriya to‘rt asr davomida Turkiya mustamlakasi bo‘lib kelgan. Birinchi jahon urushi oxirida esa u Fransiya qo‘shinlari tomonidan ishg‘ol etildi. XX asr boshlarida ham Suriyada o‘rta asrlarga xos ishlab chiqarish munosabatlari hukmron edi. Aholining asosiy qismi qishloq xo‘jaligi bilan shug‘ullanar, yerning ko‘pchiligi katta yer egalari (feodallar) qo‘lida edi. Dehqonlar (fallohlar)ning katta qismi bir parcha yerga ham ega emasdi. Ular ijaraga yer olib ishlashga majbur edilar. Sanoat juda sekin rivojlanmoqda, o‘z vatanida ish topa olmagan ziyolilar chet elga ketishga majbur bo‘lardi. Suriya xalqi Turkiyaning Antanta davlat- Urushning arab davlatlariga ta’siri Suriya ? 116 lariga to‘lashi zarur bo‘lgan tovonning bir qismini to‘lashga majbur etildi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, aholi turmush darajasini yanada yomonlashtirib yubordi. 1918-yilning noyabr oyidayoq Suriya xalqining milliy-ozodlik kurashi boshlandi. Fallohlar partizan guruhlarini tuza boshladilar. 1919-yil Latakiyada ko‘tarilgan qo‘zg‘alon 3 yil davom etdi. Parij tinchlik konferensiyasida Suriyani mustaqil davlat deb tan olishgach, Suriya Bosh kongressi qonuniy mudofaa holati e’lon qildi. 1919-yilning noyabrida joylarda Xalq milliy kengashi tuzildi. Kengash partizan harakati uchun mablag‘ va qurol to‘plash bilan shug‘ullandi. Partizan guruhlariga ko‘ngillilarni jalb etdi. Milliy kengash dekabr oyida Suriya hukumatini tuzdi. Biroq mamlakat amiri Faysalning Fransiya bilan kelishuvchilik siyosati milliy-ozodlik kurashi kuchayishiga to‘g‘anoq bo‘la boshladi. Faysal 1920-yil boshlarida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdi va parlament tarqatib yuborildi. Mart oyida o‘zini Suriya qiroli deb e’lon qildi. 1920-yilning aprel oyida, San-Remo shartnomasiga ko‘ra, Suriya Fransiyaning mandati nazoratiga berildi. Iyul oyida Fransiya armiyasi Damashq shahriga kiritildi. Harbiy vazir Yusuf Azma boshchiligidagi vatanparvar kuchlar Fransiya qo‘shinlariga qarshi tengsiz jang qildilar va katta talafot ko‘rdilar. Qirol Faysal esa taslimchilik yo‘lini afzal ko‘rdi. U armiyani qurolsizlantirdi, Damashqni esa Fransiya qo‘shinlariga jangsiz topshirdi. Fransiya harbiy ma’muriyati Faysalga ishonmas edi. Uni Buyuk Britaniya manfaatlariga xizmat qiluvchi shaxs, deb hisoblardi. Shuning uchun ham Faysalni Suriyadan chiqarib yubordi. 1925—1927-yillar Suriya tarixiga milliy-ozodlik kurashining eng yuksalgan davri bo‘lib kirdi. Chunki 1925-yilning iyul oyida Jabel-Druz viloyatida dehqonlar ko‘targan qo‘zg‘alon boshlandi. Uning ta’sirida butun mamlakat miqyosida partizanlar harakati kuchaydi. Qo‘zg‘alonga Xalq partiyasi (1925-yil fevralida tuzilgan) rahbarlik qildi. 18-oktabrda partizanlar Damashq shahrini egalladilar. Fransiya armiyasi Damashqdan chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. Biroq fransuzlar 2 kun davomida shaharni artilleriya va havodan bombardimon qildilar. Oqibatda vatanparvar kuchlar Damashqni tashlab chiqishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Vaqtdan yutish maqsadida ayyor fransuz harbiy ma’muriyati vatanparvar kuchlar vakillari bilan muzokara olib boraboshladi. O‘z ahvolini yaxshilab olgach esa, 1926-yilning may oyida hujumga o‘tdi. 1927-yilning bahoriga kelib qo‘zg‘alonni to‘la bostirishga erishdi. Fransuz ma’muriyati ayni paytda mahalliy kuchlarga qisman yon bosish siyosatini ham qo‘llay boshladi. 1928-yilda suriyaliklarga Ta’sis Majlisini chaqirishga ruxsat berdi. Biroq Ta’sis Majlisi fransuz ma’muriyati o‘ylaganchalik mo‘min-qobil bo‘lib chiqmadi. Aksincha, Ta’sis Majlisi mamlakat konstitutsiyasiga Suriyaning Mustaqillik davridagi og‘ir kurashlar 117 Fransiya mandati nazoratiga bo‘ysunishi haqidagi moddani kiritmadi. Bunga javoban Fransiyaning Suriyadagi Oliy komissari Ta’sis Majlisini tarqatib yubordi. Suriya parlamentini Konstitutsiyaga bu moddani qo‘shishga majbur etdi. Suriya parlament respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. 1933-yilning noyabrida parlament ham tarqatib yuborildi. Konstitutsiya bekor qilindi. Fransiyada xalq fronti hukumati hokimiyat tepasiga kelgach, tashqi siyosat masalasida ham ba’zi o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi. Chunonchi, yangi hukumat harbiy yo‘l bilan Suriya masalasini hal etish mumkin emasligini to‘g‘ri baholay oldi. Suriya Konstitutsiyasi tiklandi. Vatanparvar kuchlar ittifoqiga kirgan partiya vakillari hukumati tuzildi. Bu hukumat 1936-yilning sentabrida Fransiya hukumati bilan shartnoma tuzishga erishdi. Shartnomada Suriyaga 3 yil ichida mustaqillik berilishi ko‘zda tutilgan edi. Biroq Fransiya parlamenti bu shartnomani tasdiqlamadi. Aksincha, ikkinchi jahon urushi arafasida Suriya parlamenti yana tarqatib yuborildi. Konstitutsiya yana bekor qilindi. Biroq bu zarbalar milliy-ozodlik kurashini to‘xtatmadi. Fransiya 1940-yilda taslim bo‘lgach, Suriyada ham Germaniya ta’siri kuchaya boshladi. Biroq bu uzoq davom etmadi. 1941-yilning iyul oyida ingliz-fransuz armiyasi Suriyaga kirdi. Mamlakatdan fashist agentlari quvildi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi tufayli qiyin ahvolga tushib qolgan Fransiyaning de Gol hukumati Suriyaga mustaqillik berishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1941-yilning 27-sentabrida Suriya mustaqil davlat, deb e’lon qilindi. Birinchi jahon urushi yillarida Iroq hududi Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan ishg‘ol qilindi. Bu hol urushdan keyin ham davom etdi. Mamlakatning barcha qismlarida ingliz mustamlaka ma’muriyati tashkil etildi. Mustamlakachilik siyosati mamlakat xo‘jaligini halokat yoqasiga keltirib qo‘ydi. Ishchi kuchi yetishmasligi oqibatida ekin maydonlarining deyarli yarmi tashlandiq holga kelib qoldi. Bu ishga yaroqli erkak aholining katta qismi dastlab Turkiya armiyasiga, keyinchalik esa ingliz mehnat korpuslariga safarbar etilganligining oqibati edi. Mamlakatda ocharchilik yuz berdi. Turli yuqumli kasalliklar keng tarqaldi. Ingliz mustamlakachi ma’murlari katta yer egalarini o‘z tomonlariga og‘dirishga urindilar. Shu maqsadda dehqon jamoalariga qarashli yerlarni ham qabila shayxlari, diniy va dunyoviy rahnamolarga biriktirib qo‘yishdi. Biroq bu tadbir Iroqda ham milliy-ozodlik kurashining oldini ololmadi. Vatanparvar kuchlar, ya’ni milliy burjuaziya, kichik va o‘rta qabilalar shayxlari, inglizlarning o‘z faoliyatlariga aralashuvidan norozi bo‘lgan qabila yo‘lboshchilari, dehqonlar, savdogarlar, ziyolilar, inglizlarga qarshi bo‘lgan yirik yer egalari, ruhoniylar «Mustaqillik posbonlari» deb ataluvchi jamiyat tuzgandi. Uning rahbari savdogar Ja’far Abu Timman edi. Jamiyat Iroqqa to‘la mustaqillik berishni talab etdi. Iroq 118 Inglizlar bilan kelishuvchilar tarafdorlari esa «Iroq vasiyati» deb ataluvchi jamiyatni tuzdilar. 1920-yilda milliy-ozodlik qo‘zg‘aloni boshlandi. 30-iyulda Rumeys shahrida yuz bergan qo‘zg‘alon umumiroq ozodlik urushiga aylanib ketdi. Qo‘zg‘alonchilar mamlakatning katta qismini ozod qilishga erishdilar. Buyuk Britaniya bu ozodlik urushini bostirish uchun 150 ming kishilik armiya tashladi. Bu armiya 1920-yilning noyabr oyida ozodlik urushini bostirishga musharraf bo‘ldi. Ozodlik urushi to‘lqinidan cho‘chib ketgan Buyuk Britaniya ichki kuchlar madadiga har qachongidan ham kengroq tayana boshladi. Shularning yordamidagina o‘z mavqeyini saqlab qolishga intildi. Shu maqsadda oktabr oyida Iroqning muvaqqat hukumatini tuzdi, 1921-yilning 23-avgustida esa Angliyaning sodiq malayi Faysal al-Xoshimni (Suriyaning sobiq qiroli) Iroq qiroli deb e’lon qilinishiga erishdi. Amalda esa hokimiyat, mandat tizimi qoidasiga ko‘ra, ingliz Oliy komissari qo‘lida edi. 1922-yilda inglizlar Iroqqa yana bir og‘ir shartnomani qabul qildirdilar. Unga ko‘ra, Iroq hukumati xalqaro va moliyaviy masalalarni ingliz Oliy komissari maslahati bilan hal etishi zarur edi. Bundan tashqari, Iroqda ingliz qo‘shinlari saqlanib turadigan bo‘ldi. Mamlakat iqtisodiy hayoti ingliz komissiyasi nazorati ostiga olindi. 1924-yilga kelib Buyuk Britaniya mandat tizimi yo‘li bilan Iroqda to‘la hukmronlikka erishdi. «Terkish petrolium» kompaniyasini tuzib, Iroq neftini qo‘lga oldi. 1927-yilda bu «Iroq petrolium kompaniyasi»ga aylantirildi. Biroq bu ozodlik kurashini to‘xtata olgani yo‘q. Iroq milliy partiyasi (rahbari Abu Timman),Iroq uyg‘onish partiyasi (rahbari as-Sadr) boshchiligida Iroq xalqi ozodlik kurashini davom ettirdi. Buning natijasida Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakachi hukumati Iroq vatanparvar kuchlariga yon bosishga majbur bo‘ldi va endi mandat nazoratini bekor qilish zarur, degan xulosaga keldi. 1930-yilning 30-iyunida Buyuk Britaniya va Iroq o‘rtasida 25 yillik yangi shartnoma imzolandi. Iroq nomidan shartnomani Bosh vazir Nuri Said imzoladi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Buyuk Britaniya Iroq Millatlar Ligasiga kirgandan so‘ng, uni mustaqil davlat, deb tan oladigan bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda shartnoma Iroqni «do‘stlik» va «ittifoqchilik» rishtalari bilan Buyuk Britaniyaga bog‘lab qo‘ydi. Chunonchi, tashqi siyosatda Iroq Buyuk Britaniya bilan maslahatlashib olishga majbur edi. Iroqda ingliz harbiy bazalari saqlab qolindi. Bundan tashqari, Iroq mudofaasi masalasida Buyuk Britaniya manfaatlarini hisobga olishi zarur edi. Ayni paytda Buyuk Britaniya Iroqqa o‘z maslahatchilari va ekspertlarini yuborishda monopol huquqqa ega edi. 1932-yil 3-oktabrda Iroq Millatlar Ligasiga qabul qilindi va shu tariqa u to‘la bo‘lmasa-da, davlat mustaqilligiga erishdi. 1933-yilda hokimiyatga Al-G‘ayloniy keldi. Hukumat bir necha marta o‘zgardi. Ozodlik kurashining yangi bosqichi 119 Hech bir davlat o‘z mustaqilligini oson yo‘l bilan mustahkamlay olmagan. Iroq ham bundan mustasno emas. 1936-yilning 29-oktabrida Iroqda o‘tkazilgan harbiy to‘ntarish buning dalilidir. Bu to‘ntarishga general Bakr Sidqiy rahbarlik qildi va Iroq qiroli G‘ozi 1 ni hukumatni tarqatib yuborishga majbur etdi. Iroqning eng boy shaxslaridan biri, to‘ntarishning faol tashkilotchisi Hikmat Sulaymon bosh vazir etib tayinlandi. Bakr Sidqiy esa Iroq armiyasi bosh shtabining boshlig‘i lavozimini egalladi. Hikmat Sulaymon hukumati «Milliy islohotlar hukumati» deb ataldi. Bu hukumat, hatto, davlat yerlarini yersiz dehqonlarga bo‘lib berishni va’da qildi. Biroq asosan katta yer egalari, qabila shayxlari va savdogarlardan iborat parlament agrar islohot o‘tkazishga yo‘l bermadi. Hikmat Sulaymon va Bakr Sidqiylar esa o‘z siyosiy muxoliflarini qatag‘on qilishni davom ettirdilar. Ayni paytda ular fashistlar Germaniyasi va Italiya bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tuta boshladilar. Bunga qarshi bir qator vazirlar hukumat tarkibidan chiqdi. Shu tariqa «Milliy islohotlar» hukumati barham topdi. Bu hol oxir-oqibatda inglizlar tarafdori bo‘lgan kuchlar tomonidan Bakr Sidqiyga qarshi fitnalar uyushtirilishiga olib keldi. 1937-yilning avgustida Sidqiy o‘ldirildi. 1939-yilning 25-dekabrida Nuri Said boshchiligida yangi hukumat tuzildi. 1939-yilning 3-aprelida qirol G‘ozi 1 halok bo‘ldi (avtomobil halokatida) va uning 4 yashar o‘g‘li qirol deb e’lon qilindi. Shu tariqa amalda butun hokimiyat Nuri Said qo‘lida to‘plandi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlangach, Iroq Germaniya bilan diplomatik aloqasini uzdi va o‘zining betarafligini e’lon qildi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, uning iqtisodiyoti amalda Buyuk Britaniyaga xizmat qildi. 1941-yilning 1-aprelida «Oltin kvadrat» deb atalgan harbiy tashkilot (Al-G‘ayloniy) davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdi. Biroq bu hol uzoq davom etmadi. 2-may kuni Buyuk Britaniya armiyasi harbiy harakat boshladi va Iroqni to‘la ishg‘ol etdi, yana Buyuk Britaniyaga xayrixoh kuchlar hukumati tiklandi. 1943-yilning 17-yanvarida Iroq Germaniya va Italiyaga qarshi urush e’lon qildi. Misr XIX asrning 80-yillarida Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasiga aylandi. Buyuk Britaniya hukmron doiralari Misrni metropoliya, xomashyo bazasiga aylantirdi. Mamlakatda saqlab qolingan qirollik hokimiyati amalda Buyuk Britaniya tayanchiga aylantirildi. Birinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan so‘ng ozodlik kurashining yangi to‘lqini boshlandi. Vatanparvar kuchlar «Misr vakillari» («Vadf Misri») deb atalgan tashkilot tuzdilar. U Misr mustaqilligi uchun kurashni boshqaruvchi tashkilot edi. Tashkilotni Saad Zag‘lul boshqardi. Tashkilot Misrga mustaqillik berishni talab etdi. Bunga javoban inglizlar «Misr vakillari»ning faoliyatini taqiqladi. S. Zag‘lul Malta oroliga surgun qilindi. Bular Misrda ozodlik qo‘zg‘alonining boshlanishiga turtki bo‘ldi. Misr. Mustaqillik uchun kurash Milliy tiklanish qiyinchiliklari 120 1919-yilning 9-may kuni Qohira aholisi namoyishga chiqdi. Namoyish uch kun davom etdi. «Misr — misrliklar uchun» shiori ostida o‘tkazilgan ushbu tinch namoyish mustamlakachilar tomonidan o‘qqa tutildi. Bu namoyishning qo‘zg‘alonga aylanib ketishiga olib keldi. Qo‘zg‘alon katta qiyinchilik bilan bo‘lsa-da, bostirildi. Aholi noroziligini pasaytirish uchun Saad Zag‘lul mamlakatga qaytarildi. Ayni paytda u Parij tinchlik konferensiyasiga ham yuborildi. Biroq Zag‘lul Misr mustaqilligining tan olinishiga erisholmadi. Aksincha, Misr ustidan Buyuk Britaniya protektorati tan olindi. Ammo Buyuk Britaniya hukmron doiralari Misrni bundan buyon eski usullar yordamida itoatda saqlab turish mumkin emasligini yaxshi tushunar edilar. Endi Buyuk Britaniya «yangi» — sinalgan yo‘lni tanladi. Bu yo‘l Misrga davlat mustaqilligi berish, biroq turli kuchli vositalar yordamida uning amalda Buyuk Britaniyaga qaramligini saqlab qolish yo‘li edi. Shu tariqa Buyuk Britaniya 1922-yilning 28-fevralida Misrning mustaqilligini tan oldi. Misr mustaqil suveren davlat deb e’lon qilindi. Buyuk Britaniya o‘zida Misr hududidagi imperiya yo‘llarini qo‘riqlash, Misrni chet el agressiyasidan himoya qilish, chet el manfaatlarini va kam sonli millat vakillarini himoya qilish huquqlarini saqlab qoldi. 1923-yilda qabul qilingan Konstitutsiya Buyuk Britaniyaning yuqorida sinab o‘tilgan huquqlarini qonunlashtirib qo‘ydi. Chet elliklarning barcha huquq va imtiyozlari saqlab qolindi. 1924-yilning yanvarida Saad Zag‘lul boshchiligida hukumat tuzildi. Saad Zag‘lul hukumati Sudan xalqining mustaqillik kurashini qo‘llab-quvvatlay boshladi. Shuning uchun Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Zag‘lulni hokimiyatdan chetlatishga qaror qildi. 1924-yilda misrlik terrorchi tomonidan Sudandagi ingliz general-gubernatori o‘ldirildi. Bundan Buyuk Britaniya Misrga qarshi harbiy harakat boshlashga bahona sifatida foydalandi. Natijada Zag‘lul hukumati iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Buyuk Britaniya bilan hamkorlik qilish tarafdorlaridan iborat yangi hukumat tuzildi. 1929—1933-yillardagi jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Misr xalqi turmush darajasiga katta salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Chet el monopoliyalari mamlakatni talay boshladi. Paxtachilik qisqardi. Soliq eski holicha qoldi. Shunday bir sharoitda 1930-yilda Buyuk Britaniya Misrga yanada haqoratli yangi shartnomani qabul qildirishga urindi. Lekin Bosh vazir Naxxas poshsho buni qabul qilmadi. Shundan so‘ng qirol Fuad Ismoil Sidqiyni Bosh vazir qilib tayinladi. Bu hol milliy-ozodlik kurashining yangi to‘lqini boshlanishiga sabab bo‘ldi. Ozodlik kurashi rahbarlariga qarshi repressiyani kuchaytirish maqsadida Misr hukumati 1930-yilning oktabrida 1923-yilgi Konstitutsiyani bekor qildi va parlamentning huquqlarini cheklovchi yangi Konstitutsiyani amalga kiritdi. 1934-yilda mamlakatda g‘alla yetishtiruvchilar manfaatini himoya Mustaqillikning qiyin so‘qmoqlari 121 qilish maqsadida import g‘allaga boj to‘lovini oshirdi. Bu esa nonning narxini oshirib yubordi, mamlakatda kuchli namoyishlar va ish tashlashlar yuz berishiga olib keldi. Shunday sharoitda Buyuk Britaniya yangi siyosiy vaziyatga mos yo‘l tanlashga majbur bo‘ldi. Uning ko‘rsatmasi bilan 1935- yilning dekabrida 1923-yil Konstitutsiyasi qayta tiklandi. 1936-yilning avgustida Buyuk Britaniya Misrni o‘zi uchun qulay shartnoma imzolashga majbur etdi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Misrdagi ingliz Oliy komissari endilikda elchi deb ataladigan bo‘ldi. Nomiga bo‘lsa-da, ingliz okkupatsiya rejimi bekor qilindi. Biroq shartnoma Buyuk Britaniyaga Suvaysh kanali zonasi, Qohira va Aleksandriya shaharlarida o‘z armiyasini saqlash huquqini berdi. Bundan tashqari, ingliz samolyotlari Misr hududi ustida uchish, Misr aerodromlariga qo‘nish huquqiga ega bo‘ldi. Armiya ingliz harbiy missiyasi nazoratiga olindi. Shuningdek, urush harakatlari boshlansa, Buyuk Britaniya Misr hududidan tayanch sifatida foydalana olar edi. Shu tariqa 1936-yilgi ingliz-misr shartnomasi amalda ingliz hukmronligini saqlab qoldi. 1939-yilda Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlangach, Misr Buyuk Britaniya tomonida turishini ma’lum qildi. 2-sentabr kuni Misr hukumati mamlakatda harbiy holat e’lon qildi. Mamlakat iqtisodiyoti Buyuk Britaniya manfaati uchun xizmat qilaboshladi. Qirol Faruh boshchiligidagi siyosiy kuchlar guruhi Germaniya va Italiya bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tutdi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi boshlarida Italiya armiyasi Misr hududlariga ham bostirib kirdi. Biroq bu holat uzoq davom etmadi. Ingliz armiyasi 1941- yilning boshlarida Italiya qo‘shinlarini Misrdan surib chiqardi. 1942-yilda fashistlar Germaniyasi agenturasi Misrda davlat to‘ntarishini tayyorlashga kirishdi. Bunga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik uchun qirol saroyini ingliz armiyasi egalladi va Buyuk Britaniya tarafdori bo‘lgan hukumat tuzildi. 1943-yilning may oyiga kelib butun shimoliy rayon nemis-italyan qo‘shinidan tozalandi. 1945-yilning fevral oyida Misr Germaniya va Yaponiyaga qarshi urush e’lon qildi. Bu Misrga Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti (BMT) ta’sis konferensiyasida qatnashish huquqini berdi. Yuqorida ta’kidlanganidek, XX asr boshlarida ham Jazoir Fransiya mustamlakasi zulmi ostida edi. (Fransiya Jazoirni 1830-yildayoq bosib olgan edi.) Birinchi jahon urushi yillarida Jazoir iqtisodiyoti Fransiya manfaatiga xizmat qildirildi. Fransiya armiyasi saflariga chaqirilgan jazoirliklardan front orti ishlarida foydalanilgan. Urush Fransiyani qiyin ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Bunday sharoitda mustamlakalarda milliy-ozodlik kurashi to‘lqinini pasaytirish nihoyatda muhim edi. Shu maqsadda metropoliya hukumati 1919-yilda Jazoir uchun alohida dekret chiqardi. Unga ko‘ra, soliq masalasida fransuzlar va jazoirliklar o‘rtasida mavjud notenglik tugatildi. Dehqonlar, savdogarlar, ziyolilar, sobiq harbiy xizmatchilar va davlat organlari, amaldorlarga mahalliy o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlariga o‘tkaziladigan saylovda qatnashish huquqi berildi. Jazoir 122 Biroq dekret jazoirliklarning boshqa masalalardagi huquqsizligiga daxl qilmadi. Jazoir xalqi milliy-ozodlik kurashini hech qachon to‘xtatgan emas. 1920-yilda Jazoir vatanparvarlari «Yosh jazoirlik» partiyasini tuzdilar. Partiyaga Jazoir xalqining qahramoni Abdul-Qodirning nabirasi Amir Holid rahbarlik qildi. Partiya jazoirliklar huquqini fransuzlar huquqiga tenglashtirishni, irqiy kamsitishni tugatishni, mahalliy aholidan Fransiya parlamentiga deputatlar saylanishiga ruxsat etilishini, matbuot va uyushmalarga birlashish kabi erkinliklar berilishini talab etdi. 1927-yilda «Saylangan musulmonlar federatsiyasi» tashkiloti hamda «Jazoir ulamolari ittifoqi» tashkil topdi va mustaqillik uchun kurashdi. 1929—1933-yillardagi jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi Jazoir iqtisodiyotiga katta talafot yetkazdi. Bu esa xalqning turmush darajasi yanada yomonlashuviga olib keldi. Buning ustiga to‘rt yil davom etgan qurg‘oqchilik oqibatida chorva mollarining 80 foizi qirilib ketdi. 1936-yilda Fransiyada hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan Xalq fronti hukumati mustamlakachilik tartibini yumshatishga qaratilgan qator o‘zgarishlarni joriy etdi. Tez orada Jazoir xalqining milliy-ozodlik kurashiga rahbarlik qiluvchi barcha kuchlarning umumjazoir yig‘ini — Musulmon Kongressi chaqirildi. Kongress Xalq frontini qo‘llab-quvvatlashini ma’lum qildi. Ayni paytda Kongress «Milliy xartiya» deb atalgan hujjat qabul qildi. Bu hujjatda mustamlakachilar joriy etgan, jazoirliklarni tahqirlovchi «yerli aholi kodeksi» ni bekor qilish talab etilgan edi. 1940-yilda Fransiya taslim bo‘lgach, Jazoir amalda fashistlarga qaram bo‘lib qoldi. Bu hol milliy burjuaziya orasida bo‘linish yuz berishiga olib keldi. Uning bir qismi Germaniya bilan, katta qismi esa Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH bilan hamkorlik qilish tarafdori edi. Biroq bu holat uzoq davom etmadi. 1942- yil noyabrida Shimoliy Afrikaga tashlangan ingliz-amerika qo‘shinlari nemisitalyan qo‘shinlariga qaqshatqich zarba berdi. Fashist qo‘shinlari Jazoirdan ham quvib chiqarildi. Lekin bu hodisa Jazoirni mustamlaka zulmidan ozod etmadi. U Fransiya mustamlakasi bo‘lib qolaverdi. Birinchi jahon urushi oxirigacha ham Marokashning katta qismi hali mustamlakachilar tomonidan amalda bosib olinmagan edi. Mamlakatning xuddi shu ozod qismida bo‘ysunmas qabilalarning o‘z davlatlari mustaqilligini saqlab qolish yo‘lidagi kurashi boshlandi. 1920-yilda Ispaniya Marokashning Rif viloyatini bosib olish niyatida hujum uyushtirdi. Ispan bosqinchilariga qarshi kurashga Muhammad Abdul Karim boshchilik qildi. 1921-yilning iyulida rifliklar ispan qo‘shinlarini tor-mor etdilar. Sentabr boshlarida Rif Respublikasi tuzilganligi e’lon qilindi. Abdul Karim Respublika prezidenti lavozimini egalladi. Bundan Marokashning bir qismini bosib olgan Fransiya mustamlakachilari tashvishga tushib qoldilar. Ular qo‘zg‘alon fransuz mustamlaka hududlariga ham tar- Marokash 123 qalib ketishidan qo‘rqdilar. Endi Fransiya Rif Respublikasini tugatish payiga tushdi. Shu maqsadda 1924-yilning yozida unga hujum qildi. Biroq Fransiya o‘zi rejalashtirgan oson g‘alabaga erisha olmadi. Endi u Ispaniya bilan birgalikda Rif Respublikasini qonga botirishga kirishdi. 1925-yilning sentabrida bu ikki davlat armiyasi birgalikda Rif Respublikasiga qarshi hujum boshladi. Urush harakatlari 1926-yilning may oyigacha davom etdi. Kuchlar teng bo‘lmagan bu urushda Rif Respublikasi armiyasi yengildi. Abdul Karim asir olindi. Shundan keyin ham qurolli qarshilik ko‘rsatish to‘xtamadi va 1934-yilgacha davom etdi. 1934-yilda Marokash milliy burjuaziyasi va ziyolilari «Mag‘ribchilar bloki» deb ataluvchi siyosiy tashkilot tuzdilar. Bu tashkilot Marokash sultoni hokimiyatini kengaytirishni talab etdi. Biroq mustamlakachilar bu talabni rad etdilar. 1937-yilda esa tashkilot faoliyati taqiqlandi. Ispaniya Marokashida Franko diktaturasi o‘rnatildi. 1940-yilda Fransiya Germaniya tomonidan tor-mor etilgach, Fransiya Marokashi Vishi hukumati nazorati ostiga o‘tdi. Shimoliy Afrikaga tashlangan ingliz-amerika qo‘shinlari fashistlar qo‘shinlarini tor-mor etgach, Marokashda Fransiya mustamlakachilik tartibi saqlanib qolaverdi. XX asr boshlarida Tunis ham Fransiya mustamlakasi edi. To‘g‘ri, mamlakatini nomiga bo‘lsada, Tunis biyi boshqargan. Vatanparvar kuchlar 1920-yilda «Dastur» (Konstitutsiya) deb atalgan partiya tuzdilar. Unda milliy burjuaziya yetakchi mavqega ega bo‘ldi. «Dastur» Parij Tinchlik konferensiyasi Fransiyani Tunisda keng islohotlar o‘tkazishga majbur etadi, deb umid qilardi. Shu maqsadda u o‘z delegatsiyasini 1920-yilda Parijga yubordi. Biroq bu umid puchga chiqdi. Tez orada «Dastur» mamlakatda juda katta obro‘ qozona oldi. Hatto, Tunis biyi ham uning talablariga qarshi chiqmadi. Oxir-oqibatda Fransiya yon berishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1922-yilning iyul oyida Fransiya hukumati Tunisda Konstitutsiyaviy islohotlar o‘tkazish haqida dekret chiqarishga majbur bo‘ldi. Unga ko‘ra, Tunisda Katta Kengash (parlament) tuzilishiga ruxsat etildi. Biroq unda fransuzlarning vakillari ko‘pchilikni tashkil etishi belgilab qo‘yildi. «Dastur » a’zolarining bir qismi bunga rozi bo‘lsa-da, advokat Habib Burg‘iba boshchiligidagi guruh undan norozi bo‘ldi. Bu guruh 1934-yilda «Yangi dastur» partiyasiga birlashdi. Tez orada partiya rahbarlari hibsga olindi. 1936-yilda Fransiyada Xalq frontining hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi mustaqil mamlakatlardagi siyosiy partiyalarning ochiq faoliyat ko‘rsatishiga imkon tug‘dirdi. Butun mamlakatni namoyish qoplab oldi. Namoyishchilar Tunisga mustaqillik talab etdilar. Ayni paytda «Yangi dastur» partiyasining obro‘si o‘sib bordi. Bu narsa Fransiya mustamlakachilarini cho‘chitib yubordi. 1938-yilning aprelida namoyishchilarga qarshi tanklar tashlandi. «Yangi dastur» rahbarlari hibsga olindi va partiya faoliyati taqiqlandi. 1939-yilda Tunisda qamal holati joriy etildi. Oldinda mustaqillik uchun kurashning azobli yo‘llari turardi. Tunis 124 SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Arab davlatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Suriya xalqining milliy-ozodlik kurashi haqida so‘zlab bering. Yusuf Azma kim edi? 3. Suriya qay tariqa mustaqillikka erishdi? 4. Iroq xalqining milliy-ozodlik kurashi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? Ja’far Abu Timman faoliyati qanday kechdi? 5. Misr qay tariqa mustaqillikka erishdi? 6. Suriya, Iroq va Misr xalqining ozodlik uchun kurash yo‘llarini taqqoslang. 7. Jazoir, Marokash va Tunisda mustaqillik uchun kurash qanday bordi? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. ARAB DAVLATLARIDA OZODLIK KURASHI Davlatlar Ozodlik kurashi xususiyatlari 14-§. Tropik va Janubiy Afrika davlatlari Tropik Afrika deganda Afrikaning shimoli va janubi orasidagi o‘lka hudud tushuniladi. XVII—XIX asrlar davomida bu hudud Yevropa davlatlari tomonidan bosib olingan. Chunonchi, Dagomeya, Kamerun, Senegal, Mali, Ruanda, Somali, Togo, Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi, Gvineya, Gabon, Chad, Kongo, Niger, Mavritaniya, Madagaskar va boshqalar Fransiya mustamlakalari edi. Buyuk Britaniya esa Gana, Malavi, Nyasalend, Uganda, Sudan, Keniya, Nigeriya, Serra-Leone, Gambiyaga egalik qilardi. Yevropaning biroz rivojlangan kichik davlatlari ham mustamlakalardan quruq qolmagan. Masalan, Belgiya hozirgi Zair hududiga (Belgiya Kongosi deb atalardi) egalik qilgan. Portugaliya esa Angola, Mozambik, Gviniya-Bisauni bosib olgan edi. Italiya Eriteriya hamda Somalining bir qismiga, Ispaniya esa Ekvatorial Gvineya hamda Ispan Saxarasiga egalik qildi. Janubiy Afrika davlatlariga bugungi Janubiy Afrika Respublikasi, Zimbabve, Zambiya, Namibiya, Botsvana, Lesoto, Svazilend kabi davlatlar kiradi. Ularning barchasiga Buyuk Britaniya egalik qilgan. Afrikada bosib olinmagan rasmiy mustaqil ikki davlat qolgan edi, xolos. Bular — Efiopiya va Liberiya davlatlari edi. Urushdan so‘ng Germaniyaning Afrikadagi mustamlakalari Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Portugaliya va Belgiya o‘rtasida taqsimlandi. Ko‘pchiligi asosan Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya mandati nazoratiga berilgan. 1919-yil Parij sulh konferensiyasi qarorlariga muvofiq Millatlar Ittifoqi mandatli nazoratga berilgan hududlar uch kategoriyaga Birinchi jahon urushidan keyingi Afrika siyosiy xaritasi ? 125 bo‘lindi (A, B, D). Uning muallifi Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqi Bosh vaziri Yan Smets edi. «A» kategoriyaga nisbatan rivojlangan davlatlar kiritilgan (Suriya, Livan, Falastin, Iordaniya va Iroq). Afrikaning birorta davlati bu kategoriyaga kiritilmagan. «B» kategoriyaga Germaniyaning Afrikadagi sobiq mustamlakalari (Janubi-g‘arbiy Afrikadan tashqari) kiritilgan. Bu kategoriyaga kiritilgan hududlarni boshqarish mandatiga ega bo‘lgan davlatlar oldiga qator shartlar qo‘yilgan: jumladan, qul, qurol, spirtli ichimlik savdosiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik; vijdon va din erkinligini kafolatlash, jamiyat va axloqiy tartibni saqlash. «D» kategoriyasiga eng qoloq hududlar kiritilgan. Ularni mandat berilgan davlat o‘z qonunlari asosida boshqarish huquqiga ega bo‘lgan. Shu tariqa Afrika hamon amalda mustamlaka holatida qolaverdi. Uni qoloqlik chulg‘ab olgan edi. Milliy daromadning 90 foizi eng sodda mehnat qurollari qo‘llaniluvchi qishloq xo‘jaligidan kelardi. Turmush darajasi dunyoda eng past qit’a edi. Ochlik, qashshoqlik va kasallik afrikaliklarning kundalik qismati edi. Afrikaning mahalliy aholisi har jihatdan kamsitilgan edi. Uning behisob tabiiy boyliklari esa mustamlakachi davlatlar manfaatlariga xizmat qilar edi. Bu davrga kelib «Britaniya imperiyasi otasi» Sesil Rodsning Qohiradan Keyptaungacha yerlarni egallash haqidagi orzusi ushaldi. Afrika xalqining haq-huquqlari uchun kurashi Panafrika harakati deb atalgan harakatni vujudga keltirdi. Bu harakatning tashabbuskori advokat G. Silvestr Uilyam edi. Harakat negr xalqining manfaatlarini himoya qilish maqsadida tuzildi. Uning kongresslarini tayyorlash va o‘tkazishda doktor Uilyam Dyubua katta jasorat ko‘rsatdi. U dunyoda o‘zining negrafrika tarixiga oid asarlari bilan mashhur edi. Harakatning 1- kongressi 1919-yilda Parij shahrida chaqirildi. Unda 15 davlat (shu jumladan, 9 ta Afrika davlati) vakillari qatnashdi. Uning Afrika davlatini tuzish loyihasi bor edi. Kongress Parij konferensiyasini afrikaliklar manfaatini himoya qilishga qaratilgan xalqaro kodeksni ishlab chiqishga chaqirdi. Kongress taklifida yer va uning boyliklari afrikaliklar manfaati uchun xizmat qilishi; chet el investitsiyasi Afrikani xonavayron qilmasligi; qulchilik, majburiy mehnatning va tan jazosining bekor qilinishi; koloniyadagi bolalarga jamoat hisobidan ta’lim berilishi; yerli aholiga oliy va o‘rta ma’lumot olish uchun sharoit yaratilishi kabilar ilgari surilgan edi. Bundan tashqari, mahalliy aholi vakillariga boshqaruv organlarida ishtirok etish huquqi berilishi ham qayd etilgan edi. Shuningdek, Kongress Germaniya mustamlakalarining alohida davlatlar nazoratiga emas, xalqaro tashkilot nazoratiga berilishini so‘ragan. Bu davrda Panafrika harakatining avj olishiga garvizm ham sabab bo‘ldi. Amerikalik negr Markus Garvi 1920-yilda «Orqaga, Afrikaga!» shiori bilan chiqdi va o‘zini Afrikaning birinchi imperatori deb e’lon qildi. Afrika xalqlarining o‘z haq-huquqlari uchun kurashi 126 Ikkinchi jahon urushigacha yana 3 ta Kongress o‘tkazildi. Kongress ilgari surgan g‘oyalar keyinchalik milliy-ozodlik harakatining kuchayishida ma’lum darajada ijobiy ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Yillar o‘tishi bilan Afrika davlatlarida ham milliy burjuaziya va ziyolilar shakllandi. Afrika xalqlari ozodlik uchun kurashdilar. Ular siyosiy partiyalar tuzilguniga qadar kurashning o‘ziga xos shakllaridan, jumladan mustamlakachilikka qarshi kurashda xristian dinining millatparvarlik g‘oyalaridan foydalandilar. Mustamlakachilarni ana shu g‘oyalarga amal qilishga chaqirdilar. Vaqtli matbuot ziyolilar uchun o‘z fikrlarini vatandoshlariga yetkazish vositasi bo‘lib xizmat qildi. Ba’zi davlatlarda aholining mahalliy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan kichik-kichik uyushmalari tuzildi. Ular mustamlakachi ma’murlar oldida mahalliy aholi manfaatlarini himoya qildilar. Afrikada siyosiy partiyalar ichida yirigi 1912- yilda Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqida tashkil topgan Afrika Milliy Kongressi edi. 20-yillarda mustamlakalar rivojlangan davlatlarning xomashyo bazasiga aylanib qoldi. Har bir mamlakat asta-sekin ixtisoslasha boshladi. Tropik va Janubiy Afrika dunyodagi olmosning 97 foizini, kobaltning 92 foizini, oltinning 40 foizini, platinaning uchdan bir qismini berar edi. Talonchilik avj oldi. Mustamlakalarda assimilatsiya kuchaytirildi. Tub joy aholisining ahvoli og‘irlashdi. Aparteid va segregatsiya avj oldi. Ayniqsa, Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqida bu narsa yaqqol ko‘rindi. Afrikaliklar uchun ajratilgan yerlar (rezervatlar) mamlakatning 12 foizini tashkil qilib, bu yerlar qishloq xo‘jaligi uchun juda noqulay edi. Rezervatlarda aholining zich yashashi va yer kamligi ularni boshqa yerlarga borib ishlashga majbur qilardi. Bundan tashqari «uy solig‘i» bo‘lib, uni to‘lash uchun pulni faqat «yevropacha» xo‘jalikda ishlab topish mumkin edi. Afrikalik kishi oq fermerning yerida unga bir yilda 90 kun ishlab bergandagina yashashi mumkin edi. Shu bilan birga yevropalik ishchilar bilan afrikalik ishchilar o‘rtasida raqobat kelib chiqdi. Chunki afrikaliklar arzon ishchi kuchi edi. Bu 1922- yilda Vitvatersrandeda qurolli qo‘zg‘alon kelib chiqishiga sabab bo‘ldi. Bosh vazir Yan Smets shaxtyorlarga qarshi artilleriya va aviatsiya qismi bo‘lgan 18 ming kishilik armiya tashladi. 5 kunlik qattiq to‘qnashuvda 500 ga yaqin kishi halok bo‘ldi va yarador qilindi. 6000 shaxtyor qamoqqa olindi, 2 tasi o‘lim jazosiga hukm qilindi. 1929—1933-yillardagi jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi davrida Afrika xalqining ahvoli yanada og‘irlashdi. Janubiy Afrikada qurg‘oqchilik bo‘lib, rezervat aholisi ochlikdan, kasallikdan qirila boshladi. Ustiga ustak jahon bozorida olmos narxi pasayishi natijasida ko‘plab olmos konlari bekilib, minglab shaxtyorlar ishsiz qoldilar. 1933-yilda Janubiy Afrika Ittifoqida koalitsion hukumat tuzildi. General M. Gersog Bosh vazir, Ya. Smets esa uning o‘rinbosari bo‘ldi. Diskriminatsiya kuchaydi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi yillarida Efiopiya, Italiya Somalisi va Eriteriya hududida urush harakatlari bo‘ldi. 1941-yilda bu yerlarni ingliz qo‘shinlari qo‘lga oldi. Lekin Afrikadan juda ko‘p odamlar, jumladan, Senegal o‘qchilari urushga olindi. 127 Gitler Germaniyasi Janubiy Afrikadagi fashistik tashkilotlarga, bur millatchilariga va u yerda yashovchi bir necha o‘n ming nemislarga umid bog‘lagan edi. Mamlakatda ish ko‘rayotgan «Sariq ko‘ylaklar» fashistik tashkiloti to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri Berlindan boshqarilar edi. Mudofaa vaziri fashizm tarafdori Pirou armiyani shunday holga keltirib qo‘ygan ediki, u endi jiddiy harbiy operatsiyalarda ishtirok etishga qodir emas edi. Janubiy afrikalik fashistlar, ayniqsa, 1941—1942-yillarda o‘z faoliyatlarini kuchaytirdilar. Chunki bu davrda Afrikaning shimolida Germaniyaning «Afrika korpusi» hujum boshlagan edi. Mamlakatda keng tarmoqli josuslik yo‘lga qo‘yilgan bo‘lib, shaxtalar, temir yo‘llar, elektrstansiyalarda portlatishlar o‘tkazildi. Milliy partiya esa Germaniyaga qarshi urushda ittifoqchilar yengib chiqolmaydilar deb, parlamentda urushdan chiqish masalasini qo‘ydi. Bu davrda yana Bosh vazirlik lavozimini egallagan Yan Smets irqiy segregatsiyadan voz kechish, ya’ni afrikalik askarlarni o‘t ochuvchi qurollar bilan qurollantirish haqida qaror chiqardi. Chunki unga afrikaliklardan tayanch kerak edi. Oldin afrikalik askarlarga o‘t ochuvchi qurollar berilmasdi. Ular faqat nayza va cho‘qmorlar bilan qurollangan edilar. Armiyada 70 ming afrikalik va 40 ming metis askar bo‘lib, ular Shimoliy Afrikadagi va Yevropadagi harbiy harakatlarda ishtirok etdilar. Urush davrida ishlab chiqarish kengaydi. Bronemashina va yirik kalibrli minomyotlar ham ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. Ishchi kuchiga bo‘lgan talab ortdi. Shunday qilib, Janubiy va Tropik Afrika hali Yevropa davlatlariga qaram va oldinda milliy-ozodlik harakatining mashaqqatli yo‘llari turar edi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Birinchi jahon urushi Afrika xaritasiga qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatdi? 2. Panafrika harakati qanday harakat edi? 3. Mustamlakachilarning Tropik va Janubiy Afrikada olib borgan siyosatlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 4. A, B, D kategoriyalar nima? 5. Afrikaliklar o‘z haq-huquqlari uchun qanday kurashdilar? 6. Rezervat nima? Segregatsiyani qanday tushunasiz? 7. Ikkinchi jahon urushida afrikaliklar ishtiroki haqida so‘zlab bering. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. DARSLIK MATNI BILAN ISHLASH Mustamlakachi davlatlar Mustamlakalar ? 128 Ikkinchi jahon urushining boshlanishi 3-bob. IKKINCHI JAHON URUSHI 15-§. Ikkinchi jahon urushi va uning yakunlari Ikkinchi jahon urushi 1939-yilning 1-sentabridan 1945-yilning 2-sentabrigacha, ya’ni 6 yil davom etdi. Bu urush dunyoning 61 davlatini o‘z domiga tortdi. Ularda dunyo aholisining 80 foizi yashar edi. Armiya saflariga jami 110 mln kishi safarbar etildi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi tarixda eng dahshatli, eng ko‘p talafot va katta vayrongarchilik keltirgan urush sifatida iz qoldirdi. Chunonchi, maxsus adabiyotlarda qayd etilishicha, bu urushda 65—67 mln kishi halok bo‘lgan. Ularning yarmi tinch aholi edi. Vayrongarchilikdan ko‘rilgan zarar va urush xarajati birgalikda 4 trillion dollarni tashkil etdi. Bu urush ayni paytda eng dahshatli qurollar ishlatilgan urush ham edi. Urush oxirida hatto raketa quroli hamda atom bombasi yaratildi va ular insoniyatga qarshi ishlatildi. Fashizmning dunyoga hukmron bo‘lishga intilishi va insoniyat boshiga keltirishi mumkin bo‘lgan kulfati antifashistik kuchlarni birlashtirdi. Erksevar xalqlar birgalikda fashizmga qarshi kurashdilar. Va, nihoyat, g‘alaba ham qozondilar. Biroq bu g‘alabaga osonlikcha erishilmadi. Avvalgi mavzuda qayd etilgandek, 1939-yilning 1- sentabrida Germaniya Polshaga hujum qildi. Bunga javoban Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qildilar va shu tariqa urush boshlanib ketdi. Polsha armiyasi kam sonli va yaxshi qurollanmagan edi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, u jasorat bilan qarshilik ko‘rsatdi. Lekin kuchlar teng bo‘lmagani uchun Polsha armiyasi ikki hafta ichida tor-mor etildi. 17- sentabr kuni Polsha hukumati Prezident Ridz Smigli boshchiligida mamlakatni tashlab, chet elga chiqib ketdi. Xuddi shu kuni Germaniya bilan kelishuvga binoan sovetlarning 200 mingdan ortiq jangchi va zobitlari Polshaga bostirib kirdi hamda 28-sentabr kuni Moskvada Sovet davlati va Germaniya o‘rtasida «Do‘stlik va chegara to‘g‘risida» shartnoma imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, mustaqil Polsha davlati tugatildi va bo‘lib olindi. Ayni paytda G‘arbiy Ukraina va G‘arbiy Belorussiya Sovet davlatiga berildi. Polshaning Germaniya bilan chegaradosh bo‘lgan yerlari Germaniyaga o‘tdi. U yerda nemis general-gubernatorligi tuzildi. 1939-yilning 28- sentabrida imzolangan sovet-german shartnomasiga ko‘ra, sovet hukumati Boltiqbo‘yi respublikalaridan Sovetlar armiyasini bu respublikalarda joylashtirish va o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolashni talab etdi. Boltiqbo‘yi respublikalarining bu talabga bo‘ysunmaslikka ilojlari yo‘q edi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi haqida 129 30-noyabr kuni sovet armiyasi Finlandiyaga hujum qildi. Bu qilmishi uchun Sovet davlati Millatlar Ligasidan chiqarildi. (Millatlar Ligasiga 1934- yilda qabul qilingan edi.) Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qilgan bo‘lsalar-da, biroq faol harbiy harakatlar boshlamadilar. Germaniya armiyasining asosiy kuchlari Polsha bilan band bo‘lib qolgan paytda bunday imkoniyat bor edi. Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaning bu pozitsiyasi 1940- yilning bahorigacha davom etdi. Ularning faolsizligi urush tarixiga «g‘alati urush» nomi bilan kirdi. Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya o‘zlarining qudratli harbiy-dengiz flotlari kuchi bilan Germaniyani blokada iskanjasiga olishni rejalashtirgan edilar. Ayni paytda ular Fransiya — Germaniya chegarasida Fransiya bunyod etgan kuchli mudofaa inshootlari Germaniyaning g‘arbga hujumga o‘tishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaydi, bordi-yu hujumga o‘tganda ham, uni yorib o‘ta olmaydi, deb ishondilar. Bu orada Sovet qo‘shinlari Finlandiya armiyasini mag‘lubiyatga uchratdi. 1940-yil 12-martda sovet-fin tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, Kareliya bo‘g‘ozi Viborg shahri bilan birgalikda Sovet davlatiga o‘tdi. Aprel oyida Germaniya armiyasi G‘arbiy frontda hujumga o‘tdi. 9-aprel kuni Daniya va Norvegiya bosib olindi. 14-may kuni Gollandiya, 28-may kuni esa Belgiya taslim bo‘ldi. Shimoliy Fransiyada joylashgan ingliz-fransuz harbiy qismlari qurshovga tushib qoldi. Biroq ularning katta qismi ko‘p talafotlar bilan Buyuk Britaniyaga o‘tib ketishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. O‘z ittifoqchisi Germaniyaning birin-ketin zafarli g‘alabalaridan ruhlangan Italiya 10-iyun kuni Fransiya va Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi urushga kirdi. Qisqa muddat ichida Fransiya qo‘shinining katta qismi tor-mor etildi. 14-iyunda nemislar Parijni egalladi. 22-iyun kuni Kompen o‘rmonida Germaniya va Fransiya o‘rtasida yarash bitimi imzolandi. 25-iyun kuni shunday yarash bitimi Italiya bilan Fransiya o‘rtasida ham imzolandi. Bu bitimlarga, ko‘ra Fransiya harbiy harakatlarni to‘xtatdi. Armiya va flotni qurolsizlantirdi. Pol Reyno hukumati iste’fo berdi. Germaniya Fransiya hududining uchdan ikki qismini okkupatsiya qildi. Parij shahri ham okkupatsiya hududi tarkibida edi. Okkupatsiya qilinmagan hududda marshal Peten boshchiligida qo‘g‘irchoq hukumat tuzildi va uncha katta bo‘lmagan Vishi shahrida joylashdi hamda Peten hukumati Germaniya bilan hamkorlik qilish majburiyatini oldi. Dastlab Fransiyaning barcha yirik siyosiy arboblari va mustamlakalardagi ma’muriyatlar Peten hukumatini tan olishdi. Faqat u davrda hali mashhur bo‘lmagan general de Goll yarash bitimini ham, Peten hukumatini ham tan olmadi. U Buyuk Britaniyaga jo‘nab ketdi. U yerda «Erkin Fransiya» harakatini tuzdi va barcha vatanparvar kuchlarni Germaniyaga qarshi kurashga chaqirdi. G‘arbiy frontdagi ahvol 9 — Jahon tarixi 130 Shimoliy Afrikada urush harakatlari Asosiy raqiblari G‘arbiy frontda bandligidan foydalangan Sovet davlati o‘z hududini yanada kengaytirishga kirishdi. 1940-yilning 14—16- iyunida Sovet hukumati Boltiqbo‘yi respublikalariga ultimatum topshirdi. Unda hukumat tarkibini o‘zgartirishga va Sovetlarning qo‘shimcha harbiy kuchlarini kiritishga rozilik berish talab etilgan edi. Ular noiloj rozi bo‘ldilar. Sovet hukumati shu tariqa Boltiqbo‘ yini bosib oldi. Boltiqbo‘yi respublikalari amalda o‘z mustaqilligini yo‘qotdilar. Litva, Latviya va Estoniya Sovet respublikalariga aylantirildi va 1940-yilning avgustida bu respublikalar Sovet davlati tarkibiga «qabul qilindi». 26-iyun kuni Sovet davlati Ruminiyadan Bessarabiyani zudlik bilan qaytarishni va Shimoliy Bukovinani berishni talab etdi. Ruminiya bu talablarni bajarishga majbur bo‘ldi va bu joylarda Moldova Respublikasi tuzildi va hamda Sovet davlati tarkibiga «qabul qilindi». Fransiya taslim bo‘lgach, Germaniya va Italiyaga qarshi yolg‘iz Buyuk Britaniya urush harakatlari olib borardi. Buyuk Britaniya bosh vaziri U. Cherchill Germaniyaga taslim bo‘lishdan bosh tortdi. Endi Germaniya harbiy-dengiz floti kuchi bilan Buyuk Britaniyani bir yoqli qilishga bel bog‘ladi. Biroq buning uddasidan chiqa olmadi. Buyuk Britaniya floti dunyoda eng qudratli flotligicha qolmoqda edi. Germaniya 1940-yil 15-avgustda harbiy-havo kuchlarini Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi tashladi («Dengiz sheri» operatsiyasi). Biroq Buyuk Britaniya harbiyhavo kuchlari ham Germaniyanikidan qolishmas edi. Shunday qilib, Germaniya Buyuk Britaniyani mag‘lubiyatga uchratishga erisha olmadi. Ayni paytda AQSH Buyuk Britaniyaga yordam bera boshladi. 1941-yilning bahorida AQSH Kongressi Qo‘shma Shtatlar hayotiy manfaatlari uchun mudofaasi muhim bo‘lgan davlatlarga lend-liz asosida yordam berish haqida qonun qabul qildi. Buyuk Britaniya davlati mudofaasi AQSH hayotiy manfaatlari uchun muhim edi. Italiya 1940-yilning yozida Sharqiy va Shimoliy Afrikadagi dengiz mustamlakalariga qarshi harbiy harakatlar boshladi. Birinchi nishon Somali va Misr bo‘ldi. Italiya armiyasi dastlab muvaffaqiyatga erisha boshladi. Biroq 1940-yilning oxiriga kelganda Buyuk Britaniya armiyasi Italiya armiyasi harakatini to‘xtata oldi. 1941-yil bahorida Buyuk Britaniya armiyasi Efiopiya partizanlari bilan birgalikda Italiya armiyasini Somali va Efiopiyadan surib chiqarishga va ayni paytda Liviyaning bir qismini egallashga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Sovet davlati hududining yanada kengayishi Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi harbiy harakatlar 131 1940-yilning 28-oktabrida Italiya Gretsiyaga hujum qildi. 1941-yilning 6-aprelida Germaniya armiyasi Italiyaga yordamga keldi va natijada 17-aprelda Yugoslaviya, 23-aprelda Gretsiya taslim bo‘ldi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Gretsiyadagi ingliz korpusini Misrga evakuatsiya qilishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1941-yilning yozigacha Germaniya va Italiya Yevropaning 12 davlatini zabt etishga ulgurdilar. Bosib olingan davlatlarda fashistlarning okkupatsiya tartibi o‘rnatildi. Fashistlar o‘zlarining bu tartibini «yangi tartib» deb atadilar. Yangi tartibga ko‘ra, demokratik erkinliklar tugatildi; siyosiy partiyalar va kasaba uyushmalari faoliyati taqiqlandi. Ish tashlash va mitinglar o‘tkazish man etildi. Bo‘ysunmaganlar o‘lim lagerlariga tashlandi. Polsha va Germaniyada tashkil etilgan konsentratsion lagerlar aslida o‘lim fabrikalari edi. Fashistlarning jinoyatchi rahbarlari millionlab kishilarni qirib yuborish uchun maxsus rejalarni ishlab chiqdilar. Rejaga ko‘ra, o‘lim fabrikalarida 11 mln kishining yostig‘ini quritdi. Bosib olingan davlatlar iqtisodiyoti bosqinchilar manfaati uchun mahsulot ishlab chiqara boshladi. Biroq «yangi tartib» ijodkorlarining jinoyatlariga befarq qarab turilmadi. Har bir bosib olingan davlatdan Qarshilik ko‘rsatish harakati vujudga keldi. Bu harakat a’zolari mumkin bo‘lgan barcha vositalar bilan umumiy dushman — fashizmga qarshi kurashdek muqaddas ishga baholi qudrat hissa qo‘shdilar. Bu harakatda turli millatlar, turli siyosiy va diniy qarash- Bolqondagi urush harakatlari. Fashistlarning yangi tartibi Fashistlarning o‘lim lageri. 132 dagi, turli e’tiqoddagi kishilar — sotsial-demokratlar, kommunistlar, partiyasizlar, ateistlar, xristianlar, musulmonlar, buddistlar va boshqalar qatnashdilar. Buyuk Britaniyani mag‘lubiyatga uchratish rejasi barbod bo‘lgach, Germaniya endi Sovet davlatini bosib olishga qaror qildi. Bu ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma tub manfaat oldida oddiy bir qog‘oz bo‘lib qoldi. Berilgan va’da va lafzga xiyonat qilindi. Germaniya allaqachon sovet davlatiga qarshi urush rejasiga ega edi. U tarixga «Barbarossa rejasi» nomi bilan kirgan (Fridrix 1 Barbarossa davlat yerlarini Sharq hisobiga kengaytirish tashkilotchilaridan biri edi). Germaniya Sovet davlatiga hujum qilish oldidan o‘z ittifoqchilari bilan aloqalarni yanada mustahkamladi. Shu maqsadda 1940-yilning 27-sentabrida «Uchlar ittifoqi» (Germaniya — Yaponiya — Italiya) shartnomasi tuzildi. Bu shartnoma amalda dunyoni qayta bo‘lish shartnomasi edi. Tez orada bu shartnomaga Ruminiya, Vengriya va Bolgariya ham qo‘shildi va ular hududiga Germaniya armiyasi joylashtirildi. Har tomonlama puxta hozirlik ko‘rgan Germaniya 1941-yilning 22- iyunida erta tongda urush e’lon qilmay Sovet davlatiga hujum qildi. Shu tariqa, Sovet—Germaniya urushi boshlandi (bu urush sovet davri adabiyotlarida «Ulug‘ Vatan urushi» deb talqin etilgan). Germaniya o‘z qurolli kuchlarining deyarli 80 foizini sovetlarga qarshi tashladi. Bu front amalda Ikkinchi jahon urushining asosiy frontiga aylandi. Germaniya dastlab Sovet armiyasiga qaqshatqich zarba bera oldi. Bunga armiyaning 40 mingga yaqin rahbarlar tarkibi repressiya qilinganligi, I. Stalinning Germaniya Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi urushni tugallamay turib, ikkinchi frontda urush qilolmaydi, degan ishonchi sabab bo‘ldi. Shuning uchun ham u armiyani to‘la harbiy tayyorgarlik holatiga keltirish haqida buyruq bermagan edi. I. Stalin hatto Sovet razvedkasining aniq ma’lumotlarini ig‘vogarlik, deb hisoblagan edi. Sovetlar armiyasi mardlarcha qarshilik ko‘rsatib, qadam-baqadam chekinishga majbur bo‘ldi, lekin juda katta talafotlar berildi. 1941-yilning qishiga kelib nemis armiyasi Boltiqbo‘yi, Moldova, Ukraina, Belorussiyani egalladi, Leningrad shahrini blokada qildi. Moskvaga esa yaqinlashib qolgan edi. Biroq Germaniya o‘z maqsadiga erisha olmadi. U 6—7 hafta ichida urushni tugallashni rejalashtirgan edi. 1941-yilning dekabr oyida Sovet armiyasi qarshi hujumga o‘tishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Bu hujum natijasida nemis armiyasi Moskvadan 100—250 km gacha uzoqlikka uloqtirib tashlandi. Moskva ostonalarida erishilgan g‘alaba Germaniyaning yashin tezligidagi urush rejasini barbod qildi. Biroq dushman hali kuchli edi. Sovetlarga qarshi urushning boshlanishi 133 1942-yilning yozida Sharqiy frontda nemis armiyasi yangi hujum boshladi. Ular kuzda Stalingrad va Kavkazga chiqishga muvaffaq bo‘ldilar. Biroq shu chegarada Sovet armiyasi nemislar hujumini to‘xtatib qola oldi. 1941-yilning 2-iyulida Yaponiya hukumati urush harakatlarini boshlash haqida qaror qabul qildi. 7-dekabr kuni Yaponiya harbiy-dengiz floti aviatsiyasi AQSHning Gavay orollarida joylashgan Pirl-Xarbor buxtasida joylashgan harbiy-dengiz kuchlariga hujum boshladi. AQSH floti katta talafot ko‘rdi. Ayni paytda Yaponiya harbiy floti va aviatsiyasi AQSH va Buyuk Britaniyaning Filippin orollarida joylashgan kuchlariga ham hujum uyushtirdi. Filippin, Malayziya va Indoneziyaga desant tashladi. Tailandni ham bosib oldi va o‘zining navbatdagi hujumini Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi — Birmaga qaratdi. Shu tariqa 1942-yilning yoziga kelib Yaponiya Osiyoning deyarli barcha yirik davlatlarini bosib olishga ulgurdi. Yaponiya qo‘shinlari g‘arbda Hindiston, janubda esa Avstraliya chegaralarigacha yetib keldi. Faqat 1942- yilning yozida AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya Yaponiya armiyasining zafarli harakatini to‘xtata oldi. Germaniya ittifoqchilarining Sovet davlatiga, Yaponiyaning esa AQSH hamda Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi urush harakatlarini boshlashi fashist agressorlariga qarshi kurashuvchi davlatlar koalitsiyasini (ittifoqini) tuzish masalasini kun tartibiga qo‘ydi. Bunday koalitsiya tuzish zarurligi va uning maqsadlari Buyuk Britaniya bosh ministri U. Cherchill va AQSH Prezidenti F. Ruzvelt 1941-yil avgustda imzolagan «Atlantik nizom»da o‘z ifodasini topdi. Sovet davlati ham «Atlantik nizom»ga qo‘shildi. 1942-yil 26-mayda Londonda Sovet davlati bilan Buyuk Britaniya o‘rtasida 20 yilga mo‘ljallangan va «Gitler Germaniyasi va uning Yevropadagi sheriklariga qarshi urushda ittifoqlik va urushdan keyingi hamkorlik hamda o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risida» deb atalgan shartnoma imzolandi. 10-iyunda esa Vashingtonda o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risida sovetamerika bitimi imzolandi. Ungacha AQSH lend-liz to‘g‘risidagi qonunni Sovet davlatiga nisbatan ham qo‘llay boshlagan edi. Shu tariqa uch buyuk davlat o‘rtasida harbiysiyosiy ittifoq vujudga keldi. Ittifoqchilar o‘rtasida xalqaro masalalar va ularni hal etish yo‘llari xususida chuqur ziddiyatlar mavjud bo‘lsa-da, bu ittifoq Yevropa va Osiyoda agressorlarni tor-mor etishda beqiyos katta tarixiy rol o‘ynadi. 1942-yil kuzga kelib Sovet davlati, AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya agressor davlatlar Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiyaga nisbatan 5 baravar ko‘p artilleriya qurollari va minomyot, 3 baravar ko‘p samolyot va 10 baravar ko‘p tank ishlab chiqara boshladilar. Bu hol 1942-yilning Yaponiyaning urushga kirishi Fashistlarga qarshi koalitsiyaning vujudga kelishi Urushning borishidagi tub burilish 134 Antifashistik va milliy ozodlik kurashining kuchayishi oxirida antifashistik ittifoqqa gitlerchilarga qarshi hujumga o‘tish imkonini berdi. 1942-yilning 19-noyabrida mashhur Stalingrad jangi boshlandi. U 1943- yilning 2-fevraligacha davom etdi. Bu jangda Germaniyaning saralangan armiyasi tor-mor etildi. 1943-yilning yozida esa mashhur Kursk jangi bo‘lib o‘tdi. «Tanklar jangi» nomi bilan tarixga kirgan bu jangda ham Sovet qo‘shinlari g‘alaba qozondi. Shu jangdan so‘ng Germaniya armiyasi Sharqiy frontda hujum qilish qobiliyatini butunlay yo‘qotdi. Ayni paytda 1942-yilning kuzida Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH qurolli kuchlari ham hujumga o‘tgan edi. Chunonchi, 1942-yilning 8-noyabrida Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH Shimoliy Afrikaga (Marokash va Jazoirga) yirik desant tashladi. Ittifoqchilarga u yerdagi fransuz armiyasi ham qo‘shildi. Misrda ham Buyuk Britaniya armiyasi jangga shay turar edi. Ularning barchasi AQSH generali D. Eyzenxauer qo‘mondonligida hujum boshladilar. Bu hujum natijasida Shimoliy Afrikadagi italyan-nemis armiyasi tormor etildi va O‘rta dengizda ittifoqchilar nazorati o‘rnatildi. Italiyaga bostirib kirish uchun yo‘l ochildi. 1943-yil 10-iyul kuni ingliz-amerika armiyasi Italiyaning janubiga tashlandi. Italiya hukmron doiralari Mussoliniga nisbatan fitna uyushtirdilar. 25- iyul kuni unga nisbatan ishonchsizlik bildirildi va Italiya qirolining buyrug‘i bilan u hibsga olindi. 8-sentabr kuni Italiya antifashist ittifoqchilar bilan yarash bitimi imzoladi va urushdan chiqdi. Shunday qilib, Stalingrad, Kursk janglari va Italiyaning taslim bo‘lishi Ikkinchi jahon urushida tub burilish yasadi. Endi agressorlarning mag‘lubiyatga uchrashi muqarrar bo‘lib qoldi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Germaniya armiyasi qo‘l qovushtirib o‘tirmadi, u Shimoliy va Markaziy Italiyani bosib oldi va ingliz-amerika armiyasining yo‘lini to‘sdi. Gitler o‘ziga eng sodiq shaxslardan iborat Otto Skorseni boshliq desantchilarni Mussolinini qutqarib kelishga yubordi. Ular bu vazifaning uddasidan chiqdilar. Mussolini Shimoliy Italiyaga olib kelindi va bu yerda Germaniyaga bo‘ysunuvchi qo‘g‘irchoq hukumatga boshliq etib qo‘yildi. Ikkinchi jahon urushida tub burilish ro‘y berishi va uning Germaniya hamda uning ittifoqchilarining mag‘lubiyatini muqarrar qilib qo‘yishi bosib olingan davlatlarda antifashistik va milliy-ozodlik uchun kurashuvchi kuchlarni ruhlantirib yubordi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, ularning kurashni yanada kuchaytirishlariga olib keldi. Nemislar asirligidan qochishga muvaffaq bo‘lgan turli millat vakillari, shu jumladan, o‘zbeklar ham chet davlatlardagi qarshilik ko‘rsatish harakatlarida dushmanlarga qarshi qahramonlarcha jang qildilar. G‘arbiy Yevropada qudratli qarshilik ko‘rsatish harakati markazi Fransiya va Italiya edi. Fransiyaning barcha vatanparvar kuchlari 1943-yilda Qarshilik 135 ko‘rsatish milliy kengashiga birlashdilar va general de Gollning rahbarligini tan oldilar. Yugoslaviya, Gretsiya, Albaniya, Polsha, Chexoslovakiya va boshqa davlatlarda ham qarshilik harakati nihoyatda kuchaydi. Bunday harakat Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda ham vujudga keldi. Yer sharining bu mintaqa xalqlari Yaponiya bosqinchilariga qarshi milliy-ozodlik kurashini kuchaytirdilar. Chunonchi, 1943-yilning oxirida partizan otryadlari Shimoliy Vetnamning bir qismini ozod etishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Xitoyda ham yapon bosqinchilariga qarshi kurash kuchaydi. Ikkinchi front nima va u nega ochilishi kerak edi? Ma’lumki, o‘tgan davr ichida Germaniya asosan sovet davlatiga qarshi urush bilan band bo‘ldi. Binobarin, Germaniya bir frontda urush olib borardi. Bu front sovetgerman fronti edi va u Ikkinchi jahon urushining asosiy fronti hisoblanardi. Endi, Germaniya va uning ittifoqchilarini tezroq tor-mor etish va Yevropada urushni tezroq tugallash uchun fashistlarni bir vaqtning o‘zida ikki frontda urush olib borishga majbur etish lozim edi. Buning uchun Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH armiyasi bevosita Yevropada Germaniyaga qarshi urush harakatlarini boshlashi lozim edi. Shunday qilinsa, Germaniya ikki yo‘nalishda (frontda), ya’ni Buyuk Britaniya va AQSHning birlashgan armiyasiga (G‘arbiy front) ham qarshi turishga majbur edi. Binobarin, uning armiyasi ikkiga bo‘linib urushishga majbur etilar edi. Bu esa, Germaniyaning buningsiz ham og‘ir ahvolini yanada og‘irlashtirgan bo‘lardi. Sovet davlati o‘z ittifoqchilari Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH oldiga bunday frontni ochish masalasini 1942-yildayoq qo‘ygan edi, biroq ular bu masalani turli sabablar bilan orqaga surib keldilar. Ammo yolg‘iz Sovet davlatining o‘zi Germaniyani yengishi ma’lum bo‘lgach, ular bu masalani ortiq orqaga surish mumkin emas, degan qarorga keldilar. Chunki ularni Sovet davlatining butun Yevropani fashizmdan ozod etishi, binobarin, butun Yevropa Sovetlar nazorati ostiga tushib qolishi mumkinligi istiqboli xavotirga solib qo‘ydi. 1943-yilning 27-noyabr – 1-dekabr kunlari Eron poytaxti Tehron shahrida 3 buyuk davlat rahbarlarining ikkinchi front masalasida konferensiyasi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Konferensiyada F. Ruzvelt, I. Stalin va U. Cherchill qatnashdi. Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH 1944-yilning yozidan kechiktirmay Yevropada ikkinchi frontni ochishga va’da berdilar. Sovet davlati esa Yevropada urush tugagach, Yaponiyaga qarshi urushga kirish majburiyatini oldi. 1944-yilning 6-iyunida Buyuk Britaniya va AQSHning birlashgan qurolli kuchlari AQSH generali Eyzenxauer qo‘mondonligida Fransiya hududiga tashlandi. Shu tariqa Yevropada ikkinchi front ochildi. Bu hodisa Germaniyaning ahvolini yanada tang qilib qo‘ydi. Endi Gitlerning sanoqli kunlari qolganligi hammaga ayon edi. Germaniya armiyasi orasida Gitlerni yo‘qotish tarafdorlari paydo bo‘ldi. Ular Gitlerni qurbon berib, Germaniyani halokatdan saqlab qolmoqchi edilar. Shu maqsadda Yevropada ikkinchi frontning ochilishi 136 Sharqiy va Janubi- Sharqiy Yevropaning fashizmdan ozod etilishi 1944-yilning 20-iyunida Gitlerga suiqasd uyushtirildi. Biroq Gitler omon qoldi va suiqasd ishtirokchilarining barchasi hibsga olindi hamda qatl etildi. 1944-yilning 25-avgustida Parij shahri fashistlardan ozod etildi. Vishi tartibi quladi. Sentabr oyida Fransiya to‘la ozod etildi. Hokimiyat general de Goll qo‘liga o‘tdi. 1944-yilning yozi va kuzi davomida Sharqiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari fashizmdan to‘la ozod etildi. Yevropaning bu qismida Polsha, Yugoslaviya, Ruminiya, Bolgariya, Vengriya, Albaniya kabi davlatlar joylashgan edi. Ularning ozod bo‘lishida Sovetlar armiyasi hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Yevropa davlatlarini ozod etishda sovetlarning jami 3 mln dan ortiq jangchisi halok bo‘ldi, mayib-majruh bo‘lib qoldi yoki bedarak yo‘qoldi. Ular orasida minglab o‘zbek jangchilari ham bor edi. Birgina Polshani ozod etishda 600 ming sovet jangchisi qurbon bo‘ldi. Bu davlatlarda xalq demokratik inqiloblari amalga oshirildi va ular xalq demokratiyasi davlatlari deb atala boshladi. Germaniyani butunlay tor-mor etish va ozod Yevropada birgalikda siyosat yuritishni kelishib olish maqsadida Sovet davlati, AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya rahbarlari 1945- yilning 4-fevralida Qrim viloyatidagi Yalta shahrida to‘plandilar. Bu yerdagi Tehron konferensiyasi, 1943-y. Qrim konferensiyasi 137 Livadiya saroyida 4—11-fevral kunlari tarixga Qrim konferensiyasi nomi bilan kirgan xalqaro anjuman bo‘lib o‘tdi. Konferensiyada I. Stalin, U. Cherchill, F. Ruzvelt ishtirok etishdi. Konferensiyada Germaniyani so‘zsiz taslim etish, uning qurolli kuchlarini yo‘q qilish, harbiy jinoyatchilarni jazoga tortish, fashistlar tashkilotlarini, qonunlari va tartiblarini yo‘q qilish, Germaniyani uning agressiyasiga duchor bo‘lgan davlatlarga reparatsiya to‘lashga majbur etishga kelishib oldilar. «Ozod Yevropa to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiya» e’lon qilindi. Shuningdek, bu maqsadlarni ro‘yobga chiqarish uchun Germaniyani 3 ta okkupatsion hududga bo‘lishga qaror qildilar. Konferensiyada Sovet davlatining Yevropada urush tugaganidan keyin 2—3 oydan so‘ng Yaponiyaga qarshi urushga kirishishiga kelishib olindi. Buning evaziga Mo‘g‘uliston Xalq Respublikasining oldingi holati saqlanib qolishi, Janubiy Saxalin va Kurill orollari sovetlarga berilishi hamda Xitoyga qarashli Port-Arturda sovetlarning harbiy-dengiz bazasi qurilishi lozim edi. Bundan tashqari, Qrim konferensiyasi qarorlariga ko‘ra, xalqaro tashkilot — Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti (BMT) tashkil etiladigan bo‘ldi. Uning maqsadi dunyoda tinchlik va xavfsizlikni ta’minlashdan iborat bo‘lishi zarur edi. 1945-yilning 25-aprelida AQSHning San-Fransisko shahrida BMT ning Ta’sis konferensiyasi ochildi. Uning ishida Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qilgan 42 ta davlat delegatsiyasi qatnashdi. Shu tariqa BMT vujudga keldi. 24-oktabr BMT tashkil etilgan kundir. Uning qarorgohi Nyu-York shahri deb belgilandi. 1945-yilning 16-aprel kuni Sovetlar armiyasi Berlinni qurshab oldi va ishg‘ol etishga kirishdi. Shu tariqa Berlin operatsiyasi boshlandi. Unga mashhur rus sarkardasi G. K. Jukov qo‘mondonlik qildi. 25-aprelda Sovet qo‘shinlari hujumga o‘tdi. 3000 ta projektor hujum qiluvchilarning yo‘lini yoritib turdi. Projektor nurlari dushman jangchilari ko‘zini qamashtirib yubordi. Sovet qo‘mondonligi niqob sifatida tutun tarqatish vositasini qo‘lladi. Minglab tank va samolyotlar dahshat solib hujumga tashlandi va bular nemis qo‘shinini sarosimaga solib qo‘ydi. Italiyada ham fashizm keskin zarbaga uchradi. Ko‘p joylar fashistlardan ozod qilindi. 29-aprel kuni Italiya partizanlari Mussolinini asir oldilar va otib tashladilar. Gitlerchilarning insoniyatga qarshi qilgan jinoyatlari uchun qasosdan qochib qutulolmasligi muqarrar bo‘lib qoldi. 30-aprel kuni Germaniya rahbarlari A. Gitler, Gimmler, Gebbelslar o‘z jonlariga qasd qildilar. Gitlerning jasadi benzin sepib yoqib yuborilgan. Bu voqea sovet jangchilari tomonidan reyxstag binosiga qizil bayroq — g‘alaba bayrog‘i ilingan kunda sodir bo‘ldi. Insoniyat jallodining qismati ana shunday poyoniga yetdi. Germaniyaning taslim bo‘lishi 138 Potsdam konferensiyasi 2-may kuni Berlin garnizoni taslim bo‘ldi. 8-maydan 9-mayga o‘tar kechasi Berlin yaqinidagi Karlxorst deb ataladigan binoda Germaniyaning so‘zsiz taslim bo‘lganligi haqida hujjat imzolandi. Hujjatni g‘oliblar — Sovetlar davlati nomidan marshal G. K. Jukov, Buyuk Britaniya nomidan marshal A. Tedder, AQSH nomidan marshal K. Spaats, Fransiya nomidan general J. Delatr de Tassini imzoladilar. Mag‘lub Germaniya nomidan esa feldmarshall Keytel imzo chekdi. Shu tariqa Yevropada urush tugadi. 1945-yilning 17-iyulida Germaniyaning Potsdam shahrida uch buyuk davlatlar rahbarlari (I. Stalin, U. Cherchill, G. Trumen) konferensiyasi ochildi. Germaniyani qurolsizlantirish, natsistlar partiyasini yo‘q qilish, Germaniyani reparatsiya to‘lashga majbur etish va asosiy jinoyatchilarni xalqaro harbiy tribunalga berish haqida kelishib oldilar. Konferensiya, bundan tashqari, chegara masalasini ham hal etdi. Chunonchi, Germaniya chegarasi 1938-yilgi holatiga nisbatan qisqartirildi. Germaniya — Polsha chegarasi Oder — Neyse daryolari bo‘ylab o‘tadigan bo‘ldi. Sharqiy Prussiyaning sohil bo‘yi Kenisberg shahri bilan birga SSSRga berildi. Qolgan qismi Polshaga o‘tkazildi. Polsha va SSSRga o‘tgan hududlarda yashovchi 9 mln dan ortiq nemislar ko‘chirildi. Uch davlat ishg‘ol etgan hududlarda saqlanayotgan harbiy asirlar almashiniladigan bo‘ldi. Germaniya to‘laydigan tovon 20 mlrd dollar miqdorida belgilandi. Uning Antigitlerchi koalitsion ittifoqdosh qo‘shin Bosh qo‘mondonlari. Chapdan o‘ngga: B. Montgomeri, D. Eyzenxauer, G. K. Jukov, J. Delatr de Tassini. 139 50 foizi SSSR ga berilishi to‘g‘risida kelishildi. Konferensiya qaroriga ko‘ra, Germaniya yaxlit davlat bo‘lib qolishi kerak edi. Ayni paytda Germaniyada so‘z, matbuot, din erkinligi tiklanadigan bo‘ldi. Kasaba uyushmalari va demokratik partiyalar faoliyatiga ruxsat berilishiga kelishildi. Germaniyaga qarashli Kenisburg viloyati Sovet davlatiga berildi. Sovetlar Yaponiyaga qarshi urushga kirishi haqidagi qaroriga amal qilishini yana bir bor tasdiqladi. Yaponiya taslim bo‘lmaguncha Ikkinchi jahon urushi tugamas edi. 1944-yilning oktabr oyida eng yirik harbiy-dengiz floti jangida AQSH Yaponiya flotini tor-mor keltirdi. 1945-yilning aprel oyida AQSH armiyasi Okinava orolini egalladi. U Tokio shahridan 500 km uzoqlikda edi. Yozga kelib Yaponiya armiyasi Osiyoning katta qismidan quvib chiqarildi. Biroq Yaponiyani taslim etish oson ish emas edi. Buning uchun AQSH Yevropadagi kuchlarini Yaponiyaga tashlashi zarur edi. Urush esa 1946- yilning oxirigacha cho‘zilar va AQSH odam va aslaha jihatidan juda katta zarar ko‘rar edi. Shuning uchun ham Sovet davlatining Yaponiyaga qarshi urushga kirishi nihoyatda zarur edi. 26-iyul kuni AQSH, Sovet davlati va Xitoy Yaponiyadan so‘zsiz taslim bo‘lishni talab etdilar. Biroq Yaponiya bu talabni rad etdi. 8-avgust kuni Sovet hukumati Yaponiyaga urush e’lon qildi. 9-avgustda esa Shimoliy-Sharqiy Xitoy, Shimoliy Koreya, Janubiy Saxalin va Kurill orollarida joylashgan Yaponiya armiyasiga qarshi hujumga o‘tdi. Shu orada Xirosima va Nagasaki shaharlariga AQSH aviatsiyasi atom bombasini tashladi. Bu ikki atom bombasidan 100 mingdan ortiq kishi halok bo‘ldi. 400 mingdan ortiq kishi esa radiaktiv nurlandi. Atom bombasining ishlatilishi va Sovet davlatining urushga kirishi Yaponiyani mag‘lubiyatga uchraganligini tan olishga majbur etdi va 2-sentabr kuni Yaponiya taslim bo‘lganligi haqidagi hujjat imzolandi. Shunday qilib, Yaponiya mustamlakachilik imperiyasi quladi va Yaponiyaning taslim bo‘lishi bilan Ikkinchi jahon urushi ham tugadi. Dunyoning asosiy davlatlarini o‘z domiga tortgan Ikkinchi jahon urushida 40 davlatning hududida harbiy harakatlar olib borildi. Urushda behisob qurbonlar berildi va juda katta vayrongarchilik yuz berdi. Urushda fashistik Germaniya, Italiya va militaristik Yaponiya tor-mor etildi. Ular vaqtinchalik buyuk davlatlar qatoridan tushib qoldi. Ayni paytda fashizm halokatga uchradi, fashistlar partiyasi va tashkilotlari faoliyati taqiqlandi. Uzoq va og‘ir kurashda demokratik va antifashistik kuchlar g‘alaba qozondi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tuzildi va uning Ustavi 1945-yilning 24- oktabridan kuchga kirdi. Mustamlakachi imperiyalarning yemirilishi boshlandi. O‘nlab yangi mustaqil davlatlar vujudga keldi. Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya sezilarli darajada zaiflashdi. AQSH esa dunyoning ikki o‘ta Ikkinchi jahon urushining tugashi Ikkinchi jahon urushining yakunlari 140 O‘zbekistonning fashizm ustidan qozonilgan g‘alabaga qo‘shgan hissasi qudratli davlatidan biri bo‘lib qoldi. Sovet davlati ham urush natijasida mislsiz talafotlar ko‘rgan bo‘lsa-da, AQSH kabi dunyoning o‘ta qudratli davlatiga aylandi. Hozirgi bosqichda Sovet davlati merosxo‘ri Rossiya bilan AQSH dunyoni muvozanatda saqlab turibdi. Bugungi kunda Yer yuzida mustahkam tinchlikning o‘rnatilishi, yangi qirg‘inbarot urushlarning ro‘y bermasligi uchun barcha davlatlar (birinchi navbatda, buyuk davlatlar) hamda jahon jamoatchiligi mas’uldir. O‘zbekiston 1991-yilda mustaqillik e’lon qilinguncha Sovet davlati tarkibida edi. Binobarin, Ikkinchi jahon urushi yillarida ham O‘zbekiston ulkan mustamlakachi imperiya — Sovet davlati tarkibida urushda qatnashdi. Sovet davlati tarkibiga majburan birlashtirilgan xalqlar yagona nom bilan sovet xalqi deb atalardi. O‘zbek xalqi fashizmdan Sovet davlatinigina emas, ayni paytda O‘zbekistonni ham himoya qildi. O‘z yurtiga bo‘lgan chinakam yuksak muhabbat va fashizmga nafrat tuyg‘usi sotsialistik tuzum deb atalgan mustabid tuzum o‘zbek xalqiga yetkazgan g‘am-alamni orqaga surib qo‘ydi. O‘zbekiston xalqlari ham fashizmga qarshi kurashning adolatli ekanligini anglab yetgan edilar. Ikkinchi jahon urushida o‘zbekistonliklarning ishtiroki xususida I. A. Karimov bunday deb yozgan edi: «Ikkinchi jahon urushiga qanday BMT Deklaratsiyasiga qo‘l qo‘yish. Vashington. 1-yanvar 1945-y. 141 qaralmasin, bu urush qaysi g‘oya ostida va kimning izmi bilan olib borilgan bo‘lmasin, o‘z Vatani, el-yurtining yorug‘ kelajagi, beg‘ubor osmoni uchun jang maydonlarida halok bo‘lganlarni, o‘z umrlarini bevaqt xazon qilgan insonlarni doimo yodda saqlaymiz. Bu achchiq, lekin oddiy haqiqatni unutishga hech kimning haqqi yo‘q va bunga yo‘l ham bermaymiz» («Vatan sajdagoh kabi muqaddasdir». T., 1996, 81-bet). O‘zbek xalqi fashizmga qarshi koalitsiyadagi boshqa xalqlar bilan yelkama-yelka bir safda turib kurashdi va uning ustidan qozonilgan buyuk g‘alabaga baholi qudrat hissa qo‘shdi. Urushning dastlabki kunlaridayoq 14 ming kishidan o‘z ixtiyori bilan armiya safiga jo‘natishni iltimos qilib ariza tushdi. Frontga umumxalq yordamini ko‘rsatish O‘zbekiston aholisi vatanparvarligining yorqin namunasi bo‘ldi. Chunonchi, o‘zbekistonliklar urush yillarida mamlakat mudofaa jamg‘armasi uchun jami 649,9 mln so‘m pul, 22 kg oltin va kumush to‘pladilar. O‘zbekistonliklar tank kolonnasi qurilishiga pul yig‘ishyapti. 1942-y. 142 O‘zbekistonlik jangchilarning urush maydonidagi jasoratlari O‘zbekiston kolxozchilari 1942-yilda tank kolonnasi qurishga o‘z shaxsiy jamg‘armalaridan 260 mln so‘m topshirdilar. Urushning dastlabki yarim yili ichida 420 mingdan ortiq turli issiq buyumlar yuborildi. 1941-yilning dekabriga keliboq, O‘zbekistonda jami 293 korxona mudofaa uchun mahsulot ishlab chiqara boshladi. Urush yillarida O‘zbekistonga sovetlarning dushman bosib olgan yoki bosib olishi mumkin bo‘lgan hududlaridan 104 fabrika va zavod ko‘chirib keltirildi. Bu fabrika va zavodlarni ishga tushirishda O‘zbekiston aholisi mislsiz fidokorona mehnat qilgan. Korxonalar uzog‘i bilan bir oyda ishga tushirilganligi buning yorqin isbotidir. Bu bunyodkorlik ishida aholining barcha tabaqasi, shu jumladan, ayollar va bolalar ham faol ishtirok etdi. Chunonchi, 1942-yilga kelib sanoat sohasida mehnat qilayotganlarning 63,5 foizi ayollardan iborat edi (bu ko‘rsatkich 1940-yilda 34 foizni tashkil etgan). O‘zbekiston xalqi urush yillarida frontga jami 2100 ta samolyot, 17342 ta aviamotor, 2 mln 318 ming dona aviabomba, 17100 bronopoyezd va boshqa harbiy texnika hamda anjomlar yetkazib berdi. O‘zbekistonning o‘zida urush yillarida 280 ta yangi korxona qurildi. Dushmanni tor-mor etish uchun olib borilgan umumxalq kurashida dehqonlar ham fidokorona mehnat qildilar. Urush yillarida davlatga jami 4 mln 148 ming tonna paxta, 82 mln pud g‘alla, 54067 tonna pilla, 159 ming tonna go‘sht va boshqa qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari yetkazib berildi. Urush yillarida o‘zbek xalqi yuksak insonparvarlik xislatini namoyon etdi. O‘zbekistonga jami 1 mln dan ortiq kishi, shu jumladan 200 ming bola keltirildi. Xalqimiz ularni mehmondo‘stlik, bolajonlik bilan qabul qildi, ularga o‘z uyidan turarjoy berdi, topgan nonini ular bilan baham ko‘rdi, ularga kiyim-kechak berdi. O‘zbekiston oilalari ota-onasiz qolgan bolalarni o‘z bag‘riga oldi. Bu o‘rinda toshkentlik temirchi Sh. Shomahmudov va uning turmush o‘rtog‘i B. Akramovalarning nomlari tariximizga zarhal harflar bilan bitilgan. Ular turli millatga mansub 14 nafar bolani o‘z tarbiyasiga oldilar. Ikkinchi jahon urushi frontlariga O‘zbekistondan 1 mln 433200 kishi safarbar etildi. 1941-yilda respublika aholisi 6,5 mln kishini tashkil etgani hisobga olinsa, bu katta raqamni tashkil etadi. Binobarin, O‘zbekiston aholisining 22 foizi jang maydonlarida qatnashdi. Bu jami mehnatga yaroqli aholining 40—42 foizi degani edi. Urushda ishtirok etganlardan 268005 kishi halok bo‘ldi, 132670 kishi bedarak yo‘qoldi, 60452 kishi esa mayib-majruh bo‘lib qoldi. Frontda ko‘rsatgan jasoratlari uchun o‘zbekistonliklardan jami 120 ming jangchi hukumat ordeni va medallari bilan mukofotlandi. Ulardan 280 kishi Qahramon unvoniga sazovor bo‘ldi. 32 kishi «Shuhrat» ordenining har 143 uchala darajasi bilan taqdirlandi. S. Rahimov general darajasiga erishdi. Ularning jasorati bugungi avlod uchun namuna yulduzidir. Hamyurtlarimizdan bir necha minggi Italiya, Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Yugoslaviya, Polsha, Chexoslovakiya, Vengriya kabi davlatlarning orden va medallari bilan mukofotlandilar. Ba’zilarining xoki begona va olis yurtlarda qolib ketdi. Ozodlik va erk uchun, Vatan uchun jon fido qilganlarni doimo yodda saqlash uchun 9-may «Xotira va qadrlash kuni» deb e’lon qilindi. Zero xalq uchun qilingan ish, ko‘rsatilgan jasorat mangulikka daxldordir. U hech qachon unutilmaydi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining insoniyat boshiga solgan dahshatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Ikkinchi jahon urushi qay tariqa boshlandi? 3. Nega G‘arbiy frontdagi urush tarixga «G‘alati urush» nomi bilan kirdi? 4. Fransiya qay tariqa taslim bo‘ldi? 5. Sovet davlati hududi qay tariqa kengayganligi haqida so‘zlab bering. 6. Germaniya nima uchun Buyuk Britaniyani mag‘lubiyatga uchrata olmadi? 7. Fashistlar o‘rnatgan «yangi tartib»ning insoniyatga qarshi vahshiyona jinoyat ekanligini asoslab bering. 8. Qarshilik ko‘rsatish harakati qanday harakat edi? 9. Germaniyaning Sovet davlatiga qarshi urush boshlashi tarixi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 10.Fashistlarga qarshi davlatlar koalitsiyasi qay tariqa vujudga keldi? 11.Ikkinchi jahon urushining buyuk janglari haqida so‘zlab bering. 12.Yevropada ikkinchi front qachon va qay maqsadda ochildi? 13.Tehron va Qrim konferensiyalari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? Potsdam konferensiyasi qarorlarini ayting. 14.Germaniya va Yaponiyaning taslim bo‘lishi tafsilotini taqqoslang. 15.O‘zbekistonning fashizm ustidan qozonilgan g‘alabaga qo‘shgan hissasi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 16.Ikkinchi jahon urushining asosiy yakunlari nimalardan iborat bo‘ldi? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. ENG YIRIK JANGLARNI TASVIRLANG Yirik janglar Tavsifi — Eng yirik, mashhur lashkarboshilardan biri haqida erkin insho yozing. General Sobir Rahimov. ? 144 BU HAQDA BAHS YURITING Men ko‘p urushlarda qatnashdim, shuning uchun bu masalada g‘arazim qattiq, hatto juda ham qattiq. Bu kitobning («Alvido, qurol») muallifi ongli suratda shu fikrga keldiki: urushlarda jang qilayotgan odamlar dunyodagi eng ajoyib odamlardir, frontning qizg‘in qismlariga kirib borganing sari bunday ajoyib kishilarga ko‘proq duch kelaboshlaysan. Lekin urushni boshlaganlar, uning oloviga yana olov tashlab turganlar iqtisodiy raqobatdan, foyda undirishdan boshqa narsani o‘ylamaydigan to‘ng‘izlardir. Men urushda boylik orttirganlar, urush olovini yoqqanlar urushning birinchi kunlaridayoq mamlakat grajdanlarining muxtor vakillari tomonidan otib tashlanmog‘i zarur, deb hisoblayman. Ernest Xeminguey («Alvido, qurol» kitobiga yozgan so‘zboshidan) Oliy Bosh qo‘mondon Qarorgohining 1941-yil 16-avgustdagi buyrug‘idan ...Buyuraman 1. Jang paytida unvon belgilarini yulib tashlovchi va front ichkarisiga qochuvchi yoki dushmanga asir tushuvchi komandirlar va siyosiy xodimlar dezertir deb hisoblansin, ularning oilalari qasamni buzgan va Vatanga xiyonat qilganlarning oilalari sifatida qamoqqa olinsin. Barcha yuqori komandirlar va komissarlarga boshliqlar tarkibidan bo‘lgan bunday dezertirlarni joyida otib tashlash majburiyati yuklansin. Davlat Mudofaa qo‘mitasi raisi I. Stalin.IKKINCHI BO‘LIM. JAHON MAMLAKATLARI XX ASRNING IKKINCHI YARMI VA XXI ASRNING BOSHLARIDA 1-bob. XALQARO MUNOSABATLAR. G‘ARB DAVLATLARI TARAQQIYOTINING O‘ZIGA XOS XUSUSIYATLARI 16-§. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng dunyo siyosati va hayotidagi o‘zgarishlar Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng dunyo siyosatida jiddiy o‘zgarishlar bo‘ldi. BMTning roli ancha kuchaydi. Ilgari kelishilgan ba’zi qarorlar amalga oshdi, ba’zilari esa amalga oshmasdan qoldi. Fashist jinoyatchilar boshliqlari jazolandi. 1945-yil 20-noyabrdan 1946-yil 1-sentabrgacha Xalqaro tribunal fashist jinoyatchilarni sud qildi. 12 kishi o‘lim jazosiga hukm qilindi. 7 kishi uzoq muddatli va umrbod qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi. Bu urush aybdorlarining tarixda birinchi marta xalqaro miqyosda jazolanishi edi. Urushdan so‘ng qurollanish poygasi avj oldirildi. 1945-yilda AQSH atom bombasini Yaponiyada sinab ko‘rdi va bu mudhish qurol vositasida dunyoga hukmronlik qilishni o‘ylay boshladi. Qo‘shma Shtatlarda atom bombasi yaratilgandan keyin, SSSR ham AQSH dan orqada qolmaslik uchun barcha choralarni ko‘rdi. Nihoyat, 1949-yilda atom bombasini yaratdi va uni sinovdan o‘tkazdi. AQSH 1952-yilda yanada dahshatliroq ommaviy qurg‘in quroli — vodorod bombani yaratdi. Uning qudrati 10 mln tonna trotilga teng edi. SSSR esa bir yildan keyinroq bunday qurolga ega bo‘ldi. Bu orada AQSH yadro qurollarini nishonga yetkaza oladigan samolyotlar yaratdi. SSSR esa qit’alararo raketa yaratishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Atom suv osti kemalari yaratildi. Shu tariqa kishilik jamiyatini bir necha marta yo‘q qilib yuborishga qodir ommaviy qirg‘in qurollari zaxirasi vujudga keltirildi. Lekin oradan ko‘p o‘tmay «sovuq urush» boshlandi. Uning tashabbuskori U. Cherchill edi. U «sharqiy kommunizm» bilan kurash vazifasini qo‘ydi. 1947-yil 14-martda qabul qilingan Gretsiya va Turkiyaga yordam berishni mo‘ljallagan «Trumen doktrinasi» buning amaldagi isboti bo‘ldi. 1947-yil 5-iyunda qabul qilingan va Yevropaning 16 davlatiga iqtisodiy yordam berishni mo‘ljallagan «Marshall rejasi» uni yanada mustahkamladi. Qurollanish poygasi va «sovuq urush» 10 — Jahon tarixi 146 Ikki eng buyuk davlat o‘rtasida munosabatlarning tobora keskinlashib borishi oqibatida ikki harbiysiyosiy ittifoq vujudga keldi. Ularning birinchisi AQSH va uning ittifoqchilarini birlashtirgan Shimoliy Atlantika shartnomasi — NATO deb ataldi. Bu ittifoq 1949-yilning 4-aprelida Vashington shahrida 12 davlat ishtirokida tuzildi (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Kanada, Belgiya, Daniya, Islandiya, Italiya, Lyuksemburg, Gollandiya, Norvegiya, Portugaliya). AQSH generali D. Eyzenxauer uning qo‘mondoni etib tayinlangan. 1949-yilning 1-oktabrida kommunistik Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining tashkil topishi, 1950-yilda esa SSSR bilan Xitoy o‘rtasida «Do‘stlik, ittifoqlik va o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risida» shartnoma imzolanishi AQSHni qattiq tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. XXRning tashkil topishi bilan «jahon sotsializm tizimi» shakllanishi nihoyasiga yetdi. 1955-yilda GFR NATOga a’zo etib qabul qilindi. Hozirgi davrda NATO ga Bolgariya, Vengriya, Gretsiya, Ispaniya, Latviya, Litva, Polsha, Ruminiya, Slovakiya, Sloveniya, Turkiya, Chexiya, Estoniya kabi davlatlar a’zodirlar. Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari (SSSR, Polsha, Vengriya, Ruminiya, Bolgariya, Chexoslovakiya, GDR) 1955-yilning 14-mayida o‘zlarining harbiy-siyosiy ittifoqi — Varshava shartnomasi tashkilotini tuzdilar. Shunday qilib, dunyo, shu jumladan, Yevropa ikkiga bo‘lindi. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng Koreyaning shimolini SSSR, janubini esa AQSH armiyasi ishg‘ol etdi. Germaniya bo‘linganidak, bu yerda ham bir davlat ikkiga bo‘lindi va ikki hukumat tuzildi. 1949-yilda SSSR va AQSH Koreyadan o‘z armiyalarini olib chiqib ketdilar. 1950-yilning 25-iyunida Shimoliy Koreya armiyasi chegarani buzib o‘tdi va Janubiy Koreyaga hujum qildi. AQSH ushbu masalaning BMT da muhokama etilishiga erishdi. BMT Shimoliy Koreyani agressor deb tan oldi va unga qarshi urush harakatlari boshlashga ruxsat etdi. Xalqaro kuchlar 15-sentabrda Koreya yarimoroliga tashlandi va ular Shimoliy Koreya armiyasi harakatini to‘xtatdi hamda Janubiy Koreya hududidan surib chiqardi. Oktabr oyi oxiriga kelib esa AQSH harbiy kuchlari Shimoliy Koreya poytaxti Pxenyan shahrini egalladi. Shundan so‘ng Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi o‘z harbiy kuchlarini Shimoliy Koreyaga yordamga yubordi. SSSR ning ham Koreya urushiga aralashishi mumkinligi aniq-ravshan bo‘lib qoldi. Shundan so‘nggina AQSH Shimoliy Koreyaga qarshi urush harakatlarini to‘xtatishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1953-yilda yarash bitimi imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, har ikki koreys davlati chegarasi urushgacha bo‘lgan holatida (38-parallel kenglikda) tiklandi. Shu tariqa Koreya yarimorolida urush to‘xtadi. Biroq mamlakat ikkiga bo‘linganicha qoldi. Shimoliy Koreya SSSR bilan, Janubiy Koreya esa AQSH bilan yaqin munosabat o‘rnatdi. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng buyuk davlatlar Falastinda yahudiylarning o‘z davlatiga ega bo‘lishga intilishlarini qo‘llab-quvvatlay boshladi. Koreya urushi Yaqin Sharq mojarosi Dunyoning va Yevropaning ikkiga bo‘linishi 147 Ayni paytda BMT ham 1947-yil 29-noyabrda Falastinda ikkita davlat tashkil etilishi (Isroil va Falastin) haqida qaror qabul qildi. Dunyoning turli burchaklaridan ming-minglab yahudiylarning Falastinga ko‘chib kelishi arab va yahudiylar o‘rtasida nizoni kuchaytirdi. 1948-yil 14-mayda Isroil davlati (yahudiylar davlati) tashkil etildi-yu, lekin Falastin davlati tashkil etilmay qoldi. Bu esa birinchi arab — isroil urushini keltirib chiqardi. Falastin hududi Isroil tomonidan bosib olindi. 1949-yilda BMT urush harakatlarining to‘xtatilishiga erishdi. Biroq Falastin — Isroil janjali davom etdi. 1947-yilda Buyuk Britaniya Hindistonga mustaqillik berishga qaror qildi. Biroq inglizlar Hindistondan chiqib ketish oldidan uni diniy belgiga ko‘ra ikkiga — Hindiston va Pokistonga — bo‘lib yubordilar. Shu tariqa keyinchalik qator qurolli to‘qnashuvlarga olib kelgan Hindiston — Pokiston mojarosiga zamin yaratildi. Bu mojaroda SSSR Hindiston tarafini ola boshladi. Tez orada Hindixitoyda ham qarama-qarshilik o‘chog‘i vujudga keldi. Bunga SSSR va XXR ning yer yuzi mintaqa xalqlari milliy-ozodlik urushini qo‘llab-quvvatlashi hamda ularni o‘z ta’sir doiralarida saqlab turishga intilishlari sabab bo‘ldi. Chunonchi, 1945-yil 2-sentabr kuni Vetnam Demokratik Respublikasi tuzilganligi e’lon qilindi. Hokimiyat tepasiga kommunistlar kelishdi. Bu hol Fransiyani tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. U o‘z mustamlakachilik tartiblarini tiklash maqsadida Vetnamga qarshi urush harakatlarini boshladi. Laos va Kambojada mustamlaka tartibini tikladi. Hindixitoy xalqlari fransuz mustamlakachilariga qarshi ozodlik urushi boshladilar. Bu urush 1954-yilda g‘alaba bilan yakunlandi. 1954-yilning aprel-iyul oylarida Jenevada Hindixitoyda tinchlik o‘rnatishga bag‘ishlangan konferensiya bo‘lib o‘tdi. Fransiya Hindixitoy davlatlarining mustaqilligini tan oldi va o‘z qo‘shinlarini bu hududdan olib chiqib ketish majburiyatini oldi. Ayni paytda Vetnam 2 davlatga (Shimolda Vetnam Demokratik Respublikasi, janubda — Vetnam Respublikasi) bo‘lindi. Bu davrda AQSH yer sharining turli nuqtalarida o‘z ta’sir doirasini kuchaytirish uchun jon-jahdi bilan harakat qilardi. Shu maqsadda u 1951-yilda ANZYUS (Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya va AQSH ishtirokida), 1954-yilda SEATO (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Pokiston, Tailand, Filippin ishtirokida), 1955- yilda SENTO (Eron, Turkiya, Pokiston va Iroq ishtirokida) harbiy-siyosiy bloklarini tuzdi. AQSH kommunistlar hukmronligidagi yagona Vetnam davlati vujudga kelishiga aslo toqat qila olmas edi. 1964-yilning avgust oyida VDRning harbiy-dengiz kuchlari Tonkin qo‘ltig‘iga kirgan AQSH harbiy kemalariga hujum qildi. AQSH bu voqeani o‘ziga qilingan agressiya, deb baholadi. AQSH samolyotlari VDR hududini bombardimon qilishni boshladi. 1965-yildan boshlab esa AQSH qurolli kuchlari Hindiston va Hindixitoydagi ahvol 148 VDRga qarshi urush harakatlarini boshlab yubordi. Biroq AQSH armiyasi Vetnam xalqining qattiq qarshiligiga duch keldi. Urush harakatlari 8 yil davom etdi. AQSH Vetnam xalqining irodasini buka olmadi. Nihoyat, 1973-yilning yanvar oyida Parijda Vetnamda urushni to‘xtatish va tinchlikni tiklash to‘g‘risidagi bitimlar imzolandi. AQSH Vetnamdan o‘z qo‘shinlarini olib chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. U qo‘llab-quvvatlayotgan Janubiy Vetnam hukumati 1975-yilda quladi. 1976-yilning 2-iyulida Vetnam yagona davlatga birlashdi. Bu hodisa AQSHning Hindixitoydagi jiddiy mag‘lubiyati edi. 50-yillarda Yaqin Sharq G‘arbning buyuk davlatlari va SSSR o‘rtasidagi keskin qarama-qarshilik maydoniga aylandi. SSSR arab davlatlarini, AQSH esa Isroilni qo‘llabquvvatlashni yangi kuch bilan davom ettirdi. 1952-yilda amalga oshirilgan inqilob natijasida Misrda Buyuk Britaniya tayanchi bo‘lgan monarxiya ag‘darildi. 1956-yilda esa Misr Suvaysh kanalini milliylashtirdi. Bunga chiday olmagan Buyuk Britaniya Misrga qarshi agressiya uyushtirdi. Unda Fransiya va Isroil ham qatnashdi. BMT va SSSRning qat’iy pozitsiyasi tufayli agressiya to‘xtatib qolindi. Shu tariqa 3 davlat agressiyasi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Natijada Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaning pozitsiyalariga katta putur yetdi. Ayni paytda Yaqin Sharqda SSSR ning obro‘si ko‘tarildi. 1958-yilda Iroqda monarxiya ag‘darildi. Shunday sharoitda Eyzenxauer doktrinasi ilgari surildi. Unga ko‘ra, Yaqin Sharqda endi AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya o‘rnini to‘ldirish kerak edi. Bu hodisa SSSR ning G‘arb davlatlari bilan munosabatlarini yanada keskinlashtirib yubordi. «Sovuq urush» vasvasasi kuchaydi. 50-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida SSSR turli tuzumdagi davlatlarning tinch-totuv yashashi mumkinligi g‘oyasini ilgari surdi. Bu g‘oyaning puch emasligini isbotlash maqsadida o‘z armiyasining sonini 2 mln kishiga qisqartirdi va SSSR — AQSH rahbarlarining oliy darajadagi uchrashuvini o‘tkazish tashabbusi bilan chiqdi. Va, nihoyat, 1960-yilning may oyida SSSR rahbari N. S. Xrushyov va AQSH prezidenti D. Eyzenxauerning uchrashuvi o‘tkazilishiga kelishildi. Biroq bu uchrashuv amalga oshmay qoldi. Bunga AQSH 1-may kuni SSSR hududiga josus samolyoti uchirishi sabab bo‘ldi. Josus samolyot Sverdlovsk osmonida urib tushirildi. Uchuvchi G. Pauers tiriklayin asir olindi. AQSH ig‘vogarligi fosh bo‘ldi. 1961-yilda SSSR va AQSH munosabatlarini nihoyatda keskinlashtirib yuborgan voqea sodir bo‘ldi. Bu Berlin devorining qurilishi voqeasi edi. Devor Sharqiy Berlinni G‘arbiy Berlindan ajratib tashladi. Tez orada dunyoni yadro urushi halokati yoqasiga olib kelib qo‘ygan voqea ham sodir bo‘ldi. Bu voqea tarixga «Karib inqirozi» nomi bilan kirgan. Bu inqiroz qay tariqa yuz berdi? 1959-yilning yanvar oyida Kubada amerikaparast hukumat ag‘darildi. Hokimiyat tepasiga F. Kastro boshchiligida vatanparvar kuchlar Yaqin Sharq inqirozi SSSR — AQSH munosabatlarining yanada keskinlashuvi 149 kelishdi. F. Kastro Kubada sotsializm qurilishini e’lon qildi. Tabiiyki, AQSH shundaygina biqinida Kubaga o‘xshash sotsialistik davlatning vujudga kelishiga toqat qila olmas edi. SSSR rahbariyati esa Kuba inqilobini sotsializmning butun dunyo bo‘ylab tarqalishi, deb baholadi. Shuning uchun ham Kubani qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1961-yilning aprel oyida AQSH Kubaga qarshi emigrantlar isyonini uyushtirdi. Bu Karib inqirozini keltirib chiqardi. Kuba rahbari F. Kastro yordam so‘rab SSSR ga murojaat qildi. SSSR rahbariyati yashirin ravishda Kuba hududiga o‘rtacha olislikka uchadigan va atom bombasi bilan ta’minlangan raketalarni joylashtirdi. Bundan xabar topgan AQSH ma’muriyati Kubaga nisbatan dengiz qamalini uyushtirdi. Dunyo yadro urushi yoqasiga kelib qoldi. N. S. Xrushyov va AQSH prezidenti J. Kennedi 1962-yilning 28-oktabrida oxir-oqibatda o‘zaro kelishuvga erishdilar. Unga ko‘ra, SSSR Kubadan o‘z raketalarini olib chiqdi. AQSH esa Kubaga bostirib kirmaslikka so‘z berdi hamda Turkiyadan raketalarini olib chiqib ketdi. «Karib inqirozi» buyuk davlatlarni yadro qurollari masalasida ehtiyotkorona siyosat yuritishga majbur etdi. Buning aks sadosi o‘laroq, 1963-yilning 15-avgustida Moskvada SSSR, AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya o‘rtasida «Atmosferada, fazoda va suv ostida yadro qurollari sinovini taqiqlash to‘g‘risida» shartnoma imzolandi. Biroq bu shartnoma ular o‘rtasidagi dushmanlik munosabatini zarracha kamaytirgan emas. Aksariyat, mintaqaviy mojarolar SSSR — AQSH munosabatlarini yanada keskinlashtirib yuborgan. Bunday mintaqaviy yirik mojaro 1967-yilda ro‘y bergan arab-isroil urushi edi. Atigi olti kun davom etgan bu urushda Isroil armiyasi Misr, Iordaniya va Suriya armiyasini tor-mor keltirdi. Isroil bu davlatlar hududlarining bir qismini bosib oldi. Yangi urush xavfining kuchayishi tinchlik tarafdorlarining birlashishini taqozo etgan. Mashhur fan va adabiyot arboblari tashabbusi bilan tinchlik tarafdorlarining xalqaro harakati vujudga keldi. 1948—1949-yillarda ko‘pgina mamlakatlarda tinchlik uchun kurashchilarning milliy qo‘mitalari tashkil etildi. 1949-yilning aprel oyida Parij shahrida tinchlik tarafdorlarining birinchi butunjahon kongressi o‘tkazildi. Kongress «Tinchlikni kutib turmaydilar, tinchlikni kurash bilan qo‘lga kiritadilar» shiori ostida o‘tdi. Tinchlik uchun kurash turli irq va millatlarga, siyosiy va diniy qarashlarga mansub millionlab kishilarni birlashtirdi. Kongress Jahon Tinchlik Kengashini (JTK) tuzdi. Kengash doimiy qo‘mitasi raisligiga atoqli fransuz atomchi olimi, fashizmga qarshi kurash ishtirokchisi F. Jolio-Kyuri saylandi. Doimiy qo‘mita 1950-yilda mashhur Stokgolm chaqirig‘ini qabul qildi. Bu atom qurolini taqiqlash haqidagi chaqiriq edi. Bu chaqiriqni 500 mln dan ortiq odam imzoladi. JTK 1951-yilda buyuk davlatlar o‘rtasida «Tinchlik pakti» ni imzolash to‘g‘risida murojaat qabul qildi. Uni 600 mln dan ortiq kishi Tinchlik uchun kurash 150 imzoladi. 1955-yilda esa «Atom urushini» tayyorlashga qarshi jahon xalqlariga murojaat qabul qildi. Uni 650 mln dan ortiq kishi imzoladi. Bu murojaat barcha mamlakatlarda atom quroli zaxiralarini yo‘qotishni va uni ishlab chiqarishni darhol to‘xtatishni talab qilgan edi. Keyinchalik yadro quroli xavfi xususida xalqaro shartnomalarning imzolanishida, tinchlik harakatida JTK ham muhim rol o‘ynagan. 1986-yil oktabrda Kopengagen shahrida (Daniya) tinchliksevar kuchlarning xalqaro tinchlik yiliga bag‘ishlangan jahon kongressi o‘tkazildi. Kongress «Tinchlikni va insoniyat kelajagini saqlab qolaylik» shiori ostida o‘tdi. Kongress ishida jahonning 136 mamlakatidan 2,5 mingga yaqin delegat qatnashdi. Kongress «Kopengagen chaqirig‘i» nomli hujjatni qabul qildi. Unda yadro quroli poygasini to‘xtatish, kosmosda yadro quroli bo‘lishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik talab etilgan edi. 1961-yil 1—6-sentabr kunlari Belgrad shahrida Osiyo va Afrikaning 25 davlati Konferensiyasi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Bu konferensiya tufayli «Qo‘shilmaslik harakati» deb atalgan harakat vujudga keldi. Xo‘sh, bu qanday harakat edi? Bu — turli tizimdagi davlatlarning tinch-totuv yashashi tarafdori bo‘lgan, mustamlakachilikning batamom va abadiy barham topishi uchun kurashadigan, harbiy-siyosiy bloklarga qo‘shilmaydigan, ularni qoralaydigan, yadro qurolining taqiqlanishi, dunyoda iqtisodiy tenglik uchun kurashadigan harakat edi. Qo‘shilmaslik harakatining vujudga kelishida Hindiston, Yugoslaviya, Misr tashabbuskor bo‘ldi. Ularni buyuk davlatlar o‘z o‘rtalaridagi mojarolarga Osiyo, Afrika va Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarini ham tortishga zo‘r berib intilayotganligi qattiq tashvishlantirgan edi. Qo‘shilmaslik harakati qatnashchilari kuchaygan xalqaro keskinlik va qurollanish poygasi uchun AQSH va SSSRning birday mas’ul ekanligini ta’kidladilar. 60-yillardan boshlab sovet — xitoy munosabatlari keskinlasha bordi. Xitoy rahbariyati SSSRning kichik ukasi bo‘lishni istamay qo‘ydi. Ular mustaqil siyosat yuritishga intildilar. Dunyo shu davrgacha ikkiga bo‘lingan bo‘lsa, Xitoy rahbarlari «Uchinchi dunyo nazariyasi»ga katta e’tibor bilan qaray boshladilar. Uchinchi dunyo deyilganda Osiyo, Afrika va Lotin Amerikasining mustaqillikdan so‘ng rivojlanayotgan davlatlari tushunilar edi. XXR rahbariyati ana shu dunyoning liderligiga da’vo qilib chiqdi. SSSR — Xitoy munosabatlaridagi keskinlik tobora chuqurlashib bordi. Oxir-oqibatda bu 1969-yilda sovet — xitoy chegarasida qurolli to‘qnashuvga olib keldi. AQSH esa Vetnamda olib borayotgan urushning istiqbolsizligini anglab yetdi. Bu omillar SSSR va AQSHni o‘zaro munosabatlardagi keskinlikni yumshatishga majbur etdi. Bu xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashi uchun asosiy omil bo‘ldi. Ikkinchidan, xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashida GFRning o‘sha davrdagi rahbari V. Brandtning xalqaro voqealarni ziyraklik bilan baholay Qo‘shilmaslik harakati Xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashi (1969—1979-yillar) 151 olishi ham katta rol o‘ynadi. U xalqaro hayotdagi mavjud reallikni to‘g‘ri baholay oldi. Chunonchi, u SSSRni harbiy kuch bilan mag‘lubiyatga uchratishning imkoni yo‘qligini, NATOning bunga qodir emasligini to‘g‘ri baholadi. Bundan tashqari, Yevropa yadro va oddiy qurollarning ulkan omborxonasiga aylangan edi. Bu omborxona istalgan paytda portlashi mumkin edi. Shunday sharoitda V. Brandt hukumati SSSR va uning ittifoqchilari bilan yaxshi qo‘shnichilik munosabatlarini o‘rnatishga qaror qildi. Xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashi nimalarda o‘z ifodasini topgan? 1969-yilda SSSR bilan AQSH o‘rtasida strategik qurollarni cheklash haqida muzokaralar boshlandi. 1970-yilda yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Unga 100 dan ortiq davlat qo‘shildi. 1970-yil 12-avgustda SSSR — GFR, GFR — Chexoslovakiya, Polsha — GFR o‘rtasida imzolangan shartnomalar Yevropada tinchlikni mustahkamlash ishiga beqiyos katta hissa qo‘shdi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, GFR Ikkinchi jahon urushi natijasida Yevropada tarkib topgan chegaralarning buzilmasligini tan oldi. Ayni paytda GFR va GDR o‘rtasida o‘zaro munosabatlar asosi haqidagi shartnoma ham imzolandi. Bu bilan har ikki nemis davlati bir-birini tan oldilar. 1972—1974-yillarda oliy darajada o‘tkazilgan sovet-amerika muzokaralari natijasida SSSR va AQSH o‘rtasida yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik, yadro quroli sinovlarini to‘xtatish to‘g‘risida shartnoma va strategik qurollarni cheklash to‘g‘risida muvaqqat bitim (SQCH-1) imzolandi. Xalqaro munosabatlardagi bunday o‘zgarishlar Yevropa qit’asida xavfsizlik va davlatlararo hamkorlik uchun qulay sharoit yaratdi. 1975-yilning 30- iyul — 1-avgust kunlari Xelsinki (Finlyandiya) shahrida 35 davlat (shu jumladan, AQSH va Kanada) rahbarlari Yevropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik bo‘yicha kengash o‘tkazdilar. 1-avgust kuni kengashning Yakunlovchi akti imzolandi. Uni imzolagan 35 davlat rahbarlari o‘z davlatlari tashqi siyosatda quyidagi tamoyillarga amal qilishini tan oldilar: — davlatlarning suveren tengligi, huquqlarni va o‘zgalar suverenitetini hurmat qilish; — kuch ishlatmaslik va kuch ishlatish bilan tahdid qilmaslik; — chegaralar buzilmasligi; — davlatlarning hududiy birligi; — nizolarni tinch yo‘l bilan hal etish; — ichki ishlarga aralashmaslik; — inson huquqlarini va asosiy erkinliklarini hurmatlash; — teng huquqlilik va xalqlarning o‘z taqdirini o‘zlari hal etishi; — davlatlararo hamkorlik; — xalqaro huquqlar bo‘yicha majburiyatlarni vijdonan bajarish. 1979-yilda SQCH-2 shartnomasi imzolandi. Biroq yuqorida qayd etilganlardan xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashi yillarida xalqaro hayot faqat silliq yo‘ldan ketgan ekan-da, degan xulosa chiqmasligi zarur. Bu yillar 152 (70-yillar) da ham dunyo mintaqaviy siyosiy mojarolardan, urushlardan xoli bo‘lmagan. 1971-yilda Hindiston — Pokiston davlatlari o‘rtasida yana urush boshlandi. Bunga Pokistonda boshlangan bo‘linish jarayoni bahona bo‘ldi. Pokiston G‘arbiy va Sharqiy qismlarga bo‘linar edi. Ularni Hindiston hududi ajratib turardi. Sharqiy Pokistonda aholi ko‘p bo‘lsa-da, uni G‘arbiy Pokiston vakili boshqarar edi. Bu hodisa keskin norozilik keltirib chiqardi. Sharqiy Pokiston keng muxtoriyat talab eta boshladi. Biroq hukumat bunga rozi bo‘lmadi. Natijada Sharqiy Pokistonda separatchilar harakati kuchaydi. Hindiston separatchilarga yordam uchun o‘z armiyasini yubordi. Buning oqibatida Sharqiy Pokiston ajralib chiqdi va u yerda mustaqil Bangladesh davlati tashkil etildi. Bu urushda SSSR Hindistonni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1973-yilning oktabr oyida navbatdagi arab-isroil urushi yuz berdi. Uni Isroilning Yaqin Sharq muammosini tinch yo‘l bilan hal etishni istamasligi, arablarning esa 1967- yilgi mag‘lubiyat uchun qasos olishga intilishlari keltirib chiqardi. Urush Misr armiyasining Isroilga to‘satdan hujum qilishi bilan boshlandi. Birinchi bor arab quroli Isroilga zarba bera boshladi. Biroq Isroil tez orada o‘zini o‘nglab oldi. Misr va Suriya armiyasini chekinishga majbur etib, Qohira va Damashq shaharlariga bevosita tahdid sola boshladi. BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashining qat’iy talabi bilan urush harakatlari to‘xtatildi. Urush arab davlatlari harbiy qudratining o‘sganligini namoyish etdi. Ayni paytda Yaqin Sharq muammosini kuch bilan hal etish mumkin emasligini ham isbotladi. AQSHning faol aralashuvi bilan Yaqin Sharq muammosini ikki tomonlama shartnomalar imzolash orqali hal etishga kirishildi. Xususan, 1975-yilda Sinay yarim orolida Isroil va Misr qo‘shinlarini ajratish to‘g‘risida shartnoma, 1978-yilda esa bu ikki davlat o‘rtasida Kemp-Devid shartnomasi imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, Misr va Isroil o‘rtasidagi urush holati barham topdi. Isroil bosib olgan Misr yerlarini qaytarib berdi. 1979-yilda Misr—Isroil tinchlik shartnomasi ham imzolandi. Biroq Yaqin Sharq muammosining asosiy masalalari — Isroil bosib olgan arab davlatlari hududlarini qaytarib berish va Falastin arab davlatini tuzish hal etilmadi. 70-yillardan boshlab Amerika — Xitoy yaqinlashuvi boshlandi. Chunonchi, 1971-yilda AQSH Prezidentining Milliy xavfsizlik bo‘yicha yordamchisi G. Kissinjer maxfiy ravishda Pekinda qabul qilindi. 1972-yilda esa AQSH Prezidenti R. Nikson Xitoyga rasmiy safar bilan bordi. Bu xalqaro siyosiy hayotning eng shov-shuvli voqeasi bo‘ldi. AQSH — Xitoy munosabatlarining yaxshilanish jarayoni boshlandi. 1979- yilda bu ikki davlat o‘rtasida elchilar darajasida diplomatik aloqalar o‘rnatildi. AQSH—Xitoy munosabatlarining yaxshilana borishi SSSRni tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Buning ustiga Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda sovet-xitoy munosa- Arab — Isroil urushi Xitoy xalqaro munosabatlarda Hindiston — Pokiston urushi 153 batlari keskinlashib bordi. Bunga Vetnam Sotsialistik Respublikasi (VSR) rahbariyatining SSSR tarafida turishi, VSRning 1979-yilning yanvar oyida Kambojadagi xitoyparast «Qizil kxmerlar» hukumatini ag‘darib tashlashi sabab bo‘ldi. Xitoy VSRga qarshi harbiy harakat boshladi. SSSR, do‘stlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnomaga ko‘ra, VSRni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Tez orada Xitoy urush harakatlarini to‘xtatdi va qo‘shinlarini Vetnamdan olib chiqib ketdi. 70-yillarning oxiridan boshlab xalqaro munosabatlarda yana keskinlik davri boshlandi. Xo‘sh, buning sababi nimalardan iborat bo‘lgan edi? 70- yillarda dunyoning turli nuqtalarida shunday voqealar yuz berdiki, ayrim siyosatchilar ularga to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri SSSRning g‘alabasi, AQSHning esa mag‘lubiyati, deb baho berdilar. Chunonchi, 1974-yilda Efiopiyada (Afrika qit’asida) monarxiya ag‘darildi. Hokimiyat tepasiga marksizm-leninizm ta’limotiga amal qiluvchi siyosiy guruh keldi. Bu guruh Efiopiyada sotsializm qurishni o‘zining maqsadi, deb e’lon qildi. 1975-yilda Portugaliya mustamlakachilik imperiyasi quladi. Natijada kechagi mustamlakalar bo‘lmish Angola va Mozambikda inqilobiy-demokratik hokimiyat o‘rnatildi. Ular, birinchi navbatda, SSSRga tayana boshladilar. 1978-yilda SSSRning aralashuvi bilan Afg‘onistonda davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazildi. Uning tashkilotchilari bu voqeani «inqilob» deb atadilar va maqsadlari SSSR nusxasidagi sotsializm qurish ekanligini ma’lum qildilar. 1979-yilda Nikaraguada AQSHparast hukumat ag‘darildi. Xuddi shu yili Eronda AQSHning O‘rta Sharqdagi tayanchi — shoh hokimiyati ag‘darildi. AQSH hukmron doiralari bu voqealarga AQSHning mag‘lubiyati deb qaradilar. O‘ta o‘ng kuchlar esa bu voqealar hukumat noqobilligining va Moskva aralashuvining oqibati, deb jar soldilar. Tabiiyki, bunday sharoitda xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashi bundan keyin ham davom etishi mumkin emas edi. Ikkinchidan, SSSR 70-yillarda o‘z tashqi siyosatida katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. Ularning eng asosiysi SSSRning Sharqiy Yevropadagi mavqeyini G‘arbga tan oldirish bo‘ldi. Bu hol, shubhasiz, SSSRning o‘ziga bo‘lgan ishonchini yana mustahkamladi. Endi SSSR xalqaro miqyosda, o‘z xohishicha, Xelsinki Yakuniy akti talablari ruhiga zid ravishda harakat qila boshladi. Chunonchi, 70-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida o‘z ittifoqchilari bo‘lgan Sharqiy Yevropaning ba’zi davlatlari hududida o‘rtacha olislikka uchadigan yangi tipdagi (SS-20) raketalarini joylashtirdi. (Bu raketalarning har biri bir vaqtda uchtadan yadro bombasini mo‘ljalga yetkazish imkoniga ega bo‘lgan.) Bundan maqsad — G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlariga tazyiq o‘tkazish edi. SSSRning bu qadamini G‘arb davlatlari, birinchi navbatda, AQSH keskin qoraladi. 1979-yilning dekabr oyida NATO bu davlatlardan raketalarini olib chiqib ketishni SSSRdan talab qildi. Ayni paytda, bu talab bajarilmasa, 1983-yilda G‘arbiy Yevropaning 5 davlati (Buyuk Britaniya, GFR, Belgiya, Gollandiya va Italiya) hududiga AQSHning o‘rtacha olislikka Xalqaro ahvolning qayta keskinlashuvi 154 uchadigan raketalari joylashtirilishini ham ma’lum qildi. Shu tariqa o‘rtacha olislikka uchadigan raketalar xususida keskin kurash boshlandi. Bu oxiroqibatda Yevropada keskinlikning yumshashi jarayonini barbod qildi. 1979-yilning dekabr oyida Afg‘onistonga SSSR armiyasining kiritilishi xalqaro keskinlikni yanada kuchaytirib yubordi. SSSR armiyasi kiritilgach, Afg‘onistonda fuqarolar urushi yangi pallaga kirdi. BMT Bosh Assambleyasi SSSRdan Afg‘onistondagi armiyasini olib chiqib ketishini talab qildi. 1980- yilgi Moskva yozgi Olimpiada o‘yinlarini ko‘p davlatlar boykot qildilar. AQSH Senati SQCH-2 shartnomasini tasdiqlashni rad etdi. SSSRga g‘alla sotishni to‘xtatdi. AQSH keskinlikni yumshatish siyosatidan voz kechdi va qayta qurollanishni avj oldirdi. 1983-yilda AQSH prezidenti R. Reygan «Strategik mudofaa tashabbusi» rejasini ma’lum qildi. Bu reja raketaga qarshi qurolni qisman kosmosga joylashtirishni nazarda tutar edi. Bu reja amalga oshsa, raketadan mudofaaning mavjud tizimi butunlay yaroqsiz holga kelar edi. Bundan tashqari, 1983-yildan boshlab AQSH Yevropa davlatlari hududiga o‘z raketalarini joylashtirishni boshladi. Bu hol SSSRning strategik ahvolini nihoyatda murakkablashtirdi. Chunki AQSHning bu raketalari SSSR hududini nishonga olar edi. SSSRning Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari hududiga joylashtirgan raketalari esa AQSH hududiga yetib bora olmas edi. SSSRning xalqaro obro‘siga katta putur yetdi. 1979-yildan boshlab Yaqin Sharqda tashabbusni AQSH o‘z qo‘liga oldi. Endi Yaqin Sharq muammosini SSSRning ishtirokisiz hal etishga kirishildi. Shunday qilib, xalqaro munosabatlar keskinlashib ketdi. Sovet davlati rahbariyati 80-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida qurollanish poygasining yangi bosqichiga mamlakat iqtisodiyoti bardosh bera olmasligini anglab yetdi. Shuning uchun SSSR rahbariyati tashqi siyosat yo‘nalishini o‘zgartirishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1985-yilda SSSR rahbari M. S. Gorbachyov SSSRning kollektiv xavfsizlik tamoyillariga tarafdorligini va xalqlarning taraqqiyot yo‘lini tanlashda suveren huquqlarini hurmat qilishini e’lon qildi. Tashqi siyosatdagi bu o‘zgarish «yangi siyosiy tafakkur» iborasida o‘z ifodasini topdi. SSSR rahbariyati tezda gapdan amaliy ishga o‘tdi. 1985—1988-yillar oralig‘ida 4 marta oliy darajada sovet-amerika uchrashuvi o‘tkazildi. 1987-yilda SSSR va AQSH o‘rtasida o‘rtacha va qisqa olislikka uchadigan raketalarni tugatish to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 1989-yilda SSSR Afg‘onistondan qo‘shinlarini olib chiqib ketdi. Shu yili M. S. Gorbachyovning Xitoyga safari uyushtirildi. Buning natijasida sovet-xitoy munosabatlarini yaxshilashga asos solindi. SSSR tashqi siyosatida ro‘y berayotgan chuqur o‘zgarishlar 1989-yilda Sharqiy Yevropa (SSSR ittifoqchilari) davlatlarida ro‘y bergan inqiloblar tufayli jiddiy sinovdan o‘tdi. SSSR bu inqiloblarni bostirishga harakat qilmadi. Kechagi ittifoqchilar SSSR vasiyligidan qutuldilar. SSSR, hatto, 1990-yilning 3-oktabrida ikki SSSR tashqi siyosatidagi o‘zgarish 155 nemis davlatining birlashishiga ham to‘sqinlik qilmadi. Aksincha, Germaniya birlashgandan so‘ng 1990-yilning 9-noyabrida SSSR va GFR o‘rtasida yaxshi qo‘shnichilik, sherikchilik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. SSSR Sharqiy Yevropadan o‘z qo‘shinlarini olib chiqib keta boshladi. AQSH va uning ittifoqchilari 1991-yili Iroqning o‘zboshimchaligiga qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatganida SSSR o‘z ittifoqchisi Iroqni qo‘llabquvvatlamadi. 1990-yilning noyabrida Parijda Yevropada oddiy qurol-yarog‘ va qurolli kuchlar sonini qisqartirish to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma imzolandi. Yevropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik kengashi qatnashchilari bo‘lgan davlatlar Yevropa uchun Parij Xartiyasini qabul qildilar. Unda davlatlararo munosabatlarning Xelsinki tamoyillari tasdiqlandi. Shu tariqa «sovuq urush» barham topa bordi. 1991-yilda SSSRning qulashi bilan «sovuq urush» tugadi. Lekin AQSH — Rossiya ziddiyatlari davom etmoqda. XX asrdagi so‘nggi o‘n yillikning eng yirik voqeasi SSSRning qulashi bo‘ldi. 1991-yil 8-dekabrda Rossiya, Ukraina va Belorussiya rahbarlari Minsk shahridagi uchrashuvlarida SSSR tarqatib yuborilganligini e’lon qildilar. Buning sababi — aynan shu uch davlat 1922- yilning 30-dekabrida SSSRni tashkil etgan edilar. Ayni paytda bu uch davlat rahbarlari Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi (MDH) ni tashkil etganliklarini ham ma’lum qildilar. Sobiq ittifoqdosh respublikalardan yana sakkiztasi, shu jumladan, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi MDH haqidagi shartnomani imzoladilar. Dunyo hamjamiyati Rossiya Federatsiyasini sobiq SSSRning qonuniy vorisi, deb tan oldi. Rossiya Federatsiyasi sobiq SSSR imzolagan shartnomalarga rioya qilish majburiyatini o‘z zimmasiga oldi. BMT va uning Xavfsizlik Kengashida SSSRning o‘rnini egalladi. SSSR tarqalib ketgach, uning yadro qurollari to‘rt davlat (Ukraina, Belorussiya, Rossiya va Qozog‘iston) hududida qoldi. Xalqaro hamjamiyat ularning yagona Rossiyada to‘planishi choralarini ko‘rdi va bunga erishdi. SSSRning qulashi jahondagi siyosiy vaziyatni tubdan o‘zgartirib yubordi. Dunyoning ikkiga bo‘linishi barham topdi. AQSH dunyoning yagona «o‘ta buyuk» davlati bo‘lib qoldi. AQSH prezidenti J. Bush o‘z xalqini «sovuq urush» da erishilgan g‘alaba bilan qizg‘in tabrikladi. 90-yillar xalqaro hayotda ko‘p millatli davlatlarning parchalanishi va milliy davlatlarning vujudga kelishi bilan ham ajralib turadi. Chunonchi, Chexoslovakiya va Yugoslaviya bo‘linib ketdi. Chexoslovakiya 1993-yilning 1-yanvarida Chexiya va Slovakiya davlatlariga ajraldi. Yugoslaviya bo‘linguniga qadar 6 respublikadan iborat edi. 1991-yil iyun oyida Xorvatiya, Sloveniya va Makedoniya o‘z mustaqilligini e’lon qildilar. 1992-yilning yanvar oyida Bosniya va Gersegovina ajralib chiqdi. Serbiya va Chernogoriya esa Yugoslaviya Ittifoqi (YuI) Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligining tashkil etilishi Milliy davlatlarning vujudga kelishi 156 davlatini tuzdilar. Yugoslaviyaning parchalanish jarayoni yana davom etdi. Xususan, Chernogoriya YuI tarkibidan ajrab chiqdi. Kosovoda yashovchi albanlar esa mustaqil Kosovo davlati tuzilganligini e’lon qildilar. Yaqin Sharq muammosining asosiy masalasi — Falastin arab davlatini tashkil etish va Isroil bosib olgan arab yerlarini qonuniy egalariga qaytarib berish hamon hal etilmay kelinmoqda. Falastin arab davlatini tashkil etishga quyidagi uchta katta muammo g‘ov bo‘lib turibdi: — 1,5 mln dan ortiq arab qochoqlarini avvalgi yashash joylariga qaytarish; — Falastin davlatining poytaxti muammosi; — Falastinliklar Quddus shahrini o‘z davlatining poytaxti bo‘lishini istaydilar. Isroil esa uni o‘z davlatining poytaxti, deb e’lon qilgan. Uzoq muzokaralardan so‘ng bu shaharni ikkiga bo‘lishga kelishildi, Isroildagi o‘ta o‘ng kuchlar va Falastinning ekstremist tashkilotlari shaharning bo‘linishiga aslo rozi bo‘lmayotirlar va bunday bo‘linishiga butun choralar bilan qarshilik ko‘rsatmoqdalar; — Isroildagi o‘ta o‘ng millatchi va Falastindagi ekstremistik kuchlarning barcha muammolarni kuch yordamida hal etishga urinayotganliklari. Ularning ikki tomonlama har qanday kelishuvga qarshiligi. Shu tariqa Yaqin Sharq muammosi hamon o‘z yechimini to‘la topganicha yo‘q. Lekin 2005- yilga kelib G‘azo sektoridan 8,5 ming yahudiylarning ko‘chib ketishi vaziyatni biroz iliqlashtirdi. Afg‘onistondagi turli etnik, siyosiy-diniy kuchlar o‘rtasida hokimiyat uchun kurash uzoq davom etdi. 1996-yilda Afg‘onistonning katta qismida tolibonlar hokimiyati o‘rnatildi. Ular Afg‘onistonni islom davlatiga aylantirdilar. Tolibonlarga qarshi kuchlar «Shimoliy alyans» (ittifoq)ga birlashdilar. Tolibon va Shimoliy alyans o‘rtasida qirg‘inbarot urushi olib borildi. Pokiston va Saudiya Arabistoni tolibonlar hokimiyatini tan oldilar va unga keng ko‘lamli yordam ko‘rsatdilar. Afg‘onistondagi holat nafaqat bu davlatning, balki uning qo‘shnilari, qolaversa, jahon hamjamiyatining muammosiga aylandi. Afg‘oniston hududi ayni paytda narkotik moddalar va qurol-yarog‘ kontrabandasi, diniy ekstremizm va fanatizm, terrorchilik o‘lkasi bo‘lib qoldi. Binobarin, Afg‘oniston muammosi yalpi xavfsizlikka ham jiddiy tahdid solayotgan muammoga aylandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Afg‘oniston muammosini hal etishga doir qator takliflarni ilgari surdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. A. Karimov 1993-yildayoq BMT e’tiborini Afg‘oniston muammosiga qaratgan edi va, birinchi navbatda, muxolif kuchlarga qurol sotilishini taqiqlab qo‘yishni taklif etgandi. Afg‘oniston muammosi Yaqin Sharqdagi vaziyat 157 Shuningdek, muxolifat kuchlari buyuk davlatlar va chegaradosh davlatlar ishtirokida Afg‘oniston muammosini hal etishga qaratilgan xalqaro uchrashuv o‘tkazishni taklif etdi. Bunday uchrashuv 1998-yilda Toshkentda o‘tkazildi. U tarixga «6+2» guruhi uchrashuvi (Eron, Pokiston, Turkmaniston, O‘zbekiston, Qirg‘iziston va Tojikiston, shuningdek, AQSH va Rossiya) nomi bilan kirdi. Uchrashuvda Afg‘oniston muxolifat kuchlari vakillari ham ishtirok etdi. Uchrashuv yakunida Afg‘oniston muammosi bo‘yicha Toshkent Deklaratsiyasi qabul qilindi. Bu hujjat «6+2» guruhiga a’zo davlatlar hamda Afg‘onistonda nizolashayotgan ichki kuchlar uchun tinchlikka eltuvchi xartiya vazifasini o‘tashi mumkin edi. Biroq ichki muxolifat o‘rtasidagi nihoyatda keskin ziddiyat Toshkent Deklaratsiyasini amalga oshirishga imkon bermadi. 2001-yil 11-sentabrda AQSHda bo‘lib o‘tgan terrorchilik harakatidan keyin Afg‘onistonga AQSH boshchiligida hujum boshlandi va tolibonlar ag‘darib tashlanib, Muhammad Karzay boshchiligida yangi dunyoviy hukumat tuzildi. To‘g‘ri, Afg‘oniston muammosi tezda hal etiladiganlardan emas. Chunki bu 20 yildan ortiq davr mobaynida to‘plangan muammodir. O‘zbekiston 1992-yilning fevral oyida dunyoda tinchlikni mustahkamlashni hamda inson huquqlarini himoya qilish ishiga katta hissa qo‘shayotgan nufuzli Xalqaro tashkilot — Yevropada Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik tashkiloti (YEXHT) ga, 1992-yilning 2-martida esa BMT a’zoligiga qabul qilindi. Bu tarixiy voqea O‘zbekistonning mustaqil davlat sifatida xalqaro hamjamiyatdan munosib o‘rin olishida katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. 1993-yilning sentabr oyida bo‘lib o‘tgan BMTning 48-sessiyasida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. A. Karimov birinchi bor ishtirok etdi. U o‘z ma’ruzasi bilan O‘zbekistonni yana bir bor dunyoga tanitdi. O‘zbekiston tez orada jahondagi 105 davlat a’zo bo‘lgan Qo‘shilmaslik harakatiga qabul qilindi. I. A. Karimov 1995-yilda BMTning 50-yilligi munosabati bilan uning yubiley sessiyasida ishtirok etdi va nutq so‘zladi. Prezident o‘z nutqida davlat arboblari va siyosatchilari diqqatini milliy xavfsizlik masalasini hozirgi kun talab va ehtiyojlari nuqtayi nazaridan qayta ko‘rib chiqishga da’vat etdi. O‘z fikrini BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi 187 davlatning tashvishlarini, muammolari va taqdirini hal etishga qodir bo‘lmayotgani, uning dunyo barcha muammolarini qamrab ololmayotgani faktlari bilan asosladi. Shuning uchun ham Xavfsizlik Kengashi doimiy a’zolari sonini va uning faoliyat maydonini kengaytirish lozimligini, shuningdek, iqtisodiy, ilmiy-texnikaviy salohiyati va xalqaro obro‘-e’tibori yuqori bo‘lgan Yaponiya va GFR ni BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi doimiy a’zoligiga qabul qilishni taklif etdi. Ayni paytda I. A. Karimov BMT Bosh kotibining vakolatlarini kengaytirish masalasini ham ko‘tarib chiqdi. Ma’lumki, BMT qanchalik nufuzli tashkilot bo‘lmasin, u yer yuzi aholisi butun tashvishini nazorat qila olmaydi. O‘zbekiston xalqaro munosabatlarda 158 O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. A. Karimovning BMT BA 48-sessiyasidagi chiqishi. Shuni nazarda tutgan holda I. A. Karimov dunyodagi qator mamlakatlararo va mintaqalararo xalqaro tashkilotlarni ham BMT doirasiga kiritishni taklif etdi. Shunday qilinsa, xalqaro tashkilotlar yangi tizimi vujudga kelgan va ular yordamida xalqaro muammolar samaraliroq hal etilishiga yo‘l ochilgan bo‘lar edi. 1993-yil yanvarda Toshkentda besh davlat ishtirokida «Markaziy Osiyo Hamdo‘stligi» tashkil etildi. Mart oyida esa bu davlatlar «Orol muammosi bo‘yicha» birgalikdagi harakat bitimini imzoladilar. 1996- yilning 21-iyunida Florensiya (Italiya) shahrida Yevropa Ittifoqi bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida sheriklik va hamkorlik haqida bitim imzolandi. O‘zbekiston mintaqaviy iqtisodiy tashkilot — EKO a’zoligiga qabul qilindi. Bundan tashqari, mamlakatimiz Yevropa va Osiyoni bir-biriga bog‘laydigan «Yevropa — Kavkaz — Osiyo» transport yo‘li — TRASEKA loyihasida ishtirok etmoqda. Ayni paytda O‘zbekiston NATOning «Tinchlik yo‘lida hamkorlik» dasturida faol ishtirok etib kelmoqda. O‘zbekiston NATOga a’zo bo‘lib kirmaydi. Biroq u bilan hamkorlik qiladi. Buning sababi davlatimizning xavfsizligi va tinchligini ta’minlash, mintaqada barqarorlikni qaror toptirish uchun shart-sharoitni mumkin qadar kengaytirish va mustahkamlashdan iboratdir. Shuning uchun O‘zbekiston dunyodagi barcha davlatlar bilan tinchtotuv yashash, do‘stlik, birodarlik, iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalarni rivojlantirish, ekstremizm va terrorchilikka qarshi birgalikda kurash g‘oyasini ilgari surmoqda. 1999-yilning 18—19-noyabr kunlari Turkiyaning Istambul shahrida Yevropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik tashkilotining oliy darajadagi sammiti bo‘lib o‘tdi. Sammit Yevropada Xavfsizlik Xartiyasini muhokama qildi. Sammitda birinchi bo‘lib so‘zga chiqqan I. A. Karimov jahon jamoatchiligini tashvishlantirayotgan diniy ekstremizm, xalqaro terrorizm, mintaqaviy mojarolar masalasiga alohida e’tibor berdi va bu haqda bunday YEXHT Istambul sammiti 159 dedi: «Bugungi kunda xalqaro maydonda «sovuq urush» ko‘rinishlari o‘rnini bir-biri bilan birlashib, tobora keng ko‘lamli va hujumkor mohiyat kasb etayotgan ashaddiy millatchilik va separatizm, diniy ekstremizm va xalqaro terrorizm kabi illatlar egallayotganini isbotlab o‘tirishning hojati yo‘q... Bugungi kunda biz radikal kayfiyatdagi markazlarning diniy ekstremizm va terrorizmni tarqatishga qaratilgan uzoqni ko‘zlovchi rejalariga, mintaqa davlatlarini o‘zlari tanlagan demokratik, huquqiy va dunyoviy taraqqiyot yo‘lidan qaytarishga urinishi hollariga duch kelmoqdamiz. Buni Tojikistondagi voqealar, yaqinda Toshkentda yuz bergan portlashlar, bosqinchilar guruhlarining mustaqil Qirg‘iziston janubiga surbetlarcha bostirib kirishi hamda barchaga ma’lum boshqa faktlar isbotlab turibdi». I. A. Karimov Istambul sammitida Xavfsizlik Xartiyasi loyihasi yuzasidan quyidagi takliflarni bildirdi: Birinchidan, YEXHTning mintaqaviy xavfsizlik, jumladan, Markaziy Osiyo bo‘yicha mintaqaviy xavfsizlik tizimini shakllantirishda yanada faolroq bo‘lishi; ikkinchidan, YEXHTning xalqaro ziddiyatlarning oldini olishga qaratilgan xalqaro organ sifatidagi vazifalarini aniq belgilash, shuningdek, uning iqtisodiyot va ekologiya sohalarida tutgan o‘rnini mustahkamlash; uchinchidan,YEXHT tizimini isloh qilish. Islohotning maqsadi — YEXHTni bugungi ijtimoiy-siyosiy jarayonlar oqimiga moslashtirish, bu tashkilotni hayot keltirib chiqarayotgan yangi-yangi muammolarni hal etishga ko‘proq jalb etish. Ayni paytda I. A. Karimov Istambul sammitida xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash markazini tashkil etish masalasini keskin qo‘ydi. Bu markazning asosiy vazifasi terrorizm ko‘rinishlari bilangina emas, eng avvalo, xalqaro terrorizmni mablag‘ bilan ta’minlayotgan, qo‘llab-quvvatlayotgan, qurolyarog‘ larni joylarga jo‘natayotgan manbalarga qarshi kurash bo‘yicha qabul qilingan qarorlarning so‘zsiz bajarilishi bo‘yicha faoliyatlarni muvofiqlashtirishdan iborat bo‘lishi lozimligi ta’kidlab o‘tildi. Istambul sammiti dunyoga O‘zbekiston so‘zining qudratini, uning siyosiy irodasini va jahon taraqqiyotiga kuchli ta’sir ko‘rsatishi mumkinligini namoyish etdi. 1996-yil Shanxayda, 1997-yil Moskvada bo‘lib o‘tgan Xitoy, Rossiya, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston va Tojikiston davlat rahbarlarining sammitida harbiy sohada hamda chegara hududlarida o‘zaro ishonchni mustahkamlash, qurolli kuchlarni qisqartirish to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 2001-yil iyun oyida Shanxay sammiti bo‘lib o‘tdi. Uning ishida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Islom Karimov qatnashdi va O‘zbekistonning «Shanxay forumi»ga to‘la huquqli a’zo bo‘lishi to‘g‘risida bayonot imzolandi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining taklifi bilan «Shanxay forumi» Shanxay Hamkorlik Tashkiloti (SHHT) deb o‘zgartirildi. Shanxay hamkorlik tashkiloti 160 2002-yilda Sankt-Peterburgda, 2003-yilda Moskvada SHHT sammitlari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Toshkentda mintaqaviy aksilterror tuzilmasi ijroiya qo‘mitasini ishga tushirishga qaror qilindi. 2004-yil iyunda Toshkentda, 2005-yil Ostonada navbatdagi sammit bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda xavfsizlik va savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik bo‘yicha masala ko‘rildi. Butun dunyoda yadroviy, kimyoviy, biologik, elektron terrorchilik xavfi paydo bo‘lganligi, terrorchilikning bazalarini yo‘qotish, odamlar ongini zaharlaydigan, terrorchilikni moliyalashtiradigan markazlarga qarshi keskin kurash olib borish zarurligi ta’kidlandi. Tashkilot kengaymoqda. Shunday qilib, XX asrning ikkinchi yarmi va XXI asr boshidagi xalqaro munosabatlarda BMTning roli oshdi. Yevropada integratsiya jarayoni kuchaydi. Sotsializm qo‘rg‘oni yemirildi. Ko‘pgina yangi davlatlar xalqaro hamjamiyatning teng huquqli a’zolari bo‘lib qoldilar. AQSH dunyoning yakka hukmron, qudratli davlatiga aylandi. Lekin qurollanish, narkobiznes, ekologik, sog‘liqni saqlash, inson huquqlarini himoya qilish muammoligicha qolmoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. 1919-yilgi Parij tinchlik konferensiyasi qarorlarini 1945-yilgi Potsdam konferensiyasi qarorlari bilan taqqoslang. 2. Nyurnberg jarayoni haqida qanday xulosaga keldingiz? Bugungi kunda ham insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlarning jazosiz qolmasligiga misollar keltiring. 3. «Sovuq urush» vujudga kelmasligi mumkin edimi? O‘z fikringizni asoslab bering. 4. Marshall rejasi qanday reja va nega SSSR uni qabul qilmagan? 5. NATO va Varshava harbiy-siyosiy bloklari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 6. XX asrning mintaqaviy mojarolari, ularda AQSH va SSSRning tutgan o‘rni haqidagi faktlarni taqqoslang. 7. Jahon Tinchlik Kengashi qay tariqa vujudga kelgan edi? Kopengagen Kongressi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 8. Qo‘shilmaslik harakati qanday harakat? 9. XX asrning 70-yillarida xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashiga imkon bergan omillarni sanang. Keskinlikning yumshashi yillarida xalqaro hayotdagi muhim voqealar jadvalini tuzing. 10.Nega XX asr 70-yillarining oxiriga kelib xalqaro ahvol yana keskinlashgan? Bu keskinlikning yuzaga kelishida SSSR va AQSHning o‘rniga baho bering. 11.XX asr 80-yillar 2-yarmidan boshlab SSSR tashqi siyosatida qanday o‘zgarish yuz berdi? 12.Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi (MDH) qay tariqa vujudga keldi? 13.«Sovuq urush» davri tugagan bo‘lsa-da, nega dunyo hamon mo‘rtligicha qolmoqda? VAQTLI MATBUOT MATERIALLARI ASOSIDA «O‘ZBEKISTON XALQARO MUNOSABATLARDA» MAVZUSIDAGI JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING O‘zbekiston a’zo bo‘lgan xalqarо tashkilotlar ro‘yxati: 1. 2. ? 161 17-§. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin G‘arb davlatlari ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va siyosiy taraqqiyotidagi o‘ziga xos xususiyatlar Tarix va geografiya fanlarida «Sharq» va «G‘arb» tushunchalari bir xil ma’noni anglatmaydi. Geografiyada Sharq Quyosh chiqish tomonini, G‘arb esa Quyosh botish tomonini anglatsa, tarixda bu ikki tushuncha mutlaqo boshqa ma’no kasb etadi. Ayni paytda ular turli tarixiy davrlarda turlicha mazmunga ham ega bo‘lgan. Masalan, «Sharq» so‘zi dastlab noxristian olamga nisbatan ishlatilgan. Keyinchalik esa bu so‘z mustamlaka hududlarga nisbatan qo‘llanildi. «Sovuq urush» yillarida esa «Sharq» so‘zi SSSR va uning ittifoqchilariga, «G‘arb» so‘zi esa AQSH va uning ittifoqchilariga nisbatan ishlatildi. Keyinchalik «Sharq» so‘zi iqtisodiyoti bozor munosabatlariga asoslanmagan totalitar davlatlarga nisbatan, «G‘arb» so‘zi esa iqtisodiyoti bozor munosabatlariga asoslangan demokratik davlatlarga nisbatan ishlatildi. Yer yuzida bugungi kunda 190 dan ortiq davlat bor. Mutaxassislarning fikricha, ulardan atigi 75 tasi iqtisodiyoti bozor munosabatlariga asoslangan demokratik davlat hisoblanadi. G‘arbning Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi taraqqiyotining o‘ziga xos asosiy xususiyatlaridan biri, G‘arbda farog‘at davlatining vujudga kelganligi edi. Bunday davlat XX asrning 50-yillarida qaror topdi. 60—70-yillarda esa ravnaq topdi va yanada mustahkamlandi. «Farog‘at davlati» nima o‘zi? Farog‘at davlati — bu, bozor iqtisodiyotini saqlagan holda, o‘z fuqarolari uchun farovon hayot va shu hayotni ta’minlashga qodir ijtimoiy ta’minot darajasini kafolatlaydigan demokratik davlatdir. Insoniyat bunday davlatni XX asrning 50-yillarida yarata oldi. Buning sababi — aynan shu davrga kelganda ilg‘or, sog‘lom fikrli kishilar, siyosatchilar fuqarolarning ijtimoiy himoyasi masalasi, huquq erkinligini, binobarin, davlat ana shu huquqning amalda ro‘yobga chiqishini kafolatlashi zarurligini to‘la anglab yetganliklari edi. Xo‘sh, qanday omillar farog‘at davlatini qurishga imkon bergan? Bu omillarning birinchisi — Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin yangidan boshlangan demokratik harakatning kuchli to‘lqini edi. Demokratik kuchlar chuqur ijtimoiy islohotlar o‘tkazilishini talab qildilar. Ikkinchidan, farog‘at davlatining qaror topishida «sovuq urush» ham katta rol o‘ynadi. G‘arb siyosatchilari o‘z davlatlari hududida qo‘poruvchi kommunistik g‘oyalarning ildiz otishini aslo istamaganlar. Fuqarolarni qo‘poruvchi kommunistik g‘oyalar ta’siridan himoya qilishning eng samarali vositasi adolatli va farovon jamiyat qurish edi. Farog‘at davlati o‘z-o‘zidan qurilib qolmas edi, albatta. Chunki bunday davlat «Farog‘at davlati»ning vujudga kelishi Sharq va G‘arb tushunchalari haqida 11 — Jahon tarixi 162 fuqarolar ijtimoiy himoyasiga juda katta mablag‘ sarflashni zaruratga aylantirar edi. Bunday mablag‘ga ega bo‘lish hamda ishlayotgan fuqarolarga yuqori ish haqi to‘lash uchun davlatning iqtisodiyoti gurkirab rivojlanishi zarur edi. 50-yillarining boshlarida G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlari ishlab chiqarishning urushdan oldingi darajasini asosan tikladilar. 50—60-yillarda esa iqtisodiyotning yuqori sur’atlarda rivojlanishiga erishdilar. Xo‘sh, qanday omillar iqtisodiyotning yuksak sur’atlarda rivojlanishini ta’minladi? Birinchidan, AQSH va G‘arbning boshqa davlatlari Ikkinchi jahon urushi davridayoq va urushdan keyin Yevropada moliyaviy va pul beqarorligi vujudga kelishining oldini olish choralarini ko‘rgan edilar. Xususan, Xalqaro valuta fondi va Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki tashkil etildi. Ikkinchidan, «Marshall rejasi» beqiyos katta rol o‘ynadi. Unga ko‘ra, AQSH 1948—1952-yillar oralig‘ida G‘arb davlatlariga 13 mlrd dollar miqdorida yordam ko‘rsatdi. Uchinchidan, xalqaro savdo uchun qulay sharoit yaratildi. Bu proteksionizm va boj to‘siqlarini amalda bartaraf etish edi. Masalan, faqat AQSH ning o‘zi olib kelinadigan tovarlar uchun to‘lanadigan bojni 50 foizga kamaytirdi. Bu hol xalqaro savdo gurkirab rivojlanishiga olib keldi. Chunonchi, 1948—1960-yillar oralig‘ida xalqaro savdoning yillik o‘rtacha o‘sish sur’ati 6 foizni, 1960—1973-yillar oralig‘ida esa 9 foizni tashkil etdi. Yevropaning o‘zida davlatlararo savdo hajmi 1950—1970-yillar davomida 18 mlrd dollardan 129 mlrd dollarga yetdi. Shu tariqa tashqi savdo iqtisodiy taraqqiyot manbayiga aylandi. To‘rtinchidan, xalqning intellektual quvvatiga alohida e’tibor berilib, ishlab chiqarishga yangi texnika va texnologiya o‘z vaqtida joriy etildi. Sanoat texnika va texnologiya asosida qayta qurildi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi to‘la mexanizatsiyalashtirildi. Qishloq xo‘jaligida tom ma’noda inqilob — biotexnologiya va kimyolashtirish amalga oshirildi. Beshinchidan, neftdan yoqilg‘i o‘rnida keng miqyosda foydalanishga o‘tildi. U iqtisodiy hayotning asosiy harakatlantiruvchi vositasiga aylandi. Buning ustiga uning bahosi juda arzon edi. Bir barrel (159 litr) neftning narxi atigi 1,5 dollar edi. Oltinchidan, G‘arb davlatlarida davlat iqtisodiyotni tartibga solish siyosatini yuritdi. Bu siyosat aralash iqtisodiyotni vujudga keltirish orqali amalga oshirildi. Iqtisodiyotda xususiy mulk, xususiy tadbirkorlik faoliyati va davlat mulki uyg‘unligiga erishildi. Yettinchidan, iqtisodiyotning yuksak darajada rivojlanishi masalasi hukumat siyosati darajasiga ko‘tarildi. Iqtisodiyotni sarmoyalash har tomonlama rag‘batlantirildi. G‘arb davlatlari iqtisodiyoti gurkirab rivojlanishining sabablari 163 Yuqorida qayd etib o‘tilgan omillar 1975-yilga kelib G‘arb davlatlarining hammasida mustahkam ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimi to‘la qaror topishiga olib keldi. Davlat bevalar, yetimlar, nogironlar, ko‘p bolali oilalar, kambag‘allik chegarasidan past darajada yashayotgan fuqarolarga yordam ko‘rsatilishini tashkil etishni o‘z zimmasiga oldi. Mehnat qilayotganlarning 52 foizidan 67 foizigacha bo‘lgan qismi ishsizlikdan; 48 foizidan 94 foizigacha qismi baxtsiz hodisalardan; 72 foizidan 100 foizigacha qismi kasallik tufayli mehnatga vaqtincha yaroqsizlikdan sug‘urta qilindi. Pensiya yoshiga yetganlarning 80—100 foizi pensiya ta’minoti oladigan bo‘ldi. Davlat budjetining 28 foizidan 60 foizigacha qismi ijtimoiy xarajatlarga ajratildi. Ishlayotgan xodimlarga yuqori ish haqi to‘lana boshlandi. Bular aholining iste’mol quvvatini oshirdi. Masalan, birgina Fransiyada har 1000 nafar ishchiga 636 dona avtomobil, 769 dona televizor, 844 dona muzlatgich to‘g‘ri keldi. Davlat mehnat munosabatlari masalasini qonun bilan tartibga soldi. Mehnat to‘g‘risidagi qonunlarda ish bilan band bo‘lish, ishga yollash va ishdan bo‘shatish kabi masalalarda ishchilarning zarur huquqlari kafolatlandi. Shu tariqa G‘arbda yetuk industrial jamiyat qurilishiga erishildi. G‘arb davlatlarining iqtisodiy sohada birlashish jarayoni G‘arbning XX asr ikkinchi yarmidan keyingi taraqqiyotining yana bir o‘ziga xos xususiyati edi. Urushdan keyingi ahvol Yevropa davlatlarini iqtisodiy muammolarni birgalikda hal etishga undadi. 1951-yilda Yevropaning olti davlati (Belgiya, Italiya, Luksemburg, Gollandiya, GFR va Fransiya) ko‘mir va po‘lat bo‘yicha Yevropa uyushmasini tuzdilar. 1957-yilda esa u «Yevropa iqtisodiy hamjamiyati»ga aylantirildi. (U «Umumiy bozor» deb ham ataladi.) 1993-yil Maastrixt shartnomasi bilan Yevropa hamjamiyati (Yevropa Ittifoqi) deb atala boshladi. 1957-yilda imzolangan Rim shartnomasiga ko‘ra, bu olti davlat o‘zaro savdoda boj to‘siqlarini tugatish va qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlarining yagona bozorini vujudga keltirishga qaror qildilar. 1973—1995-yillar oralig‘ida Buyuk Britaniya, Daniya, Irlandiya (1973), Yunoniston (1981); Portugaliya va Ispaniya (1986); Avstriya, Finlandiya, Shvetsiya (1995); 2004-yilda Vengriya, Kipr, Latviya, Litva, Malta, Polsha, Slovakiya, Sloveniya, Chexiya, Estoniya, 2007-yilda Bolgariya va Ruminiya ushbu hamjamiyatga a’zo bo‘lib kirdilar. Yevropa Ittifoqi a’zolarining soni 2007-yilda 27 taga yetdi. Bu davlatlarda 500 mln ga yaqin kishilar yashaydi. Norvegiyada bu masalada 2 marta umumxalq referendumi bo‘lib o‘tdi, lekin u hali Yevropa Ittifoqiga a’zo bo‘lganicha yo‘q. Nomzodlar: Makedoniya, Xorvatiya. 1990-yildan boshlab sarmoya, tovar va ishchi kuchlarining YEIH doirasida erkin harakat qilishiga xalaqit qiluvchi barcha to‘siqlar olib tashlandi. 1993- yilda Yevropani birlashtirish yo‘lida yana bir katta qadam qo‘yildi. Shu Yevropada birlashish (integratsiya) jarayoni 164 yilning dekabr oyida Gollandiyaning Maastrixt shahrida YEIH ning 12 a’zosi yagona Yevropani vujudga keltirish to‘g‘risida shartnomalar imzoladilar. Shartnomalar quyidagi 3 guruhdan iborat edi: — Yevropaning yagona pulini (Yevro) joriy etish; — Yevropa siyosiy ittifoqini shakllantirish; — Yevropa Komissiyasini tasdiqlash. Yevropa siyosiy ittifoqi kengashi dastlabki bosqichda G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlarining tashqi va mudofaa siyosati masalalarini muvofiqlashtirishga, bu sohalarda yagona yo‘nalish asoslarini ishlab chiqishga, kelgusida esa yagona tashqi va harbiy siyosat yuritishiga xizmat qilishi ko‘zda tutildi. Hozirda raisi N. Sarkozi. Yevropa Komissiyasi YEH a’zolari bo‘lgan davlatlarning sog‘liqni saqlash, xalq ta’limi, qishloq xo‘jaligi va ekologiya sohasidagi siyosatlarini tartibga solish bilan shug‘ullanuvchi muassasa vazifasini o‘tashi lozim edi. YEH a’zolari bo‘lgan davlatlar hukumatlari bu sohalar bo‘yicha vakolatlarini Yevropa Komissiyasiga topshirishi belgilab qo‘yildi. To‘g‘ri, barcha shartnomalar ham amalda ularning yaratuvchilari o‘ylagan darajada bajarilayotgani yo‘q. Biroq, eng asosiysi, yagona Yevropani bunyod etish borasida tarixiy ishlar amalga oshirildi. 1999-yilning dekabr oyida YEHning a’zolari (ularning soni 15 ta) qurolli kuchlarni tuzish haqida qaror qabul qildilar. Uning vazifasi — harbiy inqirozlar yuz bergan hududlarda tinchlikni saqlashdan iborat, deb belgilandi. Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlarida 2002-yil 1-yanvardan yangi pul birligi — «yevro» muomalaga kiritildi. Yevropa Ittifoqining asosini sobiq Yevropa iqtisodiy uyushmasi, Yevratom, Yevropa ko‘mir va po‘lat birlashmasi (2002- yildan o‘z faoliyatini to‘xtatdi) tashkilotlari tashkil etadi. 2007-yil Lissabon bitimiga ko‘ra, murakkab tizim tugatiladi va xalqaro huquq subyekti bo‘lgan Yevropa Ittifoqi yagona statusga ega bo‘ladi. Shuningdek, 2007-yilda Yevropa liderlari Fransiya, Italiya va Ispaniya yangi O‘rtayer dengizi ittifoqi tashkiloti tuzilganligini e’lon qildilar. Yevropa Kengashi — xalqaro va davlatlararo tashkilot. U 1949-yil 5-mayda tashkil etilgan. Dastlab unga 10 ta davlat a’zo edi. Yevropani birlashtirishda bu kengash katta rol o‘ynadi. Hozirgi kunda Yevropaning deyarli barcha davlatlari, shu jumladan, Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari va Rossiya Federatsiyasi ham bu tashkilotning a’zolaridir. Yevropa Kengashining oliy organi — Tashqi ishlar vazirlari Qo‘mitasi va Parlament Assambleyasidir. Yevropa Kengashining vazifasi demokratiya va qonuniylikni, shuningdek, inson huquqlarini rivojlantirishga va himoya qilishga ko‘maklashishdan iboratdir. YEK oliy organlari a’zo davlatlarning o‘z zimmalariga olgan majburiyatlarni amalda bajarishlarini nazorat qiladi. Bu boradagi xulosalarini tegishli hukumatlarga ma’lum qiladi. Demokratiya, qonuniylik, inson huquqlari va erkinliklari sohasida qo‘pol buzilishlarga yo‘l qo‘ygan davlatlarni YEK a’zoligidan chiqarishgacha Yevropa Kengashi 165 choralar ko‘radi. YEKning qarorgohi Fransiyaning Strasburg shahrida joylashgan. Bu kengashga hozir 50 ga yaqin davlat a’zo. Bu kengash iqtisodiy va harbiy-siyosiy masalalar bilan shug‘ullanmaydi. XX asr ikkinchi yarmidan keyingi G‘arb taraqqiyoti o‘z boshidan kechirgan yana bir xususiyat — bu konservativlik to‘lqini va uni yengib o‘tish jarayoni edi. Xo‘sh, konservativlik to‘lqini nima va u qanday vujudga kelgan? Konservativlik to‘lqini — bu farog‘at davlatini tugatish tarafdorlarining hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi edi. 1974—1975-yillarda, shuningdek, 1980— 1982-yillarda industrial davlatlarda iqtisodiy inqirozlar ro‘y berdi. Natijada ishlab chiqarish va xalqaro savdo hajmi kamaydi. Ishsizlik ommaviy tus oldi. Inflatsiya kuchaydi. An’anaviy, eski tartiblar tarafdorlari (konservatorlar) bunda farog‘at davlatini ayblay boshladilar. Inflatsiya — ijtimoiy sohalarga davlat xarajatlarining haddan tashqari ko‘payishi oqibati ekanligini isbotlashga urindilar. Shu tariqa farog‘at davlatini tugatish harakati vujudga keldi. U tarixga «konservativlik to‘lqini» nomi bilan kirgan. 80-yillarda G‘arbning ko‘pgina davlatlarida konservatorlar hokimiyat tepasiga keldilar ham. Ular davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashuvini kamaytirdilar. Erkin tadbirkorlikning keng rivojlanishi uchun zarur sharoitlar yaratish choralarini ko‘rdilar. Inflatsiyani pasaytirish uchun qat’iy moliyaviy siyosat yurita boshladilar. Xususan, ijtimoiy xarajatlarni kamaytirdilar. Iqtisodiyotdagi davlat sektori xususiylashtirildi. Biroq «konservativlik to‘lqini» farog‘at davlatini tugata olgani yo‘q. U faqat ijtimoiy himoya uchun sarflanadigan davlat xarajatlarini davlatning iqtisodiy imkoniyati darajasiga moslashtirdi, xolos. Ayni paytda hayot farog‘at davlati ham barcha ijtimoiy muammolarni amalda hal eta olmasligini isbotladi. Masalan, ishsizlik muammosi jamiyatning doimiy yo‘ldoshi bo‘lib keldi va hozir ham shundayligicha qolmoqda. XX asrning 70—90-yillarida rivojlangan G‘arb mamlakatlarida ishchi kuchining ishlab chiqarish sohasidan xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasiga o‘tishi jarayoni davom etdi. Bu — industrial jamiyatning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlaridan yana biri edi. Masalan, AQSH, Kanada va Buyuk Britaniyada bu ko‘rsatkich 90-yillar o‘rtalariga kelganda 70—72 foizni tashkil etdi. 2—3 foiz ishchi kuchi qishloq xo‘jaligida band bo‘ldi, xolos. Xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasida ishlovchilar sonining ko‘payishiga ilmiy-texnika inqilobi natijasida yaratilgan o‘ta zamonaviy texnika va texnologiyalarning ishlab chiqarishga joriy etilishi sabab bo‘ldi. 1973-yilda dastlabki shaxsiy kompyuter ham yaratildi. 1977-yildan boshlab u keng ko‘lamda ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishi to‘la kompyuterlashtirila boshlandi. Kompyuterlashtirish, o‘z navbatida, ishlab chiqarishga yangi texnologiyalarni — robotlarni, ishlab chiqarishning moslashuvchan tizimi va avtomatik loyihalashtirishni qo‘llash imkonini berdi. Axborot jamiyatining vujudga kelishi Konservativlik to‘lqini 166 Sanoatda, xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasida o‘sha yuqori malakali kadrlar ishlay boshladi. Endi ular moddiy iste’mol buyumlari bilan bir qatorda axborot ham yaratdilar. Shaxsiy kompyuterlar, xalqaro telealoqalar va internet axborot ayirboshlashni, ularni tezda ishlab chiqarishga joriy etish muammosini muvaffaqiyatli hal etdi. Keyingi 50 yil ichida G‘arb davlatlari aholisi ijtimoiy tarkibida tub o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi. Bu hodisa G‘arbda jamiyat taraqqiyotining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlaridan biridir. Chunonchi, qishloq xo‘jaligi bilan shug‘ullanuvchilarning soni keskin kamaydi. Bugungi kunda bu soha bilan 2—7 foiz aholi shug‘ullanmoqda, xolos. Yollanma mehnat bilan shug‘ullanuvchilar soni ishga yaroqli aholining 90 foizini tashkil etadi. Ularning uchdan ikki qismi xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasida mehnat qiladi. Yollanma ishchi kuchi yuqori malakaga ega. Bu hol ularga yuqori ish haqi olish imkonini berdi. Binobarin, ularning moddiy ta’minoti keskin yaxshilandi. Bugungi kunda G‘arb davlatlari aholisining uchdan ikki qismini o‘rta tabaqa vakillari tashkil etadi. Aholining o‘ndan bir qismigina boy-badavlat qatlamga mansubdir. Aholining 20 foizigacha bo‘lgan qismi kambag‘al hisoblanadi. Ular davlatning hamda xayriya jamg‘armalarining yordamini oladilar. Keyingi 50 yil ichida G‘arbda kommunizm mafkurasi to‘la mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Fashizm g‘oyalari to‘la barham topmagan bo‘lsa-da, u endilikda ijtimoiy tayanchga ega emas. Bugungi kunda G‘arb jamiyatida konservatizm, liberalizm, sotsializm va millatchilik kabi g‘oyaviy yo‘nalishlar mavjud. Siyosiy partiyalar ularning birini o‘z mafkuralariga asos qilib olganlar. Urushdan keyingi yillarda G‘arbiy Yevropaning qator davlatlarida konservativ partiyalarning tiklanishi dinning kuchli ta’siri natijasi bo‘ldi. Urush, uning dahshatli oqibatlari aholi o‘rtasida dinning ta’sirini kuchaytirdi. Masalan, Italiyada Xristian-demokratik partiyasining, GFR da Xristian-demokratik ittifoqi va Xristian-sotsialistik ittifoq partiyalarining vujudga kelishi ana shu omil bilan izohlanadi. Ayni paytda Fransiya, Belgiya, Avstriya va Gollandiyada ham diniy partiyalar jamiyat siyosiy hayotida sezilarli kuchga aylangan edi. AQSH va Buyuk Britaniyada kuchli ikki partiyaviy tizim saqlanib qolaverdi. Sotsialistik va sotsial-demokratik partiyalarning ham ta’siri o‘sib bordi. XX asr 90- yillari oxiriga kelib Yevropa Hamjamiyatiga a’zo 15 davlatning 13 tasida hukumatni shu partiyalar vakillari boshqarishdi. Urushdan keyingi yillarda G‘arbning deyarli barcha yetakchi davlatlarida (AQSHdan tashqari) yangi konstitutsiyalar qabul qilindi. Ular zamon talabiga mos demokratik ruhdagi konstitutsiyalar edi. Chunonchi, Fransiya, GFR, Italiya va boshqa davlatlar konstitutsiyalarida urushning xalqaro mojarolarini hal etish vositasi ekanligini qoralovchi moddalar o‘z ifodasini Partiyaviy-siyosiy tizimdagi va davlat qurilishidagi o‘zgarishlar G‘arb davlatlari aholisi ijtimoiy tarkibidagi o‘zgarishlar 167 topdi. Yaponiya Konstitutsiyasiga esa Yaponiya urushga milliy siyosat vositasi sifatida qarashdan voz kechadi, degan modda kiritildi. Bugungi kunda ijtimoiy taraqqiyotning quyidagi ikki asosiy modeli mavjud: 1. Liberal-demokratik taraqqiyot modeli. 2. Totalitar taraqqiyot modeli. Bu ikki model o‘rtasidagi qarama-qarshilik hozirgi kunda ham davom etmoqda. Agar XX asrning 20—40-yillarida totalitar taraqqiyot modelining mavqei kuchli bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, 1950—2001-yillar oralig‘ida liberal-demokratik taraqqiyot modeli keng quloch yozdi. Bugungi kunda dunyo davlatlarining 75 tasida liberal-demokratik tartiblar to‘la qaror topgan. Bu kam, albatta. Biroq shuni unutmaslik lozimki, demokratik jamiyat osonlik bilan qaror topmaydi. Hozirgi G‘arbda taraqqiyotning liberal-demokratik modeli to‘la qaror topdi. Dunyo tobora liberaldemokratik model izidan bormoqda. Xulosa qilib shuni aytish lozimki, bu davrda bozor iqtisodi qonunlariga rioya qilgan davlatlarda farovon hayot vujudga keldi. Bu mamlakatlar iqtisodi gullab-yashnadi. Kam rivojlangan davlatlar xomashyo bazasi sifatida saqlab qolindi. Rivojlangan davlatlar siyosatida bozor uchun kurash kuchaydi. Nayrangbozlik, ustomonlik, aldov, qalloblik, ba’zan esa zo‘rlik va kuch ishlatildi. Yevropa iqtisodiy aloqalarda yangi bosqichga ko‘tarildi. Axborot jamiyati vujudga keldi. Aholining ijtimoiy tarkibida o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi. Dunyo siyosiy taraqqiyotida liberal-demokratik model g‘alaba qildi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Sharq va G‘arb tushunchalariga izoh bering. 2. Farog‘at davlati nima va u qanday qurildi? O‘ylab ko‘ring: Nega SSSR va boshqa sotsialistik davlatlar farog‘at davlatlariga aylanmagan? 3. Urushdan keyingi yillarda G‘arb davlatlari iqtisodiyotining gurkirab rivojlanishiga qanday omillar ta’sir ko‘rsatdi? 4. Yevropa Iqtisodiy Hamjamiyati qay tariqa vujudga keldi? 5 . Maastrixt shartnomasining Yevropa uchun tarixiy ahamiyati nimadan iborat? 6. Yevropa Komissiyasining vazifalarini qayd eting. 7. Yevropa Kengashi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 8. «Konservativlik to‘lqini» nima edi? 9. Axborot jamiyatining qanday jamiyat ekanligini izohlab bering. 10.Urushdan keyingi 50 yil davomida G‘arb davlatlari aholisi tarkibida qanday o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi? 11.Ijtimoiy taraqqiyotning ikki modelini taqqoslang. Nega taraqqiyotning liberal-demokratik modeli istiqbolli ekanligini asoslab bering. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. DUNYO TARAQQIYOTI UCHUN XIZMAT QILGAN XALQARO TASHKILOTLARGA TAVSIF BERING Tashkilotlar nomi Ularning vazifasi ? Dunyo siyosiy taraqqiyotining o‘ziga xos xususiyati 168 2-bob. G‘ARB MAMLAKATLARI 18-§. Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari Urush AQSHni iqtisodiy va harbiy jihatdan dunyoning eng qudratli davlatiga aylantirdi. Bunga, birinchidan, urushning AQSH hududiga daxl qilmaganligi uchun erishildi. Urush harakatlarida to‘rt yilda 300 ming kishi halok bo‘ldi. Natijada AQSH urushdan eng kam zarar bilan chiqdi. Uning to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri zarari 1,2 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. Bu ikkinchi jahon urushida ko‘rilgan barcha zararning atigi 0,4 foizini tashkil etdi. Ikkinchidan, fashistik davlatlar blokiga qarshi urushayotgan davlatlarga ko‘plab miqdorda qurol-yarog‘ va boshqa sanoat hamda qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari sotish hisobiga erishildi. Chunonchi, 1941—1945-yillarda AQSH o‘z ittifoqchilariga 46 mlrd (shu jumladan, Buyuk Britaniyaga 30 mlrd, SSSRga esa 9 mlrd) dollarlik harbiy mahsulotlar yetkazib berdi. Uchinchidan, chet davlatlar AQSHdan 41 mlrd dollar miqdorida qarz bo‘lib qoldi. Dunyo oltin zaxirasining 65 foizi AQSH xazinalarida to‘plandi. Dollar xalqaro savdo va iqtisodiy aloqalarda hukmron valutaga aylandi. Harbiy buyurtmalar AQSH sanoatining gurkirab rivojlanishini ta’minladi. Sanoatning yillik o‘rtacha o‘sish sur’ati 15 foizni tashkil etdi. 1947-yilda dunyo sanoat ishlab chiqarishining 54 foizi AQSH hissasiga to‘g‘ri keldi. Xalqaro savdoda yetakchi o‘rinni egalladi. Flotining quvvati ham 5 baravar ortdi. AQSH dunyoning birinchi dengiz davlatiga aylandi. AQSH ichki siyosatini belgilashda liberalizm va konservatizm mafkuralarining roli katta ahamiyatga ega. Demokratlar partiyasi ichki siyosatda liberalizm mafkurasiga, Respublikachilar partiyasi esa konservatizm mafkurasiga amal qiladilar. Liberalizm mafkurasining mohiyatini mavjud jamiyatni isloh etish tashkil etadi. Bu islohotlar quyidagi mazmunga ega bo‘lishi ko‘zda tutilgan: — mamlakat miqyosida yagona umumdavlat ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimini yaratish; monopoliyalar iqtisodiy faoliyati va narx-navoning shakllanishi ustidan jamoatchilik nazoratini o‘rnatish; bevosita demokratiyani yanada kengaytirish; davlat boshqaruvi va siyosiy partiyalar boshqaruvi tizimida turli millat, irq va jins vakillarining ishtiroki ular soniga nisbatan proporsional bo‘lishiga erishish; — soliq siyosati yordamida milliy daromadni qayta taqsimlash. Bunda milliy daromaddan tekin tibbiy xizmat, aholining kam ta’minlangan qatlamiga moddiy yordam ko‘rsatishga, kam ta’minlangan oilalarga, bolalarga nafaqa Ikkinchi jahon urushining AQSH uchun oqibatlari AQSH ichki siyosatida liberalizm va konservatizmning o‘rni 169 to‘lash, maktablarda tekin nonushta va tushlik hamda tekin umumiy o‘rta ta’lim berilishiga erishish. AQSHda bu maqsadlar ro‘yobga chiqarildi ham. Biroq shuni ham ta’kidlash zarurki, liberalizm mafkurasi ijtimoiy ta’minot hajmi aholi tadbirkorlik faoliyati pasayishiga olib kelishini nazarda tutmaydi. Keyingi yillarda yangi liberalizm (neoliberalizm) oqimi ham paydo bo‘ldi. Bu oqim tarafdorlari ijtimoiy xarajatlar kambag‘allarni ovqatlantirish yoki ishsizlarga nafaqa to‘lashga emas, ularni kasbiy qayta tayyorlashga sarflanishi kerak, deb hisoblaydi. Shu orqali ular kichik tadbirkorlikni rag‘batlantiradilar. AQSH ichki siyosatini belgilashda konservatizm mafkurasi ham katta ta’sirga ega. Konservatizm xususiy tadbirkorlikka maksimal darajada erkinlik berilishini yoqlaydi. Kambag‘allar uchun soliq yo‘li bilan xususiy tadbirkorlardan qo‘shimcha mablag‘ olinishini qoralaydi. Konservatizm mafkurachilari va yo‘lboshchilari: «davlat kambag‘allar uchun miskinlar uyi emas, har bir kishi mehnat qilishi, o‘zini o‘zi ta’minlashi zarur», «Hech kim jamiyatdan xayr-ehson kutmasligi lozim», — deb hisoblaydilar. Ayni paytda konservatorlar ijtimoiy ta’minot unga chindan ham muhtojlargagina berilishining tarafdorlaridir. Urushdan keyingi dastlabki yillarda ichki siyosatda rekonversiya, ya’ni mamlakat hayotini harbiy izdan tinch izga solish muammosi birinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Nega shunday bo‘ldi? Urush yillarida AQSH qurolli kuchlarida 12 mln kishi xizmat qildi. 1947-yilga kelib ularning sonini 1—1,5 mln kishiga tushirish haqida qaror qabul qilindi. Binobarin, 10,5—11 mln harbiyni ish bilan, uy-joy bilan ta’minlash zarur edi. Davlat bu muammoni hal etishga qaratilgan qator muhim qonunlar qabul qildi. Rekonversiyaning yana bir muammosi — bu urush yillarida davlat qurgan zavodlar taqdiri masalasi edi. Davlat ularni qurishga 17 mlrd dollar sarflagan. Urushdan keyin davlat o‘z mulkini yarim bahosiga bo‘lsa ham korporatsiyalarga sotdi. Ichki siyosatda mayda va o‘rta korxonalar ko‘payishiga alohida e’tibor berildi. Urushdan keyingi dastlabki yillarda mamlakatda 9 mln ta shaxsiy firmalar faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Prezident G. Trumen (1945—1952) 1948-yilda ijtimoiy himoya sohasida quyidagi tadbirlarni ilgari surdi: — ish o‘rinlarining to‘la bandligini ta’minlash; — adolatli mehnat munosabatlarini joriy etish; — davlat uy-joylari qurish va xaroba kulbalarni yo‘q qilish. Bu yo‘l «adolatli yo‘l» deb nom oldi. G. Trumen davrida qonun asosida minimal ish haqi, sug‘urta nafaqalari to‘lovlari miqdori oshirildi. Pensiya bilan ta’minlanmagan 10 mln fuqaroga pensiya tayinlandi. Kam ta’minlangan oilalar uchun 800 ming turarjoy qurildi. Kreditga tovar sotish joriy etildi. Bu tadbirlar aholining xarid quvvatini oshirdi. Bular, o‘z AQSHning ichki siyosati 170 navbatida, sanoatning iste’mol tovarlari ishlab chiqaruvchi tarmog‘ining yanada gurkirab rivojlanishini ta’minladi. Mamlakatda dunyoda yo‘q yangi tovar — televizor ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Har bir oilaga telefonga ega bo‘lish imkoni yaratildi. Adolatli mehnat munosabatlarining joriy etilishi juda katta to‘siqlarga uchradi. Kasaba uyushmalarining qudrati AQSH Kongressida ko‘pchilik o‘ringa ega bo‘lgan Respublikachilarning g‘ashini keltirardi. Bu holatga barham berish uchun ular «Taft — Xartli qonuni» deb atalgan qonun loyihasini tayyorladilar. Qonun tashkiliy va birdamlik stachkalarining o‘tkazilishini taqiqladi. Alohida murakkab mehnat mojarolarini majburiy ravishda arbitrajda hal etish belgilab qo‘yildi. Davlat xizmatchilarining ish tashlash o‘tkazishlari taqiqlandi. To‘g‘ri, prezident Trumen bu qonunni tasdiqlamagan. Biroq AQSH Kongressi prezident vetosini bekor qila olgan va Taft — Xartli qonuni kuchga kirgan. 1952-yilgi prezident saylovlarida mashhur harbiy qo‘mondon, general D. Eyzenxauer (Respublikachilar partiyasining nomzodi) g‘alaba qozondi. Uning ichki siyosatida o‘zgacha fikrlovchilarni ta’qib etish kompaniyasi boshlandi. Bu kompaniyani senator J. Makkarti boshqardi. Uning rahbarligida AQSH Senati «Amerikaga qarshi faoliyatni tekshirish komissiyasi»ni tuzdi. Komissiya AQSHning ichki va tashqi siyosati haqida rasmiy nuqtayi nazardan o‘zgacha fikr bildirganlarni qo‘poruvchilikda aybladi. Komissiya AQSH Konstitutsiyasi ruhiga zid ravishda aybdor deb topilgan kishilarni qamoq jazosiga hukm etardi, jarima solar yoki ishdan haydash haqida qaror chiqarar edi. To‘g‘ri, AQSH Senati 1954-yilda Makkarti xattiharakatini qoralagan. 50-yillarda negr xalqining o‘z haq-huquqi uchun kurashi kuchaydi. Bu kurashning rahbari ruhoniy Martin Lyuter King edi. U kurashning kuch ishlatmaslik yo‘lini tanlagan. 1956-yilda AQSH Oliy sudi avtobuslarda oq tanli va qora tanlilar uchun alohida joy ajratishni, maktablarda esa oq tanli va qora tanlilarni ajratib o‘qitishni qonunga zid deb topdi. 1960-yilgi prezidentlik saylovida demokrat J. Kennedi (1961—1963) g‘alaba qozondi. U qisqa muddatli prezidentligi davrida katta ishlarni amalga oshirishga ulgurdi. Chunonchi, J. Kennedi kosmosda AQSHning yetakchi davlat bo‘lishini ta’minlash maqsadida «Apollon» deb ataluvchi dasturni ilgari surdi. Dasturning maqsadi Amerika raketasini Oyga qo‘ndirishga erishish (bu maqsadga 1969-yilda erishilgan). Iqtisodiy taraqqiyotni rag‘- batlantirish uchun ichki bozorni kengaytirishga sarflanadigan xarajatlarni ko‘paytirish, minimal ish haqini oshirish, ishsizlik bo‘yicha to‘lanadigan nafaqani to‘lash muddatini uzaytirish, uy-joy qurilishi ko‘lamini kengaytirish kabi tadbirlar rejalashtirildi. Bu tadbirlarni amalga oshirish katta mablag‘ sarflashni talab etardi. Hukumat bu xarajatlarni soliqlarni oshirish hisobiga 171 qoplamoqchi edi. Bu hol hukumatning yirik korporatsiyalar bilan munosabati buzilishiga olib keldi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, demokratlar partiyasida bo‘linishni keltirib chiqardi. J. Kennedi islohoti atrofida kuchli siyosiy kurash boshlandi. Oxir-oqibatda J. Kennedi 1963- yilning 22-noyabrida Dallas shahrida otib o‘ldirildi. Prezident kimlarning buyurtmasi bilan o‘ldirilganligi haligacha noma’lumligicha qolmoqda. Undan so‘ng prezidentlik lavozimini vitse-prezident L. Jonson egalladi. U «buyuk jamiyat» qurish dasturini ilgari surdi va o‘z oldiga kambag‘allikni hamda irqiy adolatsizlikni tugatish vazifasini qo‘ydi. «Kambag‘allikka qarshi kurash» dasturini amalga oshirish maqsadida kam daromadli oilalarga yordam berish to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilindi. Arzon turarjoylar qurish dasturi amalga oshirildi. Qariyalar uchun tibbiy sug‘urta joriy etildi. Kam daromadli oilalarga esa tibbiy xizmat uchun imtiyozlar belgilandi. 1964—1968-yillar davomida ijtimoiy sohalar uchun 10 mln dollar sarflandi. To‘g‘ri, mamlakatda kambag‘allikni tugatib bo‘lmadi. Biroq kambag‘allar sonini 36,4 mln kishidan 25,4 mln kishiga kamaytirishga erishildi. Irqiy kamsitishni tugatishga qaratilgan qator muhim qonunlar qabul qilindi. Negr xalqining kurashi oqibatida irqiy kamsitishning barcha shakllari qonun bilan taqiqlandi. Vetnam urushi AQSH ichki siyosatiga ham katta talafot yetkazdi. 1968- yilga kelib 30 ming AQSH harbiylari halok bo‘ldi. 180 ming harbiy esa yarador bo‘ldi. Ijtimoiy sohaga xarajatlar ajratish keskin kamaydi. Fuqarolar huquqlariga qarshi hujum boshlandi. Urushga qarshi xarajat kuchaydi. Irqiy kamsitishga qarshi kurash ommaviy tus oldi. Shunday sharoitda reaksiya terror yo‘liga o‘tdi. 1968-yilning aprel oyida Martin Lyuter King o‘ldirildi. Iyun oyida esa J. Kennedining ukasi, AQSH prezidentligiga nomzod R. Kennedi o‘ldirildi. Shu tariqa mamlakatda keskin siyosiy vaziyat vujudga keldi. Shunday sharoitda, 1968-yilgi prezidentlik saylovida respublikachilar partiyasi nomzodi R. Nikson (1969—1974) g‘alaba qozondi. R. Nikson hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan davrda AQSHni og‘ir iqtisodiy va siyosiy inqiroz qamrab olgan edi. 1971-yilga kelib ishsizlar soni 5 mln dan ortdi. Bu ishga yaroqli aholining 6 foizini tashkil etardi. Og‘ir iqtisodiy Jоn Кennedi. 172 inqirozdan chiqish uchun qator keskin choralar ko‘rildi. Chunonchi, ish haqi va narxlar muzlatildi. Davlat xarajatlari kamaytirildi. Dollarni oltinga almashtirish vaqtincha to‘xtatildi. Mamlakatga olib kelinadigan tovarlar uchun 10 foizlik boj to‘lovlari joriy etildi. R. Nikson prezidentligi davrida aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilish masalasiga ham ko‘proq e’tibor berildi. Ijtimoiy to‘lovlar 45 foizga oshirildi. Uni oluvchilar soni esa 30 mln kishini tashkil etdi. Kambag‘allarga ayrim oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini talon orqali tekin berish joriy etildi. Agar 1969-yilda bunday imkoniyatdan 3 mln fuqaro foydalangan bo‘lsa, 1974-yilda ularning soni 13 mln kishiga yetdi. 1974- yilda 1 soatga to‘lanadigan minimal ish haqi 1,6 dollardan 2,2 dollarga oshirildi. 1972-yilgi prezidentlik saylovida yana R. Nikson g‘alaba qozondi. Biroq uning prezidentligi uzoqqa cho‘zilmadi. Bunga «Uotergeyt ishi» deb nom olgan janjal sabab bo‘ldi. «Uotergeyt» mehmonxonasida demokratlar partiyasining qarorgohi joylashgan edi. 1972-yilning 17-iyunida shu qarorgohga eshituvchi apparat o‘rnatgan shaxslar ushlangan. Tergov natijasida uni Respublikachilar partiyasi uyushtirganligi ma’lum bo‘ladi. Hatto unda R. Niksonning shaxsan ishtiroki borligi ham aniqlanadi. Bu hodisa AQSH Konstitutsiyasining qo‘pol sur’atda buzilishi edi. 1974-yilning 9-avgustida R. Nikson iste’foga chiqdi va shu yo‘l bilan impichmentdan qutulib qoldi. 1976-yilgi saylovda g‘alaba qilgan Prezident Karter davrida ichki siyosatda harbiy xarajatni keskin oshirish izidan borildi. Chunonchi, 1980-yilda harbiy xarajat 130 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. Bundan tashqari, inflatsiyani kamaytirish maqsadida ish haqi muzlatildi, ijtimoiy to‘lovlar kamaytirildi. Mamlakatda fermerlar harakati qayta tiklandi. Ular qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari narxi davlat tomonidan ushlab turilishini talab eta boshladilar. Dunyo siyosatida AQSH birin-ketin muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchray boshladi. Bu esa hokimiyat tepasiga AQSH qudratini bor ko‘lami bilan namoyish etuvchi shaxsning kelishini zaruratga aylantirib qo‘ydi. 1980-yilda o‘tkazilgan prezidentlik saylovida g‘olib chiqqan respublikachilar nomzodi R. Reygan ana shunday shaxs edi. Hukumatning iqtisodiy siyosati «reyganomika» deb nom oldi. «Reyganomika» ning mazmuni nimalardan iborat edi? — yirik korxonalardan olinadigan soliqlar kamaytirildi; — ijtimoiy sohalarga budjetdan ajratiladigan xarajatlar kamaytirildi; — bankdan olingan kreditlar uchun to‘lanadigan foizlar miqdori oshirildi; — harbiy xarajatlar keskin darajada oshirildi (u 1980-yildagi 130 mlrd dollardan 1987-yilda 282 mlrd dollarga yetdi); — davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashuvi kamaytirildi. Ishsizlar soni ikki baravar oshdi. Ayni paytda inflatsiya to‘xtatildi. 1983- yildan iqtisodiy ko‘tarilish boshlandi. Buning natijasida ishsizlar soni 10 mln kishidan 7 mln ga tushdi. R. Reygan hukumati kasaba uyushmalariga nisbatan keskin siyosat qo‘lladi. Aeroportlar dispetcherlarining ish tashlashi 173 qo‘pol sur’atda bostirildi. Ularning kasaba uyushmasi tarqatib yuborildi. Ish tashlash ishtirokchilari ishdan bo‘shatildi. 1988-yilgi prezidentlik saylovida yana bir respublikachi — J. Bush g‘alaba qozondi. U R. Reygan siyosatini davom ettirdi. 1992 va 1996-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida demokrat B. Klinton g‘alaba qozondi. Bunga uning jamiyatdagi illatlarni — kambag‘allik chegarasidan past darajada yashashni (ular AQSH aholisining 12,5 foizini tashkil etardi); turarjoyi yo‘qlarni (12 mln amerikalik uy-joyga ega emas edi), narkomaniya, jinoyatchilik va shu kabilarni — keskin kamaytirish haqidagi va’dalari va bu borada jiddiy o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirganligi tufayli erishdi. Soatiga to‘lanadigan minimal ish haqi 5 dollardan kam bo‘lmasligi belgilandi. U bergan va’dalarining barchasini ham bajara olmadi. 1994-yilda AQSH Kongressining har ikki palatasida ko‘pchilik o‘rinni egallab olgan respublikachilar B. Klinton taklif etgan qonun loyihalarini rad etish yo‘lidan bordilar. 2000 va 2004-yillarda AQSHda o‘tkazilgan prezidentlik saylovida respublikachi kichik J. Bush g‘alaba qozondi. J. Bush ta’limni insonparvarlashtirish orqali irqiy kamsitish illatlariga to‘la barham berishni o‘z ichki siyosatining asosiy vazifasi deb e’lon qildi. Iqtisodni boshqa davlatlar hisobiga ko‘tarish yo‘lini tutdi. 2008-yilgi saylovda demokrat B. Obama g‘alaba qozondi. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng AQSH tashqi siyosatda SSSRni tiyib turish yo‘lini tanladi. Xalqaro munosabatlarda sovuq urushning vujudga kelishida SSSR bilan barobar darajada aybdor davlatga aylandi. «Trumen doktrinasi» va «Marshall rejasi» SSSR bilan AQSH va ularning ittifoqchilari munosabatlari qanchalik keskinlashuviga sabab bo‘lganligini avvalgi mavzulardan bilib oldingiz. AQSH Germaniya masalasida SSSR bilan o‘zaro manfaatli to‘xtamga kela olmadi. Oxir-oqibatda Germaniya ikkiga bo‘linib ketdi. AQSH NATO harbiy-siyosiy ittifoqini tashkil etishning tashabbuskori bo‘ldi. O‘sha davrdayoq AQSH hukmron doiralari o‘z oldilariga SSSRni qurollanish poygasiga tortib, uni iqtisodiy jihatdan holdan toydirish maqsadini qo‘ygan edilar. AQSHda gigant harbiy-sanoat kompleksi vujudga keltirildi. AQSHning xohishiga qarama-qarshi o‘laroq, 1949-yilda Xitoyda kommunistlar hokimiyat tepasiga keldilar. Buning natijasida AQSH Uzoq Sharqdagi asosiy tayanchi Chan Kayshini yo‘qotdi. 1950-yilda AQSH Koreya urushiga aralashdi. Bu urushda 142 ming nafar amerika askari halok bo‘ldi. Bu butun ikkinchi jahon urushi davomida berilgan qurbonning yarmiga teng edi. Prezident D. Eyzenxauer sovuq urushni yanada kuchaytirgan doktrinasini e’lon qildi. Unda «yalpi qasos olish», SSSRga birinchi bo‘lib yadro zarbasi berish maqsadlari o‘z ifodasini topgan edi. Ayni paytda D. Eyzenxauer Koreya urushini to‘xtatdi va bu masalada SSSR bilan kelishuvga bordi. Biroq ikki davlat o‘rtasida qurollanish poygasi yanada avj oldi. 1952-yilda AQSH vodorod bombasi yaratgan bo‘lsa, SSSR AQSHning tashqi siyosati 174 1953-yilning 20-avgustida bunday bombani sinovdan o‘tkazdi. 1957-yilning avgust oyida 10 ming km dan ortiq masofaga ucha oladigan qit’alararo ballistik raketani yaratdi. Shu yilning 4-oktabrida esa birinchi bo‘lib Yerning sun’iy yo‘ldoshi uchirildi. 3 oydan so‘ng AQSH ham o‘zining sun’iy Yer yo‘ldoshini uchirdi. 1960-yilning 1-mayida SSSR hududiga AQSH josus samolyotining uchirilishi amerika-sovet munosabatlarini yanada keskinlashtirib yubordi. Prezident D. Eyzenxauer dunyo jamoatchiligi e’tiborini bu hodisa uchuvchining xatosi tufayli yuz berdi, deb chalg‘itishga urindi. Biroq Prezidentning bu da’vosi faktlar asosida inkor etildi. Aslida bu hodisa xalqaro huquq me’yorlarining qo‘pol sur’atda buzilishi edi. 1960-yilning 16-may kuni Parijda buyuk davlatlar rahbarlari oldindan rejalashtirilgan oliy darajadagi uchrashuvga to‘plandilar. SSSR rahbariyati D. Eyzenxauerdan 1-may voqeasi munosabati bilan kechirim so‘rashni talab etdi. Biroq AQSH prezidenti kechirim so‘rashdan voz kechdi. Norozilik belgisi sifatida SSSR rahbari N. Xrushyov Parijdan jo‘nab ketdi. Shu tariqa oliy darajadagi uchrashuv barbod bo‘ldi. Prezident J. Kennedi SSSR bilan munosabatda kelishuv yo‘lini izladi. SSSR rahbariyati bu intilishni AQSH ning ojizligi sifatida qabul qildi. Ayni paytda J. Kennedi Kubada F. Kastro hukumatini ag‘darishga harakat qildi. U bu vazifani kubaliklarning qo‘llari bilan amalga oshirishga intildi. Shuning uchun ham kubalik isyonchilarni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Kubani himoya qilish maqsadida SSSR Kuba hududiga o‘z yadroviy raketalarini joylashtirdi. Ana shu omilgina J. Kennedini F. Kastro hukumatini ag‘darish niyatidan qaytishga majbur etdi. Prezident L. Jonson J. Kennedining qurollanish poygasini avj oldirish siyosatini davom ettirdi. Hindixitoyda kommunistlar ta’sirining kuchayib ketishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik maqsadida L. Jonson 1965-yilning fevral oyida Shimoliy Vetnamni bombardimon qilishni boshlash haqida buyruq berdi. AQSH Vetnamga 550 ming askar tashladi. Urush cho‘zilib ketdi. Biroq AQSH armiyasi Vetnam xalqining irodasini yenga olmadi. Ayni paytda Vetnamga SSSR va XXR zarur yordam ko‘rsatdilar. Vetnam urushi AQSHning xalqaro obro‘siga katta putur yetkazdi. Prezident R. Nikson Vetnam urushining istiqbolsizligini anglab yetdi. Shuning uchun ham u urushni to‘xtatishga qaror qildi. 1973-yilning 27-yanvarida Parijda Vetnamdagi urushni to‘xtatish to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. AQSH Vetnamdan o‘z armiyasini olib chiqdi. AQSH bu urushda jami 58 ming soldat yo‘qotdi. Biroq endi AQSH Vetnamdagi urushni vetnamliklarning qo‘li bilan davom ettirish siyosatini yurita boshladi. R. Nikson davrida AQSHning Kubaga nisbatan siyosatida ham o‘zgarish yuz berdi. Chunonchi, AQSH hukumati Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarining Kuba bilan qanday munosabatda bo‘lishi masalasiga aralashmasligini ma’lum qildi. 175 Sovet — Аmerika munosabatlarida katta o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi. Birinchi marta AQSH prezidenti R. Nikson bilan SSSR rahbari L. Brejnev o‘rtasida bir necha bor oliy darajadagi uchrashuv o‘tkazildi. Har ikki tomon tinchtotuv yashash tamoyillariga amal qilishga kelishdilar. Natijada strategik qurollarni cheklash haqida muhim shartnomalar imzolandi. 70-yillarning oxiridan boshlab amerika-sovet munosabatlari keskinlashdi. Bu xalqaro keskinlikning yumshashi davri tugashi bilan bog‘liq edi. Chunonchi, AQSH Yaqin Sharq muammosini SSSRning ishtirokisiz hal etishga intildi. J. Karter Misr va Isroil o‘rtasida 1978-yilda Kemp-Devid separat shartnomasining imzolanishiga erishdi. Eronda 1978-yilning noyabrida islom inqilobining g‘alaba qilishi AQSH ni qattiq tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Chunki bu inqilob uni Eron shohidek tayanchdan mahrum etdi. 1979-yilning dekabr oyida SSSR Afg‘onistonga armiya kiritgach, amerika-sovet munosabatlari yanada keskinlashdi. SSSR ning chet davlatlar ichki ishlariga qo‘pol aralashuvi siyosatiga qarshi AQSH 1980-yilgi Moskva yozgi Olimpiada o‘yinlarini boykot qilish tashabbusi bilan chiqdi. G‘arb davlatlarini SSSRga g‘alla sotmaslikka undadi. Prezident Reygan SSSRga nisbatan juda keskin siyosat yuritdi. SSSRning Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari hududiga raketa joylashtirishiga javoban G‘arbiy Yevropaning 5 davlati hududiga o‘zining raketalarini joylashtirish bilan javob qaytardi. «Strategik mudofaa tashabbusi» deb nomlangan dasturni amalga oshirishga kirishishini e’lon qildi. Ayni paytda AQSH Amerika davlatlari ichki ishlariga qo‘pol tarzda aralasha boshladi. Chunonchi, mustaqil siyosat yurita boshlagan Grenadaga qarshi harbiy hujum uyushtirdi va uning qonuniy hukumatini ag‘dardi. 1985-yilga kelib SSSR rahbariyati tashqi siyosatda keskinlikni yumshatish tomon o‘zgarish boshlagach, amerika-sovet munosabatlarida keskinlik biroz yumshadi. Chunonchi, bu ikki davlat o‘rtasida yadro qurollarini kamaytirish, o‘rtacha olislikka uchadigan raketalarni yo‘qotish to‘g‘risida tarixiy hujjatlar imzolandi. AQSH xalqaro miqyosda o‘zga davlatlarni xalqaro me’yorlarga amal qilishga majbur etish siyosatini ham yuritgan. Bu jahon jamoatchiligi tomonidan ijobiy baholangan. Chunonchi, 1990-yilda AQSH va uning ittifoqchilari Iroqqa Quvaytni bosib olgani uchun qattiq zarba berdilar. Quvaytning suvereniteti tiklandi. 90-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida AQSH Bolqonda tinchlikni tiklash ishiga katta hissa qo‘shdi. NATO qurolli kuchlari yordamida Yugoslaviya rahbariyati xalqaro huquq me’yorlarini tan olishga majbur etildi. Xalqaro terrorizm, narkomafiyaga qarshi kurashda, qashshoqlikda yashayotgan xalqlarga insonparvarlik yordami ko‘rsatilishida AQSH faol ishtirok etib kelmoqda. XXI asr boshida AQSH rahbariyati xalqaro maydonda AQSHning mutlaq yetakchi davlat bo‘lib qolishini o‘zining asosiy maqsadi, deb e’lon qildi. Prezident J. Bush ma’muriyati R. Reygan ilgari surgan strategik mudofaa tashabbusini amalga oshirishga kirishdi. 176 AQSH 2001-yil 11-sentabr voqealaridan so‘ng Afg‘onistondagi tolibonlar hukumatini ag‘darib tashladi. Iroqda Saddam Husayn diktaturasiga barham berdi. Bu bilan Yaqin Sharq neftining katta qismini qo‘lga kiritdi. B. Obama tashqi siyosatni biroz yumshatdi. 1992-yilda AQSH va O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatildi. O‘zbekiston jahonning yetakchi davlati bo‘lgan AQSH bilan uzoq muddatli va keng ko‘lamda munosabatlarni rivojlantirishni o‘z tashqi siyosatining ustuvor strategik yo‘nalishi deb hisoblaydi. 1995-yilda AQSH mudofaa vaziri U. Perri O‘zbekistonga keldi. O‘zbekiston mudofaa vaziri AQSHda bo‘lib qaytdi. Bu tashriflar O‘zbekistonning NATO bilan aloqalarini kengaytirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston qurolli kuchlarining maxsus vzvodi AQSHga jo‘natildi. U yerda NATOning «Tinchlik yo‘lidagi hamkorlik» dasturi doirasida o‘tkazilgan harbiy mashqlarda qatnashdi. 1996-yilning 23—28-iyun kunlari O‘zbekiston prezidenti I. Karimov rasmiy tashrif bilan AQSHda bo‘ldi. I. Karimov va B. Klinton siyosiy, iqtisodiy va xavfsizlik sohalarida hamkorlik masalalariga alohida e’tibor berdilar. AQSH prezidenti Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasida tinchlik va barqarorlikni ta’minlash borasida O‘zbekiston yetakchi o‘rinda turganligini e’tirof etdi. 2001-yilning 11-sentabrida xalqaro terrorizm AQSHda mudhish jinoyat sodir etdi. Terrorchilar o‘zlari egallab olgan samolyotda Nyu-York shahrida joylashgan «Xalqaro savdo markazi» binosini vayron qildilar. Natijada minglab kishilar halok bo‘ldi. Milliardlab dollarlik moddiy zarar yetkazildi. Ikkinchi samolyotda AQSH mudofaa vazirligi binosiga hujum qilindi. AQSH prezidenti qarorgohi — Oq uyga hujum qilishga yo‘naltirilgan samolyot mo‘ljalga yetib bora olmadi. Bu mudhish jinoyatni xalqaro terrorchi «Al-Qoida» tashkiloti uyushtirgan edi. Bu tashkilot qarorgohi Afg‘onistonda joylashgan edi. AQSH rahbariyati bu jinoyatni xalqaro terrorizmning AQSHga nisbatan agressiyasi deb baholadi. AQSH hukumati Afg‘onistonning tolibon hukumatidan «Al-Qoida» va boshqa terrorchi tashkilotlar faoliyatini taqiqlab qo‘yishni hamda tashkilot rahnamosi Usoma ben Ladenni AQSHga topshirishni talab qildi. Biroq tolibon hukumati bu talabni bajarmadi. Shundan so‘ng AQSH terrorchilarga qarshi harbiy harakat boshlashga qaror qildi. Xalqaro hamjamiyat, uning teng huquqli bir a’zosi sifatida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi ham AQSHning bu qarorini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Shu tariqa xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi xalqaro koalitsiya Afg‘oniston hududida joylashib olgan xalqaro terrorchilarni tormor etdi. O‘zbekiston ham munosib hissa qo‘shdi. Bu haqda AQSH Senatining rahbarlaridan biri J. Liberman bunday degan edi: «Biz O‘zbekistonning yordamisiz terrorchilar ustidan g‘alaba qozona olmagan bo‘lar edik». O‘zbekistonning xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash ishiga qo‘shgan hissasi uning xalqaro obro‘sini oshirib yubordi. AQSH prezidenti J. Bushning AQSH — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 177 I. Karimovni AQSHga taklif etganligi buning e’tirofi bo‘ldi. I. Karimov 2002- yilning 11-mart kuni rasmiy vizit bilan AQSHga keldi. Ikki prezident uchrashuvi chog‘ida J. Bush I. Karimovga Amerika xalqini eng og‘ir kunlarda qat’iyatlik bilan qo‘llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun yana bir bor chuqur minnatdorchilik bildirdi. Ayni paytda O‘zbekiston ko‘rsatgan yordamni AQSH hukumati va xalqi unutmasligini ta’kidladi. Safar davomida AQSH — O‘zbekiston aloqalariga doir bir necha hujjatlar imzolandi. Ularning ichida Strategik hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma alohida ahamiyatga egadir. Shu tariqa, AQSH — O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida sheriklik munosabati vujudga keldi. AQSH jamoasi tashkilotlari xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurashga qo‘shgan hissasi uchun I. Karimovni «Xalqaro miqyosdagi buyuk davlat arbobi» mukofoti bilan taqdirladilar. Safar 14- mart kuni nihoyasiga yetdi. Har ikki davlat o‘rtasida iqtisodiy aloqalar va hamkorlik kengayib bordi. O‘zbekistonda 300 dan ortiq Amerika — O‘zbekiston qo‘shma korxonalari ishlamoqda. Ular orasida Zarafshon vodiysidagi (Navoiy viloyati) Muruntovda AQSHning Nyumont-Mayning korporatsiyasi alohida o‘rin tutadi. Bundan tashqari mamlakatimiz hududida AQSHning 28 ta kompaniya, firma va banklari faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 2001-yilda 300 mln AQSH dollaridan oshdi. Bu — AQSH O‘zbekistonning jahon davlatlari bilan savdosida 5-o‘rinda turadi, deganidir. Shunday qilib, XX asrning ikkinchi yarmi va XXI asrning boshlarida AQSH qurollanish poygasida g‘alaba qildi. Iqtisodiy taraqqiyotda ulkan yutuqlarga erishdi. Tashqi siyosatda murakkab yo‘lni bosib o‘tib, «kommunistik tuzum»ni barbod qildi. SSSRni parchalab yubordi va dunyodagi eng qudratli davlatga aylandi. Yer sharining turli mintaqalarida o‘z ta’sirini kuchaytirish uchun harakat qilmoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining AQSH uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. AQSH ichki siyosatida liberalizm va konservatizm nimani anglatadi? 3. O‘ylab ko‘ring-a: nega AQSHda saylovchilar har ikki siyosiy partiya (Respublikachilar partiyasi va Demokratlar partiyasi) ga ham deyarli bir xilda ishonch bilan qarashadi? 4. Urushdan keyingi yillarda «AQSH ichki siyosatining asosiy muammolari» jadvalini tuzing. 5. Urushdan keyingi yillarda AQSH tashqi siyosatining asosiy vazifalari nimalardan iborat bo‘ldi? 6. AQSH va SSSR munosabatlari xalqaro ahvolga qay darajada ta’sir ko‘rsatgan? 7. Amerika — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari haqida so‘zlab bering. ? 12 — Jahon tarixi 178 URUSHDAN KEYINGI AQSH PREZIDENTLARI FAOLIYATI HAQIDA JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING Prezidentlar Faoliyati 19-§. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari Ikkinchi jahon urushi Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari iqtisodiy taraqqiyotining yuksalishiga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Buning sababi — urush tufayli bu mintaqa davlatlari xomashyosiga bo‘lgan talabning yanada oshib ketganligida edi. Talabning oshishi, tabiiyki, xomashyo mahsulotlarining xarid narxini ham ko‘tarib yubordi. Ayni paytda bu davlatlarning sanoati ham tez sur’atlar bilan rivojlana boshladi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, milliy sanoat mulkdorlari kuchayishiga olib keldi. Ikkinchidan, urush G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlarining Lotin Amerikasidagi mavqeyini pasaytirib yubordi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, mintaqada AQSH ta’sirining kuchayishiga olib keldi. Mintaqa davlatlari iqtisodiyoti AQSH monopoliyalari ta’siriga tushib qoldi. Chunonchi, AQSH bu mintaqa davlatlari iqtisodiyotiga 100 mlrd. dollar miqdorida sarmoya kiritgan. Bu — boshqa barcha davlatlar kiritgan sarmoyadan 20 baravar ko‘p edi. Mintaqada AQSHning harbiy-siyosiy mavqei ham kuchayib bordi. Urush yillarida AQSH bu mintaqada 90 dan ortiq harbiy-havo va harbiy-dengiz baza (qarorgoh)larini tashkil etishga erishdi. Bundan tashqari, AQSH Lotin Amerikasi davlatlariga turli xil mazmundagi iqtisodiy, siyosiy va harbiy shartnomalarni qabul qildira oldi. Mintaqa davlatlarida jamiyat taraqqiyoti yo‘li xususida uch katta siyosiy guruh o‘rtasida shiddatli kurash bordi. Bu — taraqqiyotning konservatorlik, milliy islohotchilik va inqilobiy yo‘llari tarafdorlari o‘rtasidagi kurash edi. Konservatorlik yo‘li mavjud holatning saqlanishidan manfaatdor kuchlar yo‘li edi. Konservatorlik latifundiyachilikning saqlanib qolishi uchun har qanday o‘zgarishga qarshi jon-jahdi bilan kurashar edi. Latifundiyachilik Lotin Amerikasi asriy qoloqligining tub sababi bo‘lib keldi. Biroq Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng latifundiyachilikning qulashi muqarrar bo‘lib qoldi. Bunga, birinchidan, dehqonlar kurashi ta’sirida hukumatning agrar islohot o‘tkazishga majbur bo‘lganligi, ikkinchidan, milliy sanoatning gurkirab rivojlanishi, uchinchidan esa, kuchli demografik «o‘zgarish » yuz berganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari uchun oqibatlari Taraqqiyot yo‘llarining tanlanishi 179 Demografik o‘zgarish qishloq aholisini shaharga ketishga majbur etdi. Natijada Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi yillardayoq shahar aholisining soni qishloq aholisining sonidan oshib ketdi. Ayni paytda siyosiy hayotning markazi ham shaharga ko‘chdi. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari oldida endi taraqqiyotning qolgan ikki muqobil yo‘li turar edi. Mintaqa davlatlarining aksariyati milliy islohotchilik yo‘lini tanladi. Milliy islohotchilikning yetakchi kuchi milliy burjuaziya edi. Ular millatni iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy taraqqiyot hamda davlat suverenitetini mustahkamlash yo‘lida birlashishga da’vat etdilar. Milliy-islohotchilik harakatlari va partiyalarini tuzdilar. Milliy-islohotchilik harakati Argentinada katta quloch yoydi. Bu yerda u peronizm nomi bilan ataladi. Peronizm keyinchalik Argentina prezidentligiga saylangan general Xuan Domingo Peron nomidan olingan. D. Peron 1943-yilning 4-iyunida o‘tkazilgan davlat to‘ntarishi natijasida hokimiyat tepasiga keldi. U argentinaliklarni qaramlik, qoloqlikni tugatish va turli ijtimoiy tabaqalar hamkorligiga asoslangan adolatli jamiyat qurish yo‘lida jipslashishga chaqirdi. Imperializmni, oligarxiyani tanqid qildi. Qashshoqlarni himoya qilish zarurligini ta’kidladi. Millionlab aholi D. Peron timsolida o‘zlarining himoyachisi va homiysini ko‘rdilar. Argentinadagi kuchli kasaba uyushmasi — «Mehnat umumiy konfederatsiyasi» — uning tayanchi bo‘ldi. 1946-yilda D. Peron mamlakat prezidentligiga o‘tkazilgan saylovda g‘alaba qozondi. D. Peron chuqur ijtimoiy o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. Chunonchi, ish haqi oshirildi. Umumiy pensiya ta’minoti va haq to‘lanadigan ta’til joriy etildi. Fuqarolarning ijtimoiy huquqlari 1949-yilda qabul qilingan yangi Konstitutsiyada mustahkamlab qo‘yildi. Iqtisodiy siyosatda chet el kompaniyalariga qarashli mulklarni sotib olish yo‘lini qo‘lladi. Temir yo‘l, aloqa, Markaziy bank va boshqa muhim sanoat korxonalari milliylashtirildi. Mamlakat ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy taraqqiyotining 5 yillik rejasi ishlab chiqildi. Milliy sarmoya rag‘batlantirildi. Chetdan keltiriladigan mahsulotlarni Argentinaning o‘zida ishlab chiqarishga ixtisoslashtirilgan sanoat tarmog‘ini yaratish siyosati yuritildi. Biroq 50-yillarning o‘rtalariga kelib vaziyat o‘zgardi. Eksport tovarlarining narxi pasayishi davlat daromadining pasayishiga olib keldi. Mamlakatda iqtisodiy o‘sish sur’ati ham pasaydi. Uni yuqori darajada saqlab turish uchun mablag‘ yo‘q edi. Valuta zaxirasining katta qismi chet elliklarga qarashli kompaniyalarni sotib olishga sarflab qo‘yilgan edi. Bu hol boshlangan keng miqyosdagi iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy siyosatni chuqurlashtirish imkoniyatini cheklab qo‘ydi. Natijada mamlakatda chuqur norozilik kelib chiqdi. Bundan D. Peronning muxoliflari ustalik bilan Milliy islohotchilik 180 foydalandilar. Ular 1955-yilning sentabr oyida davlat to‘ntarishi uyushtirdilar. D. Peron mamlakatdan chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. Milliy islohotchilik tarafdorlari Braziliyada ham katta o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirdilar. Bu islohotlar prezident Vargas nomi bilan bog‘liqdir. 1945-yilda mamlakatda to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri va yashirin ovoz berishni nazarda tutuvchi saylov haqidagi qonun qabul qilindi. Braziliyaning parlament demokratiyasiga qaytish demokratik kuchlarning katta siyosiy yutug‘i edi. 50-yillarda Braziliya agrar davlatdan agrar-industrial davlatga aylandi. Milliy demokratik kuchlar mamlakat boyliklariga faqat Braziliyaning o‘zi egalik qilishi uchun kurashdilar. 1953-yilning 3-oktabrida Vargas neft sanoati masalasida muhim dekretni imzoladi. Unga ko‘ra, mamlakat neft boyligi aksiyalarining 51 foiziga davlat, 49 foiziga esa mamlakat xususiy kompaniyalari egalik qiladigan bo‘ldi. Shu tariqa chet el sarmoyasi neft sanoatidan siqib chiqarildi. Neft konlarini topish, uni qazib olish, qayta ishlash va sotish davlat monopoliyasi, deb e’lon qilindi. Bu hodisa milliy islohotchi kuchlarning katta g‘alabasi edi. Vargas hukumati elektr energiya sanoatini ham milliylashtirish uchun kurash olib bordi. Ayni paytda hukumat og‘ir moliyaviy taqchillikka duch keldi. Mamlakat qishloq xo‘jaligida jiddiy inqiroz ro‘y berdi. 3 yil davom etgan qurg‘oqchilik oqibatida qishloq aholisi turmush darajasi og‘irlashib ketdi. Buning ustiga, barcha dehqonchilik xo‘jaligining 3,4 foizini tashkil etuvchi latifundiyachilar jami yer maydonining 62 foizidan ko‘piga egalik qilardi. Dehqonlar yerni bo‘lib berishni talab eta boshladilar. Hatto, dehqonlar qo‘zg‘aloni ham boshlandi. Shunday sharoitda hukumat latifundiyachilar yerlarini sotib olish va ularni dehqonlarga bo‘lib berish to‘g‘risida qonun loyihasini tayyorladi. Biroq bunday islohotni amalga oshirish uchun hukumatda mablag‘ yo‘q edi. Ayni paytda hukumat tadbirlari ichki reaksiyani ham g‘azablantirdi. Hukumat ikki o‘t oralig‘ida qolganligidan foydalangan harbiy kuchlar 1954- yilning 23-avgustida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. Chorasiz qolgan Vargas o‘zini o‘zi otib o‘ldirishga majbur bo‘ldi. Meksikada ham milliy-islohotchilar hukumati katta o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. Sanoatning qator tarmoqlari milliylashtirildi. Davlat sektori kengayib bordi. Jami milliy mahsulotda sanoatning ulushi 29 foizni tashkil etdi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi ham rivojlandi. 1960-yilda bu soha 1940-yilga nisbatan 3 baravar ko‘p mahsulot ishlab chiqara boshladi. Hukumat butun choralar bilan mahalliy sarmoyani rag‘batlantirib bordi. Milliy islohotchilik va fuqarolarni ijtimoiy himoya qilish tadbirlarini kafolatlash birga qo‘shib olib borildi. Ayni paytda agrar islohot ham davom ettirildi. Bularning oqibatida Meksikada muqim Konstitutsiyaviy tuzum qaror topdi. 181 Meksika taraqqiyotining yana bir o‘ziga xos xususiyati — bu armiyaning ichki siyosiy ahvolga aralashmaganligidir. Lotin Amerikasida ham mavjud ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolarni, keskinlikni inqilob yo‘li bilan hal etishga intiluvchi kuchlar mavjud edi. Ular SSSR dagi kabi sotsializm qurish orzusida bo‘lganlar. Dastlab inqilob 1959-yilda Kubada boshlandi. 1959-yilning 1-yanvarida Fidel Kastro boshchiligida milliy-vatanparvar kuchlar qo‘zg‘aloni g‘alaba bilan yakunlandi. Shu kuni amerikaparast F. Batista hukumati ag‘darildi. Bu hukumatni ag‘darish uchun inqilobchilar 6 yil kurash olib bordilar. Inqilob rahbari, 32 yoshli F. Kastro Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. U o‘z oldiga Kubani AQSHga har qanday qaramlikdan ozod qilish maqsadini qo‘ydi. AQSH o‘z navbatida, F. Kastro hukumatini tan olmadi. Ayni paytda unga qarshi iqtisodiy qamal chorasini qo‘lladi. Bunga javoban F. Kastro hukumati Kubadagi barcha AQSH mulkini milliylashtirdi va SSSR bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tanladi. Kuba sotsializmini saqlab qolish uchun SSSR 1962-yilda, hatto, yadro urushiga ham tayyor edi. 1965-yilda Kubadagi barcha inqilobiy kuchlar yagona tashkilotga — Kuba Kompartiyasiga birlashdilar. F. Kastro uning rahbari etib saylandi. Shu tariqa F. Kastro kommunistik g‘oyalarni qabul qildi va Kubada sovet namunasidagi sotsializm qurishni boshladi. 1990- yillarga kelib Kubaning sobiq ittifoqchilari uni qo‘llamay qo‘ydi. Kuba iqtisodiy og‘ir ahvolga tushib qoldi. Lotin Amerikasidagi demokratik va inqilobiy harakatlar AQSH hukumatini tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Endi AQSH Lotin Amerikasi davlatlariga nisbatan o‘z siyosatida o‘zgarish qilishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1961-yilda AQSH prezidenti J. Kennedi tashabbusi bilan «Taraqqiyot yo‘lidagi ittifoq» dasturi ishlab chiqildi va u avgust oyida mintaqaning 19 ta davlati tomonidan imzolandi. Dastur 10 yilga mo‘ljallangan bo‘lib, u industrlashni jadallashtirishni, iqtisodiyotning eksport va import qaramligini kamaytirishni nazarda tutar edi. Ayni paytda ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayot demokratlashtirilishi, agrar islohot o‘tkazilishi, uy-joy qurilishi, sog‘liqni saqlash va ta’lim sohalarida ahvolni yaxshilash choralari belgilandi. Lotin Amerikasining 19 davlatida bu dasturning bajarilishi uchun AQSH tomonidan 20 mlrd dollar miqdorida qarz va boshqa yordamlar berilishi ko‘zda tutildi. Dastur ayni paytda Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlarida voqealar rivojining Kuba varianti takrorlanishining oldini olishga xizmat qilishi ham kerak edi. 1970-yilda G‘arbiy yarim sharda ikkinchi bo‘lib sotsializm qurmoqchi bo‘lgan kuchlarni birlashtirgan ittifoq — xalq fronti Chilida hokimiyat tepasiga keldi. Xalq fronti Chili kommunistik, sotsialistik va radikallar partiyasi ittifoqi edi. 1970-yil 4-sentabrda Chilida o‘tkazilgan prezidentlik saylovida Xalq fronti nomzodi S. Alende g‘alaba qozondi. Agar Kubada qurol kuchi bilan hokimiyatni egallagan kuchlar sotsializm qurgan bo‘lsalar, Taraqqiyotning inqilobiy yo‘li 182 Chilida S. Alende hukumati Konstitutsiyaviy yo‘l bilan sotsializm qurishga kirishdi. Xalq fronti hukumati mamlakatdagi kuchlar nisbatini to‘la hisobga olmagan holda inqilobiy islohotlarni boshladi. Hatto o‘rta va mayda korxonalar ham milliylashtirila boshlandi. Bu esa aholi o‘rta tabaqalarining Xalq frontidan yuz o‘girishiga olib keldi. Bundan tashqari, yirik sarmoyadorlar hukumatga qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatdi. Hukumatning siyosatdagi xatosi Xalq fronti ichida kelishmovchilik chiqishiga olib keldi. Ayni paytda AQSH S. Alende hukumatiga tazyiq o‘tkaza boshladi. Chili Qurolli Kuchlari S. Alendeni qo‘llab-quvvatlamadi. 1973-yilda Chili parlamenti S. Alende hukumatini qonundan tashqari, deb e’lon qildi. Bu esa Chili Qurolli Kuchlari rahbariyati uchun ayni muddao edi. 1973-yilning 11-sentabrida Qurolli Kuchlar harbiy to‘ntarish o‘tkazdilar. Mamlakatda general A. Pinochetning harbiy diktaturasi o‘rnatildi (1973— 1990). Shu tariqa Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida harbiylarning hokimiyatni egallashlariga yanada keng yo‘l ochildi. Harbiy diktaturalar iqtisodiyotni modernizatsiyalash siyosatini yuritdilar. Bu siyosatning mazmuni — davlat sektorini qisqartirish, davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashuvini kamaytirish hamda xususiy tadbirkorlik va erkin savdoga keng yo‘l berishdan iborat bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda proteksionizmdan voz kechildi va chet el sarmoyasi bilan faol hamkorlik yo‘liga o‘tildi. Harbiy diktatorlar (Braziliya, Chili, Boliviya, Urugvay, Paragvay va boshqa mamlakatlarda) o‘z rejalarini izchillik va qattiqqo‘llik bilan amalga oshira oldilar. Konstitutsiyaviy demokratik tartibga amal qilgan davlatlarda esa 80-yillargacha modernizatsiyalash avvalgi milliy islohotchilik ruhida davom etdi. Bular o‘z natijasini bermay qolmadi. 1980-yilda Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarining yalpi ichki mahsuloti 1960-yilga nisbatan 3 baravar ko‘paydi. Ayni paytda Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarining tashqi qarzi ham tez sur’atlarda ko‘payib bordi. Agar 1970-yilda mintaqa davlatlarining qarzi 20 mlrd dollarni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 80-yillarda bu ko‘rsatkich 400 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. AQSH harbiy to‘ntarishlarga qarshi chiqmadi. Aksincha, ularga mintaqa davlatlari ichki ishi, deb baho berdi. Chunki harbiylar hukumatlari AQSH manfaatiga zid siyosat yuritmadilar, aksincha, AQSH bilan mustahkam ittifoqda bo‘lishga intildilar. Faqat AQSH prezidenti J. Karter davrida harbiy to‘ntarishlarga munosabat o‘zgardi. Chunki J. Karter inson huquqlari masalasini o‘z siyosatining asosiy masalalaridan biri, deb e’lon qilgan edi. Demokratiya bor joydagina inson huquqlari kafolatlanadi. Harbiy to‘ntarishlar esa demokratiyaga zid hodisadir. AQSH siyosatida harbiy to‘ntarishlarga nisbatan qarashning o‘zgarishi oxir-oqibatda harbiy diktaturalarning barham topishini muqarrar qilib qo‘ydi. 183 80-yillar davomida harbiy-diktatorlik hukumatlari birin-ketin tarix sahnasidan keta boshladi. Chunonchi, 1980-yilda Peruda, 1982-yilda Boliviyada, 1983-yilda Argentinada, 1985-yilda Gvatemala, Gonduras, Braziliyada va Urugvayda,1989-yilda Salvador va Paragvayda, 1990-yilda esa Chilida harbiy diktatura barham topdi. Paragvayda general Stresner diktaturasi 35 yil, Chilida A. Pinochet diktaturasi 17 yil davom etdi. Faqat ikki davlat (Gaiti va Kuba) dan boshqa barcha Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida vakillik demokratiyasi qaror topdi. Demokratiyaning qaror topishi juda katta qiyinchilik bilan kechdi. 1993-yilda Chilida Eduard Frey, 2000-yilda Rikardo Lagos Eskobar, 1999-yilda Venesuelada Ugo Chaves hukumatlari o‘rnatildi. Yangi hukumatlar davlat korxonalarini chet elga sotishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Davlatning kapital mablag‘ sarflash hajmi kamaydi. Ijtimoiy soha xarajatlari qisqartirildi. Ish haqi muzlatildi. Oqibatda aholi turmush darajasi pasaydi. 1992-yilga kelib mintaqa aholisining 46 foizi (jami aholi 442 mln kishi edi) kambag‘allik darajasi chegarasidan pastda yashadi. Narkobiznes va terrorizm kuchaydi. 1993—1994-yillardan boshlab Kuba rahbariyati ham reallikka tik qaray boshladi. Mamlakatda iqtisodiy islohotni amalga oshirishga kirishildi. Chet el sarmoyasi ishtirokida qo‘shma korxonalar qurilishi rag‘batlantirila boshlandi. Mamlakatda chet el valutasining muomalada bo‘lishiga, mayda tadbirkorlikka va chakana savdoga ruxsat etildi. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari murakkab iqtisodiy ahvolni mumkin qadar yumshatish maqsadida iqtisodiy birlashuvga jiddiy e’tibor berdilar. Braziliya va Argentina o‘rtasida 1986-yilda imzolangan iqtisodiy ittifoq asosida 1991-yilda «Janubiy Amerika umumiy bozori» tuzildi. Ayni paytda, mintaqa davlatlari AQSH bilan iqtisodiy integratsiya masalasiga ham jiddiy e’tibor bilan qaradilar. 1992—1994-yillar davomida AQSH, Kanada va Meksika o‘rtasida «Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo zonasi» tashkil etilganligi bu boradagi muhim qadam bo‘ldi. Lotin Amerikasining ba’zi davlatlari ham bu shartnomaga qo‘shilishga intilmoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari taraqqiyotning qanday yo‘llaridan bordilar? Ko‘pchilik davlatlar milliy-islohotchilik yo‘lini tanlaganini qanday izohlagan bo‘lar edingiz? 3. Argentina, Braziliya, Meksikada milliy-islohotchilik hukumatlari amalga oshirgan tadbirlar haqida so‘zlab bering. 4. Kuba va Chilida sotsializm qurish uchun tanlangan yo‘llarni taqqoslang. 5. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida juda ko‘p davlat to‘ntarishlari amalga oshirilganligini qanday izohlaysiz? 6. Qanday omil bu mintaqada harbiy diktaturalarning birin-ketin qulashiga sabab bo‘ldi? ? 184 HARBIY DIKTATORLAR FAOLIYATI HAQIDA FIKR YURITING Mamlakatlar Diktatorlar faoliyati 20-§. Buyuk Britaniya Buyuk britaniyaliklar ham fashizm ustidan qozonilgan g‘alabaga munosib hissa qo‘shganlar. Ularning davlati Ikkinchi jahon urushi g‘oliblaridan biri bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda urush Buyuk Britaniyani ham iqtisodiy, ham siyosiy va ham harbiy jihatdan zaiflashtirdi. Uning harbiy xarajatlari 25 mlrd funt sterlingni tashkil etdi. Milliy boyligining to‘rtdan bir qismini yo‘qotdi. Oltin va valuta zaxiralari kamaydi. Tashqi qarz 3,3 mlrd funt sterlingni tashkil etdi. Faqat AQSHdangina emas, o‘z dominionlaridan ham qarz bo‘lib qoldi. Chet ellarga joylashtirgan sarmoyasining to‘rtdan bir qismidan, savdo flotining 30 foizidan ajraldi. Import eksportdan oshib ketdi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarish hajmi urushdan oldingi darajaning 90 foizini tashkil etdi. Bundan tashqari, urush Buyuk Britaniyaning harbiy-strategik ahvolini ham yomonlashtirdi. U jahon va imperiya bozorlaridan AQSH tomonidan siqib chiqarila boshlandi. Endilikda Buyuk Britaniya Yevropada ilgari yuritgan «kuchlar baravarligi» siyosatini yurita olmay qoldi. Dominion va mustamlakalarda milliy-ozodlik kurashining kuchayishi Britaniya mustamlakachilik imperiyasini inqirozga yuz tuttirdi. AQSHning yadro va strategik qurollarga ega bo‘lishi Buyuk Britaniyaning strategik mavqeyiga jiddiy zarba berdi. To‘g‘ri, Buyuk Britaniya baribir buyuk davlatlar qatorida qoldi. Biroq uning xalqaro mavqeyi zaiflashgan edi. Endilikda Buyuk Britaniya dunyoning yetakchi davlati roliga da’vo qila olmas edi. Urush g‘olibining bu ahvoliga U. Cherchill «Zafar va fojia» deb baho bergan edi. 1945-yilning 5-iyulida Buyuk Britaniyada parlament saylovi o‘tkazildi. Unda Buyuk Britaniya tarixida eng mashhur siyosiy arboblardan biri Buyuk Britaniya bosh vaziri U. Cherchill partiyasi (Konservatorlar partiyasi) mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Hokimiyat jilovi Leyboristlar partiyasi qo‘liga o‘tdi. Bu partiya parlamentdagi o‘rinlarning uchdan ikki qismini egalladi. Leyboristlar o‘zlarining saylov oldi dasturini «Kelajakka boqish» deb ataganlar. Dasturda leyboristlar demokratik sotsializmni qurish maqsadini Ikkinchi jahon urushining Buyuk Britaniya uchun oqibatlari Buyuk Britaniyaning ichki siyosati 185 ilgari surdilar. Ular bunday sotsializmni islohotlar yo‘li bilan qurishlarini e’lon qildilar. Dasturda sotsializm inqilobning natijasi bo‘lishi kerak emasligi alohida uqtirilgan edi. Xo‘sh, leyboristlar qanday jamiyatni demokratik sotsializm deb tushungan edilar? Ularning demokratik sotsializmi farog‘at davlatining aynan o‘zi edi. 27-iyulda K. Ettli boshchiligida tuzilgan leyboristlar hukumati (1945—1951) saylov oldi dasturini amalga oshirishga kirishdi. Hukumat jiddiy islohotlar o‘tkazdi. Chunonchi, Buyuk Britaniya banki po‘lat, ko‘mir va gaz, elektroenergiya sanoatini, telegraf va radioaloqa, fuqaro aviatsiyasi, suv va temir yo‘l transportini milliylashtirdi. Milliylashtirish sotib olish yo‘li bilan amalga oshirildi. 1945—1948-yillarda fuqarolarni ijtimoiy himoya qilish va sug‘urtalashning kompleks kafolatli tizimi yaratildi. Unga ko‘ra, ishsizlik bo‘yicha, mehnat qobiliyatini yo‘qotganlik bo‘yicha, kasb kasalligi, bevalik bo‘yicha nafaqa, shuningdek, qarilik pensiyalari to‘lanadigan bo‘ldi. 10 mln ishchining ish haqi oshirildi. 1948-yildan boshlab tekin meditsina xizmati joriy etildi. Arzon uy-joylar qurilishi boshlandi. 1927-yilda qabul qilingan reaksion ruhdagi kasaba uyushmalari to‘g‘risidagi qonun bekor qilindi. Hukumat ba’zi bir siyosiy islohotlarga ham qo‘l urdi. Chunonchi, 1949-yilda Buyuk Britaniya parlamentining yuqori palatasi — Lordlar palatasi huquqini qisman cheklash to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilinishiga erishildi. Unga ko‘ra, parlamentning quyi palatasi ma’qullagan qonun loyihasini Lordlar palatasi tasdiqlamay ushlab turish muddati 2 yildan 1 yilga tushirildi. Hukumat «Marshall rejasi»ga ko‘ra, 1948—1950-yillar oralig‘ida 3 mlrd dollarlik yordam oldi. 1948-yilda sanoat ishlab chiqarishi hajmi urushdan oldingi darajadan oshdi. Biroq, ayni paytda, moliyaviy inqirozga ham duch kelindi. Bunga AQSHning «Lendliz» savdosini to‘xtatgani, eksportdan keladigan foyda import tovarlari qiymatini ko‘zlangan darajada qoplamasligi, 1949-yilda funt sterling qiymatini AQSH dollari qiymatiga nisbatan kamaytirishga majbur bo‘linganligi (1949-yilgacha 1 f. s. qiymati 4 dollarga teng edi. Endi uning qiymati 2,8 dollarga teng bo‘lib qoldi), tashqi qarz uchun foiz to‘lovlari sabab bo‘ldi. Buning ustiga iqtisodiyotdagi davlat sektorini bir maromda ushlab turish ham katta mablag‘ talab etmoqda edi. Oqibatda hukumat ijtimoiy sohada belgilangan tadbirlar uchun zarur mablag‘ga ega bo‘la olmadi. Bu borada berilgan va’dalar to‘la bajarilmadi. Bu hol 1951-yilning 25-oktabrida o‘tkazilgan navbatdagi parlament saylovida konservatorlarning g‘alabasini ta’minladi. U. Cherchill yana hukumat tuzdi. Hukumat 1945-yilgi parlament saylovidagi mag‘lubiyat sabablarini hisobga oldi. Shu tufayli ijtimoiy himoya tizimini bekor qilmadi. Biroq «Mamlakatni moliyaviy sog‘lomlashtirish dasturi»ga ko‘ra, bu soha xarajatlarini birmuncha qisqartirdi. Po‘lat ishlab chiqarish sanoati va transport davlat tasarrufidan chiqarildi. Chetdan oziq-ovqat va sanoat mahsulotlari keltirish 350 mln funt sterlingga 186 kamaytirildi. Natijada oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining narxi ko‘tarildi. Eksport hajmi qisqardi. 1952-yilda Buyuk Britaniya yadro quroliga ega bo‘ldi. Biroq bu harbiy xarajatlar kamayishiga olib kelgani yo‘q. Aksincha, bu mamlakatni oltin va valuta zaxirasi kamayishiga olib keldi. Shu tariqa hukumatning iqtisodiyotni sog‘lomlashtirish dasturi ko‘zlangan natija bermadi. Bundan tashqari, mustamlakachilik imperiyasining yemirilishi davom etdi. Ichki va tashqi siyosatdagi qiyinchiliklar U. Cherchillni 1955-yil aprelda iste’fo berishga majbur etdi. Konservatorlar hukumatni yana 9 yil boshqardilar. U. Cherchilldan so‘ng A. Iden (1955—1957) va G. Makmillan (1957—1963)lar hukumatni boshqardilar. 1957—1958-yillarda mamlakat ishlab chiqarishi 2 foizga kamaydi. Harbiy xarajatlar oshib bordi. Natijada asosiy sarmoyani yangilash jarayoni sekinlashdi. Oqibatda jahon bozorida mamlakat mavqeyi pasaydi. GFR uni 3-o‘ringa surib qo‘ydi. G. Makmillan hukumati vaziyatni o‘nglashga harakat qildi. Xususan, xususiy sanoat moliyaviy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Milliy daromadda davlatning hissasi oshishiga erishdi. Mamlakat eksporti hajmi ko‘tarila bordi. 1962-yilda iqtisodiy rivojlanish Milliy Kengashi tuzildi. Bu kengash 1961—1965-yillarga mo‘ljallangan besh yillik rejani ishlab chiqdi va hukumat uni tasdiqladi. Biroq rejani hayotga tatbiq etishga muvaffaq bo‘linmadi. Ijtimoiy sohani mablag‘ bilan ta’minlash og‘irlashdi. Natijada hukumat kvartira haqi ustidan nazoratni bekor qildi. Ish haqi muzlatildi. Uinston Cherchill. 187 Ayni paytda mustamlakachilik imperiyasi yemirildi. Leyboristlar partiyasi hukumat siyosatini qattiq tanqid ostiga oldi va 1951—1964-yillar oralig‘idagi yillarni «bekor o‘tgan 13 yil» deb atadi. Saylovda g‘alaba qilsa, iqtisodiyotning qator muhim sohalarini milliylashtirish va iqtisodiyotni reja asosida rivojlantirish yo‘li bilan mamlakatni yangilashga va uning qudratini qayta tiklashga va’da berdi. 1964-yilgi parlament saylovida leyboristlar partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. Partiya rahbari T. Vilson boshchiligida yangi hukumat tuzildi. Hukumat mamlakat ilmiy-texnika salohiyatini rivojlantirishga katta umid bog‘ladi. Shu maqsadda 1965-yilda parlament birinchi «Milliy besh yillik iqtisodiy dasturi»ni qabul qilishiga erishdi. Ayni paytda, mamlakat moliyaviy ahvolini muqimlashtirish maqsadida, hukumat ish haqi va narxning o‘sishini «oqilona» cheklab qo‘yish siyosatini yurita boshladi. Bu siyosat narx-navo va daromadlar siyosati deb nom oldi. Dastlab bu tadbir ixtiyoriylik asosida amalga oshirilgan bo‘lsa, 1966- yildan boshlab hukumatning ish haqini muzlatishga oid qarori bilan amalga oshirildi. G. Vilson hukumati sanoat ishlab chiqarishi yiliga 5 foiz o‘sishini rejalashtirgan bo‘lsa, amalda u 2,3 foizdan oshmadi. Binobarin, leyboristlar mamlakat iqtisodiy ahvolini yaxshilay olmadilar. Buning ustiga funt sterling qiymatini dollarga nisbatan kamaytirish ham ko‘zlangan natijani bermadi. Bundan tashqari, G. Vilsonning Buyuk Britaniyani «Umumiy bozor» ga a’zolikka qabul qildirish yo‘lidagi urinishlari behuda ketdi. Fransiya hukumati Buyuk Britaniyani AQSH bilan haddan tashqari bog‘langanlikda ayblab, uning «Umumiy bozor» ga qabul qilinishiga qarshilik ko‘rsatdi. Bu omillar leyboristlar hukumatining obro‘siga ta’sir etmay qolmadi. 1970-yilning 18- iyunida o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovida Konservatorlar partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. E. Xit boshchiligida konservatorlar hukumati tuzildi. E. Xit hukumati davlatning moliyaviy ahvolini yaxshilash maqsadida ijtimoiy sohalar xarajatlarini kamaytirdi. Fermerlarga yordam puli berish to‘xtatildi. «Narx-navo va daromadlar» siyosati bekor qilindi. Bu mamlakatda keskinlikni keltirib chiqardi. Hukumat ikki baravar favqulodda holat joriy qilishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1971-yilda «Mehnat munosabatlari islohoti to‘g‘risida»gi qonun qabul qilindi. Qonun tred-yunionlarning huquqini cheklab qo‘ydi. Natijada hukumat bilan tred-yunionlar o‘rtasida keskinlik vujudga keldi. Mamlakat yalpi ish tashlash yoqasiga kelib qoldi. 1973—1974-yillar qishida tog‘-kon sanoatida inqiroz yuz berdi. Shunday sharoitda E. Xit yangi parlament saylovi belgilashga majbur bo‘ldi. 1974- yilning 28-fevralida bo‘lib o‘tgan parlament saylovida leyboristlar partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. G. Vilson yana bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. U «Narxnavo va daromadlar siyosati»ning yangi variantini qo‘lladi. Bu variant «ijtimoiy shartnoma» deb nom oldi. Bu hukumat bilan tred-yunionlar o‘rtasidagi shartnoma edi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, tred-yunionlar ish haqini yiliga 5 foiz188 gacha oshirish talabidan tiyilib turish, hukumat esa narx-navo o‘sishini to‘xtatib turish majburiyatini oldi. Biroq 1976-yilda funt sterling qiymatining yana pasaytirilishi hukumatning harakatlarini amalda yo‘qqa chiqardi. G. Vilson o‘z ixtiyori bilan iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Uning o‘rnini J. Kallagen (1976—1979) egalladi. Biroq u ham mamlakat iqtisodiy ahvolini yaxshilay olmadi. 1979-yilda mamlakatda ishsizlar soni 1935-yildan keyin birinchi marta 2 mln kishiga yetdi. Buning ustiga J. Kallagen hukumati o‘tkir ichki siyosiy muammo — Shimoliy Irlandiya muammosining keskinlashuvi hodisasiga duch keldi. 1921-yilda Buyuk Britaniya bilan Irlandiya o‘rtasida imzolangan shartnomaga ko‘ra, Shimoliy Irlandiya Buyuk Britaniya tarkibida qolgandi. Uning aholisi asosan protestantlardan iborat bo‘lib, katoliklar ozchilikni tashkil etadi. Protestantlar katoliklarni har jihatdan kamsitib keldilar. 1968-yilda katoliklar o‘z haq-huquqlari uchun kurash boshladilar. Natijada Shimoliy Irlandiyada tartibsizliklar boshlandi. Bunga javoban Buyuk Britaniya hukumati u yerga harbiy qism kiritdi. Katoliklarning «Irlandiya Respublika armiyasi» deb ataluvchi yashirin terrorchi tashkiloti ingliz soldatlariga qarshi terror o‘tkaza boshladi. Bu terrorchi tashkilot Olster shahrini Irlandiya Respublikasiga qo‘shish uchun kurashdi. Bunga javoban protestantlarning yashirin harbiy tashkiloti ham kurashga kirishdi. Har ikki tomon tartib o‘rnatish uchun yuborilgan ingliz soldatlarini nishonga ola boshladi. Natijada uch tomondan ham ko‘plab kishilar halok bo‘ldi. Mamlakatdagi keskin ichki vaziyat leyboristlar mavqeyiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Oqibatda 1979-yilda o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovida bu partiya mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. G‘alaba qozongan Konservatorlar partiyasi o‘z lideri M. Tetcher boshchiligida yangi hukumat tuzdi. Konservatorlar surunkasiga 18 yil davomida hokimiyat tepasida turdilar. 1979—1990-yillar oralig‘idagi 11 yil Buyuk Britaniya tarixiga «Margaret Tetcher davri» nomi bilan kirgan. U Buyuk Britaniya va dunyoda katta obro‘ qozondi. Uning dasturi «tetcherizm» nomi bilan atalgan. Bu termin mohiyatini quyidagi qoidalar tashkil etdi: a) iqtisodiyotning harakatlantiruvchi kuchi xususiy tadbirkorlikdir. Shunga ko‘ra hokimiyat siyosiy yo‘lining asosi: erkinlik, imkoniyat hamma uchun, tadbirkorlik ruhini qo‘llab-quvvatlash, xususiy mulkchilarga demokratiya bo‘lishi kerak; b) davlatning iqtisodiy hayotga aralashuvi eng kam darajada bo‘lishi lozim. U xususiy tashabbuslarni aslo bo‘g‘masligi kerak; d) barcha mehnatga qobiliyatli kishilar o‘zini o‘zi ta’minlasin. O‘ziga bog‘liq bo‘lmagan holda mehnatga qobiliyatsizlarga esa davlat va xayriya tashkilotlari yordam ko‘rsatadi; 189 e) kamomadsiz budjet bo‘lishi kerak; uning muhim qismini soliqlar tashkil etadi; f) kasaba uyushmalari mehnatkashlar manfaatlarini qonuniy vositalar bilan himoya qilishga haqli. Biroq bunda boshqalar manfaatlariga zarar yetkazilmasligi lozim; jamiyatga zarar yetkazuvchi ish tashlashlar cheklanishi darkor. Xo‘sh, M. Tetcher qanday qilib katta obro‘ qozona oldi? Konservatorlar saylovgacha «To‘g‘ri yondashuv » deb atalgan dastur ishlab chiqdilar. Unda Buyuk Britaniyaning qudratini tiklash, iqtisodiy tanglik va inflatsiyani tugatish asosiy vazifa qilib qo‘yildi. Bu dasturni amalga oshirish hukumatdan qat’iylik bilan harakat qilishni talab etar edi. M. Tetcher shunday qildi ham. U davlat budjeti tanqisligiga yo‘l qo‘yib bo‘lsa ham keng ijtimoiy tadbirlarni zarur mablag‘ bilan ta’minlashdan voz kechdi. Muomalada ortiqcha naqd pulning bo‘lishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik choralarini ko‘rdi. Buning uchun budjet xarajatlari qisqartirildi. Shu tufayli inflatsiyaning pasayishi hamda iqtisodga ko‘proq sarmoya sarflash uchun sharoit yaratildi. Natijada ishlab chiqarishni o‘stirish borasida sakrash ro‘y berishiga erishildi. Mehnat unumdorligi bo‘yicha Yevropada birinchi o‘ringa chiqildi. Hukumat kam samarali va zarar ko‘rib ishlovchi korxonalarni saqlab turish uchun mablag‘ ajratishni to‘xtatdi. Davlat mulkini xususiylashtirish amalga oshirildi. Bu tadbir davlat budjetiga 28 mlrd f. s. olib keldi. Millionlab fuqarolar firma va korxonalarning aksiyadorlariga aylandi. Katta yoshdagi aholining 25 foizi turli aksiyalarga ega bo‘ldi. Davlat uy-joy fondi ham sotildi. Natijada 1,1 mln oila imtiyozli ravishda turarjoy sotib olishga erishdi. 1990-yilga kelib 65 foiz oila o‘zining shaxsiy uy-joyiga ega bo‘ldi. Davlatning iqtisodiyotga aralashuvi keskin qisqartirildi. Soliqlarni oshirish va tejamkorlik hisobiga kamomadsiz budjet shakllantirildi. Mamlakat aholisining uchdan ikki qismi o‘rta tabaqaga aylandi. Ijtimoiy ta’minot unga haqiqatan ham muhtoj bo‘lganlar uchun joriy etildi. 80-yillarda 2,5 mln yangi ishchi o‘rni vujudga keltirildi. Ishsizlar soni keskin kamaydi. Bu omillarning barchasi, o‘z navbatida, 1983, 1987 va 1991-yillardagi parlament saylovlarida konservatorlar partiyasining g‘alabasini va ularning uzluksiz 18 yil davomida hukumatni boshqarishlarini ta’minladi. Biroq 90-yillarda vaziyat o‘zgardi. Kamomadsiz budjetni uzoq vaqt ushlab turib bo‘lmadi. Inflatsiya va ishsizlik yana kuchaydi. Hukumat daromadidan qat’i nazar 18 yoshdan yuqori barcha fuqarolarni soliqqa tortish yo‘li bilan M. Tetcher. 190 vaziyatdan chiqmoqchi bo‘ldi. Bu esa ommaviy norozilikni keltirib chiqardi. Shunday sharoitda M. Tetcher o‘z xohishi bilan iste’foga chiqdi. Yangi bosh vazir J. Meyjor bunday soliqni bekor qildi. U «Teng imkoniyatlar jamiyati» barpo etish dasturini ilgari surdi. Biroq bundan ko‘zlangan maqsadga erishilmadi. 1997-yilgi va 2001-yilgi parlament saylovida Leyboristlar partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. Toni Bler boshchiligida yangi hukumat tuzildi. Leyboristlar hukumati qiyin siyosiy muammolarga duch keldi. Shotlandiya va Uels mahalliy millatchilari 1997—1998-yillarda o‘z parlamentlarini tuzdilar va muxtoriyat e’lon qildilar. Irlandiya muammosi yana murakkablashdi. Katoliklar va protestantlarning to‘qnashuvi davom etdi. 1998-yilda leyboristlar hukumati tomonlar o‘rtasidagi munosabatni birmuncha bo‘lsa-da, kelishtirishga erishdi. Biroq 2001-yilda vaziyat yana keskinlashdi. 2005-yilgi saylovlarda Toni Bler yana g‘alaba qildi. Ammo vaziyat keskinlashib, 2007-yil iyunda u o‘z o‘rnini Gordon Braunga bo‘shatishga majbur bo‘ldi. Buyuk Britaniya jahon siyosatini belgilashda uzoq yillar davomida bosh rolni o‘ynab keldi. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin esa ahvol o‘zgardi. Endi birinchilik AQSHga o‘tdi. Buyuk Britaniyaning dunyo siyosatidagi o‘rni alohida 3 yo‘nalishda bajargan vazifasi bilan belgilanadigan bo‘ldi. Birinchidan, u xalqaro maydonda AQSH ning asosiy ittifoqchisiga aylandi va shu maqomda dunyoning muhim muammolarini hal etishda qatnashdi. Ikkinchidan, G‘arbning yetakchi davlatlaridan biri bo‘lib qolaverdi. Uchinchidan, hamdo‘stlik mamlakatlari boshlig‘i edi. Buyuk Britaniya birdaniga AQSHning asosiy ittifoqchisiga aylanib qolgani yo‘q. AQSH — SSSR munosabatlari keskinlashib borayotgan bir davrda Buyuk Britaniya bilan ittifoqchilik munosabati o‘rnatish AQSH uchun ham zarur edi. 1945-yilda ingliz — amerika moliya shartnomasi imzolandi. Unga ko‘ra, AQSH Buyuk Britaniyaga 5 yil davomida 4,4 mlrd dollar qarz beradigan bo‘ldi. Buning evaziga Buyuk Britaniya AQSH tovarlari uchun boj miqdorini kamaytiradi. Natijada ingliz bozorlarida ham AQSH mavqeyi kuchaydi. Buyuk Britaniyaga «Marshall rejasi» ga ko‘ra ham katta miqdorda yordam ko‘rsatildi. Mustamlakalarda boshlangan milliy-ozodlik harakati mamlakat hukmron doiralarini tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Endi Buyuk Britaniya sobiq mustamlakalariga birin-ketin mustaqillik berishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1949-yilda NATOni tashkil etishda faol qatnashdi. Germaniya muammosi masalalarida AQSH bilan birgalikda hamkorlik qildi. 1950-yilgi Koreya urushida AQSH tarafida turib urushda qatnashdi. Buyuk Britaniya hududida AQSH harbiy bazasi vujudga keltirildi. 1954-yilda GFRni qurollantirish va uni NATOga tortish to‘g‘risida imzolangan Parij va London bitimlarining tashabbuskorlaridan biri bo‘ldi. 1957-yilda o‘z hududiga AQSHning o‘rta masofaga uchuvchi raketalarini joylashtirishga ruxsat berdi. Shu yilning 15-mayida vodorod bombasini sinovdan o‘tkazdi. Tashqi siyosat 191 60-yillarning boshlariga kelib mustamlakachilik imperiyasi quladi. Bu hodisa Buyuk Britaniya oldiga Yevropa integratsiyasida ishtirok etish masalasini qo‘ydi. Buyuk Britaniya ayni paytda 1963-yilda yadro qurollari sinovini qisman taqiqlash to‘g‘risidagi shartnomani ishlab chiqishda qatnashdi. AQSHning Vetnamga qarshi urushini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1966-yilda Buyuk Britaniya Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Malayziya va Singapur bilan birlashgan qurolli kuchlarni — ANZYUS (Osiyo — Tinch okean kengashi) ni tuzish to‘g‘risida bitim imzoladi. 1971-yilda «Umumiy bozor» ga kirish shartlari haqida bitim imzolandi. 1973-yilda esa uning a’zoligiga qabul qilindi. Ayni paytda AQSH va Hamdo‘stlik mamlakatlari bilan yaxshi munosabatni saqlab qoldi. Jahon iqtisodi va siyosatida ilgarigidan kattaroq rol o‘ynay boshladi. Buyuk Britaniya quruqlikda, dengizda va havoda foydalanishga imkon beradigan strategik qurolga ega bo‘lishga intildi va bunga erishdi ham. M. Tetcher davrida AQSH bilan ittifoqchilik munosabatlarini kuchaytirishga har qachongidan ham katta e’tibor berildi. NATO oldidagi majburiyatlariga sodiq qoldi. Buyuk Britaniya manfaatlariga tahdid soluvchi davlatlararo muammolarda o‘ta keskinlik bilan harakat qildi. Masalan, 1982-yilning may oyida Argentina o‘z qo‘shinini Janubiy Atlantikadagi Maklend oroliga tushirganida shunday qilindi. Bu orol asli Argentinaga qarashli bo‘lib, bir vaqtlar Buyuk Britaniya uni o‘z imperiyasi tarkibiga qo‘shib olgan edi. Buyuk Britaniya orolga o‘z qurolli kuchlarini yubordi va u yerda bayrog‘ini qayta tikladi. M. Tetcher Yevropada mamlakatning rahbarlik rolini tiklashga zo‘r berib harakat qildi. «Umumiy bozor» da deyarli har bir masalada o‘zining alohida fikriga ega bo‘ldi. Chunonchi, Yevropada yagona pul birligi (yevro)ni joriy etishga qarshilik bildirdi. J. Meyjor hukumati AQSH ning Iroqqa qarshi harbiy harakatlarini qo‘llab-quvvatladi va unda Buyuk Britaniya ham ishtirok etdi. 1991-yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning Maastrix shartnomasiga qo‘shilishi bu davlat tashqi siyosatida Yevropa muammolarini birgalikda hal etish tomon jiddiy o‘zgarish yuz berganligining isboti bo‘ldi. 2002-yildagi AQSHning Afg‘onistonga urushida qatnashdi. AQSH bilan birgalikda Iroqqa o‘z qo‘shinlarini yubordi. Terrorizmga qarshi kurashdi. Bunga javoban 2005-yil iyunda Buyuk Britaniyada qator portlashlar o‘tkazildi. 60 dan ortiq kishi halok bo‘ldi. Politsiya nazorati kuchaytirildi. Bugungi kunda ham Buyuk Britaniya buyuk davlatlardan biri sifatida xalqaro munosabatlarda faol ishtirok etib kelmoqda. 1991-yilda Buyuk Britaniya va O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabat o‘rnatildi. 1993-yilning 17— 19-iyun kunlari Buyuk Britaniya qirolichasining qizi malika Anna O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurdi. Tashrif davomida mamlakatimiz bilan, xalqimiz turmush tarzi bilan tanishdi. Samarqand shahrining tarixiy yodgorliklarini ziyorat qildi. Buyuk Britaniya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 192 Shu yilning 15-oktabrida esa Buyuk Britaniya tashqi va hamdo‘stlik ishlari bo‘yicha davlat vaziri D. Xog rasmiy tashrif bilan yurtimizga keldi. Muzokaralardan so‘ng ikki davlat o‘rtasida madaniyat va ta’lim sohasida hamkorlik bitimi imzolandi. Shuningdek, ikkiyoqlama soliq olmaslik to‘g‘risida ham kelishuvga erishildi. 22—25-noyabr kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimov Buyuk Britaniyaga rasmiy amaliy tashrif bilan bordi. Mamlakat qirolichasi Yelizaveta II, shuningdek, bosh vazir J. Meyjor bilan uchrashdi. Safar chog‘ida o‘zaro iqtisodiy aloqalar to‘g‘risida shartnoma, o‘zaro rag‘batlantirish va himoyalash to‘g‘risida hamda ikki davlat o‘rtasida havo yo‘li ochish haqida bitimlar imzolandi. Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki mamlakatimizda oltin qazib olish korxonalarini qurish uchun 150 mln dollar ajratishga qaror qildi. Mashhur «Lonro» kompaniyasi bilan bitim tuzildi. Bulardan tashqari, ikki mamlakat hududida fuqarolarning erkin yurishi haqida ham hujjat imzolandi. Bugungi kunda O‘zbekistonda 50 dan ortiq Buyuk Britaniya va O‘zbekiston qo‘shma korxonasi faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. 1997-yildan O‘zbekiston Buyuk Britaniyaning RJ-85 samolyotlarini sotib ola boshladi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Buyuk Britaniya uchun oqibatlari nimalardan iborat bo‘ldi? 2. Leyboristlarning «Kelajakka boqish» dasturining mazmuni haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 3. Britaniya mustamlakachilik imperiyasi yemirilmasligi mumkin edimi? 4. Nega leyboristlar konservatorlar hukumatini boshqargan 1951—1964- yillar oralig‘idagi davrni «Bekor o‘tgan 13 yil» deb atadilar? 5. «Narx-navo va daromadlar siyosati»ning mazmunini tushuntirib bering. 6. Shimoliy Irlandiya muammosi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 7. «Tetcherizm» ning mazmunini izohlab bering. 8. M. Tetcher davrida ichki siyosatda qanday o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi? 9. Buyuk Britaniya tashqi siyosatidagi 3 yo‘nalish haqida so‘zlab bering. 10.Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH munosabatlarida o‘ziga xoslik nimalardan iborat? 11.Vaqtli nashrlardan Buyuk Britaniya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlariga doir ma’lumotlarni to‘plang. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. BUYUK BRITANIYA BOSH VAZIRLARI FAOLIYATI Bosh vazirning ismi sharifi Hokimiyatda turgan yillari Dasturi va faoliyati ? 193 21-§. Fransiya Ikkinchi jahon urushi Fransiyaga juda katta talafot yetkazdi. Okkupatsiya natijasida 1875-yilda tuzilgan Uchinchi Respublika barham topdi. Moddiy talafot 1440 mlrd frankni tashkil etdi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishi urushdan oldingi daromadga nisbatan 62 foiz, qishloq xo‘jaligi esa 50 foiz kamaydi. Frankning qiymati 6 baravar pasaydi. 100 mingdan ortiq mayda sanoat va savdo korxonalari sindi. Ishsizlar soni 600 mingdan ortdi. Fransiya mustamlakachilik imperiyasi barham topa bordi. Hindixitoy uning nazoratidan chiqdi. Suriya va Livan mustaqillikka erishdi. Fransiya shu darajada kuchsizlangan ediki, u hatto o‘z mustaqilligini o‘zi tiklashga ham qodir emas edi. Uning mustaqilligi AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan tiklandi. Mamlakat iqtisodiyoti AQSH ko‘rsatadigan yordamga bog‘liq bo‘lib qoldi. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi Fransiya tarixi quyidagi 3 davrga bo‘linadi. 1. Vaqtinchalik rejim davri (1944-yil sentabr — 1946-yillar). 2. To‘rtinchi Respublika davri (1946—1958). 3. Beshinchi Respublika (1958-yildan hozirgi kungacha) davri. Vaqtinchalik rejim davri Fransiya mustaqilligi tiklanganidan to mamlakat Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilinguncha davom etgan. Bu davrda mamlakatni general Sharl de Goll boshchiligidagi muvaqqat hukumat boshqardi. Sharl de Goll «Ozod Fransiya» tashkilotining rahbari edi. 1945-yilning oktabr oyida mamlakat yangi Konstitutsiyasini tayyorlovchi Ta’sis Majlisiga saylov o‘tkazildi. Saylovda asosan 3 ta siyosiy partiya (Fransiya Kommunistik Partiyasi, Fransiya Sotsialistik Partiyasi va Xalq Respublikachilar Partiyasi) eng ko‘p ovoz oldi. Yangi tuzilgan hukumatni yana de Goll boshqardi. Yangi Konstitutsiya loyihasi atrofida keskin kurash boshlandi. Har uchala siyosiy partiya ham Fransiyaning parlament respublikasi bo‘lishi tarafdorlari edi. Sharl de Goll esa AQSH namunasidagi prezidentlik respublikasi uchun kurashdi. Biroq uning maqsadi amalga oshmadi. Bunga javoban u iste’foga chiqdi. Va, nihoyat, 1946-yilning 13-oktabrida mamlakat yangi Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Dekabr oyida esa kuchga kirdi. Shu tariqa Fransiyada To‘rtinchi Respublika vujudga keldi. To‘rtinchi Respublika davrida mamlakatni hukumat boshqardi. Hukumat mamlakat iqtisodiyotini tiklash va uni rivojlantirish masalasiga alohida e’tibor berdi. 1948-yilning o‘rtalarida sanoat ishlab chiqarishi urushdan oldingi darajasiga yetdi. Bu hol 1949-yilda iste’mol tovarlari taqsimoti tizimini bekor qilishga imkon berdi. Iqtisodiy rivojlanishning samarali choralaridan To‘rtinchi Respublikaning qaror topishi To‘rtinchi Respublikaning ichki va tashqi siyosati Ikkinchi jahon urushining Fransiya uchun oqibatlari 13 — Jahon tarixi 194 biri milliylashtirishdir, deb o‘ylagan hukumat xususiy mulk egalaridan bir yirik korxonalarni va butun-butun sohalarni sotib oldi. Elektr stansiyalar, ko‘mir konlari, aviatsiya va sug‘urta kompaniyalari, Reno avtomobil zavodi va boshqalar shular jumlasidan edi. Biroq ishlab chiqarish o‘sishi sur’ati GFR va Italiyaga nisbatan past bo‘ldi. Fransiya tashqi siyosatida Yevropa integratsiyasi masalasi katta o‘rin tutdi. U NATOga a’zo bo‘lib kirdi. Fransiyaning tashabbusi bilan 1951-yilda «Yevropa Iqtisodiy Hamjamiyati» ga dastlabki qadam qo‘yildi. 1952-yilda Parijda «Yevropa mudofaa hamkorligi» haqida shartnoma imzolandi. Bu shartnoma amalda GFRni qayta qurollantirish uchun yo‘l ochdi. 1955-yilda GFR NATOga qabul qilingach, bunga javoban SSSR 1944-yilda imzolangan sovet—fransiya shartnomasini bekor qildi. Ayni paytda Fransiya o‘z tashqi siyosatida mustamlakachilik urushlarini davom ettirdi. Bu — Fransiya hukmron doiralari milliy-ozodlik harakati qudratini to‘g‘ri baholay olmaganligining oqibati bo‘ldi. Shuning uchun ham uni kuch bilan bostirishga urindilar. Chunonchi, 1946-yilning dekabr oyida o‘z mustaqilligini e’lon qilgan Vetnamga qarshi mustamlakachilik urushini boshladilar. 8 yil davom etgan bu urush 1954-yilda Fransiyaning mag‘lubiyati bilan tugadi. Shu yili Jazoir xalqining milliy-ozodlik harakatini qonga botirish maqsadida urush harakatlarini boshladi. Jazoir amalda Fransiyaning okean orti o‘lkasiga aylantirilgan edi. Bu yerda 1 mln fransuz yashardi. Ular eng yaxshi yerlarga egalik qilardi. Jazoirlik fransuzlar bu mamlakatga mustaqillik berishga mutlaqo qarshi edilar. Qulayotgan Fransiya mustamlakachi imperiyasini saqlab qolish tarafdorlarining barchasi ular atrofiga to‘planishdi. Jazoirlik fransuzlarni Fransiyaning 1956-yilda Marokko va Tunisga mustaqillik berishga majbur bo‘lganligi ham tashvishlantirib qo‘ygan edi. 1954-yilda boshlangan urush — Jazoir xalqi ozodlik kurashiga qarshi urush — eng qonli va shafqatsiz urush bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda urush mamlakat xazinasi bo‘shab qolishiga olib keldi. Shunday sharoitda Jazoirdagi fransuz harbiylari va mustamlakachi fanatiklar davlat to‘ntarishini amalga oshirish maqsadida isyon boshladi. Jazoirdagi fransuz armiyasi 250 ming kishini tashkil etardi. Isyonchilar de Gollni hokimiyatga qaytarishni talab etdilar. Ularning fikricha, de Goll Jazoirning Fransiyaga qaramligini saqlab qolishga qodir yagona shaxs edi. Fransiyaning boshqa aholisi uchun esa de Goll Fransiyani harbiy diktaturadan saqlab qoluvchi yagona shaxs edi. Sharl de Goll hokimiyatga qaytish uchun o‘ziga favqulodda vakolatlar berilishi hamda konstitutsiyaviy islohotlar o‘tkazishga ruxsat etilishi shartlarini qo‘ydi. Fransiya Milliy Majlisi (parlamenti) bu shartlarga rozi bo‘ldi va 1958-yilning 1-iyunida de Goll hokimiyatni egalladi. Shundan so‘ng Milliy Majlis o‘z faoliyatini tugatdi. Shu tariqa To‘rtinchi Respublika ham barham topdi. 195 1958-yilning 28-sentabrida Fransiyada yangi Konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Bu — Fransiya tarixida Beshinchi Respublikaning vujudga kelishi ham edi. 21-dekabr kuni de Goll Prezident etib saylandi. Yangi Konstitutsiya parlament huquqlarini chekladi va, aksincha, Prezident vakolatlarini kengaytirdi. Fransiya prezidentlik Respublikasiga aylandi. Butun hokimiyat deyarli Prezident qo‘lida to‘plandi. U davlat hamda ijrochi hokimiyat boshlig‘i, Qurolli Kuchlarning Oliy Bosh qo‘mondoni ham edi. Prezident parlament qabul qilgan qonunlarni tasdiqlash va parlamentni tarqatib yuborib, yangi saylov belgilash huquqiga ega edi. Muhim masalalarni va o‘zi lozim topgan qonunlarni referendumga qo‘ya olardi. Ichki va tashqi siyosatga shaxsan rahbarlik qilar edi. Shunday qilib, mamlakatda de Gollning shaxsiy hokimiyati o‘rnatildi va u o‘z oldiga Fransiyani tiklash vazifasini qo‘ydi. Shu maqsadda mamlakat iqtisodini modernizatsiyalash amalga oshirildi. Ilmiy-texnika inqilobi yutuqlari keng joriy etildi. Sanoatning yangi tarmoqlari — atom, radio elektronika, kosmik texnologiya va raketa qurilishi vujudga keltirildi. Modernizatsiyalash jadal sur’atlarda o‘tkazildi va u 60-yillarda nihoyasiga yetkazildi. Oqibatda Fransiya zamonaviy industrial davlatga aylandi. Asosiy iqtisodiy ko‘rsatkichlar bo‘yicha Buyuk Britaniyani ortda qoldirib, jahonda 5-o‘rinni mustahkam egalladi. Eksport ko‘paydi. Bu unga 60-yillarning o‘rtalariga kelib barcha qarzlaridan qutulish va qarz beruvchi davlatga aylanish imkonini berdi. Qishloq xo‘jaligini modernizatsiyalash ham nihoyasiga yetdi. Fransiya dehqonlari fermerlarga aylandilar. Mamlakat G‘arbiy Yevropada oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari eksporti bo‘yicha eng yetakchi davlatga aylandi. Tashqi siyosatda 3 asosiy vazifa qo‘yildi. Ularning birinchisi Fransiyaning buyukligini tiklash, ikkinchisi — mamlakat mustaqilligini mustahkamlash va, nihoyat, uchinchisi — AQSHning Yevropadagi ta’sirini mumkin qadar bo‘shashtirish edi. De Goll 1960-yilda Fransiyani yadroviy davlatga aylantirish orqali uning mudofaa qudratini oshirdi. Ayni paytda mustamlakalarga mustaqillik berish yo‘lidan bordi. 1960-yilda Afrikadagi mustamlakalarga siyosiy mustaqillik berildi. Bu qit’a xaritasida 14 ta yangi davlat vujudga keldi. De Goll Jazoirni bundan buyon itoatda tutib turish mumkin emasligini tushunib yetdi. Shuning uchun ham Jazoir Milliy Ozodlik fronti bilan muzokara boshladi. Uning bu yo‘li o‘ta mustamlakachi kuchlar qarshiligiga uchradi. Biroq Fransiya armiyasi De Gollga sodiq qoldi. Natijada armiyada isyon boshlashga urinish barbod bo‘ldi. 1962-yilning 18-martida Jazoirga mustaqillik berish haqida bitim imzolandi. De Goll AQSHning Vetnamdagi agressiyasini qoraladi. 1966- yilda Fransiyani NATOning harbiy tashkilotidan chiqardi. AQSHning Fransiya hududidagi harbiy bazasini tugatishga erishdi. YEIHga Buyuk Beshinchi Respublikaning ichki va tashqi siyosati 196 Britaniyaning a’zo qilinishiga qarshi chiqdi. Chunki de Goll Buyuk Britaniyani Yevropada AQSH ta’sirini o‘tkazuvchi vosita, deb hisoblardi. GFR bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tutganning dushmani bo‘lib qolaverdi. 1968-yilning may oyida mamlakatda siyosiy inqiroz yuz berdi. Inqiroz Parij talabalarining namoyishidan boshlandi. 7-may kuni talabalar ta’lim tizimini tubdan qayta qurish, ta’lim tizimi xarajatlarini oshirish va stipendiyalarni to‘lash talabi bilan namoyishga chiqqan edilar. Kasaba uyushmalari talabalarni qo‘llabquvvatladi. Talabalar universitet binosini egallab oldilar. O‘ta radikal va o‘ta so‘l kuchlar esa talabalarni Yelisey saroyini ham egallab olish uchun gij-gijlay boshladilar. Oqibatda hukumat namoyishchilarga qarshi kuch ishlatdi. 3 mingdan ortiq talaba yarador qilindi va hibsga olindi. 13-may kuni esa yuz minglab parijliklar de Goll tartibiga qarshi namoyish o‘tkazdilar. Mamlakatda 4 hafta davom etgan umumiy ish tashlashlar boshlandi. Ularda qariyb 10 mln kishi ishtirok etdi. Hukumat kasaba uyushmalarining ish haqi, nafaqalarni oshirish, ish haftasini qisqartirish kabi talablarini qondirdi. Iyun oyi oxirida ishchilar ish joylariga qaytdilar. Shu tariqa mamlakatda siyosiy vaziyat barqarorlashtirildi. Xo‘sh, may inqirozining sabablari nima edi? Birinchidan, mamlakat mulkdorlari orasida iqtisodiyotga davlatning qattiqqo‘llik bilan aralashuvidan norozilik o‘zining yuqori nuqtasiga yetgan edi. Ikkinchidan, kasaba uyushmalari mehnat munosabatlarida davlatning haddan tashqari vasiyligidan qutulishga intilayotgan edi. Uchinchidan, mamlakatda uning barcha tabaqalari ham de Gollning AQSHdan uzoqlashish siyosatini ma’qullamas edi. To‘rtinchidan, hukumat ijtimoiy sohalarga budjet xarajatlarini kamaytirib yuborgan edi. Bu hol jamiyatda chuqur norozilikni vujudga keltirdi. Shunday sharoitda ijtimoiy portlash yuz berishi muqarrar, jamiyatning qaysidir qatlami shu portlashni sodir etishi lozim edi. Bu portlashni talabalar sodir etdilar. Boshqa qatlam va siyosiy kuchlar esa talabalar noroziligidan o‘z manfaatlari yo‘lida foydalanishga urindilar. Shuning uchun ham may inqirozi oxir-oqibatda Fransiya milliy qahramoni, mamlakat Prezidenti de Gollni iste’fo berishga majbur etdi. 1969-yilning aprel oyida de Goll siyosatdan ketdi. U 1970-yilda 80 yoshida vafot etdi. 1969-yilning iyunida bosh vazir lavozimida ishlayotgan J. Pompidu mamlakat Prezidenti etib saylandi. U saylovda de Goll partiyasi — «Respublikani himoya qilish ittifoqi»ning nomzodi sifatida qatnashdi. J. Pompidu ayni paytda de Gollning eng yaqin Fransiya keyingi yillarda May inqirozi 197 safdoshlaridan biri ham edi. J. Pompidu siyosatda o‘zi tanlagan yo‘lni «vorislik va muloqot», deb atadi. Bu iboraning birinchisi de Goll siyosatining davom ettirilishini, ikkinchisi esa muxolifatchi kuchlar bilan ham hamkorlik qilishni anglatar edi. Ichki siyosatda J. Pompidu davlatning iqtisodiy hayotga aralashuvini kamaytirdi. Biroq ijtimoiy himoya sohasi bo‘yicha qonunchilikni kuchaytirdi. Tashqi siyosatda «muloqot» tamoyiliga amal qildi. Ya’ni AQSH bilan yaqinlashish boshlandi. 1973-yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning YEIH a’zoligiga qabul qilinishiga qarshilik qilmadi. Ayni paytda Fransiyaning tashqi masalalarda mustaqil siyosat yuritish yo‘liga sodiqlikni saqlab qoldi. 1974-yilda J. Pompidu vafot etdi. «Fransiya demokratiyasi uchun ittifoq» (FDUI) partiyasi nomzodi V. Jiskar d’Esten yangi 7 yillik muddatga Prezident etib saylandi. Bu davrda mamlakatdagi siyosiy kuchlar va mamlakatda 4 ta yirik siyosiy partiya faoliyat ko‘rsata boshladi. Sobiq degollchilar va o‘ng kuchlar «Respublikani quvvatlash birlashmasi» (RQB) partiyasiga birlashdilar. Avvalgi partiyalardan Sotsialistik va Kommunistik partiyalar o‘zlarini saqlab qoldilar. Bu partiyalarning 2 tasi (FDUI va RQB) o‘nglar, 2 tasi esa (FSP va FKP) so‘llar deb atala boshlandi. Yangi Prezident d’Esten inqiloblarsiz, islohotlar yo‘li bilan «ilg‘or liberal jamiyat» qurish g‘oyasini ilgari surdi. Uning prezidentligi davrida minimal ish haqi eng ko‘p darajada oshirildi. Saylovda qatnashish yoshi 20 dan 18 yoshga tushirildi. 1981-yilgi prezidentlik saylovida Sotsialistik partiya nomzodi F. Mitteran (1916—1996) g‘alaba qozondi va mamlakatni 14 yil boshqardi. So‘l kuchlar hukumati saylovchilarga bergan va’dalarini bajarish maqsadida qator islohotlar o‘tkazdilar. Chunonchi, ish haqlari oshirildi; ishsizlik va ko‘p bolali oilalarga yordam ko‘paytirildi, nafaqa va pensiyalar miqdori oshirildi. Yirik sarmoyalarga solinadigan soliq miqdori ko‘paytirildi. Ish haftasi 39 soatga keltirildi. Pul to‘lanadigan yillik mehnat ta’tili 5 haftaga uzaytirildi. 36 bank va metallurgiya, elektronika, kimyo, samolyotsozlik, harbiy sanoat sohalarini milliylashtirishga kirishildi. Umummilliy davlat organlari va vakolatlari qisqartirildi. Mahalliy hokimiyat organlari vakolatlarini kengaytirish boshlandi. Biroq, bu tadbirlarni amalga oshirishda tez orada mablag‘ tanqisligiga duch kelindi. Natijada hukumat islohotni to‘xtatishga va qattiq iqtisod siyosatiga o‘tishga majbur bo‘ldi. Hayot ortiqcha milliylashtirish ham yaxshi samara bermasligini isbotladi. Hukumatning noizchil siyosati jamiyatda o‘ta millatchi kuchlarning ta’siri ortishiga olib keldi. Ular «Milliy front» (MF) ga birlashdilar. Bu tashkilot irqiy va milliy kamsitishni avj oldirdi. «Fransiya — fransuzlar uchun» degan shiorni zo‘r berib targ‘ib etdilar. Ular boshqa mamlakatlardan Fransiyaga ishchi kuchi kelishining oldini olish, mamlakatda ishlayotgan afrikaliklarni chiqarib yuborishni talab eta boshladilar. 198 1986-yildagi parlament saylovida MF hatto 35 ta deputatlik o‘rnini ham egalladi. Shunday sharoitda sotsialist F. Mitteran o‘ng partiya — RQB Lideri J. Shirakni bosh vazir etib tayinladi. Shu tariqa so‘l prezident bilan o‘ng bosh vazirning odatdan tashqari o‘ziga xos faoliyat ko‘rsatishi boshlandi. J. Shirak hukumati milliylashtirilgan korxonalarni egalariga qaytara boshladi. Yirik sarmoyaga solinadigan soliqni kamaytirdi. Immigratsiyani chekladi. Tashqi siyosatda yagona Yevropani vujudga keltirish siyosatini davom ettirdi. 1991-yilda Maastrixt shartnomasining imzolanishida Fransiyaning xizmati katta bo‘ldi. 1995-yilning 7-may kuni o‘tkazilgan prezidentlik saylovida J. Shirak g‘alaba qozondi. 1997-yilda o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovida esa so‘l partiyalar g‘alaba qozondi. Bosh vazir lavozimini Sotsialistik partiya vakili egalladi. Yana o‘nglar bilan so‘llarning o‘ziga xos odatdan tashqari birgalikda faoliyat ko‘rsatishi boshlandi. Fransiya hukumati ichki siyosatda neokonservatizm yo‘lidan qat’iy bormoqda. J. Shirak prezidentlik muddatini 7-yildan 5-yilga tushirish haqida qonun qabul qilinishiga erishdi. 2007-yil may oyidagi saylovlar natijasida N. Sarkozi prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi va ko‘p o‘tmay sohalarni rivojlantirish bo‘yicha 16 ta komissiya tuzdi. Tashqi siyosatda Yevropaning tobora birlashuvi uchun intilmoqda. 2007-yil may oyidan boshlab N. Sarkozi mamlakat Prezidentidir. Bugungi Fransiya dunyoning eng taraqqiy etgan 7 industrial davlatidan biri. Aholisining katta qismi shaharda yashaydi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi bilan aholining atigi 6 foizi shug‘ullanadi. Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini eksport qilish bo‘yicha dunyoda AQSHdan so‘ng ikkinchi o‘rinda turadi. Aholisining 85 foizi yollanma mehnat vakillari (ishchilar, xizmatchilar, texnik ziyolilar)dan iborat. Fransiya o‘zining ilmiy-texnika yutuqlari — zamonaviy aviatsiya, o‘ta tezyurar poyezdlari, mashhur «Reno», «Sitroyen» va «Pejo» avtomobillari, ilg‘or kemasozlik sanoati bilan haqli sur’atda faxrlansa arziydi. 1992-yil fevral oyida Fransiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatildi. 1993- yil oktabrida Prezident Islom Karimov rasmiy vizit bilan Parijda bo‘ldi. Tashrif davomida bir qancha shartnoma va bitimlar imzolandi. Jumladan, ikki mamlakat hukumatlari o‘rtasida sarmoyalarni o‘zaro rag‘batlantirish va himoyalash to‘g‘risidagi bitim respublikamizda neft, yengil sanoat hamda banklar faoliyati sohalarida samarali hamkorlik sari yo‘l ochdi. «Ron pulen» kimyo firmasi, «Kredi kommersial de frans», «Nasional de pari» banklari, «El-akita» firmasi va boshqalar Fransiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari Fransua Mitteran. 199 Qorovulbozor neftni qayta ishlash zavodi qurilishini mablag‘ bilan ta’minlashda katta hissa qo‘shdi. Undan tashqari respublikamiz chorvadorlari, sog‘liqni saqlash xodimlari (Bofur-ipsen internatsional dorichilik shirkati bilan), arxeologlari, rassomlari, teatr arboblari, adabiyotchilar fransiyalik hamkasblari bilan yaqin aloqa o‘rnatganlar. Fransiyada «Temuriylar» nomli jurnal nashr etib kelinadi. 1994-yil aprelda Fransiya Prezidenti F. Mitteran rasmiy tashrif bilan O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Bu tashrif ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni yangi bosqichga ko‘tardi. 1996-yil aprelida Parijda YUNESKO rahbarligida buyuk bobokalonimiz Amir Temur tavalludining 660-yilligiga bag‘ishlangan tantanalar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Bu sohadagi ulkan xizmatlari uchun YUNESKO Bosh direktori F. Mayor «Do‘stlik» ordeni, Temuriylar tarixi bilimdoni L. Keren «Shuhrat» medali bilan taqdirlandi. Tantanalar jarayonida I. A. Karimov Fransiya Prezidenti Jak Shirak bilan uchrashdi va ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarning kelajagi belgilab olindi. Fransiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida yana bir qator shartnomalar imzolangan bo‘lib, o‘zaro iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalar tobora rivojlanib bormoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Fransiya uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Fransiyada 5 marta Respublika e’lon qilinganligini qanday izohlaysiz? 3. Nima uchun 1946-yilda de Goll mutlaq hokimiyat egasi bo‘la olmadi? 4. To‘rtinchi Respublika qay tariqa vujudga keldi? Bu davrda Fransiya ichki va tashqi siyosatidagi asosiy voqealarni qayd eting. 5. 1958-yil may inqirozi qay tariqa yuz berdi va qanday oqibatlarga olib keldi? 6. De Gollning shaxsiy hokimiyat tartibi qay tariqa barham topdi va uning sabablari nimalardan iborat edi? 7. De Goll tashqi siyosatidagi 3 asosiy vazifani qayd eting va ular qay tariqa amalga oshirildi? 8. Fransiyada o‘nglar va so‘llarning o‘zaro hamkorlikda kelishib, siyosat yuritish fakti nima bilan izohlanadi? 9. Vaqtli nashrlardan Fransiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlariga doir ma’lumotlarni to‘plang. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. FRANSIYA PREZIDENTLARI FAOLIYATI Prezidentlar Hukmronlik vaqti Mamlakat uchun qilgan ishlari ? 200 22-§. Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi Germaniya Ikkinchi jahon urushida tor-mor etildi. Uning hududi deyarli kultepaga aylandi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishi urushdan oldingi darajaning uchdan bir qismiga tushib qoldi. Sharqiy Prussiyaning SSSRga berilishi, Polsha chegarasining Oder va Neyse bo‘ylab o‘tishi oqibatida bu hududlarda yashovchi 9 mln dan ortiq nemislar Germaniya ichkarisiga ko‘chirildi. Bu hol uningsiz ham og‘ir bo‘lgan uy-joy muammosini yanada keskinlashtirib yubordi. Mamlakat sanoat korxonalari g‘olib davlatlar uchun to‘lanishi zarur bo‘lgan tovon hisobiga ko‘chirib ketila boshlandi. Aholi turmush darajasi nihoyatda yomonlashdi. Eng og‘iri, Germaniya davlat mustaqilligini yo‘qotdi. Uning hududi 4 g‘olib buyuk davlat (AQSH, SSSR, Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya) okkupatsiya zonalariga bo‘lindi. Hokimiyat g‘olib davlatlar harbiy ma’muriyati qo‘liga o‘tdi. Bu ma’muriyatni okkupatsiya qiluvchi qo‘shin bosh qo‘mondoni boshqardi. Butun Germaniyaga taalluqli masalalarni esa to‘rt Bosh qo‘mondondan iborat Nazorat Kengashi hal etardi. Kengash qarori konsensus asosida qabul qilinardi. 1945—1949-yillar Germaniya tarixida okkupatsiya tartibi hukm surgan davr hisoblanadi. Shunday sharoitda ham Germaniyada demokratik hayot tiklana boshladi. Germaniya taqdiriga befarq qaramaydigan siyosiy kuchlar yangi sharoitda jamiyat hayotida o‘z o‘rniga ega bo‘lish uchun kurashdilar. Dastlab fashistlar qattiq ta’qib etgan ikki siyosiy partiya — Germaniya Kommunistik partiyasi va Germaniya Sotsial-demokratik partiyasi — yashirin sharoitda ishlash holatidan chiqdi. Ayni paytda yangi siyosiy partiyalar ham vujudga keldi. Chunonchi, 1945-yilda Xristian demokratlar ittifoqi (XDI) tuzildi. Unga mashhur siyosiy arbob K. Adenauer rahbarlik qildi. Keyinroq XDI ning Bavariya bo‘limi — Xristian sotsialistlar ittifoqi (XSI) tuzildi. Xristian demokratlar fashizmga qarshi ekanliklarini, Germaniyani qudratli mustaqil davlatga aylantirish bosh maqsadlari ekanligini bayon qildilar. Ayni paytda fuqarolar farovonligini ta’minlash, ishchilarga korxonalarni boshqarishda ishtirok etish imkoniyatini yaratish haqida va’da berdilar. Bular fuqarolarning ko‘pchiligi, ayniqsa, dindorlar tomonidan qo‘llabquvvatlandi. G‘arbiy okkupatsiya zonasida «Erkin demokratik partiya» (EDP) ham tuzildi. XDI—XSI va GSDP eng yirik partiyalarga aylandi. Sharqiy okkupatsiya zonasida (SSSR zonasi) 1946-yilda GKP va GSDP birlashdi. Bu yangi partiya Germaniya yagona sotsialistik partiyasi deb ataldi. Okkupatsiya tartibi davrida, ayni paytda, Birlashgan nemis kasaba uyushmasi (BNKU) ham tuzildi. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Germaniya uchun oqibatlari Germaniya 1945—1949-yillarda 201 «Sovuq urush» ning boshlanishi Germaniya taqdiriga ta’sir etmay qolmadi. Potsdam konferensiyasi qarorlari bajarilmadi. Germaniya muammosi AQSH va SSSR manfaatlari keskin to‘qnashgan muammoga aylandi. Bu to‘qnashuv Germaniyaning bo‘linib ketishini muqarrar qilib qo‘ydi. Yangi sharoitda AQSH Germaniyani G‘arbning ishonchli tayanchiga aylantirishga intildi. Shuning uchun ham SSSRning kechagi ittifoqchilari Germaniyaning iqtisodiy qudratini susaytirish maqsadidan voz kechdilar. G‘arbiy Germaniyadan tovon evaziga sanoat korxonalarini olib chiqib ketish to‘xtatildi. (U atigi 5 foizga bajarilgan edi, xolos.) «Marshall rejasi» ishlab chiqilayotganida AQSH unga G‘arbiy okkupatsiya zonalarini qo‘shishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Chunki, endi G‘arb uchun iqtisodiy jihatdan qudratli Germaniya nihoyatda zarur edi. Tovon to‘lashning to‘xtatib qo‘yilishi SSSR va uning kechagi ittifoqchilari o‘rtasidagi munosabatni yanada keskinlashtirdi. Buning ustiga, G‘arb davlatlari o‘zlarining okkupatsiya zonalarini birlashtirdilar va unda 1948- yilning 20-iyunida separat pul islohoti o‘tkazdilar. Reyxs marka o‘rniga nemis markasi joriy etildi. G‘arbiy okkupatsiya zonasida yashayotgan aholining har biriga eski 60 markani yangi 60 markaga aylantirishga ruxsat etildi. Qolgan har 100 eski markani 6,5 yangi markaga almashtirish mumkin edi. Buning natijasida muomaladagi pul hajmi kamayishiga erishildi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, inflatsiyani to‘xtatish imkonini berdi. Shu tariqa iqtisodiy hayotni tiklash uchun zarur sharoit yaratildi. Pul islohoti o‘tkazilishiga javoban SSSR G‘arbiy Berlinni qamal qildi. Shu bahonada G‘arb davlatlari o‘z zonalarida Germaniya davlatini tezroq tuzishga harakat qildilar. 1948-yilning sentabr oyida o‘lka parlamentlari saylagan parlament kengashi chaqirildi. Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi ishlab chiqildi. Ushbu Konstitutsiya 1949-yil 8-may kuni qabul qilindi. Konstitutsiyani hokimiyat tasdiqlagach, 23-maydan boshlab kuchga kirdi. Konstitutsiya G‘arbiy Germaniyani demokratik, federativ davlat, deb e’lon qildi. Davlat hududi 10 ta o‘lkaga bo‘lindi. Ularning har biri o‘z Konstitutsiyasi, qonun chiqaruvchi va ijro etuvchi hamda sud hokimiyatlariga ega edi. Boshqarish shakliga ko‘ra GFR parlament Respublikasi bo‘lib qoldi. Oliy qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat (parlament) Federal parlament deb ataldi. U ikki palatali edi. Quyi palata — bundestag 4 yilga saylangan. Yuqori palata — bundesrat esa o‘lka parlamentlari tayinlaydigan vakillardan iborat bo‘ldi. Bonn shahri mamlakat poytaxti deb belgilandi. Davlat boshlig‘i prezident edi. Biroq uning huquqlari cheklandi. U davlat va millat birligi ramzi bo‘lib qoldi, xolos. 1949-yilning avgustida bundestagga birinchi saylov o‘tkazildi. Unda XDI—XSI va GSDP deyarli bir xil o‘rin egalladilar. 7-sentabr kuni bundestag GFR Konstitutsiyasini tasdiqladi. 20-sentabr kuni XDI— Germaniyaning bo‘linib ketishi 202 XSI partiyasi EDP bilan koalitsion hukumat tuzdi. Mashhur siyosiy arbob, XDI nomzodi 75 yoshli K. Adenauer kansler etib saylandi. Uzoqni ko‘ra biluvchi, voqelikni real baholay oluvchi, dono siyosatchi K. Adenauer Yevropa integratsiyasi yo‘lida juda katta ish qildi. Germaniyaning bu integratsiyada o‘z o‘rni bo‘lishiga erishdi. Germaniya kelajagini G‘arb dunyosi bilan uzviy bog‘liq ekanligini ham hammadan ko‘proq va yaxshiroq angladi. 21-sentabr kuni GFRning tashkil topganligi rasman e’lon qilindi. SSSR okkupatsiya zonasi bo‘lgan Sharqiy Germaniyada ham yangi davlat tuzishga zo‘r berib kirishildi. Bu davrda Sharqiy Germaniyada Germaniya Yagona Sotsialistik partiyasi, XDI, Liberal- demokratik partiya hamda Dehqonlar partiyasi faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda edi. Bu partiyalar va jamoat tashkilotlari Nemis Milliy Kengashini sayladilar. Bu Kengash sessiyasi 1949-yilning 7-oktabrida Sharqiy Germaniya hududida Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi tuzilganligini e’lon qildi. Hukmron partiya (GYASP) syezdi 1952-yilda GDRda sotsializm asoslarini qurish haqida qaror qabul qildi. Afsuski, bu sovet namunasidagi sotsializm edi. Shu tariqa Germaniyaning hududiy bo‘linishi sodir bo‘ldi. Oradan ko‘p o‘tmay GFR AQSH ittifoqchisiga, GDR esa SSSR ittifoqchisiga aylandi. K. Adenauer hukumati ichki siyosatining bosh vazifasi mamlakat iqtisodiyotini tezroq tiklash edi. Bu maqsadni ro‘yobga chiqarish vositasi sifatida iqtisodiyotning «Ijtimoiy yo‘naltirilgan bozor xo‘jaligi» modeli tanlandi. Bu model markazida tadbirkorning shaxsiy tashabbusi va erkin raqobat turar edi. Davlatning vazifasi asosan xususiy xo‘jalik subyektlarining faoliyat yuritish shakli va qoidalarini belgilab berishdan va ularga qanchalik amal qilinayotganligi ustidan nazoratni ta’minlashdan iborat bo‘lardi. Ayni paytda bu model davlatning, birinchidan, kuchli ijtimoiy siyosat yuritishini ham nazarda tutar edi. Hukumat tanlagan yo‘l GFR iqtisodiy taraqqiyotining gurkirab rivojlanishining asosiy omili bo‘ldi. Ikkinchidan, AQSH hukumati va sarmoyadorlari GFRga katta iqtisodiy yordam ko‘rsatdilar. Chunonchi, birgina «Marshall rejasi» doirasida 1948—1949-yillarda 1,4 mlrd dollar miqdorida yordam ko‘rsatildi. Bu mablag‘ korxonalarni ilg‘or texnika va texnologiya bilan qayta ta’minlash imkonini berdi. Uchinchidan, harbiy xarajatlarning deyarli yo‘qligi iqtisodiyotga zarur mablag‘ sarflashga imkon berdi. Va nihoyat, nemis xalqi yuksak vatanparvarlik va tadbirkorlik xislatlarini namoyon etdi. Bu omillar tez orada o‘z samarasini ko‘rsatdi. 1950-yilning Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasining tashkil etilishi GFRning ichki va tashqi siyosati 203 oxiriga kelib sanoat ishlab chiqarishi 1936-yilgi darajaga yetdi. 1960-yilga kelib esa 2,5 baravar o‘sdi. 1950—1975-yillarda gaz ishlab chiqarish 60 mln kub metrdan 19,7 mlrd kubmetrga, po‘lat 14 mln tonnadan 54 mln tonnaga, avtomobil 306 mingdan 4 mln donaga o‘sdi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi ham yuksak sur’atlarda rivojlandi. G‘alla hosildorligi 40 sentnerdan oshdi. 50-yillarning o‘rtalariga kelganda GFRda oziq-ovqat muammosi to‘la hal etildi. 1950—1964-yillar oralig‘ida jami milliy mahsulot 3 baravar ko‘paydi. GFR butun Germaniyaning urushdan oldingi darajasidan ko‘p mahsulot ishlab chiqardi. Eksportning importdan doimo yuqori bo‘lishi katta miqdorda valuta zaxirasi to‘plashga imkon berdi. Bu borada dunyoda AQSHdan so‘ng ikkinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Flin, Tissen, Siteks va boshqalarning harbiysanoat konsernlari o‘z kapitallarini urush davridagiga nisbatan 3—4 baravar ko‘paytirdilar. GFR iqtisodiyotidagi bu mislsiz o‘zgarishlar «german mo‘jizasi» deb nom oldi. Ayni paytda hukumat kuchli ijtimoiy siyosat ham yuritdi. Natijada mehnatga qobiliyatli aholi amalda ish bilan deyarli to‘la ta’minlandi. Korxona ishchilariga arzon narxli — xalq aksiyalari sotildi. Xalq turmush darajasi keskin yaxshilandi. K. Adenauer hukumati tashqi siyosatda G‘arb davlatlari, birinchi navbatda, AQSH bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lidan bordi. 1951-yilda uning hududida okkupatsiya tartibi bekor qilindi. 1954-yilda GFRga 12 diviziya, harbiy aviatsiya va harbiy flotning cheklangan kuchlaridan iborat armiyaga ega bo‘lishga ruxsat etildi. Shu tariqa harbiy sanoat oyoqqa tura boshladi. 1955-yilda GFR NATOga a’zo bo‘ldi. 1956-yilda bundesverni (GFR armiyasini) «Qurollarning yangi turlari bilan qurollantirish» hamda «Umumiy majburiy harbiy xizmat haqida» qonunlar qabul qilindi. Bu qonunlar bundesverga NATOning zarbdor kuchiga aylanishiga imkon berdi. 1958- yilda Yevropa Iqtisodiy Hamjamiyati (YEIH) ga a’zo bo‘ldi. YEIHga a’zo bo‘lgan barcha davlatlar sanoat mahsulotining 44 foizini ishlab chiqardi. K. Adenauer hukumati ayni chog‘da Sharqqa nisbatan tan olmaslik siyosatini qo‘lladi. Yevropada Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin tarkib topgan chegara o‘zgarishlarini tan olmadi. GDRni sovet okkupatsiyasi zonasi, deb hisobladi. 1955-yilda e’lon qilingan «Xalshteyn doktrinasi» ga ko‘ra, GFR GDR ni tan olgan har qanday davlat bilan diplomatik aloqani to‘xtatishini ma’lum qildi. Bu qoida faqat SSSRga tatbiq etilmadi. Chunki K. Adenauer SSSR bilan munosabatning o‘ta yomonlashuvi GDRni GFRga qo‘shib olishga imkon bermasligini yaxshi tushunar edi. 1961-yilning avgust oyida GDR hukumati Berlin shahrining sharqiy qismini g‘arbiy qismidan ajratib turuvchi devor qurishga majbur bo‘ldi. Bu devor tarixga «Berlin devori» nomi bilan kirdi. 204 Bu davrda GDRda sotsialistik jamiyatning inqirozi boshlangan edi. Mavjud tuzumga qarshi qo‘zg‘olonlar ham ko‘tarildi. Ular GDR hududiga joylashtirilgan sovet armiyasining kuchi bilan bostirildi. Ko‘plab aholi G‘arbiy Berlin orqali GFRga qochib o‘ta boshladi. Buning oldini olish maqsadida GDR rahbarlari, yuqorida qayd etilganidek, «Berlin devori» ni qurganlar. Bu hodisa har ikki nemis davlati o‘rtasidagi munosabatni yanada keskinlashtirdi. K. Adenauer siyosatida norozilik kuchaydi. Natijada 1963-yil oktabrda 87 yoshli davlat rahbari iste’foga chiqdi. Uning o‘rnini Lyudvig Erxard egalladi. Lekin iqtisodda pasayish ro‘y berdi. Yaponiya GFRni taraqqiyotda quvib o‘tdi. Norozilik kuchayib, 1966-yil oktabrda Erxard iste’fo berdi. 20 yillik hukmronlikdan so‘ng 1969-yilda XDI— XSI partiyasi parlament saylovida mag‘lubiyatga uchradi va hokimiyat jilovini topshirishga majbur bo‘ldi. GSDP EDP (Erkin demokratlar partiyasi) bilan hamkorlikda yangi hukumat tuzdi. Sotsial-demokrat V. Brandt (1913—1992) kansler lavozimini egalladi va uni 1974-yil mayigacha boshqardi. Xo‘sh, XDI—XSI saylovda nega mag‘lubiyatga uchradi? G‘arb demokratiyasi sharoitida bir partiyaning yengishi, ikkinchi bir partiyaning g‘alaba qozonishi tabiiy hol, albatta. Biroq har qanday mag‘lubiyatning sabablari bo‘ladi. 1966—1967-yillardagi ortiqcha ishlab chiqarish oqibatida ro‘y bergan iqtisodiy inqiroz ishsizlikni keltirib chiqardi. Chetdan arzon ishchi kuchi ko‘plab jalb etilgan bir sharoitda ishsizlikning ro‘y berishi vaziyatni yanada chigallashtirdi. U mahalliy ishchilarni qiyin ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Boshlangan inflatsiya esa iqtisodiy rivojlanish barqarorligiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsata boshladi. Buning ustiga, XDI—XSI ayrim rahbarlarining urush yillarida fashistlar bilan hamkorlik qilganligi hamda partiya yetakchi rahbarlarining korrupsiya bilan shug‘ullanganligining aniqlanishi partiyaning obro‘siga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatmay qolmadi. Ayni paytda GFRning dunyoda iqtisodiy jihatdan eng qudratli davlatlardan biriga aylana borishi bu davlat tashqi siyosatini o‘zgartirishini talab etmoqda edi. O‘z qo‘shnilari bo‘lgan Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarini tan olmaslik — bu reallik bilan hisoblashmaslik edi. Chunki 60-yillarda Sharqiy Yevropada tub o‘zgarishlar bo‘lishi uchun hali sharoit yetilmagan edi. Qolaversa, bu davrda Sharqiy Yevropa sotsialistik davlatlarida hukmron tartibni SSSR qattiq nazorat qilib turardi. 1968-yilda Chexoslovakiyaga Varshava shartnomasiga a’zo 5 davlat armiyasining kiritilishi buni yana bir bor isbotladi. Bunday sharoitda Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari bilan munosabatlarni eskicha davom ettirish mavjud keskinlikni yanada chigallashtirgan bo‘lar edi. Binobarin, hayot GFRning tashqi siyosatida tub o‘zgarishlar qilishni talab etmoqda edi. XDI—XSI rahbariyati esa bunday o‘zgarish bo‘lishini XDI—XSIning hokimiyatdan ketishi 205 aslo istamadi. Yuqorida qayd etilgan omillar XDI—XSIning hokimiyatdan ketishiga olib keldi. GSDP bilan EDP tuzgan hukumat «Kichik koalitsiya hukumati» deb nom oldi. Hukumat «yangi sharqiy siyosat» ni amalga oshira boshladi. Unga ko‘ra, GFR Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarini tan oldi. 1970-yilda SSSR, Polsha, Chexoslovakiya va 1972-yil dekabrda GDR bilan shartnomalar imzolandi. Ularda Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi chegara o‘zgarishlari tan olindi. GDRning tan olinishi katta jasorat edi. V. Brandt Germaniyaning qachonlardir birlashishiga ishonardi. Biroq bu birlashish tinch yo‘l bilan amalga oshishi zarur edi. 70-yillarda buning iloji yo‘q edi. O‘sha davr uchun birdan-bir to‘g‘ri yo‘l — davlatlarning tinch-totuv yashashi yo‘li edi. V. Brandt shu yo‘lni tanladi. GDRning tan olinishi har ikki nemis davlati uchun BMTga yo‘l ochdi. Ular BMT a’zoligiga qabul qilindilar. «Kichik koalitsiya» GFR uchun ichki iqtisodiy vaziyat noqulay sharoitda hokimiyatga kelgan edi. Dastlab iqtisodiy beqarorlik kuchayib ketishining oldini olishga muvaffaq bo‘lindi. Biroq 1974—1977-yillardagi xalqaro miqyosdagi iqtisodiy inqiroz GFR ni chetlab o‘tmadi. Mahsulot ishlab chiqarish sur’ati yiliga 2 foizga kamaya boshladi. Ishsizlar soni 3 mln ga yaqinlashdi. Aholi xarid quvvati pasaydi. Shunday sharoitda GSDP iqtisodiy hayotga davlatning aralashuvi lozimligi masalasini o‘rtaga qo‘ydi. V. Brandtning raqiblari uni iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirmaslikda, harbiy xarajatlarni ko‘paytirishda, kommunistlar bilan yaqinlashishda aybladi. Natijada 1974-yil mayida u iste’fo berdi. Hokimiyatga GSDPning boshqa lideri G. Shmidt keldi va 1982-yil kuzigacha kanslerlik lavozimida turdi. 1980—1982-yillarda yana iqtisodiy inqiroz ro‘y berdi. Ayni paytda hukumat kuchli ijtimoiy himoya choralarini qo‘llashga harakat qildi. Biroq GSDP ittifoqchisi EDP bunga qarshi chiqdi. Bu partiya inflatsiyani kamaytirish maqsadida ijtimoiy xarajatlarni kamaytirish zarur deb hisoblardi. Ikki partiya o‘rtasidagi ixtilof ularni bo‘lib yubordi va 1982-yilda kichik koalitsiya hukumati tarqalib ketdi. Natijada XDI—XSI va EDP ittifoqi tuzildi. Bu ittifoq yangi hukumat tuzdi. Uni mashhur siyosatchi Gelmut Kol (1930- yilda tug‘ilgan) boshqardi. 80-yillarga kelib GDRni chuqur ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va siyosiy inqiroz chulg‘ab oldi. Davlat budjeti taqchilligi yildan yilga o‘sdi. Davlat qarzi 20 mlrd dollardan oshdi. Jamiyatda totalitar tartib qaror topdi. GFR ga qochib o‘tuvchilar tobora ko‘payib bordi. 1989-yil birinchi yarmining o‘zida 350 ming kishi GFRga qochib o‘tdi. 7-oktabr — GDR tashkil topgan kun hukumatning rasmiy tadbirlariga qarshi namoyish kuniga aylandi. Shu tariqa GDRda inqilob Germaniyaning birlashishi Kichik koalitsiya hukumatining ichki va tashqi siyosati 206 boshlandi. 18-oktabr kuni davlat rahbari E. Xonekker iste’fo berdi. 9-noyabr kuni «Berlin devori» qulatildi. 1990-yilning 18-martida GDRda parlamentga o‘tkazilgan birinchi erkin saylovda XDS partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. 1990-yilning 1-iyulida GDR hududida GFR markasi amal qila boshladi. 1990-yilning 3-oktabrida GDR ning GFRga qo‘shilishi haqidagi shartnoma kuchga kirdi. Shu tariqa, 41 yildan so‘ng Germaniyaning birlashuvi tinch yo‘l bilan amalga oshdi. Bunda SSSR rahbariyati nemislarning yagona Germaniyaga birlashishga bo‘lgan intilishiga qarshilik ko‘rsatib bo‘lmaydi, deb hisoblashi ham katta rol o‘ynadi. Germaniyaning birlashuvi xalqaro ahamiyatga molik voqea edi. Bu birlashuv XDI—XSI va EDP partiyalarining hamda kansler G. Kolning obro‘sini yanada oshirib yubordi. G. Kol «birlashuv jarayonining otasi» degan nom oldi. G. Kol 18 yil davomida hukumatni boshqardi. Biroq 1998-yilgi parlament saylovida XDI— XSI mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Buning asosiy sabablari — ishsizlar sonining ko‘payishi (ishga yaroqli har 10 nafar kishining bittasi ishsiz edi); hukumatning 3,2 mln kishi ish haqini 2 yil muddatga muzlatib qo‘yishga, shuningdek, ijtimoiy xarajatlarni kamaytirishga qaror qilganligi edi. Ayni paytda yuqori doiralarda korrupsiyaga aloqadorlarning fosh etilishi, hatto G. Kolning o‘zi ham moliyaviy ko‘zbo‘yamachiliklarda ishtirok etganligi ham saylov natijalariga ta’sir etmay qolmadi. 1998-yilgi parlament saylovida GSDP g‘olib chiqdi. Sotsial-demokrat G. Shryoder kansler etib saylandi. 2002-yilgi saylovda ham u kanslerlik lavozimini qayta egalladi. Hokimiyatda barqarorlik vujudga kelib, 2005-yil noyabr saylovlarida GFR tarixida birinchi ayol — Angela Merkel kanslerlik lavozimiga keldi. Hozirgi davrda GFR dunyodagi eng rivojlangan davlatlardan biridir. Yevropadagi eng yirik mamlakatlardan biri bo‘lgan Germaniya Federativ Respublikasiga Islom Karimovning 1993-yil aprel—may oylaridagi rasmiy safari davomida GFR Prezidenti R. fon Vayszekker, kansler G. Kol va boshqa ishbilarmonlar vakillari bilan uchrashuvlar o‘tkazildi. Muzokaralar yakuniga ko‘ra Mablag‘ sarflash, uni birgalikda himoyalashga ko‘maklashish to‘g‘risida Shartnoma, Madaniy hamkorlik va ilmiy-tadqiqot jamg‘armasini tuzish haqida bitimlar imzolandi. Germaniyaning «Doyche bank AG», «Komersbank», «Kemikal bank AG», «Mersedes-Bens», «Villi- Bets» kabi bank va kompaniyalari bilan muntazam aloqalar davom etmoqda. GFR — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari Gelmut Kol. 207 Ikkala mamlakat o‘rtasidagi tovar ayirboshlash 76 mln dollarni tashkil etdi. 1995-yil aprelda GFR Prezidenti Roman Gersog O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurdi. Germaniyaning moliyaviy yordami bilan Urganch mebelsozlik korxonasi qurildi. Undan tashqari, 90-yillarning oxirida 40 dan ortiq korxonaga nemis mablag‘i jalb etildi. Toshkent — Frankfurt telefon kanali ishga tushirildi. «Babnok» va «IMS» firmalari Farg‘onadagi to‘qimachilik korxonalari bilan hamkorlik qilmoqda. «ABD», «Germed» firmalari tibbiyot sohasida muhim ishlarni amalga oshirmoqda. Germaniyaning «Mersedes- Bens» avtobuslari, «Zinger» tikuv mashinalari O‘zbekistonda juda mashhur bo‘lib ketdi. Germaniyaliklar O‘zbekiston xalq artisti M. Yo‘lchiyeva, Yu. Usmonova, Sh. Mirzayev va boshqalarning kuy-qo‘shiqlarini yaxshi kutib oldilar. Shunday qilib, O‘zbekiston bilan GFR o‘rtasida o‘zaro iqtisodiy va madaniy hamkorlik tobora rivojlanib bormoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Germaniya uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Germaniya Federativ va Germaniya Demokratik Respublikalari qay tariqa tashkil topdi? O‘ylab ko‘ring-chi: Germaniyaning bo‘linib ketmasligi uchun AQSH va SSSR nimalar qilishi zarur edi? 3. Nima uchun GFR qisqa tarixiy muddat davomida iqtisodiy jihatdan dunyoning eng qudratli davlatidan biriga aylana oldi-yu, nega GDRda bu hodisa ro‘y bermadi? 4. Erkin demokratik partiya (EDP) ning GFR siyosiy hayotida o‘ynagan va o‘ynayotgan rolini tahlil eting. 5. GFR ning 1949-yil 23-mayda kuchga kirgan Konstitutsiyasi mazmuni haqida so‘zlang va «parlament Respublikasi» tushunchasini izohlab bering. 6. Germaniyada navbatma-navbat hukmronlik qiluvchi XDI—XSI va GSDP tashqi siyosatini taqqoslang. 7. Germaniyaning birlashuvi qay tariqa yuz berdi? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. GFR KANSLERLARI FAOLIYATINI YORITING Kanslerlar Hоkimiyatda turgan yili Mamlakat uchun qilgan ishlari ? 208 23-§. Italiya Respublikasi Fashistik Italiya Ikkinchi jahon urushida fashistlar Germaniya ittifoqchisi sifatida qatnashdi. Biroq urushning oqibati Italiya uchun Germaniya va Yaponiyaga nisbatan o‘zgacharoq bo‘ldi. Buning sababi — Italiyaning 1943-yildayoq taslim bo‘lganligi, Mussolini fashistik dikraturasi ag‘darilganligi va yangi hukumat Germaniyaga qarshi urush e’lon qilganligi edi. Ingliz-amerika qo‘shinlari Italiyani taslim bo‘lishga majbur etgan bo‘lsada, okkupatsiya tartibi o‘rnatmaganlar. Shunday qilib, urush italyan xalqi boshiga katta kulfatlar keltirdi. Chunonchi, Ikkinchi jahon urushi frontlarida 0,5 mln italiyalik askar halok bo‘ldi hamda bedarak yo‘qoldi. 3 mln kishi uy-joyidan ajraldi. 2 mln kishi ishsiz qoldi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishi 70 foizga, qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishi esa 40 foizga kamaydi. Mamlakat milliy boyligining uchdan bir qismini yo‘qotdi. 1947-yil 10- fevralda imzolangan Parij tinchlik shartnomasiga ko‘ra, Italiya mustamlakalaridan mahrum bo‘ldi. Mamlakat demokratik kuchlari Respublika uchun kurashdilar. Chunki bu davrda Italiyada Konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya tuzumi hukmron edi. Qirol V. Emmanuel III Mussolinini qo‘llab-quvvatlab, monarxiya obro‘sini to‘kkan edi. Bu davrda 3 ta siyosiy partiya mavjud edi. Bular Xristan-demokratik (XDP), Sotsialistik (ISP) va Kommunistik (IKP) partiyalar edi. Ular fashizmga qarshi kurashda faol ishtirok etganliklari tufayli katta obro‘ qozongan edilar. Ayni paytda XDP ularning ichida eng ta’siri kuchli partiya edi. Shuning uchun ham u parlament saylovida eng ko‘p ovoz oldi va koalitsion hukumatni boshqardi. Qirol V. Emmanuel III 1946-yilda o‘g‘li Umberto II foydasiga taxtdan voz kechgan bo‘lsa-da, bu hodisa nurab bo‘lgan monarxiyani saqlab qola olmadi. 1946-yilning 2-iyunida davlat tuzumi masalasida, ya’ni Italiyada Konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya tuzumi saqlanib qoladimi yoki u Respublika bo‘ladimi, degan masalada referendum o‘tkazildi. Unda 12,7 mln saylovchi Respublika uchun ovoz berdi (10,7 mln saylovchi esa monarxiya uchun ovoz bergan edi). Shu tariqa, Italiya Respublikasi vujudga keldi. 2-iyun kuni Ta’sis Majlisiga ham saylov o‘tkazilgan edi. Unda XDP 35 foiz (8,1 mln), ISP 20 foiz (4,7 mln) va IKP 19 foiz (4,3 mln) ovoz oldi. Yangi tuzilgan koalitsion hukumatni XDP lideri Alchido de Gasperi (1881— 1954) boshqardi va 1953-yil yozigacha hokimiyatda turdi. Bu partiyalar vakillari ishtirokida davlatning yangi Konstitutsiyasi ishlab chiqildi. Konstitutsiya 1948-yilning 1-yanvaridan kuchga kirdi. Konstitutsiyaga ko‘ra, mamlakat Prezidenti lavozimi joriy etildi. U davlat boshlig‘i hisoblanardi va parlament har ikki palatasi (deputatlar palatasi va senat) qo‘shma yig‘ilishida 7 yil muddatga saylanar edi. Italiyada Respublika o‘rnatilishi Urush oqibatlari 209 Qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni 5 yil muddatga saylanadigan ikki palatali parlament amalga oshirardi. Deputatlar palatasida eng ko‘p o‘rinni egallagan partiya hukumat tuzish huquqiga ega bo‘lardi. 1948-yilning aprel oyida o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovida XDP mutlaq ko‘p (12,7 mln) ovoz oldi. A. de Gasperi endi bir partiyali hukumat tuzdi. Hukumat ichki siyosatda mamlakat iqtisodini rivojlantirishga birinchi darajali masala sifatida qaradi. «Marshall rejasi» ga ko‘ra, 1,3 mlrd dollar miqdorida yordam berilishiga erishdi. U asosan yirik korxonalarni modernizatsiya qilishga va jihozlarni butunlay yangilashga sarflandi. Ayni paytda yuksak taraqqiy etgan davlatlardan patent va litsenziyalar sotib olindi. Qudratli davlat sektori ham vujudga keltirildi. Bu omillar natijasida 50—60-yillarda mamlakat iqtisodi gurkirab rivojlandi. Iqtisodiy o‘sish sur’ati (yiliga 10 foiz) jihatidan Yevropada GFRdan so‘ng ikkinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Shu tariqa «Italiya mo‘jizasi» degan ibora paydo bo‘ldi. U dunyoda eng rivojlangan yetti davlatning biriga aylandi. Eksportning o‘sishi Italiyaga qarzdan qutulish hamda milliy pul (lira)ning barqarorligiga erishish imkonini berdi. Fuqarolarning turmush farovonligi oshdi. Farog‘at davlati qaror topdi. Ish haqi, ijtimoiy sug‘urta tizimi, nafaqalar hajmi bo‘yicha Italiya dunyoda oldingi o‘rinlardan birida turadi. Tashqi siyosatda Italiya birinchi navbatda G‘arb davlatlari integratsiyasini himoya qildi. 1949-yilning aprel oyida NATOga a’zo bo‘ldi. Bu bilan 1947-yilda imzolangan Parij tinchlik shartnomasi majburiyatlari o‘z kuchini yo‘qotdi. 1950-yilning 27-yanvarida AQSH bilan «Mudofaa maqsadlarida o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risida» bitim imzolandi. Mamlakat hududida AQSH harbiy bazasi qurildi. GFRning NATOga qabul qilinishini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1957-yilda Fransiya va GFR bilan «Qurol-yarog‘larni standartlashtirish va yangi qurollarni yaratish yo‘lida birgalikda harakat qilish to‘g‘risida» shartnoma imzoladi. Italiya Yevropa Iqtisodiy Hamjamiyatining faol tashkilotchilaridan biri bo‘ldi. Bugungi kunda yuqorida nomlari sanab o‘tilgan tashkilotlar ishida faol qatnashib kelmoqda. Italiya ichki hayotiga siyosiy beqarorlik xos bo‘lgan davlatligi bilan ham ajralib turadi. Urushdan keyingi davrda 50 dan ortiq hukumat almashganligi buning dalilidir. Bu — o‘rta hisobda deyarli har 1—1,5 yilda hukumat almashinuvi sodir bo‘ldi, deganidir. Xo‘sh, mamlakat hayotidagi siyosiy beqarorlikning sabablari nimalar edi? Mutaxassislarning fikricha, buning asosiy sababi — Italiyada siyosiy partiyalarning haddan tashqari ko‘pligidir. (Mamlakatda 9 ta umummilliy va ko‘plab hududiy partiyalar mavjud.) Bu hol, tabiiyki, hukumatning teztez almashib turishiga olib keladi va, o‘z navbatida, siyosiy beqarorlikka ham sabab bo‘ladi. Hukumatning ichki va tashqi siyosati Siyosiy beqarorlik 14 — Jahon tarixi 210 Ikkinchidan, bu hodisa Italiya barcha hududining iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy jihatdan bir xil darajada rivojlanmaganligi bilan izohlanadi. Shimolning gurkirab rivojlanganligi, Janubning (Sitsiliya, Neapol) iqtisodiy jihatdan orqada qolganligi bugun ham katta ijtimoiy muammo bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bu hol, o‘z navbatida, o‘tkir ijtimoiy muammo — ishsizlik muammosini keltirib chiqardi. Millionlab kishilar ish izlab yurishga majbur bo‘lib qolishdi. Hatto, iqtisodiy gurkirab rivojlangan sharoitda ham ishsizlar soni bir milliondan ortiq bo‘ldi. Har yili 200 mingdan ortiq kishi GFR, Shveysariya va Fransiyaga ish izlab ketishiga to‘g‘ri keldi. Bu ijtimoiy muammo, o‘z navbatida, boshqa dahshatli muammolarni — korrupsiya, terrorizm, jinoyatchilik va mafiyaning siyosatga aralashuvini kuchaytirdi. 1969-yildan keyingi davrda 400 ga yaqin siyosiy arbob, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlari o‘ng va so‘l terrorchilar qurboni bo‘lishdi. Ayniqsa, 1978-yilda XDP rahbari A. Moroning o‘ldirilishi Italiya jamoatchiligini qayg‘uga soldi. U 1963—1968 va 1974-yillarda Italiya Bosh vaziri, 1969—1972-yillarda tashqi ishlar vaziri bo‘lib ishlagan obro‘li siyosiy arbob edi. Italiyada hech bir siyosiy arbob siyosiy terrorizm qurboni bo‘lish xavfidan kafolatlangan emas. Korrupsiya ko‘lami bo‘yicha Italiya G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlari ichida eng oldingi o‘rinda turadi. Bu mamlakat hayotida mafiyaning chuqur ildiz otganligi bilan izohlanadi. Mafiya — bu jinoiy guruhlarning davlat apparati bilan qo‘shilib ketishidir. Ya’ni davlatning barcha organlarida, siyosiy partiyalar apparatida mafiyaga (maxfiy terrorchi tashkilotga) xizmat qiluvchi kishilar mavjudligidir. Italiyada mafiyaning kuchayishiga 1993-yilgacha mavjud bo‘lgan saylov tartibi ham qulay sharoit tug‘dirgan. 1993-yilgacha Italiyada parlamentga saylov proporsional saylov tizimi asosida o‘tkazilgan. Bu saylov tizimida saylovchilar aniq bir shaxs uchun emas, u yoki bu partiya uchun ovoz berardilar. Parlamentdagi o‘rin partiyalarning olgan ovoziga proporsional ravishda bo‘linardi. Qaysi partiyadan kimning deputatlik o‘rnini egallashi partiya rahbarlari orasida hal etilardi. Bu hol, o‘z navbatida, korrupsiyaning kuchayishiga yo‘l ochdi. Mafiya esa bundan ustalik bilan foydalandi va jamiyatning hamma sohalariga kirib bordi. U, ayniqsa, Sitsiliyada, Neapolda va boshqa janubiy viloyatlarda rivojlandi. U shantaj, talonchilik, qotillik yo‘li bilan jamiyatni tahlikaga soldi. Davlat organlari xodimlarini sotib olish (korrupsiya) mafiya faoliyatining asosini tashkil etadi. O‘z izmiga yurmaydiganlarni ta’qib etadi va ularning qotiliga aylanadi. To‘g‘ri, Italiya jamoatchiligi, mafiya va korrupsiyani jilovlashga tarafdor bo‘lgan siyosiy arboblar jamiyatda ro‘y berayotgan bunday falokatlarga qarshi chiqdilar va jamiyatda zarur tartib o‘rnatilishini talab etdilar. 1986-yilda eng yirik mafiyachilar ustidan sud jarayoni o‘tkazildi. U Italiya mafiyasi vatani Sitsiliya markazi Palermo shahrida 211 bo‘lib o‘tdi. 500 nafardan ortiq kishi sud qilindi. Biroq mafiya yashashda davom etdi. 1992-yilda Italiyada «Toza qo‘llar» deb atalgan keng qamrovli tadbir o‘tkazildi. Buning natijasida davlat organlari va siyosiy partiyalar rahbarligida ishlovchi 20 mingdan ortiq kishi tergov ro‘yxatiga tushdi. 2 yil davomida poraxo‘rlikda ayblangan 2 mingdan ortiq kishi hibsga olindi. Tergovga chaqirilganlar ichida hatto sobiq bosh vazirlar J. Andreoti (XDP lideri) va B. Kraksi (Sotsialistik partiya lideri)lar, parlament deputatlari hamda senatorlar ham bor edi. Mafiya bilan aloqada bo‘lgan oliy darajadagi arboblarning fosh etilishi Italiya jamoatchiligini larzaga keltirdi. Bu hodisa Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin qaror topgan partiyaviy-siyosiy tizimning inqiroziga olib keldi. 1994- yilning mart oyida o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovi buni yaqqol isbotladi. Chunonchi, XDP 3 siyosiy oqimga bo‘linib ketdi. Italiya Sotsialistik partiyasi esa o‘zini tarqatilgan, deb e’lon qildi. Italiya Kommunistik partiyasi saylovgachayoq o‘zining nomini ham, maqsad, vazifa va dasturini ham o‘zgartirdi. U saylovda «So‘l kuchlar demokratik partiyasi» nomi bilan qatnashdi. Saylovda mutlaqo yangi kuchlar g‘olib chiqdi. Bular «Olg‘a, Italiya!», «Shimol Ligasi» va «Milliy alyans» partiyalari edi. Ular «Erkinlik qutbi» blokiga birlashdilar. S. Berluskoni («Olg‘a, Italiya» partiyasi rahbari) boshchiligida Italiyada 52-hukumat tuzildi. Biroq bu hukumat 1994-yilning oxirigacha yashadi, xolos. 53-hukumatni mustaqil siyosiy arbob L. Dini boshqardi. 1996-yil aprel oyida parlamentga o‘tkazilgan navbatdan tashqari saylovda «So‘l kuchlar demokratik partiyasi» g‘alaba qozondi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, 1996—1998-yillar oralig‘ida bir necha partiyasiz hukumat tuzildi. Va, nihoyat, 1998-yilda Italiya prezidenti SKDP rahbari M. Alemaga hukumat tuzishni topshirdi. 2001-yilda esa yana S. Berluskoni boshchiligida navbatdagi hukumat tuzildi. 2006-yilgi saylovda Roman Prodi Bosh vazirlik lavozimiga keldi. 2008-yil boshida o‘z o‘rnini S. Berluskoniga bo‘shatdi. Italiyada siyosiy beqarorlik hamon davom etmoqda. Shunga qaramay, Italiya dunyoning iqtisodiy jihatdan eng taraqqiy etgan 7 davlatidan biriligicha qolmoqda. Italiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida 1992-yil aprel oyida diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatildi. Lekin Italiya firmalari dastlab ehtiyotkorlik bilan ish tutdilar. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining «Iqtisodiy islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish, xususiy mulk manfaatlarini himoya qilish va tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida»gi Farmoni e’lon qilingandan keyin 1994-yil aprelida Italiyaning «Matmak suplias» firmasi «Navoiyteks» bilan hamkorlikda Navbahor tumanida yirik ip yigirish sexi qurilishini boshlab yubordi. Jihozlar Italiyadan keltirilib, korxona ishga tushirildi va minglab navbahorliklar ish bilan ta’minlandi. Italiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 212 Andijon viloyati Kuyganyor shahrida italiyaliklar bilan hamkorlikda tashkil etilgan tomat pastasi zavodi o‘z mahsulotlarini xorijga eksport qilmoqda. Farg‘ona viloyati yog‘-moy kombinatida italyan atir sovunlarini ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. 1997-yil mayida Italiya Respublikasi Prezidenti Luidji Skalfaro rasmiy tashrif bilan O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. I. A. Karimov bilan muzokaralar olib borib, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Italiya Respublikasi o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar tamoyillari haqida Deklaratsiya, iqtisodiy, madaniy ilmiy va turizm bo‘yicha hamkorlik haqida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekistonga ko‘plab Italiya yengil sanoat mahsulotlari, jihozlari keltirilmoqda. Italiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalar yildanyilga o‘sib bormoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Italiya uchun oqibatlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 2. Nega Italiya xalqi umumxalq referendumida Respublika uchun ovoz berdi? 3. 1948-yilning 1-yanvaridan kuchga kirgan Italiya Konstitutsiyasi mazmuni haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 4. «Italiya mo‘jizasi»ga qay tariqa erishildi? 5. Italiya tashqi siyosati haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 6. Italiyadagi siyosiy beqarorlikning sabablari nimada? 7. O‘ylab ko‘ring: nega siyosiy hayotdagi beqarorlik mamlakatning iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti darajasiga jiddiy salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsata olmaydi? 8. Vaqtli matbuot asosida Italiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlariga doir ma’lumotlarni to‘plang. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. ITALIYA BOSH VAZIRLARI FAOLIYATI Bosh vazirlar Hokimiyatda turgan vaqti Mamlakat uchun qilgan ishlari 24-§. Sovet davlati va uning parchalanishi SSSR fashistlar Germaniyasini mag‘lubiyatga uchratishda asosiy rol o‘ynaydi. Biroq, g‘alaba katta talafotlar hisobiga qo‘lga kiritildi. Chunonchi, SSSRning 27 mln fuqarosi halok bo‘ldi. Halok bo‘lganlarning 11,5 mln ga yaqini askarlar edi. Bundan tashqari, SSSR milliy boyligining uchdan bir qismini yo‘qotdi. Sanoatning xalq iste’moli mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish sohasi keskin kamaydi. Qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish hajmi urushdan avvalgi darajaga nisbatan 40% foizga kamaydi. SSSR urushdan keyingi yillarda ? 213 Endi sovet davlati oldida mamlakat xo‘jaligini tiklash vazifasi turar edi. Shu maqsadda SSSR Oliy Soveti xalq xo‘jaligini rivojlantirishning to‘rtinchi besh yillik rejasini qabul qildi. Qattiq markazlashtirilgan rahbarlik hamda SSSR tarkibidagi xalqlarning fidokorona mehnati tufayli sanoat ishlab chiqarishi hajmi 1950-yilda urushdan oldingi darajadan oshib ketdi (73 foizga). Ayni paytda sanoatning tez sur’atlar bilan rivojlanishida mamlakat qamoqxonalarida saqlanayotgan ko‘p millionli sovet tutqinlarining hamda 1,5 mln nemis, 0,5 mln yapon harbiy asirlarining tekin mehnati, Germaniyadan undirilgan 4,3 mlrd dollar hajmidagi tovon, shuningdek, kapital mablag‘ asosiy qismining sanoatga yo‘naltirilganligi ham katta rol o‘ynadi. Urushdan keyingi yillarda yana o‘zgacha fikrlovchi kishilarni qatag‘on qilish boshlandi. O‘zgacha fikrlovchilarni qatag‘on qilish — totalitar sotsializmning yo‘ldoshidir. Chunki totalitar sotsializm — kuchga hamda yolg‘on aqidalarga asoslanadigan jamiyat. Biroq har bir davrda totalitar sotsializm himoyachilari qatag‘on boshlash uchun bahona sifatida nimanidir asos qilib oladilar. Urushdan keyingi qatag‘onlarda ham shunday qilindi. Xo‘sh, bu safargi qatag‘onga nimalar asos qilib olindi? Sovet ziyolilari urushdan keyin chuqur iqtisodiy va siyosiy islohotlar o‘tkazilishiga umid qildilar. Ularning ma’lum qismi SSSRda ham, G‘arbdagi kabi, erkin jamiyat qaror topishini istardilar. Ayni paytda bunday chuqur o‘zgarishlarga islohotlar yo‘li bilan erishishni taklif ham etganlar. BMTning 1948-yil 10-dekabrda qabul qilingan «Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasi»ni SSSR ham imzolagani ularda bunday umidni paydo qilgan edi. Iqtisodiy islohotlar borasida ziyolilarning bir qismi korxonalar o‘rtasida raqobat sharoitini vujudga keltirishni, hissadorlik jamiyatlarini tuzishni, davlat ta’minotini bekor qilishni, xususiy savdoni yo‘lga qo‘yishni, erkin narx joriy etilishini, kolxozlar mol-mulkini va ularga berilgan yerlarni oilalarga bo‘lib berish yo‘li bilan kolxozlarni amalda tugatishni taklif etdilar. Siyosiy sohada esa muqobil saylov, rahbarlikka saylanuvchilarning vakolat muddati cheklanishi, milliy (aslida mustamlaka) respublikalarda esa ularning huquqlarini kengaytirish haqidagi takliflarni ilgari surdilar. Biroq SSSR rahbariyati bu takliflarni sotsializmni ichdan qo‘porish, taklif mualliflarini esa sotsializmga qarshi unsurlar, deb baholadi. Bu esa yangi qatag‘onlar kompaniyasining boshlanishiga turtki bo‘ldi. Natijada ziyolilarning minglab ilg‘or qismi, partiya-sovet xodimlari, respublikalarning milliy kadrlari qatag‘onga uchradi. O‘zbekistonliklar ham bu qatag‘ondan chetda qolmadi. Xususan, 1951- yilda mustabid tuzumning tayanchi bo‘lmish xavfsizlik xizmati go‘yo respublika «Yozuvchilar uyushmasi»da va ayrim matbuot organlarida «uya qurgan » 12 kishidan iborat «sovetlarga qarshi millatchi guruh»ni «fosh» etdi. Yangi qatag‘onlar davri 214 Davlat xavfsizlik xizmatining ushbu «faoliyati» natijasida yozuvchi va shoirlar Shukrullo, Shuhrat, Shayxzoda, adabiyotshunos olim H. Sulaymon qamoqqa olindi va sovetlarga qarshi millatchilik faoliyatida ayblanib, 25 yilga hukm qilindilar. SSSRda 1930—1953-yillar oralig‘ida jami 3,8 mln ga yaqin kishi qatag‘on etildi. Ulardan 800 mingga yaqini otib tashlandi. O‘zbekistonda 1937—1953-yillarda 100 ming kishi qatag‘on etildi. Ularning 15 minggi otib tashlangan. Islom Karimov Toshkentdagi «Shahidlar Xotirasi» yodgorlik majmuasining ochilishi marosimida bu dahshatli holatni ta’riflab, «zulm va zo‘ravonlikka qurilgan mustabid, beshafqat tuzum davrida o‘zligini, millat qadr-qimmatini teran anglagan, ijtimoiy-siyosiy ongi yuksak, xalqni uyg‘otishga, xalqni boshqarishga qodir bo‘lgan, ma’rifat va ma’naviyat yo‘lida fidoiylik ko‘rsatgan barcha aql-zakovat sohiblarining...» qancha-qanchalari jismonan yo‘q qilinganligini ta’kidlagandi. To‘g‘ri, 1953-yilda I. Stalin vafot etgach, turli yillarda qatag‘on etilganlar oqlandi. Biroq, mustaqil fikrlovchi shaxslarni qatag‘on qilish I. Stalin davridagidek ommaviy va qonli tusda bo‘lmagan bo‘lsa-da, 70—80-yillarda ham davom etdi. Ular yakka-yakka tartibda ta’qib etildi. Ular ustidan turli jinoiy ishlar uyushtirildi va majburan ruhiy kasalliklar kasalxonalariga yotqizildi. Dunyo jamoatchiligiga taniqli bo‘lganlar uy qamog‘ida yoki badarg‘ada saqlandi. Ba’zilar mamlakatdan chiqarib yuborildi. I. Stalin vafotidan so‘ng rahbarlik lavozimini N. Xrushyov egalladi. U 1956-yilda bo‘lib o‘tgan KPSSning XX syezdida I. Stalin shaxsiga sig‘inish va uning oqibatlarini qattiq qoraladi. Mamlakatning ilg‘or qismi chuqur iqtisodiy va siyosiy o‘zgarishlar amalga oshadi, deb yana bir bor umid bilan qaray boshladi. Biroq ularning umidlari oqlanmadi. Mamlakatda stalinizm yangi ko‘rinishda davom etaverdi. KPSSning 1959-yilda bo‘lib o‘tgan navbatdan tashqari XXI syezdi SSSRda sotsializm «to‘la va uzil-kesil g‘alaba qozondi», degan xulosaga keldi. Bunga mamlakat iqtisodiy taraqqiyotida ro‘y bergan sezilarli ijobiy yutuqlar asos qilib olindi. Aslida bu kommunistlarning navbatdagi xomxayollari edi. Sovet davlatining keyingi butun taraqqiyoti buni tasdiqladi. Biroq 1959-yildan boshlab bu xomxayol hodisa ulkan tarixiy g‘alaba, deb talqin etildi. Bu jozibador xulosa sovet rahbariyati tomonidan yanada xomxayol bo‘lgan boshqa xulosa ilgari surilishiga asos bo‘ldi. Bu — SSSRning endi kommunistik jamiyat qurilishi keng avj oldirilgan davrga qadam qo‘yganligi haqidagi xulosa edi. Va nihoyat, KPSSning XXII syezdida (1961-yil) KPSSning yangi dasturi — Kommunizm qurish dasturi qabul qilindi. Xo‘sh, kommunistlar fikricha, kommunizm qanday jamiyat edi? Birinchidan, bu — ishlab chiqarish vositalari to‘la umumxalq (aslida davlat) mulki bo‘lgan jamiyat edi. «Kommunizm qurish» dasturining qabul qilinishi 215 Ikkinchidan, bu — jamiyatning barcha a’zolari ijtimoiy jihatdan batamom teng bo‘lgan sinfsiz jamiyat edi. Uchinchidan, bu — ijtimoiy boylikning barcha manbalar mo‘l-ko‘l bo‘lgan, to‘lib-toshib turadigan va, natijada, har kim qobiliyatiga yarasha ishlaydigan, lekin jamiyat boyligidan har kim ehtiyojiga yarasha ulush oladigan jamiyat edi. To‘rtinchidan, bu — mehnat qilish hamma uchun birinchi hayotiy ehtiyoj, anglangan zaruriyat bo‘lib qoladigan jamiyat edi. Dasturda kommunizm qurish uchun quyidagi 3 ta ulkan vazifani bajarish zarurligi ta’kidlandi: — kommunizmning moddiy-texnika bazasini yaratish; — yangi ijtimoiy munosabatlarni vujudga keltirish; — yangi kishini tarbiyalash. KPSS dasturida bundan-da badtarroq xomxayol orzular ilgari surildi. Chunonchi: a) 1960—1970-yillar oralig‘idagi o‘n yil ichida iqtisodiy taraqqiyotda AQSHga yetib olish va undan o‘zib ketish; b) 1970—1980-yillar oralig‘idagi o‘n yil ichida kommunizmning moddiy-texnika bazasini yaratish. Vaqt tez orada KPSS va sovet davlati rahbariyati ilgari surgan yuqoridagi vazifalar xomxayol ekanligini tasdiqlay boshladi. Bu esa oliy rahbariyat o‘rtasida ziddiyatlarni kuchaytirdi. Buning oqibatida 1964-yilda N. Xrushyov vazifasidan olib tashlandi. Hokimiyat L. I. Brejnev qo‘liga o‘tdi. Uning davrida iqtisodiy islohot o‘tkazilishiga urinildi. Biroq bu islohot mamlakat iqtisodiyotini tubdan qayta qurishni anglatmas edi. Mafkura iqtisodiyotni chulg‘ab olgan bir sharoitda bu tabiiy hol edi. Chunki qotib qolgan, hayotdan orqada qolgan kommunistik mafkura har qanday tub islohotni sotsializm asoslariga zarba deb baholardi. KPSSning kommunizm qurish rejasi barbod bo‘lgach, L. I. Brejnev KPSSning XXIV syezdida (1971-yil) «rivojlangan sotsializm» nazariyasini ilgari surdi. Bu nazariyada kommunizm uzoq kelajakda quriladigan jamiyat, deb izohlandi. Ungacha jamiyat sotsializm va kommunizm oralig‘ida rivojlangan sotsializm bosqichini bosib o‘tishi lozimligi «asoslandi». Hayot, vaqt bu nazariyaning ham soxta ekanligini tasdiqladi. SSSRning iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti borgan sari pasaya boshladi va unda turg‘unlik holati vujudga keldi. Buning asosiy sababi ma’muriy-buyruqbozlikka asoslangan iqtisodiyotning ilmiy-texnika inqilobi natijalarini qabul qila olmaganligi bo‘ldi. Natijada bu iqtisodiyot katta xarajat talab etadigan va kam samara keltiradigan iqtisodiyotga aylanib qoldi. 1982-yilda L. Brejnev vafot etgach, qisqa vaqt ichida yana ikki rahbar almashdi. Bular Yu. Andropov va N. Chernenko edilar. Ularning har ikkisi ham og‘ir kasal edilar. Biroq davlat qonunga bo‘ysunmaydigan jamiyatda og‘ir kasal kishilarning hokimiyat tepasiga kelib qolishi tabiiy holdir. Jadallashtirish rejasi 216 Nihoyat, 1985-yil mart oyida M. S. Gorbachyov KPSSning Bosh kotibi lavozimini egalladi. Shu yilning aprel oyida u qayta qurish va mamlakat ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy taraqqiyotini jadallashtirish dasturini ilgari surdi. Unga ko‘ra, 15 yil ichida (1985—2000) SSSRning iqtisodiy qudrati 2 baravar ortishi, ya’ni 15 yil ichida sovet davlati yashab kelayotgan 70 yil davomida erishilgan darajaga teng iqtisodiy qudrat yaratilishi kerak edi. Jadallashtirish dasturining amalga oshishi 3 omilga tayanar edi. Bular: — korxonalar mustaqilligini kengaytirib, ularni xo‘jalik hisobiga va o‘zini o‘zi mablag‘ bilan ta’minlashga o‘tkazish; — mehnatning mazmuni va xarakterida, odamlarning moddiy va ma’naviy turmush sharoitlarida chuqur o‘zgarishlar qilish, samaradorlikka qarab haq to‘lash; — oshkoralik, ya’ni siyosat, ijtimoiy va mafkuraviy muassasalar tizimini faollashtirish. Aslida jadallashtirish dasturi ham KPSS va Sovet davlati rahbariyatining yana bir xomxayol orzusi bo‘lib chiqdi. Chunki iqtisodiyotda bozor munosabatlarisiz bu vazifalarni amalga oshirib bo‘lmas edi. Buning ustiga SSSR aholisi ongi yangi — bozor iqtisodiyotini qabul qilishga tayyor emas edi. 1988-yildan boshlab qishloq xo‘jaligi, 1990-yildan boshlab esa sanoat ishlab chiqarishi pasaya boshladi. Budjet taqchilligi 100 mlrd so‘mdan ortdi. Davlatning oltin zaxirasi 6 yilda (1985—1991) 10 baravar kamaydi va u atigi 240 tonnaga tushib qoldi. Aholining turmush darajasi shiddat bilan pasaya boshladi. Shunday sharoitda M. S. Gorbachyov «insonparvar, demokratik sotsializm» qurilishini e’lon qildi. Biroq endi uning cho‘pchaklariga deyarli hech kim ishonmay qo‘ydi. Ittifoq davlati oliy rahbariyati va organlari aholi ko‘z o‘ngida obro‘-e’tiborini, ishonchni yo‘qotib qo‘ydi. M. S. Gorbachyovning siyosati tarixga «qayta qurish» siyosati nomi bilan kirgan. Bu qayta qurish mamlakat siyosiy hayotiga ham taalluqli edi. 1988- yilda KPSSning XIX Butunittifoq konferensiyasi qarori asosida qonun chiqaruvchi yangi oliy hokimiyat organi — SSSR Xalq deputatlari syezdi tuzildi. Yangi oliy lavozim — SSSR Oliy Soveti raisi — joriy etildi. 1989-yilning mart oyida chaqirilgan SSSR xalq deputatlari 1 syezdida KPSS MK Bosh sekretari M. S. Gorbachyov ayni paytda SSSR Oliy Soveti raisi etib saylandi. Binobarin, siyosiy islohot tugab borayotgan KPSSning rahbarlik rolini saqlab qolishga ham xizmat qilishi lozim edi. Mamlakatda senzura deyarli olib tashlandi. Biroq bular mavjud tuzumni saqlab qola olmadi. Bu davrda qator respublikalarda mavjud davlat hokimiyati organlariga parallel ravishda yangi hokimiyat organlari ham vujudga keldi. Ko‘ppartiyaviylik reallikka aylanib ulgurdi. Ularning ayrimlari KPSS bilan raqobatlasha boshladi ham. Aksariyati sovet modelidagi SSSRda siyosiy ahvolning murakkablashuvi 217 sotsializmni, KPSSning davlat hokimiyatiga bo‘lgan monopol huquqini inkor etdi. Ayni paytda KPSSning o‘zida ham 3 oqimga bo‘linish yuz berdi. Boltiqbo‘yi respublikalari kommunistik partiyalari 1989—1990-yillar davomida KPSS tarkibidan ajralib chiqdi. Shu tariqa SSSRda jamiyat hayotining hamma jabhalarida inqiroz kuchaya bordi. Bu hol milliy respublikalarda aholi milliy ongining uyg‘onishiga qulay sharoit yaratdi. Endi ularda mustaqillikka intilish tobora kuchaydi. Boltiqbo‘yi respublikalari «Davlat suvereniteti to‘g‘risida deklaratsiya» qabul qildilar. O‘zbekistonda prezidentlik lavozimi joriy etildi. Shunday sharoitda Markaz milliy nizolar keltirib chiqarish yo‘li bilan SSSRni saqlab qolishga urindi. 1988-yildan boshlab Armaniston va Ozarbayjon o‘rtasida Tog‘li Qorabog‘ masalasida munosabatlar keskinlashdi. 1989-yilda Farg‘ona, 1990- yilda O‘sh, 1991-yilda Gruziya — Abxaziya, Gruziya — Janubiy Osetiya qonli voqealari keltirib chiqarildi. Ayni paytda M.S. Gorbachyov va Rossiya rahbari B. Yelsin o‘rtasida hokimiyat uchun kurash kuchaydi. SSSRning yagona totalitar davlat sifatida saqlanib turishida KPSS ning roli beqiyos katta bo‘lganligiga SSSRning 70-yillik tarixi guvoh. Biroq qayta qurish yillarida KPSS obro‘si borgan sari yo‘qolib bordi. Partiyada poraxo‘rlik va korrupsiya kuchaydi. Demokratik kuchlar hatto SSSR Konstitutsiyasiga yozib qo‘yilgan KPSSning rahbarlik roli haqidagi qoidaning chiqarib tashlanishiga erishdilar (1990-yilda). Shunday sharoitda yangi lavozim — SSSR Prezidenti lavozimi joriy etildi. 1990-yilning mart oyida SSSR Xalq deputatlari III syezdi M. S. Gorbachyovni SSSR Prezidenti etib sayladi. M. S. Gorbachyovning maqsadi SSSRni qanday bo‘lmasin saqlab qolish edi. Chunki u o‘zi boshlagan islohot SSSRni qulatishi mumkinligini aslo xayoliga keltirmagan edi. Endi u yangi ittifoq shartnomasi imzolanishi uchun bor kuchi bilan harakat qila boshladi. M. S. Gorbachyov 1991-yilning aprel oyidan boshlab 9-respublika rahbari bilan yangi ittifoq shartnomasi xususida to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri muzokara o‘tkaza boshladi. Va, nihoyat, 1991-yilning avgust oyida barcha tomonlarni qoniqtiruvchi «Mustaqil Respublikalar Ittifoqi» haqidagi shartnoma loyihasini ishlab chiqishga erishildi. Unga ko‘ra, Markaz endilikda boshqaruvchilik maqomini yo‘qotar va u asosan muvofiqlashtirish vazifasi bilan shug‘ullanar edi. Markaz ixtiyoriga mudofaa, moliya, ichki ishlar, qisman soliq va ijtimoiy siyosat masalalari qoldirildi, xolos. Ayni paytda rus tili davlat tili maqomini yo‘qotib, millatlararo muloqot tiliga aylanardi. Shartnomani imzolash 1991-yil 22-avgustga belgilandi. Biroq real hokimiyatni qo‘ldan chiqarishni istamagan kuchlar 18-avgustdan 19-avgustga o‘tar kechasi davlat to‘ntarishi qilishga urindilar. Ular GKCHP (Favqulodda SSSRning parchalanishi 218 Holat Davlat Qo‘mitasi) tuzdilar. Qrimda dam olayotgan M. S. Gorbachyov hokimiyatdan chetlatildi. GKCHPga SSSR vitse-prezidenti G. Yanayev rahbarlik qildi. GKCHP SSSRning ba’zi hududlarida favqulodda holat joriy etdi. SSSRning 1977-yilgi Konstitutsiyasiga zid ravishda tuzilgan davlat organlari bekor qilinishi, muxolif partiyalar faoliyati to‘xtatilganligi, mitinglar va namoyishlar o‘tkazish man etilganligi, ommaviy axborot vositalari nazoratga olinganligi e’lon qilindi. Moskva shahriga armiya qismlari kiritildi. Biroq Moskva aholisi GKCHPni qo‘llab-quvvatlamadi. Aksincha, ular GKCHPga qarshi chiqqan Rossiya Prezidenti B. Yelsin tarafida bo‘ldilar. B. Yelsin moskvaliklarni GKCHPga qarshi uyushtira oldi. Armiyaning asosiy qismi ham GKCHPni qo‘llabquvvatlamadi. G‘arb davlatlari ham GKCHPni tan olmadilar. Xalq madadidan mahrum bo‘lgan GKCHP oxir-oqibatda mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. 22-avgust kuni GKCHPning barcha rahbarlari davlat to‘ntarishi qilishga uringanlikda ayblanib hibsga olindilar. Noyabr oyida B. Yelsin Rossiya Federatsiyasi hududida KPSS faoliyatini taqiqlash haqida farmon chiqardi. Shu tariqa KPSS yagona siyosiy tashkilot sifatida barham topdi. KPSS MK Bosh sekretari lavozimidan voz kechgan M. S. Gorbachyov SSSRni saqlab qolish uchun harakat qila boshladi. Biroq u hech narsaga erisha olmadi. 1922-yilning 30 dekabrida SSSRni tuzgan 3 davlat — Rossiya Federatsiyasi, Ukraina va Belorussiya rahbarlari 1991- yilning 8-dekabr kuni SSSR tarqatilganligini e’lon qildilar hamda Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi (MDH) tuzilganligi haqidagi bitimni imzoladilar. Bu bitim tarixga «Belovej bitimi» nomi bilan kirdi. Shu tariqa SSSR parchalanib ketdi. 21-dekabr kuni yana 8 respublika (Ozarbayjon, Armaniston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston, O‘zbekiston, Turkmaniston, Tojikiston va Moldova) ham bu bitimni imzoladilar. 25-dekabr kuni M. S. Gorbachyov SSSR Prezidenti lavozimidan iste’fo berdi. SSSRdan Rossiyaga og‘ir meros qoldi. Bozor iqtisodi qonunlarini joriy etish juda murakkab yo‘ldan bordi. Rossiya sobiq sovet respublikalari o‘rtasida va xalqaro maydonda o‘z mavqeyini yo‘qotmasligi lozim edi. Bu oson ish emas edi. 1992-yilda narxlar erkinlashtirila boshlandi. Yil oxiriga kelib davlat ixtiyorida faqat budjetda ishlovchilarning ish haqini va ular ishlab chiqargan mahsulotlar narxini belgilash qoldi. Davlat eng asosiy korxonalardan tashqari, barcha korxonalarini o‘z tasarrufidan chiqara boshladi. Bu korxonalar u yerda ishlovchilarning aksionerlik mulkiga aylandi. Ular aksiyalarning katta qismini boshqa fuqarolarga xususiylashtirish chekiga (vaucherga) sotish huquqiga ega edilar. Mamlakatda 24 ming korxona, 15 foiz fermer xususiylashdi. Davlatda yetarli mablag‘ning yo‘qligi natijasida bir yilda ishlab chiqarish 20 foizga pasaydi. Ijtimoiy ta’minot, fan, ta’lim, sog‘liqni saqlash xodimlari qiyin ahvolga tushib qoldi. 219 Aholi daromadi 2 baravar kamaydi. B. Yelsin 1992-yil dekabrda Ye. Gaydar o‘rniga V. Chernomirdinni Bosh vazir etib tayinladi. 1993-yil 23-aprelda umumxalq referendumi o‘tkazildi va ko‘pchilik B. Yelsinni qo‘lladi. Lekin Oliy Sovet raisi R. Xasbulatov Prezidentga qarshi faoliyatni davom ettirdi. 1993-yil 21-sentabrda B. Yelsin Oliy Sovetni tarqatdi. Ammo Xasbulatovchilar bo‘ysunmay, Oq uyda syezd chaqirib, B. Yelsin ishdan olinganligini va A. Rutskoy vitse-prezident etib saylanganini bildirishdi va qurolli hujumga o‘tdi. B. Yelsin bunga kuch bilan javob berdi va 4-oktabrda Oq uy o‘qqa tutildi, oppozitsiya taslim bo‘ldi. Prezident Sovetlarni tarqatib yubordi. 1993-yil 12-dekabrdagi Umumxalq referendumida 58 foiz qatnashchilar yangi Konstitutsiya uchun ovoz berdilar. Iqtisodiyotda o‘tkazilgan tadbirlar natijasida ishlab chiqarishning 70 foizi aksionerlar va xususiy kompaniyalar qo‘liga o‘tdi. Rossiyada ko‘plab g‘oyalar, harakatlar yuzaga keldi. G. Yavlinskiy, A. Chubays, Ye. Gaydar va boshqalar o‘z takliflari bilan chiqdilar. Lekin ahvol murakkabligicha qoldi. Buni V. Chernomirdin «iloji boricha yaxshi bo‘lishini istadik, ammo ahvol har doimgidek davom etaverdi», deb tan oldi. Oppozitsiya yerni erkin oldi-sotdi qilishga va garovga qo‘yishga xalaqit berardi. Ularning deyarli barchasi eski sovet davri rahbarlari bo‘lib, yangi sharoitga, bozor iqtisodi sharoitiga ruhiy va amaliy jihatdan moslashishga qiynaldilar. Buning ustiga Chechenistondagi harakat Rossiya uchun juda qimmatga tushdi. 1996-yilgi saylovlarda B. Yelsin qiyinchilik bilan g‘alaba qildi. U bozor iqtisodiga o‘tishni «yosh islohotchilar» (Chubays) qo‘li bilan jadallashtirishga harakat qildi. Lekin 1998-yilda budjetni hayotga tatbiq etishning iloji bo‘lmadi. B. Yelsin Chernomirdin o‘rniga Bosh vazir etib S. Kiriyenkoni tayinladi. Lekin ahvol o‘nglanmadi. 1998-yil sentabrda keksa siyosatchi Ye. Primakov Bosh vazir etib tayinlandi. 1999-yil ishlab chiqarish biroz jonlansa-da, yangi bozor iqtisodi tartiblari o‘rnatilmadi. 1999-yil may oyida Ye. Primakov ishdan olinib, dumaparast V. Stepashin hukumat boshlig‘i qilib tayinlandi. Moskva meri Yu. Lujkov «kapitalizmchasiga ishlash, ammo sotsializmchasiga taqsimlash » shiori bilan chiqdi. Shunday og‘ir sharoitda B. Yelsin hokimiyatga munosib nomzod izladi va 1999-yil avgustida V. Putin hukumat boshlig‘i qilib tayinlandi. Razvedka maktabini o‘tagan, qat’iyatli, yangicha fikrlovchi, sotsializm mansablarida ishlamagan aqlli va irodali V. Putin tezda o‘zini ko‘rsatdi. U chechen jangarilarini jilovlashda oqilona yo‘l tutdi va katta obro‘ qozondi. 1999-yil kuzida ma’muriyat «Yedinstvo» (Birlik) harakatini tashkil etdi va V. Putinga yordam berdi. 1999-yil dekabrda Dumaga saylovlarda Lujkov — Primakov bloki va kommunistlar zaiflashib qoldi. Hokimiyat ishonchli qo‘lga o‘tganini tushungan B. Yelsin 2000-yil boshida muddatidan oldin iste’foga chiqdi. Mart oyidagi Prezident saylovida V. Putin g‘olib chiqdi. 220 Rossiyada hukumat almashuvlaridan charchagan xalq V. Putinni qo‘llabquvvatladi. Putin islohotlarni kuchaytirdi. Noqonuniy boylik to‘plagan moliya magnatlarining payini qirqdi. Ularning ko‘pi chet elga qochib ketdi. Bozor iqtisodi qonunlarini mustahkamladi. Natijada 4—5 yil ichida Rossiyada yillik o‘sish 7— 8 foizga ko‘tarildi. Ulug‘ rus ambitsiyasidan holi bo‘lgan V. Putin MDH mamlakatlari bilan munosabatlarni xalqaro huquq doirasida yaxshiladi. Lekin bu barcha muammolar hal qilindi, degani emas. Rossiya xalqaro maydonda o‘z mavqeyini ancha yo‘qotdi. Rossiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida do‘stona munosabatlar kundan-kunga rivojlanib bormoqda. 2005-yil iyun oyida Islom Karimov Moskvada bo‘ldi. Rossiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasidagi savdo 2004-yilda 1 mlrd 641 mln dollardan oshdi. Rossiya Prezidenti V. Putin va O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimov Moskva va Toshkentda bir necha bor uchrashdilar. O‘zaro iqtisodiy aloqalarni yanada jadallashtirish masalalari kelishib olindi. Shuningdek, Rossiya Shanxay hamkorlik tashkilotida qatnashib, belgilangan vazifalarni amalga oshirishda faol ishtirok etmoqda. 2007-yil oxiridagi Prezident saylovida D. Medvedev g‘alaba qildi. Ko‘p o‘tmay V. Putin Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi va islohotlarni davom ettirmoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Urushning SSSR uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Qanday omillar SSSR xalq xo‘jaligini qisqa yillar ichida tiklab olishga imkon berdi? 3. Nega sovet rahbariyati tez-tez qatag‘onlar o‘tkazib turgan? 4. O‘zbekistonda «Shahidlar xotirasi» yodgorlik majmuasi yaratilganligini siz qanday izohlaysiz? 5. Kommunizm qurish dasturi nega barbod bo‘ldi? 6. L. I. Brejnev davrida tashqi siyosatda qanday xatolarga yo‘l qo‘yildi? Ular SSSRning taqdiriga keyin qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatdi? 7.M. Gorbachyov e’lon qilgan jadallashtirish yo‘li nega natija bermadi? 8. Siyosiy islohotlardan ko‘zlangan asosiy maqsadni qayd eting. 9. O‘ylab ko‘ring: M. Gorbachyov 1991-yilgacha ham yangi Ittifoq shartnomasining imzolanishiga erishishi mumkin bo‘lgani holda, nima uchun unga erisha olmadi? 10.SSSR qay tariqa parchalandi? Rossiyaga qanday meros qoldi? 11.Rossiyaning bozor iqtisodiga o‘tishi qanday kechdi? BAHS YURITING Nega SSSRdek qudratli davlat birdaniga tarqab ketdi? V. V. Putin. ? 221 JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. SOVET VA ROSSIYA DAVLATI RAHBARLARI FAOLIYATI Rahbarlar Hokimiyatda turgan vaqti Mamlakat uchun qilgan ishlari 25-§. Markaziy va janubi-sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari Ikkinchi jahon urushi G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlari qatori Markaziy va Janubiy Yevropa davlatlarini (Polsha, Vengriya, Ruminiya, Chexoslovakiya, Yugoslaviya, Bolgariya va Albaniya) ham o‘z domiga tortgan edi. Ularning ayrimlarini (Polsha, Chexoslovakiya, Yugoslaviya va Albaniya) Germaniya va Italiya bosib oldi. Bolgariya, Vengriya va Ruminiya esa fashist davlatlarining ittifoqchisi sifatida urushda ishtirok etdilar. Bu davlatlar siyosiy-tarixiy adabiyotlarda «Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari» (sobiq GDR ham shu qatorga kirgan) deb ham atalgan. Urushdan keyingi yillarda G‘arbiy va Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari taqdiri turlicha kechdi. Chunonchi, G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlari iqtisodiyotida erkin bozor munosabatlari to‘la qaror topdi. Jamiyat hayotida tub demokratik tamoyillar mustahkamlandi. Ilmiy-texnika inqilobi yutuqlari ishlab chiqarishga to‘la joriy etildi. Natijada G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlarida aholining yuqori turmush darajasi ta’minlandi. Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida esa jamiyat hayoti o‘zgacha kechdi. Bunda, birinchidan, bu davlatlarni (Albaniyadan tashqari) SSSR armiyasi fashizmdan ozod etganligi hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynadi. Bu omil Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida Kommunistik partiyalarning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishiga qulay imkoniyat yaratdi. Qolaversa, urush kommunistik partiyalarning obro‘sini oshirgan ham edi. Chunonchi, Yugoslaviya va Albaniya kommunistik partiyalari antifashist harakatga rahbarlik qildilar, boshqa davlatlarda esa kommunistlar bu harakatda faol ishtirok etgan edilar. Ikkinchidan, «sovuq urush» tufayli keskinlashgan sovet-amerika munosabatlari SSSRning Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari ichki ishlariga aralashuviga qulay sharoit yaratdi. Natijada 1946—1949-yillar davomida Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida kommunistlar hokimiyatni to‘la egallab oldilar. Chunonchi, bu davlatlarda, SSSRda bo‘lganidek, ko‘ppartiyaviylik tugatildi (Vengriya, Ruminiya, Yugoslaviya va Albaniyada). GDR, Polsha, Chexoslovakiya va Bolgariyada nomigagina ko‘ppartiyaviylik saqlab qolindi. Masalan, GDRda 5 ta siyosiy partiya mavjud bo‘lsa-da, real hokimiyat kommunistik partiya (Germaniya yagona sotsialistik partiyasi — GYASP) qo‘lida edi. Boshqa 4 siyosiy partiya GYASPning yetakchi, rahbar siyosiy kuch ekanligini tan olishga majbur etilgan edi. Kommunistik partiyalarning hokimiyat tepasiga kelishi 222 Hokimiyatni egallagan kommunistik partiyalar sotsialistik jamiyat qurishga kirishdilar. Aslida ular qurmoqchi bo‘lgan sotsialistik jamiyat SSSRda qurilgan g‘ayriinsoniy jamiyat — totalitar sotsializmning deyarli o‘zginasi edi. To‘g‘ri, bu davlatlarning ayrimlarida (masalan, Yugoslaviyada) qurilgan sotsializm ba’zi jihatlardan SSSRdagidan farq qilsa-da, amalda u ham totalitar sotsializm edi. Hokimiyatning bo‘linishi tamoyili inkor etildi. Davlatning barcha organlarida kommunistik partiya nazorati o‘rnatildi. Davlat konstitutsiyalarida fuqarolar uchun e’lon qilingan huquq va erkinliklar amalda ro‘yobga chiqarilmadi. Konstitutsiya nomigagina amal qilardi. Unga ko‘ra, umumiy saylov huquqi asosida saylovlar o‘tkazib turildi. (Aslida u saylov emas, majburiy ovoz berdirish edi.) Bu — demokratiyaning amalda yo‘qqa chiqarilishi edi. Mavjud tartibga qarshi chiqqanlar yoki ularga e’tiroz bildirganlar ta’qib etildi, qatag‘on qilindi. Iqtisodiyotda bozor munosabatlari barham topdi. Uning o‘rnida SSSR dagidek rejali iqtisodiyot vujudga keltirildi. Deyarli barcha mulk davlat mulkiga aylantirildi. Bu esa amalda xususiy mulkning barham topishiga olib keldi. Shu tariqa Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida xalq demokratiyasi emas, totalitar sotsializm qurildi. Bu davlatlar (Yugoslaviyadan tashqari) tashqi siyosatda SSSR manfaatiga bo‘ysundirildi. Ular O‘zaro Iqtisodiy Yordam Kengashiga (1949) hamda Varshava Shartnomasiga (1955) (Albaniya keyinchalik bu harbiy-siyosiy tashkilotdan chiqqan, Yugoslaviya esa bu tashkilotga umuman a’zo bo‘lmagan) birlashtirildi. Bundan tashqari, Sharqiy Yevropaning Yugoslaviya va Albaniyadan boshqa davlatlari hududiga SSSR qurolli kuchlari joylashtirilgan edi. Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida «sotsializm qurilishi» xalqning tanlashiga qarab emas, balki xohish-irodasiga qarshi amalga oshirildi. Chunki bu davlatlar aholisining katta qismi SSSR namunasidagi sotsializmni (aslida u totalitar sotsializm edi-da) istagan emas. Buning sababi — SSSRda qurilgan va ko‘klarga ko‘tarib maqtalgan «sotsializm» insoniyatning asl maqsad va manfaatlarini ro‘yobga chiqarolmadi. Nega barcha rivojlangan davlatlarda xususiy mulk saqlab qolingan? Nega ularning iqtisodiyotida bozor munosabatlari amal qiladi? Nega bugungi mustaqil O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyoti bozor munosabatlariga asoslangan erkin demokratik jamiyat qurmoqda? Chunki shunday jamiyatgina insonning hayotdan ko‘zlagan maqsadlarini ro‘yobga chiqarishga imkoniyat yaratadi. Totalitar sotsializm jamiyatida barcha sohalar, hatto, insonning ongi, orzuumidlari ham qonunga mutlaqo bo‘ysunmaydigan davlat nazorati ostiga olinadi. Inson insonparvarlik tamoyillariga javob beruvchi qonunlar doirasida erkin yashashi kerak. Totalitar sotsializm buni istamaydi. Chunki bunday jamiyatda Sovetlar namunasidagi sotsializmning qurilishi 223 adolatli qonun amal qilmaydi. Davlat esa hech qanday qonunga bo‘ysunmaydi. Oxir-oqibatda bu davlat o‘z fuqarolarini zo‘ravonlik bilan itoatda tutishga intiladi. Bu esa jamiyatni inqirozga yuz tuttiradi va uni halok etadi. To‘g‘ri, bu hodisa birdaniga ro‘y bermaydi. Bunga sobiq sotsialistik davlatlar bosib o‘tgan yo‘l misol bo‘ladi. Quyida ularni ko‘rib o‘tamiz. 1949-yil 7-oktabrda GDR tashkil etilib, V. Pik — Prezident, O. Grotevol — Bosh vazir etib saylandi. Ular GBSP vakillari edilar. 1953-yilda mamlakatda mavjud tuzumga qarshi isyon ko‘tarildi va Sovet qo‘shinlari yordamida bostirildi. 1960-yil sentabrda, V. Pik vafotidan keyin, prezidentlik tugatilib, uning o‘rniga Davlat Soveti tuzildi va unga rais qilib GBSP rahbari V. Ulbrixt saylandi. Otto Grotevol 1964-yilgacha, ya’ni vafotiga qadar Bosh vazir lavozimida ishladi. V. Ulbrixt 1971-yilgacha partiya va davlat rahbari bo‘lib turdi hamda keksayib, sog‘lig‘i yomonlashgach, o‘z lavozimini E. Xonekkerga topshirdi. Iqtisodda davlat sektori hukmron bo‘lib qoldi. Zarariga ishlagan korxonalar ishini boshqa korxonalar hisobiga ushlab turish kuchaydi. Lekin GDR iqtisodiyoti boshqa sotsialistik davlatlarga nisbatan yangi texnologiya bilan ta’minlangan edi. Ishlab chiqarish kombinatlari yalpi mahsulotning 94 foizini berardi. Tashqi savdoning 40 foizi SSSR hisobiga to‘g‘ri kelardi. Ammo GFR bilan solishtirganda, ishlab chiqarishda mehnat unumdorligi 1/3 qismni tashkil qilardi. Bor-yo‘g‘i korxonalar 32 foiz foyda bilan ishlardi. Aholi turmush darajasi GFRga qaraganda 3 baravar past edi. GFRdagi ahvol GDR xalqini o‘ziga rom qildi. Avvalgi paragrafda ta’kidlanganidek, 1989-yilning o‘zida 400 ming kishi GFRga ko‘chib ketdi. Ommaviy norozilik kuchaydi. 1989-yil 18-oktabrda E. Xonekker barcha lavozimlardan ozod etildi. 9-noyabrda Berlin devori buzib tashlandi. 1990-yil 3-oktabrda ikkala Germaniya birlashdi. 1946-yil 1-fevralda Vengriya respublika deb e’lon qilindi. F. Nad Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. Ko‘p o‘tmay kommunistlar bilan kelisholmay, Shveysariyaga ketib qoldi. Z. Tildi mamlakat Prezidenti lavozimiga o‘tirib, 1948-yil avgustgacha ishladi. Shu davrdan uning o‘rniga A. Sakashich keldi. 1948-yil iyunida SDP va VKP birlashib, Vengriya mehnatkashlar partiyasi (VMP) tashkil topdi. Shu davrdan boshlab M. Rakoshi 1956-yil iyuligacha partiya rahbari bo‘lib ishladi. 1956-yil 25-oktabrda Budapeshtda mavjud tuzumga qarshi qo‘zg‘olon ko‘tarildi. Qo‘zg‘olonni bostirishni va’da bergan I. Nad Bosh vazir etib tayinlandi. Lekin u va’dasini buzib, mamlakatning Varshava shartnomasidan chiqishini, sovet qo‘shinlarining olib ketilishini talab qildi. E. Gerening 4 oylik boshqaruvidan so‘ng VMP rahbarligiga Ya. Kadar keldi. 1956-yil 4-noyabrda sovet tanklari isyonni bostirdi. I. Nad qamoqqa olinib, 1958-yil 17-iyunda qatl etildi. Vengriya Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi 224 60-yillarda iqtisodiyotda kam xomashyo talab qiladigan sohalarni rivojlantirish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Aholi talabidan kelib chiqib, ijtimoiy sohaga, xalqni zarur ehtiyoj mollari bilan ta’minlashga e’tibor qaratildi. Qishloqda 98 foiz yer sotsialistik sektor qo‘liga o‘tdi. Sovet davlati katta yordam ko‘rsatdi. Lekin islohotlar kutgan natijani bermadi. 80-yillarda ahvol murakkablashib, mamlakatni 22 yil idora qilgan Yanosh Kadar o‘rniga Karoy Grosu keldi. 1990-yilgi saylovlarda koalitsion hukumat tuzilib, uni Iojef Antall boshqardi. Mamlakat Prezidenti etib Erkin Demokratik Ittifoq (EDI) rahbari Arpada Gens saylandi. Vengriyada 1994-yildan ishlab chiqarish o‘sdi. 1990-yilda yalpi ichki mahsulotning 90 foizini nodavlat sektori beraboshladi. Vengriya Yevropa Ittifoqi va 1998-yilda NATOga a’zo bo‘ldi. Hozir mamlakat Prezidenti Laslo Shoyom. 1945-yil 28-iyunda Polsha emigrant hukumati va Polsha milliy-ozodlik komiteti birlashtirilib, Milliy birlik hukumati tuzildi. Bosh vazir lavozimini E. Osubka-Moravskiy, uning o‘rinbosari lavozimini S. Mikolaychik (1901—1966) egalladi. Bir qator islohotlar o‘tkazilib, yangi jamiyat qurishga kirishildi. 1947-yil 17-yanvarda Polsha seymiga saylovlar bo‘lib o‘tdi va Boleslav Berut (1892—1956) mamlakat Prezidenti, Yu. Sirankevich esa hukumat raisi vazifalarini qo‘lga kiritishdi. B. Berut 1948-yil dekabrdan Polsha birlashgan ishchi partiyasi (PBIP) rahbari ham bo‘lib qoldi. 50-yillarda sanoatda sezilarli o‘zgarishlar bo‘ldi. 10 mingdan ortiq kooperativlar tuzildi. Ammo kollektivlashtirishda jiddiy xatolarga yo‘l qo‘yildi. 1956-yil martida B. Berut vafotidan keyin partiyada ham birlik bo‘lmadi. Xalqning noroziligi kuchaydi. Mamlakatda siyosiy inqiroz boshlandi. Iyun oyida ishchilar ish tashladi, talabalar namoyishga chiqdi. Xalq harakati mamlakat armiyasi tomonidan qonga botirildi. To‘qnashuvda 53 kishi o‘ldirildi. 1956-yil oktabr oyida V. Gomulka (1905—1982) partiya rahbarligiga keldi. Xalq birligi fronti tuzilib, hukumatga barcha partiyalar vakillari kiritildi va unga Yu. Sirankevich boshchilik qildi. V. Gomulka tutgan yo‘l ham o‘zini oqlamadi. 1970-yil dekabrda oziq-ovqat tovarlari narxi oshishi e’lon qilindi. Bu ommaviy norozilikka sabab bo‘ldi. Natijada 1970-yil 20-dekabrda partiya rahbarligiga E. Gerek (1913— 2002) keldi. Hukumat «o‘ta industrlashtirish» siyosatini yuritdi. Tashqi qarz 23 mlrd dollarga yetdi. Yetishmovchilik kuchaydi. Olibsotarlik va jinoyat o‘sdi. 1980-yilda ommaviy ish tashlashlar boshlandi. 1981-yilda «Birdamlik» harakati tashkil etildi. Uning rahbari ishchielektrik Lex Valensa edi. 1981-yil fevralida V. Yaruzelskiy Bosh vazir, sentabrda esa partiya rahbari etib saylandi. 14-dekabrda mamlakatda harbiy holat e’lon qilindi. «Birdamlik» taqiqlandi, rahbarlari esa qamaldi. Polsha 225 1983-yil yozida harbiy holat bekor qilindi. Korxonalar xususiylashtirila boshlandi. 1988-yil iyulidan 1990-yil dekabrigacha V. Yaruzelskiy mamlakat Prezidenti lavozimida ishladi. Hukumatni L. Valensaning safdoshi T.Mozaveskiy boshqardi. 1990-yilda PBIP faoliyati tugadi. Dekabr oyida Lex Valensa Prezidentlikka saylandi. 1993-yilda 70 foiz korxona xususiylashtirildi. «Shok terapiyasi» amalga oshirildi. Demokratiyani rivojlantirish choralari ko‘rildi. Qator qiyinchiliklar yuzaga keldi. 1995-yilgi saylovlarda A. Kvasnevskiy Prezidentlikka saylandi. 2005-yil dekabrda esa uning o‘rniga Lex Kachinskiy keldi. Polsha Yevropa Ittifoqi va NATOga qabul qilindi. 1945-yil martida Chexoslovakiyada Milliy front tuzildi. Respublika Prezidenti lavozimini E. Benesh egalladi. 1945-yil 4-aprelda Z. Firlinger boshliq hukumat tuzildi. K. Gotvald Bosh vazir o‘rinbosari bo‘lib qoldi. Bu tarixda «Koshitse hukumati» deb nom oldi. 1945-yil 21-iyunda fashistlar bilan hamkorlik qilganlarning mulki bepul musodara qilindi. 24-iyunda korxonalar, banklar milliylashtirildi. 1946-yil 26-mayda K. Gotvald hukumat boshlig‘i lavozimini egalladi. 1948-yil 6-iyunda E. Benesh iste’foga chiqqach, K. Gotvald mamlakat Prezidenti etib saylandi. 50-yillarda sanoat 93 foizga o‘sdi, yirik korxonalar qurildi, xalqning turmush darajasi oshdi. 1953-yil martda, K. Gotvald vafotidan keyin, A. Zapoteskiy Prezident bo‘ldi, 1957-yilda uning o‘rniga A. Novotniy (1904—1975) keldi. Lekin 1961— 1963-yillarda mamlakatda og‘ir inqiroz ro‘y berdi va u 1966-yilgacha davom etdi. Sanoat va qishloq xo‘jaligi o‘sishi, mehnat unumdorligi pasaydi. Xalqning noroziligi kuchaydi. A. Novotniyning uzoq yillik hukmronligi davrida qotib qolgan totalitar jamiyatni o‘zgartirishga da’vatkorlar ko‘paydi. Natijada 1968- yilning yanvar oyida Chexoslovakiyada A. Dubchek boshchiligida jamiyatni islohot yo‘li bilan tubdan yangilash tarafdorlari bo‘lgan kuchlar hokimiyat tepasiga kelishdi. A. Novotniy lavozimidan ketdi. A. Dubchek iqtisodiyotga bozor munosabatlarini joriy etish, jamiyatni demokratlashtirish rejasini e’lon qildi. SSSR oliy siyosiy rahbariyati, shuningdek, CHKPning KPSSga sodiq qismi bu rejani «aksilinqilobiy reja» deb hisobladilar. Ayni paytda A. Dubchek va uning tarafdorlarini o‘z rejasidan voz kechishga chaqirdilar. Biroq A. Dubchek boshchiligidagi CHKPning islohotchi rahbariyati o‘z fikrlarida qat’iy turdilar. 1968-yil 21-avgust kuni Varshava Shartnomasiga a’zo 5 davlat (SSSR, Polsha, GDR, Vengriya va Bolgariya) armiyasi Chexoslovakiya hududiga kiritildi. Shu tariqa totalitar sotsializmni yo‘q qilish yo‘lidagi harakat bostirildi. A. Dubchek va boshqalar hibsga olindi. Tarixga bu voqealar «Praga bahori» nomi bilan kirdi. Bu voqealar Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida sovet nusxasidagi sotsializm aholi xohish-istagiga qarshi kuch bilan o‘rnatilganligini yana bir bor isbotladi. Chexoslovakiya 15 — Jahon tarixi 226 1968-yil boshida ishlab chiqilgan dasturdan faqat bittasi — mamlakatni Chexiya va Slovakiyadan iborat Federatsiyaga aylantirish amalga oshdi. 1969- yil aprelida A. Dubchek lavozimidan bo‘shatilib, uning o‘rniga Gustav Gusak saylandi. Mamlakatda totalitar rejim o‘rnatilib, siyosiy rahbarlarning bir qismi muhojirlikka ketdi, ko‘pchiligi hibsga olindi va yanchib tashlandi. Gustav Gusakning harakatlariga (ishlab chiqarishni intensivlashtirish, texnologiyani yangilash, narxlarning nazorat qilinishi, boshqaruv tizimini takomillashtirishga) qaramasdan iqtisodiyotning rivojlanish sur’atlari pasayib ketdi. Ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarning 3 foizigina jahon standartlari darajasida edi. Natijada aholini zarur mahsulotlar bilan ta’minlashda uzilishlar ro‘y berdi. Norozilik to‘lqinlari kuchaydi. «Xartiya-77» muxolifat guruhi paydo bo‘ldi. 1987-yilda liberal islohotchilar harakat boshladi. 1989-yil 17-noyabrda radikal islohotni talab qilgan yoshlarning ommaviy chiqishlari boshlandi. Namoyishlar politsiya yordamida bostirildi. Sovet qo‘shinlari betaraflik pozitsiyasida turdi. 18-noyabrda «Fuqarolik forumi» (FF) tuzildi. 1989-yil 24-noyabrda CHKP rahbariyati iste’fo berdi. (1987-yil dekabrda CHKP Bosh sekretari lavozimini M. Yakesh egallagan edi.) 10-dekabrda 77 yoshli Gustav Gusak Prezidentlik lavozimidan ketdi. «Fuqarolik forumi» yo‘lboshchisi Vatslav Gavel mamlakat Prezidenti, A. Dubchek esa Federal majlis raisi qilib saylandi. Shunday qilib «baxmal inqilob» amalga oshdi. 1990-yil iyunda saylovlar bo‘lib, FF 50 foizga yaqin ovoz oldi. V. Klaus boshliq koalitsion hukumat tuzildi. Endi mamlakat ikkiga bo‘linish muammosiga duch keldi. 1993-yil 1- yanvaridan dunyo xaritasida ikkita mustaqil davlat — Chexiya Respublikasi, Slovakiya Respublikasi paydo bo‘ldi. 1993-yil bahorida Mixail Kovach Slovakiya Prezidenti qilib saylandi. Vladimir Michya — Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. Hozir Ivan Gashparovich Prezident lavozimida ishlamoqda. 1994-yilga kelib Slovakiyada ishlab chiqarish darajasi yuqori sur’atlarda o‘sdi. 2004-yilda u Yevropa Ittifoqi va NATO a’zoligiga qabul qilindi. Chexiya davlati Prezident Vatslav Klaus boshchiligida yuqori sur’atlar bilan rivojlanmoqda. Aholi jon boshiga yalpi ichki mahsulot tayyorlash bo‘yicha Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari ichida birinchi o‘rinda turadi. Chexiya 1999-yil NATO ga va 2004-yilda Yevropa Ittifoqiga qabul qilingan. Esda saqlang: «Har bir ko‘chada ikkitadan non do‘koni, bir juft shirinliklar do‘koni, ikkita pivo bari va ko‘plab magazinlar bo‘lishi lozim, asosiysi ularning hammasi xususiy bo‘lishi kerak». Vatslav Gavel. 1945-yil 6-martda eski burjua hukumati o‘rniga Petru Groza boshliq Xalq demokratik fronti hukumati tuzildi. Hukumat fashizm tarafdorlari yerlarini, mulklarini musodara qildi va yersizlarga bo‘lib berdi. 1945-yil oktabrda Georgi Georgiu-Dej RKP Ruminiya 227 (1948-yil fevralidan RIP — Ruminiya Ishchi Partiyasi) rahbari etib saylandi. Sovetlar tipidagi sotsializm qurish boshlandi. Korxonalar, banklar davlat mulkiga aylantirildi. 1947-yil 30-dekabrda qirol Mixay taxtdan voz kechib, Ruminiya Xalq Respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. 1952-yil sentabrda Konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Petru Groza iste’foga chiqdi va Georgi Georgiu-Dej Vazirlar Kengashi raisi (1961-yildan Prezidentlik) lavozimini ham egalladi. 50-yillarda 2 ta besh yillik reja bajarildi. 1960-yilda 11,5 mln tonna neft ishlab chiqarildi. Bu 1938-yilga nisbatan 2 baravar ko‘p edi. 1958-yilda Sovet qo‘shinlari mamlakatdan olib chiqib ketildi. 1962-yili mamlakatda qishloq xo‘jaligini jamoalashtirish tugadi. Qora va rangli metallurgiyani rivojlantirish choralari belgilandi. 1965-yil iyulida G. Georgiu-Dej vafot etgach, partiyada uning o‘rnini N. Chaushesku egalladi. Prezidentlik lavozimi tugatilib, 1974-yilda qayta joriy qilindi va N. Chaushesku uni ham egalladi. Natijada uning diktatorligi qaror topdi. Ruminiya hukumati Ruminiyaning o‘ziga xosligini ta’kidlab, «Brejnev doktrinasi»dan saqlanar, O‘IYOK integratsion tadbirlarining ba’zilarida qatnashmas, XXRni qo‘llab-quvvatlar, xalqaro tashkilotlardan yordam olishga harakat qilardi. 80-yillarda iqtisodiyotning o‘sish sur’atlari pasaydi. Yuksak texnologiyaga, xususiy xo‘jaliklarga e’tibor berilmadi. Aholi ta’minoti yomonlashdi. 1987-yil Brashovada «Yo‘qolsin diktator!» shiori ostida bo‘lib o‘tgan namoyish bostirildi. 1989-yil 17-dekabrda Timishoarada (Transilvaniya) protestant ruhoniylarni ko‘chirish jarayonida g‘alayonlar kelib chiqdi va ular qurol yordamida bostirildi. Hokimiyatdan norozi bo‘lganlar Millatni Qutqarish Fronti (MQF) tuzdilar. Unga I. Iliyesku rahbarlik qildi. 1989-yil 22-dekabrda Chaushesku diktaturasi ag‘darib tashlandi. 25- dekabrda diktator va uning xotini sud qarori bilan otib tashlandi. 1990-yil mayida saylovda I. Iliyesku Prezident qilib saylandi. Mamlakat bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘taboshladi. Xususiylashtirish kuchaytirildi. Lekin ahvolni yaxshilashning iloji bo‘lmadi. Aholining turmush darajasi pasaydi. Olibsotarlik, jinoyat kuchaydi. 1996-yilgi saylovda liberallar rahbari E. Konstantinesku Prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. U xususiylashtirishni tugallash, chet el investitsiyalarini jalb qilish, ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini va aholi daromadini oshirish uchun qator tadbirlar belgiladi. Lekin ahvol yaxshilanmadi. 2000-yilgi saylovlarda yana I. Iliyesku Prezidentlik lavozimiga keldi. 1944-yil 9-sentabrda Bolgariyada Vatan fronti hukumati tuzilib, unga K. Georgiyev boshchilik qildi. 20 yillik emigratsiyadan 1945-yil noyabrda mamlakatga qaytib kelgan G. Dimitrov Xalq majlisi raisligiga saylandi. 1945-yil noyabrda fashizmga yon bosganlar mulki milliylashtirildi. 1946-yil martda agrar islohot o‘tkazildi. 1946-yil 15-sentabrda Bolgariya Xalq Respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi va yangi hukumatga G. Dimitrov boshchilik qildi. Mamlakatda sovet namu- Bolgariya 228 nasidagi sotsializm qurish boshlandi. 1947-yilda barcha mulklar milliylashtirildi. G. Dimitrov 1949-yil iyul oyida, uning o‘rniga kelgan V. Kolarov esa 1950-yil yanvarda vafot etdi. Davlat va partiya boshlig‘i lavozimini G. Chervenkov egalladi. Uning shaxsiga sig‘inish iqtisodiyotga katta zarar yetkazdi. Sanoat o‘sishi, aholini zarur mahsulotlar bilan ta’minlash darajasi pasaydi. Bir qator shaxslar qatag‘on qilindi. 1954-yil martida partiya rahbarligiga Todor Jivkov keldi. G. Chervenkov hukumat boshlig‘i lavozimidan ozod qilindi, uning o‘rniga A. Yugov tayinlandi. Todor Jivkov 1962-yilda A. Yugov o‘rnini ham egalladi. U 1971- yil iyulidan mamlakat Prezidenti lavozimiga saylandi va diktaturasini o‘rnatdi. Mamlakat hokimiyat tuzilmalarida urug‘-aymoqchilik avj oldi. T. Jivkov davrida yangilanish va zamonaviy texnika hamda texnologiyalarni joriy etish, ishlab chiqarishni intensivlashtirish, uning samaradorligini oshirish uchun xo‘jalik va boshqaruv tizimi o‘zgartirib borildi. Mehnat intizomining qattiqlashuvi oylik maosh va nafaqalarni oshirish, ijtimoiy iste’mol fondlarini kuchaytirish hamda yangi uy-joylar qurilishi bilan qo‘- shib olib borildi. Mamlakatda sanoat o‘sdi, AESlar qurildi, qishloq xo‘jaligi va shaharlar yangi qiyofaga kirdi. Mamlakat O‘IYOK ishida faol qatnashdi. Ammo ishlab chiqarish samaradorligi deyarli o‘zgarmadi, yuksak texnologiyalarni uning asosiy kuchiga aylantirishga muvaffaq bo‘linmadi. Investitsiyalar qisqara bordi, milliy boylikning o‘sish sur’atlari, mehnatkashlar turmush darajasi pasaydi. Mamlakatda korrupsiya kuchaydi. 80-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida aholining keng qatlamlari tuzumdan norozi bo‘laboshladi. Sovet davlatidagi qayta qurishni T. Jivkov norozilik bilan qarshi oldi. U 1987-yilda Bolgariyani SSSR tarkibiga qo‘shib olishni so‘radi, lekin sovet rahbariyati bunga rozi bo‘lmadi. Shundan so‘ng T. Jivkov mamlakatda «sotsializmning yangilangan modeli»ni qurishga kirishdi. 1988-yildan boshlab hech qanday tayyorgarliksiz korxonalarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarishi to‘g‘risida, qishloq joylarda o‘zini o‘zi mablag‘ bilan ta’minlashni tashkil etish haqida farmonlar chiqardi va dunyo bozori narxlarini joriy qildi. Ammo bu ahvolni yanada murakkablashtirdi. 1989-yil 10-noyabrda T. Jivkov o‘z lavozimidan chetlashtirildi, sud qilinib, qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi. 1996-yildan uy qamog‘ida saqlanadigan bo‘ldi. 1990-yil yozidagi saylovlardan so‘ng Jelyu Jelev prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. Lekin ishlab chiqarishning pasayishi, inflatsiyaning o‘sishi, oziq-ovqat tanqisligi kuchaydi. 1996-yil kuzidagi saylovlarda mamlakat prezidentligiga P. Stoyanov saylandi. 2001-yilgi saylovlarda Georgi Parvanov g‘alaba qildi. Bolgariyada Yevropa Ittifoqi bilan yaqinlashish, bozor iqtisodi qonunlarini joriy etish natijasida milliy valutaning kuchayishi va inflatsiyaning susayishi ta’minlandi. Aholi sotsialistik xomxayollardan qutulabordi. Bolgariya 2004-yilda NATO ga va 2007-yilda Yevropa Ittifoqiga qabul qilindi. 229 Bu yerda 1945-yil 7-martda I. Broz Tito boshchiligida birlashgan vaqtli hukumat tuzildi. 1945- yil 29-noyabrda ta’sis skupshinasi monarxiyani bekor qildi, Yugoslaviya Federativ Xalq Respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. 1945-yil avgustida agrar islohot e’lon qilindi. Eng ko‘p yer 25—35 gektar deb belgilandi. Traktorsozlik, avtomobilsozlik, stanoksozlik, qora va rangli metallurgiyani rivojlantirish uchun choralar ko‘rildi. Lekin qishloq xo‘jaligida ahvol og‘ir edi. Dehqon mehnat kooperativlari 50 foizgacha dehqonlarni birlashtirdi. 1953-yil yanvarda mamlakatda prezidentlik lavozimi joriy etildi va I. Broz Tito bu lavozimni ham egalladi. 1957—1965-yillarda sanoat 7,5 foizga o‘sdi. Sotsialistik sektorda 29 foiz haydaladigan yer to‘plandi. I. Broz Tito Yugoslaviyani buyuk davlatga aylantirish, Bolqon federatsiyasini tuzish, Albaniya hududida o‘z qo‘shinlarini joylashtirishga harakat qildi. Bu narsa Moskvaga yoqmadi. Natijada kelishmovchilik paydo bo‘ldi. 1949-yilda aloqalar uzildi. 1953-yilda, Stalin vafotidan keyingina ikki o‘rtada diplomatik munosabatlar tiklandi. Ko‘rilgan choralar natijasida 50-yillar oxiriga kelib sanoat ishlab chiqarish hajmi urushdan oldingi davrdagidan 3 baravar, qishloq xo‘jaligi 40 foiz o‘sdi. 1965-yilda yangi islohotlar boshlandi. 1971-yilda 60 foiz traktorlar xususiy xo‘jaliklar qo‘lida edi. Ishchilar vaqtincha chet elga ketib ishlab, mamlakat moliyasiga katta yordam berdilar. 1971-yilda 1 mln dan ortiq yugoslavlar rivojlangan davlatlarda ishladilar. 70-yillarga kelib ahvol murakkablashdi. Millatchilar bosh ko‘tardi. 1974- yilda ittifoqdosh respublikalar huquqlarini cheklaydigan konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. O‘sha yili may oyida I. Broz Tito cheklanmagan muddatga prezident qilib saylandi. Lekin iqtisodiyot og‘irlashib bordi. Chet eldan mamlakat 40 mlrd dollar qarzdor bo‘lib qoldi. 1980-yil 4-mayda I. Broz Tito 88 yoshida vafot etdi. Bu davrda sanoatning 8 foizi, savdoning 59 foizi, qishloq xo‘jaligining 76 foizi xususiylashtirilgan edi. 80-yillarga kelib yalpi ichki mahsulotning o‘sishi 70-yillarga nisbatan 4 marta kam bo‘ldi. Bu davrga kelib Yugoslaviyaning parchalanishi boshlandi. 1991-yil iyunida Xorvatiya, Sloveniya va Makedoniya mustaqil respublika deb e’lon qilindi. 1992-yil yanvarida Bosniya va Gersogovina mustaqil davlat bo‘lib qoldi. 1989-yildan Prezidentlik lavozimida ishlayotgan S. Miloshevich mamlakat yagonaligini saqlab qololmadi. 1990-yil oxirida u faqat Serbiya Prezidenti bo‘lib qoldi. 1991-yilda Serbiya va Chernogoriya o‘z federatsiyalarini Yugoslaviya Respublikasi Ittifoqi (YURI) deb atadi (1997-yildan S. Miloshevich prezident bo‘ldi). 1991-yilda Xorvatiyada F. Tujman (u 1999-yilda vafot etgach S. Misich), 1990-yildan Bosniya va Gersegovinada A. Izetbegovich, 1997-yildan Sloveniyada M. Kuchan hukumat rahbarligida ishlab keldilar. S. Miloshevich Yugoslaviya 230 Xorvatiya, Bosniya va Gersegovinaga qo‘shin kiritdi. 5 ming kishi o‘ldirildi, 500 ming kishi qochoqqa aylandi. Yugoslaviyadagi bu voqealardan keyin 10 ming kishi Vengriyaga qochib o‘tdi. O‘n minglab kishilar G‘arbiy Yevropa davlatlariga ketdi. YURI ning keyingi rivojlanishidagi murakkab vaziyat Miloshevichning Kosovodagi siyosati natijasi bo‘ldi. U yerda 1990-yilga kelib alban millatiga mansub bo‘lmagan aholi atigi 10% ni tashkil qilardi. Ko‘pchilikni tashkil etgan albanlar keng muxtoriyatni talab qildi va o‘lka huquqlarini cheklashga javoban o‘z parlamentini sayladi. Bu parlament esa Kosovo Respublikasi mustaqilligini e’lon qildi, konstitutsiyani qabul qildi va prezident saylandi. Serbiyaning bu respublikaga qurolli kuchlar yordamida barham berishga bo‘lgan urinishi Kosovoning qurollangan otryadlariga to‘qnash keldi. Serbiya qo‘shinlarining Kosovoga bostirib kirishiga albanlar partizanlik urushi bilan javob qaytarishdi. Urush qurbonlar va qochoqlar sonini oshirdi. Bu urush va S. Miloshevichning kosovoliklar bilan muzokara olib borishdan bosh tortishi BMT, YEXHT, NATO kabi xalqaro tashkilotlarning va yirik mamlakatlarning aralashuviga sabab bo‘ldi. Rossiya Federatsiyasi e’tirozlariga qaramasdan, NATO 1998-yilda Serbiyani bombardimon qildi. Buyuk davlatlar Kosovoning Serbiya tarkibida ekanligini tan olib, Kosovodagi fuqaro va etnoslarning huquq va erkinliklarini himoya qilgan holda, Yevropadagi bu urush o‘chog‘ini yo‘q qilishga intilmoqda, ammo alban separatistlari Buyuk Albaniyani tuzish uchun qurolli kurashni to‘xtatmayaptilar. Serbiyaning bombardimon qilinishi va unga qarashli qo‘shinlarining Kosovodan chiqarilishidan so‘ng YURI qiyin vaziyatda qoldi. Serbiyada taraqqiyot yo‘lini o‘zgartirish va S. Miloshevichning iste’foga chiqishini talab etuvchi chaqiriqlar faollashdi. Faqat 2000-yildagina Serbiyada demokratik kuchlar birlashishga muvaffaq bo‘lishdi va federal prezident saylovlarida Miloshevich mag‘lubiyatga uchradi. Hukumat saylovlarni bekor qilishga urindi, ammo oktabr oyida qo‘zg‘olon darajasiga yetgan xalq chiqishlari Miloshevichni iste’foga ketishga majbur etdi va mamlakat prezidentligiga demokratik kuchlar yetakchisi V. Koshtunitsa saylandi. S. Miloshevichning Yugoslaviyadagi xunrezliklari uchun Gaaga xalqaro tribunali 2001-yilda uning ustidan sud boshladi va u qamoqda vafot etdi. Hozir B. Tadich Serbiya Prezidentidir. XX asr oxiriga kelib fuqarolar urushi natijasida sobiq Yugoslaviya Sotsialistik Federativ Respublikasidagi (YUSFR) 6 ta ittifoqdosh respublikadan 4 tasi (Sloveniya, Xorvatiya, Bosniya va Gersegovina, Makedoniya) mustaqil davlat bo‘lib ajralib chiqdilar. Bu davrda oldin Bosniya va Gersegovinaga, so‘ngra Kosovo avtonom o‘lkasiga AQSH boshchiligida BMT qo‘shinlari kiritildi va etnik kelishmovchiliklarni tugatish uchun 1999-yilda Kosovo BMT protektoratiga aylantirildi. 1992-yildan 2003-yilgacha Kichik Yugoslaviya 231 (Serbiya va Chernogoriya) yoki Yugoslaviya Respublikalar Ittifoqi deb ataldi. 2003–2006-yillarda Serbiya va Chernogoriya konfederativ davlat ittifoqi vujudga keldi, 2006-yil 3-iyunda Chernogoriya bu ittifoqdan chiqqandan keyin Serbiya bir o‘zi qoldi. Yugoslaviya davlati o‘z faoliyatini to‘xtatdi. 2008-yil 17-fevralda Kosovo avtonom o‘lkasi o‘zini mustaqil deb e’lon qildi, lekin Serbiya buni tan olmadi. Tinchlik o‘rnatuvchi xalqaro qo‘shinlar hamon Kosovoda turibdi. YUSFRning mustaqil davlatlarga aylangan sobiq respublikalarining taqdiri ana shunday turlicha bo‘ldi. YUSFRdagi sotsializm original modelining qulashi kommunizm prinsiplari noto‘g‘riligini bildirsa, respublikalar taraqqiyoti liberalizmning jozibadorligini anglatadi. Demak, xulosa qilib shuni aytish kerakki, Chexoslovakiya voqealaridan so‘ng Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida totalitar tartib yanada kuchaydi. Xususan, iqtisodiy islohotlar to‘xtatildi. O‘zgacha fikrlovchilarning ta’qib etilishi kuchaydi. Biroq bu hodisa Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarining iqtisodiy ahvolini mushkullashtirdi. 70-yillardan boshlab bu davlatlarning iqtisodiy ahvoli tobora murakkablasha bordi. Ular endi G‘arb davlatlaridan qarz olishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Bundan ko‘zlangan maqsad — sanoatda eskirgan uskunalarni yangilash edi. Lekin bu maqsadga erishilmadi. Chunki bozor iqtisodiyotisiz ilmiy-texnika inqilobi yutuqlari hech qanday samara bermas edi. Buning ustiga, Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari oldida endi tashqi qarz muammosi ham paydo bo‘ldi. Samarasiz iqtisodiyot tashqi qarzni to‘lashga imkon bermasdi. Shu tariqa iqtisodiy ahvol borgan sari yomonlashdi. Bu hodisa, o‘z navbatida, aholi turmush darajasiga salbiy ta’sir etmay qolmadi. Yuqorida ko‘rganimizdek, 80-yillarda birinchi bo‘lib Polsha ishchilari bosh ko‘tarishdi. 1981-yilda hukumat mamlakatda harbiy holat joriy etishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1989-yil noyabrda Chexoslovakiyada Kommunistik partiyaning rahbarlik roli barham topdi. Boshqa «sotsialistik» davlatlarda ham ahvol Polsha yoki Chexoslovakiyadagidan yaxshi emas edi. Shu tariqa Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida hukmron kommunistik partiyalar o‘z ta’sirini yo‘qotib bordilar. Ayni paytda Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida demokratik inqilobiy vaziyat yuzaga kela boshladi. Totalitar sotsializm ham iqtisodiy, ham siyosiy, ham ijtimoiy, ham ma’naviy inqirozga yuz tutdi. Shundan so‘ng Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida demokratik inqilob uchun zarur sharoitlar yetildi. Bu sharoitning inqilobga o‘sib o‘tishi uchun faqat tashqi turtki zarur edi, xolos. SSSRda 1985-yil boshlangan qayta qurish siyosati ana shu tashqi turtki vazifasini bajardi. Chunonchi, M. S. Gorbachyov boshchiligidagi yangi rahbariyat Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarining avvalgi rahbarlarini qo‘llab-quvvatlamay qo‘ydi. 232 Ayni paytda SSSR rahbariyati bu davlatlarning taraqqiyot yo‘llarini o‘zlari tanlash huquqini tan oldi. Bu — SSSR Sharqiy Yevropadagi mavjud diktatorlik tartibini saqlab qolish uchun o‘z armiyasidan foydalanmaydi, degani edi. Amalda shunday bo‘ldi ham. Sotsializm qo‘rg‘onlari birinketin quladi. Yuqorida ta’kidlanganidek, 1989-yil yanvar oyida Vengriyada parlament demokratiyasiga o‘tiladi. Iyun oyida Polshada muxolifat kuchlar saylovda g‘olib chiqdilar. Shu yil 4-noyabr kuni GDR da kommunistlar rejimi quladi. 10-noyabrda Bolgariyada kommunistlar diktaturasi barham topdi. 22-dekabrda esa Ruminiyada sotsialistik rejim ag‘darildi. Shu tariqa sobiq sotsialistik davlatlarda demokratik inqiloblar g‘alaba qozondi. Bu inqiloblar oqibatida totalitar sotsializm barham topdi. Bugungi kunda ularda (GDRdan tashqari, chunki hozir bunday davlat yo‘q. U GFRga qo‘shilib ketgan) iqtisodiyoti bozor munosabatlariga asoslangan demokratik jamiyat qaror topmoqda. Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalar urushdan keyingi yillardanoq rivojlana boshladi. O‘zbekiston paxtasi u yerdagi to‘qimachilik korxonalari uchun asosiy xomashyo bo‘lib xizmat qildi. Ular O‘zbekistonga tayyor mahsulotlar, turli asbob-uskunalar eksport qildilar. Jumladan, 1987-yilda Chexoslovakiya Toshkentda savdo vakilligini ta’sis etgan bo‘lib, tramvay, avtobus, trolleybuslar, yengil sanoat uchun uskunalar, xalq iste’moli mollari keltirilardi. 1994-yilda tovar ayirboshlash 45 million, 1996-yilda 80 million dollarni tashkil etdi. Qo‘shma korxonalar tashkil etildi. Jumladan, kam tonnali yuk mashinalarini yig‘ishga ixtisoslashgan «Avtash», brezent ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha — «Kenaf», ma’danli suvlar va limonli ichimliklar quyishga moslashgan «Samarqand — Praga» va boshqalar ochildi. 1997-yil yanvarda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Chexiyaga safar qildi. Islom Karimov Prezident V. Gavel, Bosh vazir V. Klaus va boshqa ishbilarmonlar bilan uchrashdi. Uzoq muddatli aloqalarning asoslari yaratildi. O‘zbekiston bilan Chexiya o‘rtasida hamkorlikni rivojlantirish haqida hujjat imzolandi. Shuningdek, Islom Karimov 1997-yil yanvarida Slovakiya Respublikasida ham amaliy tashrif bilan bo‘ldi. Prezident Mixail Kovach, Bosh vazir V. Mechyar bilan uchrashdi. O‘zbekiston bilan Slovakiya o‘rtasida o‘zaro munosabatlar va hamkorlik asoslari haqida shartnoma imzolandi. 1997-yil fevralda slovak aksionerlik jamiyati «YAS» (mashhur «Sebo» merosxo‘ri) firmasining vakilligi ish boshladi. 1998-yil iyunida Chexiya Respublikasi gepatit kasalligi diagnostikasi va profilaktikasi uchun 70 ming dollar qiymatida meditsina asbob-uskunalarini gumanitar yordam sifatida «Ekosan» fondiga topshirdi. Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari va O‘zbekiston 233 1997-yil oktabrida Vengriya Respublikasi Prezidenti Arpada Gens O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurdi va Islom Karimov bilan uchrashdi. Vizit yakunida Vengriya va O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida hamkorlikni, do‘stlik munosabatlarini har tomonlama yanada guruhlashtirish haqida deklaratsiya, turizm sohasidagi hamkorlik haqida bitim va boshqa hujjatlar imzolandi. 1998-yil oktabrida Prezident Islom Karimov Bolgariya Respublikasida rasmiy tashrif bilan bo‘ldi. Bolgariya Prezidenti P. Stoyanov bilan uchrashdi. Bolgariya va O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida do‘stlik munosabatlari va hamkorlik haqida shartnoma, investitsiyalarni himoyalash va rag‘batlantirish, savdoiqtisod, madaniyat, turizm, xalqaro yuk va yo‘lovchilarni avtomobilda tashish haqida bitimlar imzolandi. Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari bilan O‘zbekiston davlati rahbarlari o‘rtasida tez-tez rasmiy uchrashuvlar odat tusiga kirdi. 2005-yil martida Islom Karimov Sloveniyada bo‘ldi. Prezident Ya. Drnovshek va Milliy kengash raisi Yanez Sushnik bilan muzokaralar olib bordi. Xalqaro yo‘nalishda avtomobillarda yo‘lovchi va yuklarni tashish bo‘yicha bitimlar tuzildi. Demak, Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida o‘zaro manfaatli iqtisodiy, madaniy aloqalar o‘rnatildi va tobora rivojlanib bormoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida kommunistik partiyalar qay tariqa hokimiyat tepasiga keldi? 2. Nega Sovetlar namunasidagi sotsializm inqirozga yuz tutishi muqarrar edi? 3. «Totalitar sotsializm» ning qanday jamiyat ekanligini izohlab bering. 4. 80-yillar oxiri — 90-yillar boshida Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarida ro‘y bergan demokratik inqiloblarning oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 5. Vaqtli matbuot nashrlaridan Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlarining O‘zbekiston bilan aloqasiga doir ma’lumotlarni to‘plang. QUYIDAGI JADVALLARNI SHARHLANG: SHARQIY YEVROPA DAVLATLARIDA 1990—2007-YILLARDA YALPI ICHKI MAHSULOT (YAIM) KO‘RSATKICHI (mln AQSH dollari hisobida) Davlatlar 1990-yil Eng kuchli pasayish yili 2000-yil 2007-yil Bolgariya 85,0 1997 65,0 66,1 Vengriya 151,0 1993 150,0 109,5 Polsha 460,0 1991 632,0 632,0 Ruminiya 183,5 1992 150,0 182,0 Slovakiya 72,5 1993 80,0 81,4 Sloveniya 32,5 1992 34,0 41,19 Xorvatiya 62,20 1993 39,0 52,08 Chexiya 190,0 1992 180,0 187,5 Yugoslaviya 122,0 1993 76,0 79,0 ? 234 AHOLI JON BOSHIGA YALPI ICHKI MAHSULOTNING 1990—2007-YILLARDAGI KO‘RSATKICHI (ming AQSH dollari miqdorida) Davlatlar 1990-yil 2000-yil 2007-yil Bolgariya 10,6 7,9 10,6 Vengriya 15,1 15,1 11,2 Polsha 12,0 16,3 16,6 Ruminiya 8,7 6,6 16,8 Slovakiya 13,9 14,8 14,9 Sloveniya 16,3 17,0 20,25 Xorvatiya 14,4 8,5 11,6 Chexiya 19,0 17,0 18,3 Yugoslaviya 11,8 7,0 8,0 3-bob. OSIYO VA AFRIKA DAVLATLARI 26-§. Yaponiya Urush Yaponiyani vayronaga aylantirdi. Ishlab chiqarish urushdan oldingi darajaning 30 foiziga tushib qoldi. 10 mln kishi ishsiz qoldi. Yaponiya taslim bo‘lganidan (1945- yil 2-sentabr) ikki haftadan so‘ng uning hududi AQSH armiyasi tomonidan okkupatsiya qilindi. Bu armiyaga general D. Makartur rahbarlik qildi. U Yaponiyada cheklanmagan hokimiyatga ega edi. Yaponiya qurolsizlantirilishi va mamlakatda demokratik tartib o‘rnatilishi kerak edi. Bu vazifaning amalga oshirilishini nazorat qilish maqsadida Tokio shahrida ittifoqchi davlatlar (AQSH, SSSR, Buyuk Britaniya va Xitoy) vakillaridan iborat Ittifoq Kengashi tuzildi. Amerikaliklar Iosudani Bosh vazir qilib qo‘ydilar. U 1944-yildan qurolyarog‘ vaziri bo‘lib ishlagan va amerikaliklarga «kommersiya xabarini» yetkazishda ayblanib, 1945-yil boshida qamoqqa olingan edi. Iosida ozgina tanaffus bilan (1947—1948) mamlakatni 1954-yil dekabrigacha boshqardi. Mamlakat armiyasi demobilizatsiya qilindi. Harbiy muassasalar tarqatib yuborildi. Militaristik tashkilotlar taqiqlandi. Harbiy va siyosiy jinoyatchilar sudga tortildi. Davlat apparati jinoyatchi unsurlardan tozalandi. Yashirin politsiya tugatildi. Kasaba uyushmalari faoliyati tiklandi. Demokratik siyosiy partiyalar tuzildi. Bular taraqqiyparvar, liberal va sotsialistik partiyalar edi. Mamlakat demokratik yo‘ldan taraqqiy etishi uchun barcha zarur choralar ko‘rildi. Shu tariqa Ikkinchi jahon urushida Yaponiyaning mag‘lubiyatga uchrashi yapon xalqi va mamlakat kelajagi uchun katta ijobiy ahamiyatga ham ega bo‘ldi. Chunki mag‘lubiyat tufayli Yaponiyada militarizm tugatildi. Bu esa Yaponiyani Osiyo va Tinch okeani havzasida yangi bosqinchilik urushlari olib borish imkoniyatidan mahrum etdi. Bu hol Yaponiya Urush oqibatlari 235 hukumatiga butun imkoniyatni tinch bunyodkorlik ishlariga qaratishga sharoit yaratdi. Ayni paytda AQSHning Yaponiyani ishg‘ol etishi oxir-oqibatda bu mamlakatning kelgusi taqdiri uchun katta ijobiy hodisa bo‘ldi. Chunki aynan AQSHning okkupatsiyachi ma’muriyati Yaponiyada chuqur ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va siyosiy islohotlar o‘tkazilishining kafolati vazifasini bajardi. Yaponiya parlamenti 1947-yilda mamlakatning yangi Konstitutsiyasini qabul qildi. Bu Konstitutsiyaga ko‘ra, Yaponiyada Konstitutsion monarxiya tuzumi amal qiladi. Yangi Konstitutsiyaga ko‘ra, imperator hokimiyati saqlanib qolgan bo‘lsa-da, Yaponiya demokratik davlat, deb e’lon qilindi. Imperator amalda real hokimiyatdan mahrum etildi. U millat birligi ramzi sifatida saqlab qolindi. Garchand bosh vazirni imperator tayinlasa-da, uni parlament tasdiqlashi zarur edi. Konstitutsiyaga Yaponiyaning kelgusi taraqqiyoti uchun juda katta ijobiy rol o‘ynagan bir modda kiritildi. Bu — Yaponiyaning urushdan millatning suveren huquqi sifatida voz kechganligi va mamlakatning armiyaga ega bo‘lishi huquqini taqiqlaganligi to‘g‘risidagi modda edi. Yaponiya bilan tinchlik shartnomasini imzolash maqsadida 1951-yilda AQSHning San-Fransisko shahrida xalqaro konferensiya chaqirildi. Konferensiya yakunlariga ko‘ra, 1951-yil 2- sentabrda bir tomonlama tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi va 1952-yil 28- apreldan kuchga kirdi. Unga ko‘ra, Yaponiya Koreya mustaqilligini tan oldi. Tayvan, Peskador, Kurill orollari va Saxalinning janubiga daxl qilmaydigan bo‘ldi. Ittifoqchi davlatlardan SSSR bu shartnomani imzolamadi. Buning sababi nimadan iborat edi? «Sovuq urush» boshlangach, AQSH Yaponiyaga nisbatan munosabatini o‘zgartirdi. Chunki AQSH Uzoq Sharqda SSSR ta’sirining kuchayishini xohlamas edi. AQSH — Yaponiya harbiy ittifoqi buning kafolati bo‘lishi kerak edi. Ayni paytda Yaponiya o‘zining shimoliy yerlaridan bir qismi (Yalta konferensiyasi qaroriga ko‘ra) SSSRga berilganligiga toqat qila olmas edi. Shunday sharoitda Yaponiya uchun ham AQSHdek qudratli tayanch zarur edi. Ikki davlat manfaatlarining mushtarakligi amerika-yapon harbiy ittifoqini tuzish masalasini ko‘ndalang qo‘ydi. San-Fransisko konferensiyasida Yaponiya bilan tuziladigan tinchlik shartnomasi AQSH — Yaponiya harbiy ittifoqi to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma bilan birgalikda imzolanadigan bo‘ldi. SSSR bunga qarshi chiqdi va norozilik belgisi sifatida konferensiya ishida qatnashishni to‘xtatdi. AQSH va Yaponiya o‘rtasida imzolangan shartnoma «xavfsizlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma» deb ataldi. Unga ko‘ra, Yaponiyada AQSHning harbiy bazalari saqlab qolindi. Ayni paytda AQSHning okkupatsiya tartibi bekor qilindi. Yaponiyaning yangi Konstitutsiyasi Tinchlik shartnomasining imzolanishi 236 1946-yilda Yaponiya parlamenti agrar islohot to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qildi. Uning maqsadi pomeshchik yer egaligini tugatish edi. Davlat yer egalari yerini sotib oldi va ularni dehqonlarga sotdi. Shu tariqa pomeshchik yer egaligi tugatildi. Endilikda mamlakat qishloq xo‘jaligida katta bo‘lmagan fermer xo‘jaliklari asosiy rol o‘ynay boshladi. Sanoatni tiklash uchun ham barcha zarur choralar ko‘rildi. Ayni paytda AQSH reparatsiya olishni to‘xtatdi. Yapon xalqi yuksak vatanparvarlik, mehnatsevarlik, nihoyatda intizomlilik, toqatlilik va sabr-bardoshlilik namunalarini ko‘rsatib mehnat qildi. Ayni paytda yapon xalqi o‘ta tejamkor xalq hamdir. Bundan tashqari, ish beruvchilar bilan xodimlar o‘rtasida yaponlargagina xos bo‘lgan hamkorlik vujudga keldi. Unga ko‘ra, ish beruvchi bilan xodim o‘rtasida shartnoma tuzilar edi. Shartnomada korxona xodim to nafaqaga chiqquncha ish bilan ta’minlash, xodim esa shu yillar mobaynida sidqidildan mehnat qilish majburiyatini olardi. Bundan tashqari, Yaponiyaning harbiy xarajatlari nihoyatda kam bo‘lib, yillik ijtimoiy mahsulot qiymatining atigi 1 foizini tashkil etardi. Bu hol butun kapital mablag‘ning juda katta qismini ishlab chiqarishga yo‘naltirishga imkon berar edi. Yaponlarga xos yana bir xususiyat o‘zgalar yutug‘ini erinmay o‘rganish va ulardan unumli foydalana olishdir. Yuqoridagi omillar Yaponiyaning gurkirab rivojlanishini ta’minladi. Chunonchi, 1951-yildayoq sanoat ishlab chiqarishi urushdan oldingi darajaga yetdi. 1951—70-yillarda mamlakat iqtisodiyotining yillik o‘sishi o‘rtacha 14,6 foizni tashkil etdi. 1950-yil yozida AQSHning Koreyadagi urushi munosabati bilan Yaponiyaga juda ko‘plab harbiy buyurtmalar berildi. Natijada Yaponiya valuta zaxirasi 1952-yilda 1 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. 1960-yilga kelib Yaponiyada sanoatning yillik o‘sishi 20 foizni tashkil qildi. Bunday o‘sish hech bir mamlakatda bo‘lgan emas. «Yapon mo‘jizasi» dunyoni lol qoldirdi. Olimlarning kuzatishiga qaraganda, bu mo‘jizaning siri quyidagi sabablarga bog‘liqdir: 1. Asosiy kapitalning yangilanishi. Sanoat korxonalarida barcha eskirgan jihozlar 50-yillarda almashtirildi. Bu narsa 1960-yilda o‘rta va mayda korxonalarga ham joriy etildi. Chunki 30 foiz ishchilar shunday korxonalarda ishlaydi. 2. Harbiy buyurtmalar. Koreya va Vetnam urushlari munosabati bilan berilgan buyurtmalar sanoatchilarga juda katta foyda keltirdi. Keyinchalik mamlakatning o‘zida buyurtma ko‘paydi. 3. Urushdan keyin harbiy xarajatlarning yo‘qligi. Chunki AQSH 80% harbiy xarajatni moliyalashtirdi. Harbiy xarajatlar 1970-yilga kelganda budjetning 1,2 foizini tashkil etdi. Islohotlar va Yaponiyaning iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti 237 4. Konsernlarning ko‘ptarmoqliligi kapitalni aylantirishda qo‘l keldi. Masalan, kemasozlik korxonalari qiyin paytlarda mashinasozlik, kimyo jihozlari, turbinalar va boshqa mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarishga moslashgan. 5. Davlat monopolizmining xususiy korxonalar bilan yaqinligi. Vazirlar Mahkamasida tashkil etilgan Iqtisodiy rejalashtirish qo‘mitasi ichki va tashqi bozor muhitini o‘rganadi hamda ilmiy-texnikaviy axborotni barcha korxonalarga tarqatadi. Davlat eng muhim sanoat tarmoqlari bo‘lgan atom sanoati, raketasozlik va boshqalarni hamda ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlarini moliyalashtiradi va kapital qo‘yishini muvofiqlashtiradi. Yaponiyada rejalashtirishdan ustalik bilan foydalaniladi. Yana muhim tomoni ma’lum bir tumanda uy-joy, kommunikatsiya, vodoprovod va boshqa infratuzilmani yuzaga keltirish bilan davlat ishlab chiqarish kuchlarini jamlaydi. Davlat hisobidan ko‘plab sanoat korxonalari yangi joylarga ko‘chiriladi. 6. Boshqa mamlakatlar tajribasidan texnik yordam to‘g‘risida bitimlar tuzish, litsenziyalar sotib olish yo‘lidan juda keng foydalaniladi. Lekin bu narsa mamlakat ichkarisida ilmiy-tadqiqot bazasiga salbiy ta’sir etishini hisobga olib, ilmiy-texnik izlanishlarga har 10 yilda 6 baravardan ko‘p mablag‘ sarflamoqda. 7. Ilmiy-texnika inqilobini bevosita ishlab chiqarishda nihoyatda tez qo‘llab samaradorlikka erishmoqda. Bir soha chiqindilarini boshqa siklga yo‘naltiriladi. Jumladan, neftni qayta ishlash — sintetik materiallarga, kimyo — qurilish materiallariga va h.k. 8. Xodimlarga «psixologik yondashuv». Yaponiya korxonalari ishchilarni ishga layoqatsiz bo‘lib qolgunicha yoki umrbod ish bilan ta’minlash to‘g‘risida shartnoma tuzadi. Ishchi esa intizomli, har qanday qiyinchilikka chidaydigan, korxonani o‘ziniki deb biladigan, unga xiyonat qilmaydigan bo‘lishi zarur. 9. Yaponiya iqtisodiyoti rivojlanishida tashqi savdo muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Yapon iqtisodi jahon bozoriga bog‘langan va 100 foiz paxta, jun, kauchuk, nikel, boksitni, 99 foiz neftni, 90 foiz temir rudasi, ya’ni 80 foiz xomashyo va 20 foiz oziq-ovqatni chetdan sotib oladi. 1965-yilgacha Yaponiya importi darajasi eksportga nisbatan yuqori edi. Undan keyin balans faollashdi, eksport ko‘paydi. 1968-yilga kelib Yaponiya jami milliy mahsuloti hajmi jihatidan Fransiya, Buyuk Britaniya va GFRni ortda qoldirdi. Bu borada dunyoda AQSHdan keyin ikkinchi o‘ringa chiqib oldi. 1981-yilda yana bir mo‘jiza ro‘y berdi. Shu yili Yaponiya yengil avtomobil ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha AQSHni ortda qoldirdi. Mamlakatda videotexnika, rangli televizor va boshqa maishiy xizmat texnikasi misli ko‘rilmagan darajada o‘sdi. Raqamli axborot texnologiyasi, robotlar ishlab chiqarishda dunyoda oldingi o‘rinda turibdi. Mitsui, Mitsubisi, Sumitomo, Toyota, Kavasaki 238 kabi gigant korporatsiyalar milliardlarcha foyda ko‘rmoqda. Mamlakatda temir va ko‘mir konlari bo‘lmasa-da, elektron sanoatning tayyor mahsulotlari, avtomobillar, kimyo sanoati mahsulotlari, optika, sintetik tola va boshqa muhim tovarlarni eksport qiladi. Yaponiya avtomobillar, kemalar, ro‘zg‘or elektr texnika asboblari, sanoat robotlari ishlab chiqarish, stanoksozlik jihatidan dunyoda birinchi o‘rinni egallaydi. Baliq ovlash bo‘yicha dunyoda 1-o‘rinda turadi. Dunyoning 15 foizdan ortiq balig‘ini ovlaydi va uni qayta ishlaydi. Dunyoning 2 foiz (127 mln) aholisiga ega bo‘lgan Yaponiya jahonning 13,3 foiz mahsulotini ishlab chiqaradi. Yaponiya tashqi siyosatida San-Fransisko shartnomasidan so‘ng AQSH asosiy hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynadi. 1954-yil dekabrida Bosh vazirlik lavozimini egallagan Xatoyama o‘z dasturining bir punktini Sovet davlati bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga bag‘ishladi. Natijada 1956-yil oktabrida ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlar tiklandi. Yapon fuqarolari o‘z vatanlariga qaytarildi. Tinch okean shimoli-g‘arbida baliq ovlash, dengizda halokatga uchraganlarga yordam berish to‘g‘risida bitimlar tuzildi. 1957-yil dekabrda sovet-yapon savdo shartnomasi imzolandi va tovar ayirboshlash yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Shu bilan birga 1960-yil Kisi hukumati AQSH bilan «xavfsizlik shartnomasi »ni imzoladi va u 1970-yilda uzaytirildi. Unga muvofiq, Yaponiya hududida AQSHning 118 ta harbiy obyekti bo‘lib, ularga 50 mingga yaqin harbiylar joylashtirilgandi. Yaponiya AQSHning Vetnamdagi urushini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Sobiq bosh vazir Tanaka Amerikaning «Lokxid» aviakompaniyasidan katta miqdorda pora olganligi fosh bo‘ldi. Mamlakatda korrupsiya kuchaydi. 1974-yil dekabrda Bosh vazirlik lavozimiga kelgan Miki zo‘rg‘a 2 yil turdi va Fukudaga o‘z o‘rnini bo‘shatib berdi. Uning davrida Yaponiyaning «Umumiy bozor» davlatlari bilan raqobati kuchaydi. 1972-yilda Xitoy bilan diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatildi. 1978-yilda esa tinchlik va do‘stlik to‘g‘risida bitim tuzildi. 1990-yillarda Yaponiya o‘z taraqqiyotining yuqori cho‘qqisiga ko‘tarildi. Lekin Osiyoda uning Janubiy Koreya, Tayvan, Tailand, Malayziya kabi raqobatchilari kuchayib bormoqda. Siyosiy hayotda 1955-yildan beri Liberal-demokratik partiya hukmronlik qilib kelmoqda. Korrupsiya, poraxo‘rlik, tovlamachilik tez-tez ko‘zga tashlanadi. XXI asr boshlariga kelib Yaponiyada siyosiy kuchlar qayta guruhlandi. 2000-yilda o‘tkazilgan saylovlarda Liberal-demokratik partiya rahbari Mori Bosh vazirlik lavozimiga saylandi. Lekin u ham korrupsiya bilan bog‘liq janjalga aralashib qoldi va iste’foga chiqdi. Shundan so‘ng J. Koidzumi Bosh vazir bo‘lib qoldi va u tartibni ancha kuchaytirdi. Hukumatda beqarorlik davom etib, 2006-yil sentabrda Bosh vazirlik lavozimiga Sundzo Abe, 2007- yil sentabrda Ya. Fukudo keldi. Tashqi siyosat 239 Yaponiya dunyo davlatlari ichida birinchilardan bo‘lib O‘zbekiston mustaqilligini tan olgan davlatlardan biri. 1992-yilning 28-avgustida Yaponiyaning O‘zbekistonda faoliyat boshlagan birinchi elchisi Sulilo Edammura O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimovga ishonch yorlig‘ini topshirdi. Har ikki davlat o‘rtasida o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlik yildan-yilga kengayib bordi. 1994-yilning 16—19-may kunlari O‘zbekiston rahbarining Yaponiyaga rasmiy tashrifi bu ikki davlat aloqalarini yanada rivojlantirishda muhim rol o‘ynadi. Yaponiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari rivojining XXI asr boshlarida yangi bosqichga ko‘tarilishida I. Karimovning 2002-yilning 28—31-iyul kunlarida rasmiy tashrif bilan Yaponiyada bo‘lishi katta ahamiyatga egadir. Bu tashrif davomida I. Karimov va Yaponiya Bosh vaziri J. Koidzumi muhim siyosiy hujjatni — «Do‘stlik, strategik sheriklik va xalqaro hamkorlik to‘g‘risida»gi bayonotni imzoladilar. Bundan tashqari «O‘zaro iqtisodiy hamkorlikni rivojlantirish to‘g‘risida», «O‘zbekistondagi islohotlarni qo‘llabquvvatlash to‘g‘risida» va yana boshqa qator hujjatlar imzolandi. Bu hujjatlar Yaponiya — O‘zbekiston aloqalarini yangi bosqichga ko‘tarishga xizmat qiladi. Yaponiya O‘zbekiston bilan har tomonlama yaqin hamkorlik qilib kelayotgan davlatlardan biri. Shu vaqtgacha Yaponiyaning O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotiga kiritgan sarmoyasining hajmi 1,6 mlrd AQSH dollaridan oshganligi buning yorqin dalilidir. Ayni paytda O‘zbekistonda 18 ta yapon kompaniyasining vakolatxonasi, 10 ga yaqin qo‘shma korxona faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Bundan tashqari Yaponiyaning «Taraqqiyotga rasmiy yordam» dasturi doirasidagi 100 mln dollardan ziyod mablag‘i O‘zbekistonga ajratilgan. Shuningdek, Yaponiyaning turli oliy o‘quv yurtlarida 70 ga yaqin o‘zbekistonlik talaba ta’lim olmoqda. Rasmiy tashrif chog‘ida Yaponiyaning yana 348 mln iyen miqdorida grant ajratishi haqida bitim imzolandi. Siyosiy sohada tomonlarning fikrlari bir-biriga yaqin va xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash borasida o‘zaro kelishib olindi. Ayni paytda O‘zbekiston Yaponiyaning BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashining doimiy a’zosi bo‘lishini yoqlab kelmoqda. Shunday qilib, Yaponiya XX asrning ikkinchi yarmida vayronalikdan chiqib, qudratli rivojlangan davlatga aylandi. Bunga amerika omilining ta’siri, harbiy xarajatlarning kamligi, eng muhimi, yapon millatining ma’naviy yuksakligi sabab bo‘ldi. Xalqning yagona musht bo‘lib birlashuvi, o‘z manfaatlarini xalq, yurt manfaatlari bilan muvofiqlashtirgan holda suiiste’mol qilmay olib borishi g‘alabaning asosiy tayanchi bo‘ldi. Yapon millati o‘zining buyuk millat ekanligini dunyoga ko‘rsatdi. Dunyo bugun «yapon mo‘jizasi»dan hayratlanmoqda va tajriba sifatida foydalanmoqda. Yaponiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 240 SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Yaponiya uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. 1951-yilda o‘tkazilgan San-Fransisko xalqaro konferensiyasi qanday masalaga bag‘ishlangan edi? 3. Yaponiyaning Sovet davlati bilan munosabati haqida gapirib bering. 4. Yaponiyada iqtisodiy islohotlar qachon boshlandi va nimalarga asoslandi? 5. «Yapon mo‘jizasi»ning siri nimada? 6. Yaponiya tashqi siyosatidagi asosiy yo‘nalishlar nimalardan iborat? 7. Yaponiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari qanday rivojlanib bormoqda? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. YAPONIYA NIMALAR ISHLAB CHIQARISHDA JAHONDA BIRINCHI O‘RINDA TURADI VA SABABLARI Mahsulotlar nomi Ko‘p ishlab chiqarilishining asosiy sabablari — Yaponiya ishlab chiqarishida inson omili qanday rol o‘ynaydi? Bu haqda insho yozing. — O‘zbekistonda Yaponiya tajribasidan nimalarni qo‘llashni istar edingiz? Bu haqda yozma ma’lumot tayyorlang. — Xomashyo kam bo‘lgan Yaponiya qanday qilib taraqqiyotda dunyoda oldingi o‘ringa chiqib oldi? Yapon ma’naviyati qanday? Bu haqda erkin fikr asosida bahs yuriting. 27-§. Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Ikkinchi jahon urushi tugashi arafasida Xitoyda amalda 3 ta hokimiyat bor edi. Bular — 1) Xitoydagi Yaponiya ma’muriyati; 2) mamlakat shimoli va shimoli-sharqida qaror topgan Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi (XKP) boshchiligidagi hokimiyat; 3) mamlakat janubig‘ arbidagi Chan Kayshi hukumati (Gomindan hukumati). Yaponiya tor-mor etilgach, uning Xitoydagi ma’muriyati ham quladi. 1946-yilning yozida Gomindan armiyasi XKP armiyasi egallab turgan hududga hujum qildi. Shu tariqa fuqarolar urushi boshlandi. Bu urush 1949- yilning kuzigacha davom etdi. Nihoyat, urushda Gomindan armiyasi yengildi. Uning qolgan qismi Chan Kayshi boshchiligida Tayvan orolida (AQSH panohida) joylashib oldi. XKP hokimiyatni to‘la egallagach, 1949-yilning 1-oktabrida Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi (XXR) tashkil etildi. XKP mamlakatda sotsializm qurilishini e’lon qildi. 1950-yil 30-iyundagi qonun asosidagi islohot natijasida katta yer egaligi tugatildi. Dehqonlarga 47 mln ga yer bo‘lib berildi. 1950-yilda Tibet bosib olindi. Dalaylama Hindistonga qochdi. 1956-yilgacha qishloq xo‘jaligi shirkatlari tuzildi. Bir vaqtning o‘zida mamlakatda 1946—1949- yillardagi fuqarolar urushi Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining tashkil topishi ? 241 industrlashtirish ham boshlandi. Bu borada SSSR XXRga katta yordam ko‘rsatdi. Uning yordami bilan 250 dan ortiq yirik sanoat korxonalari qurildi. XXRda ham xalq xo‘jaligi, SSSRda bo‘lgani kabi, besh yillik rejalar asosida rivojlana boshladi. 1953—1957-yillarda birinchi besh yillik rejani bajarish uchun kurash bordi. Bu reja muvaffaqiyatli bajarildi. Bu muvaffaqiyat XKP rahbariyatini ruhlantirib yubordi. Barcha kommunistik partiyalarga xos bo‘lgan xomxayollik XKP rahbariyatini (Mao Szedun boshchiligidagi) ham chetlab o‘tmadi. 1958-yilda XKP «Katta sakrash» deb atalgan (1958—1962) yangi bosh yo‘lni tasdiqladi. Uning mazmuni iqtisodiy taraqqiyotni jadallashtirish, katta sakrashni amalga oshirish va kommunistik jamiyat qurishdan iborat edi. «Insoniyatning baxtli kelajagi», deb e’lon qilingan kommunizmni qurishning asosiy vositasi haq to‘lanmaydigan mehnat bo‘lishi zarur edi. Bu narsa «uch yillik qattiq mehnat — o‘n ming yillik baxt-saodat» shiori ostida o‘tishi kerak edi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi shirkatlari o‘rniga o‘rtacha 20 ming dehqonni birlashtirgan xalq kommunalari tuzildi. Unda hamma narsa umumiylashtirildi. Mahsulotni hammaga baravar taqsimlash tamoyili joriy etildi. Sanoat 6,5 baravar, qishloq xo‘jaligi 2,5 baravar o‘sishi mo‘ljallandi. Dehqon mehnati qattiq tartibga bo‘ysundirildi. Ular ishga saf tortgan holda borardilar. Biroq tez orada «Katta sakrash» barbod bo‘ldi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish hajmi kamaydi. Hatto, ayrim hududlarda ocharchilik ham boshlandi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishi ham pasaydi. Shu tariqa iqtisodiy inqiroz yuz berdi. Oqibatda Mao Szedun siyosatiga qarshi muxolifat vujudga keldi. U Mao Szedun siyosatini qattiq tanqid qila boshladi. Bunga javoban Mao Szedun qatag‘on siyosatini qo‘lladi. Bu siyosat Xitoy tarixiga, «buyuk proletar madaniy inqilobi» nomi bilan kirgan. 1966-yildan boshlangan va 1976-yilgacha davom etgan «Madaniy inqilob», aslida, jamiyatdagi Mao Szedun siyosatiga qarshi kuchlarni amalda yo‘q qilishni anglatar edi. Buning oqibatida ko‘plab partiya, davlat va harbiy kadrlar qatag‘on qilindi. Xitoy chuqur iqtisodiy va siyosiy inqirozni boshdan kechira boshladi. «Xunveybin» lardan 100 mln ga yaqin kishi jabr ko‘rdi. Mamlakat 500 mlrd yuan zarar ko‘rdi. 1976-yil sentabrda Mao Szedun vafot etdi. Bu hodisa Xitoyda hokimiyat uchun kurashni avj oldirdi. Partiya rahbarligiga Xua Go-fen keldi. To‘rtlar to‘dasi (bunga Maoning xotini Szyan Sin ham kirardi) «Ishlab chiqarishga juda katta zarar keltirganlikda» ayblanib, qamoqqa olindi. Oxir-oqibatda hokimiyat tepasiga «pragmatiklar» deb atalgan guruh keldi. Bu guruhga «madaniy inqilob» yillarida qatag‘on qilingan Den Syaopin rahbarlik qilar edi. (Den Syaopin 1997-yilda 92 yoshida vafot etdi.) XKP yangi rahbariyati Mao Szedun yo‘lini xato deb e’lon qildi. «Katta sakrash» va iqtisodiyotning to‘la davlat nazoratiga olinganligi mamlakat va xalqqa ulkan kulfat keltirganligi tan olindi va ular qoralandi. Yangi kuchlarning hokimiyatga kelishi 16 — Jahon tarixi 242 1978-yildan pragmatiklar aralash iqtisodiyotni yoqlab chiqdilar. Davlat rahbarligida bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish yo‘li tanlandi. Bu tarixga «iqtisodiy va siyosiy hayotni modernizatsiya qilish» nomi bilan kirdi. Chet el sarmoyasining mamlakat iqtisodiyotiga joylashtirilishi uchun qulay sharoit yaratildi. Qishloqda xalq kommunalari tarqatib yuborildi. Shirkat tuzumi bekor qilindi. Ularning o‘rniga oila pudrati joriy etildi. Shu yo‘l bilan aholini oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari bilan ta’minlash vazifasi hal etildi. Sanoatda ham chuqur islohotlar o‘tkazildi. Chunonchi, davlat korxonalari xo‘jalik hisobi asosida ishlaydigan bo‘ldi. Kichik va o‘rta tadbirkorlikka keng yo‘l ochildi. Ayni paytda sanoatning maishiy tovarlar ishlab chiqaruvchi sohalarini rivojlantirishga katta e’tibor berildi. Yangi siyosat o‘z samarasini bermay qolmadi. 80-yillar oxiriga kelib Xitoy ko‘mir, televizor, shoyigazlama, sement ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha dunyoda birinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Mamlakat oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari bilan o‘zini o‘zi ta’minlaydigan bo‘ldi. Bular, o‘z navbatida, aholi turmush darajasining o‘sishiga olib keldi. 90-yillarda mamlakatda po‘lat, rangli metallar eritish, sement, mineral o‘g‘it ishlab chiqarish, ko‘p tarmoqli mashinasozlik rivojlandi. To‘qimachilik sanoati mahsulotlari jahon bozorini egalladi. An’anaviy hunarmandchilik: ipakdan, suyakdan badiiy buyumlar yasash, chinni mahsulotlar mashhur bo‘ldi. Dengiz mahsulotlari, dorivor o‘simliklar, yog‘och mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqarish ko‘paydi. Ishlab chiqarishda samaradorlik oshdi. 1992-yildan boshlab Xitoyda iqtisodiy islohotning yangi bosqichi boshlandi. Bu bosqich — islohotni jadallashtirish va chuqurlashtirish, iqtisodiy siyosatni mafkuradan xoli qilish va rejali boshqaruvdan bozor iqtisodiyotiga izchillik bilan o‘tish bosqichi, deb nom oldi. Bu bosqich ayni paytda iqtisodiyotda davlat mulki hissasining kamayib borishini ham o‘z ichiga oladi. Amalda shunday bo‘lmoqda ham. Xitoyda iqtisodiy islohotlar olib borilgan keyingi 25-yil davomida olamshumul muvaffaqiyatlar qo‘lga kiritildi. 1998-yilda ichki ishlab chiqarishning umumiy qiymati 1978-yildagidan 5,4 hissa ortiq bo‘ldi. Xitoyda ishlab chiqarish qoldiqlarini qayta ishlash keng yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Xitoy har yili rivojlangan davlatlardan ishlab chiqarish qoldiqlarini sotib olib, qayta ishlaydi va milliardlab foyda oladi. Xitoy har yili AQSH dan 14 mlrd dollarga chiqindi sotib oladi. Hatto 1998-yilda Osiyoda pul masalasi inqirozi hamda tarixda kam uchraydigan kuchli suv toshqiniga duch kelinganda ham Xitoyda ishlab chiqarishning umumiy qiymati 1997-yildagidan 7,8 foizga oshdi. Bu davrda qator sanoat va qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish miqdori, masalan, guruch, paxta, go‘sht, yog‘-moy, ko‘mir, po‘lat, sement, gazlama, televizor ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha Xitoy dunyoda birinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Davlat tashqi pul muomalasi zaxirasi 45 milliard dollarga yetdi. Xitoy oldingi iqtisodiy qoloq holatdan Amerika, Yaponiya, Germaniya, Fransiya, Angliya va Italiyadan keyin dunyoda yettinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. 243 Xitoyning iqtisodiy taraqqiyotiga ta’sir ko‘rsatayotgan eng muhim sabablardan biri davlatning to‘g‘ri iqtisodiy siyosati va bu iqtisodiy islohot mobaynida tuzilgan iqtisodiy qonunlardir. Xitoy iqtisodiy islohot davomida bozor xo‘jaligini yo‘lga qo‘ygan davlatlarning tajribalarini ijodiy o‘zlashtirib, o‘tgan yillar davomida iqtisodiy munosabatlarni tartibga soladigan ko‘plab qonun, nizom, qoida va qarorlarni qabul qildi va ularni yangidan vujudga kelgan iqtisodiy-ijtimoiy munosabatlar xarakteriga moslashtirib, vaqti-vaqti bilan tuzatib bordi. Bu qonunlar islohot natijalarini himoyalash va mustahkamlashni, bozor munosabatlariga oson o‘tish va uning mo‘tadil rivojlanishini kafolatlagan. 90-yillardan belgilangan «Sotsialistik bozor xo‘jaligiga o‘tish»ning mazmuni shuki, qishloq xo‘jaligini tartibga solish, yerni ayrim xonadonlarning yakka xo‘jalik yuritishiga asoslangan oilaviy pudrat deb atalgan usulda ishlash, dehqonlarning tomorqa uchastkalarini kengaytirish, yordamchi hunarmandchilikni rivojlantirish, ortiqcha mahsulotni bozorda dehqonning o‘zi sotishi imkoniyatini yaratishni ko‘zda tutadi. Shaharlarda «direktiva asosida rejalashtiriladigan sohani qisqartirish», sanoat korxonalarini «mustaqil xo‘jalik tashkilotlariga» aylantirish, tovar munosabatlarini rivojlantirish, «narx-navo davlat yo‘li bilan bir xil belgilab qo‘yiladigan sohani toraytirish», chog‘roq xususiy va jamoa korxonalari, kosibchilik ustaxonalari faoliyatini, asosan xizmat ko‘rsatish va savdo-sotiq xususiy korxona egaligini rivojlantirish, mamlakat iqtisodiga chet el sarmoyasini jalb qilish xo‘jalik tizimi islohotining bosh bo‘g‘ini bo‘ldi. XXR rahbariyatining so‘zlariga qaraganda, mamlakatdagi sotsialistik asosda bozor iqtisodiga o‘tkazish quyidagi bosqichda amalga oshirilmoqda: 2000-yilgacha sanoat va qishloq xo‘jaligining yalpi mahsuloti 4 baravar ko‘payib, xalq turmushi o‘rtacha ma’murchiligiga erishildi. Navbatdagi bosqich 2021-yilgacha (XKPning 100 yilligi) Xitoyni o‘rtacha rivojlangan mamlakat darajasiga ko‘tarish. 2049-yilgacha (XXRning 100 yilligi) Xitoyni yuksak darajada rivojlangan zamonaviy davlatga aylantirish vazifasi qo‘yilgan. Xitoyda iqtisodiy munosabatlarni tartibga soladigan qonunlar ikkiga: fuqarolik qonunlari va iqtisodiy qonunlarga bo‘linadi. Ular bozor subyektlarini, ya’ni korxonalarning vujudga kelishi, ularni boshqarish ishlarini zamonaviylashtirish va faolligini ishga solishni, o‘zgartirilishi, bekor qilinishi, qonunni buzuvchilarning javobgarligini o‘z ichiga oladi. Shuningdek, bozor tartibini muqim ushlab turish, bozorning rolidan to‘liq foydalanish, monopoliya va noqonuniy raqobatni cheklash, mahsulot sifatiga kafolat berish, iste’molchilarning huquq va manfaatlarini himoya qilish, patent va tovar markasini berish, turli shartnomalar tuzish, ijaraga berish, aksiya savdosi bilan shug‘ullanish, chek hujjatlarini tartibga solish, uy-joy, tijorat hamda bularni buzuvchilarni qanday jazolash haqida maxsus qonunlar mavjud bo‘lib, ularning bajarilishi qattiq nazorat qilinadi. 244 Korrupsiya va poraxo‘rlik eng og‘ir jinoyat hisoblanadi. 2004-yilda yuzlab kishilar poraxo‘rlik uchun otishga hukm qilindi. Ayni paytda bozor boyliklarini joylashtirishda makro jihatdan nazorat qilish, davlatning umumiy manfaati va kelajagini, xalq xo‘jaligining uzluksiz, muhim, to‘g‘ri yo‘ldan rivojlanib borishini kafolatlash, ijtimoiy taraqqiyot va xalq xo‘jaligi rejasini tuzish, to‘g‘ri statistika qilish, soliqni tartibga solish, bahoni belgilash va nazorat qilish masalalari aniq tartibga solingan. Ijtimoiy kafolat ham qonun orqali himoyalangan, raqobat jarayonida xavf-xatar yuzaga kelsa, davlat bu ishga aralashadi. 2004-yil 21-sentabrda 78 yoshli Szyan Szemin Markaziy harbiy kengash raisi lavozimidan iste’fo berdi. XXR raisi Xu Szintao bu lavozimni ham egalladi. Urushdan keyin Xitoy Sovet davlati bilan yaqin munosabatda bo‘ldi. Yuqorida aytib o‘tilganidek, 1950—1960-yillarda sovet davlati 250 dan ortiq korxona qurishda ko‘maklashdi. 11 mingdan ortiq sovet mutaxassislari ishladi. Lekin 60-yillardan xitoy — sovet munosabatlari buzildi. 1962-yilda Himolaydagi chegara masalasida Hindiston bilan Xitoy o‘rtasida qurolli mojaro kelib chiqdi. 60-yillarda Xitoy Vetnamga iqtisodiy va harbiy yordam ko‘rsatdi. 70-yillardan Xitoy AQSH bilan munosabatlarini yaxshiladi. 1971-yilda AQSH Prezidentining Milliy xavfsizlik bo‘yicha yordamchisi G. Kissinjer maxfiy ravishda Xitoyga keldi va ikki mamlakat munosabatlarini yaxshilash, Xitoyni Sovet davlatiga qarshi qo‘yishda katta xizmatlar qildi. 1972-yili AQSH Prezidenti A. Nikson Xitoyga rasmiy tashrif buyurdi. 1979-yilda Xitoy bilan AQSH o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatildi. 1979-yilda Vetnam Kambojadagi xitoyparast «qizil kxmerlar» hukumatini ag‘darib tashlagandan keyin Xitoy Vetnamga qarshi harbiy harakat uyushtirdi. Mao Szedun vafotidan keyin sovet — xitoy munosabatlarida biroz iliqlik paydo bo‘ldi. M. Gorbachyovning 1989-yildagi Xitoyga rasmiy safaridan keyingina sovet — xitoy munosabatlari yaxshilandi. 1997-yili Buyuk Britaniya Xitoyga Gonkongni qaytarib berdi. XX asr oxiriga kelib Xitoy dunyoning barcha davlatlari bilan yaxshi munosabatlar o‘rnatdi. Bu narsa jahonda Xitoy obro‘si o‘sishiga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. 1992-yil martda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimovning Xitoyga rasmiy safari bo‘ldi. Bu safar davomida 16 ta hujjat imzolandi. XXR raisi Li Shankun Xalq majlislari uyida O‘zbekiston delegatsiyasini qabul qilish marosimida: «Xitoy bilan O‘zbekiston rahbarlari ikki tomonlama munosabatlarning ko‘pgina masalalarini hal etishlari mumkin. Chunki bundan avval ham ikkala mamlakat o‘rtasida yaxshi munosabatlar o‘rnatilgan edi», — deb ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikka katta baho berdi. Tashqi siyosat Xitoy — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 245 Tashrif davomida siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ilmiy-texnikaviy va madaniy sohalarda qator bitimlar, jumladan, axborot ayirboshlash, radio-televideniye, banklar, transport, aloqa, sarmoyalarni rag‘batlantirish, hamjihatlik, tovarlar yetkazib berish va davlat krediti, sog‘liqni saqlash, ta’lim hamda sport masalalari bo‘yicha tuzilgan shartnomalar va bitimlar ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni yangi bosqichga ko‘tardi. 1992—1993-yillarda Xitoy tomoni ajratgan kredit hisobidan respublikamizga minglab tonna guruch, 15000 tonna choy keltirdi. O‘zbekiston Xitoyga «Il-76» samolyotlarini yetkazib bermoqda. 1994-yilda O‘zbekiston hududida 78 ta o‘zbek — xitoy qo‘shma korxonasi faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Jumladan, Urganch Ipak ishlab chiqarish birlashmasida «Suju» firmasi bilan hamkorlikda velyur, pambarxit kabi materiallar ishlab chiqaradigan korxona qurildi. Toshkentdagi 59-maktab xitoy tilini o‘rganishga ixtisoslashgan litseyga aylantirildi. 1994-yil aprelda XXR Davlat Kengashi rahbari Li Pen O‘zbekistonga rasmiy tashrif bilan keldi va qator bitimlar imzolandi. Jizzaxda Xitoyning «Nunkel» firmasi bilan hamkorlikda yog‘och tolali plita ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. XX asr 90-yillarning oxirlari — XXI asr boshlarida O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Xitoyga bir necha bor rasmiy vizit bilan bordi, bu tashriflar ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik va do‘stlik aloqalarini rivojlantirishda muhim rol o‘ynadi. 2005-yil bahorida XXR hukumati raisi Xu Szintao boshliq Xitoy delegatsiyasi O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Xavfsizlik masalasi va xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurashda hamkorlik bo‘yicha fikr almashildi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining 2005-yil mayidagi Xitoyga rasmiy tashrifi natijasida qator bitimlar imzolanib, Xitoy O‘zbekistonga 1,5 mlrd dollar miqdorida kredit ajratadigan bo‘ldi. Ushbu mablag‘ xalq xo‘jaligini rivojlantirish uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega. Demak, Xitoy bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida iqtisodiy, madaniy va ilmiytexnikaviy aloqalar tez rivojlanib bormoqda. Shunday qilib, Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi XX asrning ikkinchi yarmida murakkab yo‘lni bosib o‘tdi. Totalitar sotsializm yo‘li maqbul emasligini, uning xalq ehtiyojlarini qondirolmasligini isbot qildi. Xitoy sotsialistik rahbarlikka o‘zgartishlar kiritib, uni bozor iqtisodiga moslashtirgan va katta yutuqlarni qo‘lga kiritgan yagona davlatdir. Bunga u kommunistik mafkura yakka hokimligini tugatib, iqtisodni siyosatdan ustun qo‘yganligi tufayli erishdi. Mamlakatga chet el investitsiyasi kiritilishiga yo‘l ochilib, xususiylashtirish keng yo‘lga qo‘yildi, shu sababli xususiy xo‘jaliklar roli o‘sdi. Agar 1980-yilda davlat sektorida sanoat mahsulotlarining 80 foizi ishlab chiqarilgan bo‘lsa, bu ko‘rsatkich 90-yillarda 50 foizni tashkil etdi. 1990- yillardan «Sotsialistik bozor xo‘jaligi»ga o‘tish va XXI asrda Xitoyni rivojlangan davlatga aylantirish boshlandi. Bugungi Xitoy — iqtisodiyoti gurkirab rivojlanayotgan davlatdir. Bugungi Xitoy yakkapartiyaviylik va totalitar 246 tartib saqlangan holda bozor munosabatlari bosqichma-bosqich qaror toptirilayotgan davlatdir. Bugungi Xitoy — BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashining doimiy a’zosi bo‘lgan, qudratli, yadro quroliga ega davlatlardan biridir. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Ikkinchi jahon urushining Xitoy uchun oqibatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. Xitoydagi 1946—1949-yilgi fuqarolar urushining oqibatlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 3. Xitoyga Sovet davlatining yordami qanday bo‘ldi? 4. XKP rahbariyatining «Katta sakrash» dasturi mazmuni haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 5. XXR ning 80-yillardan gurkirab rivojlanishi, ya’ni modernizatsiya sabablarini izohlab bering. 6. «Sotsialistik bozor xo‘jaligiga o‘tish»ning mazmuni nima? 7. Xitoy bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasidagi aloqalar haqida vaqtli matbuot materiallari asosida referat tayyorlang. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. XITOY TARAQQIYOTINING ASOSIY XUSUSIYATLARI Amalga oshirilgan tadbirlar Natijalar 28-§. Hindiston va Pokiston Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng Hindiston xalqining milliy-ozodlik kurashi yanada kuchaydi. Bu harakatga, hatto, Buyuk Britaniya armiyasida xizmat qilayotgan hindistonlik soldat va matroslar ham qo‘shilishdi. 1946-yilning fevralida Bombey harbiy-dengiz bazasi matroslarining bosh ko‘tarishini deyarli butun Hindiston qo‘llabquvvatladi. Shunday sharoitda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Hindistonga mustaqillik berilishini e’lon qilishga majbur bo‘ldi. Buyuk Britaniya bosh vaziri K. Ettli 1947-yil 20-fevralda Hindiston haqida yangi deklaratsiya bilan chiqdi va hokimiyatni «hindlar qo‘liga» topshirishini bayon qildi. 1947-yilning 15-avgustida Hindiston mustaqilligi to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilindi. Bunga ko‘ra, Buyuk Britaniya hukmron doiralari Hindistonni ikki dominionga (Hindiston Ittifoqi va Pokistonga) bo‘lib yubordi. Shu tariqa Buyuk Britaniya yana bir marta o‘zining « Bo‘lib tashla, hukmronlik qil!» shioriga sodiqligini namoyon qildi. Bu bo‘linishni eng nozik belgi — diniy belgi asosida amalga oshirdi. Hindiston Respublikasining tashkil topishi ? 247 Hindiston Ittifoqi hududida aholining katta qismi (musulmonlar ham kam emas edi) hinduiylik diniga e’tiqod qilishardi. Pokiston aholisining katta qismi esa (hinduiylik diniga e’tiqod qiluvchilar ham kam emasdi) islom diniga e’tiqod qilardi. Bir davlatning ikkiga bo‘linishi jarayoni katta diniy to‘qnashuvlar, qirg‘inlar sharoitida amalga oshirildi. Ikki tomondan qochoqlar soni 8 mln dan ortiqni tashkil etdi. Ayniqsa, Kashmir viloyatining Hindistonda qoldirilishi (bu viloyat aholisi asosan musulmonlardan iborat edi) Hindiston va Pokiston o‘rtasida urush harakatlarini keltirib chiqardi. 1947-yil kuzida Pokiston qo‘shinlari Kashmirga kirdi. Hindiston armiyasi bilan janglar bo‘ldi. M. K. Gandi bu diniy to‘qnashuvga qarshi chiqdi. Hindistonda musulmonlarning hayot kechirishi uchun zarur sharoit yaratishni talab qildi. Bunga shovinist hind burjuaziyasi qarshi chiqdi. 1948-yil 30-yanvarda 70 yoshli M. K. Gandi o‘ldirildi. 1949-yilning 1-yanvarida bu ikki dominion o‘rtasida urushni to‘xtatish haqida bitim imzolanishiga erishildi. 1949-yilda Hindiston Ta’sis majlisi mamlakat konstitutsiyasini qabul qildi va u 1950- yilning yanvaridan kuchga kirdi. 1950-yilning 26-yanvarida Hindiston Respublika deb e’lon qilindi. Shunday qilib, hind xalqining Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakachiligiga qarshi salkam 100 yil davomida olib borgan milliyozodlik kurashi mustaqil davlatga ega bo‘lish bilan yakunlandi. Bu kurashga Hindiston Milliy Kongressi (HMK) rahbarlik qildi. Mustaqillikdan so‘ng tuzilgan birinchi hukumatni HMK rahbari J. Neru (1889— 1964) boshqardi. Ayni paytda Hindiston Britaniya Millatlar Hamdo‘stligi tarkibida qoldi. Yangi hukumat o‘tkazgan dastlabki muhim islohot agrar islohot bo‘ldi. Unga ko‘ra, yer bevosita unda ishlayotganlarga berilishi ko‘zda tutildi. Biroq zamindorlarning qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatishi oqibatida hamma dehqonlar ham yerli bo‘la olmadi. Shunga qaramay, yerni zamindorlardan ijaraga olib ishlayotganlarning katta qismi yerli bo‘lib qoldi. Mustaqillik yillarida qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari yetishtirish hajmi ikki baravardan ortiq ko‘paydi. Hindiston 1966-yilgacha uchta besh yillikni amalga oshirdi. To‘g‘ri, aholining barchasi ham to‘q yashamayotgan yoki ma’lum qismi och holatda yashayotgan bo‘lsa-da, islohot tufayli Hindiston o‘z aholisini oziq-ovqat bilan asosan o‘zi ta’minlash imkoniga ega bo‘ldi. Javaxarlal Neru. Iqtisodiy va siyosiy taraqqiyot 248 Hindiston hukumati milliy sanoatni rivojlantirishga ham alohida e’tibor berdi. Natijada sanoat ishlab chiqarishi deyarli to‘rt baravar ko‘paydi. Hindiston agrar davlatdan agrar-industrial davlatga aylandi. 1990-yilda Hindiston 170 mln kv/s elektr energiya, 12 mln tonna po‘lat, 30 mln tonna neft ishlab chiqardi. Avtomobil, avtobus, radio, televizor ishlab chiqarish yuksak sur’atlarda rivojlanmoqda. Traktor ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha dunyoda yetakchi davlatlardan biriga aylandi. Hindiston iqtisodiyotida davlat sektori yildan-yilga kamayib bormoqda. Bugungi kunda u jami milliy mahsulotning 20 foizini ishlab chiqaradi, xolos. Hindiston siyosiy hayotida parlamentarizm mustahkam qaror topdi. Hindiston Respublikasi butun taraqqiyoti yillarida katta ijtimoiy-siyosiy muammolarga duch keldi va hozirgacha ular o‘z yechimini topgani yo‘q. Bular: hinduiylar bilan musulmonlar o‘rtasidagi diniy qirg‘inlar; musulmonlarning Kashmirni Pokiston bilan birlashtirish uchun kurashi; sikxlarning siyosiy muxtoriyat uchun kurashi; Panjobning Hindiston tarkibidan ajralib chiqish uchun kurashi bilan bog‘liq muammolardir. Bunga yana mamlakat 20 foiz aholisining yersizligi, 30 mln ga yaqin aholining ishsizligi; 60 foiz aholining hamon savodsizligi kabi muammolar ham qo‘shiladi. 1957-yil martida bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovlarda J. Neru yana Bosh vazirlikka saylandi, R. Prasad esa Prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. J. Neru vafotidan so‘ng 1964-yil 2-iyunda L. B. Shastri Hindiston Bosh vaziri bo‘ldi. Lekin 1966-yil 11-yanvarda Pokiston bilan urushni to‘xtatish haqida Ayubxon bilan bitimni imzolagach, Toshkentda vafot etdi. L. B. Shastri vafot etgach, Indira Gandi 1966—1977-yillarda bosh vazir bo‘lib turdi. I. Gandi o‘z mavqeyini mustahkamlash uchun 1970-yilda 4- beshyillik rejani qayta ko‘rib chiqdi va davlat sektorini mustahkamlash choralarini ko‘rdi. 14 ta bank, ulgurji savdoning bir qismi milliylashtirildi, monopoliyalarning roli cheklandi. Mayda ishlab chiqarish (kichik biznes)ni rivojlantirish choralari ko‘rildi. Ba’zi shtatlarda mayda yer uchastkalariga soliq bekor qilindi, katta yer egalari yerlarining maksimal darajasini pasaytirish, sobiq knyazlarning pensiya va imtiyozlarini bekor qilish choralari ko‘rildi. Bu narsa parlamentda oppozitsiyani kuchaytirdi. 1971-yilda sug‘urta ustidan nazorat o‘rnatildi, yengil sanoatda davlat korxonalari paydo bo‘ldi, xususiy mulkni milliylashtirish haqida konstitutsiyaga tuzatish kiritildi. Bu tadbirlar yirik burjuaziya va monopolistik unsurlarning noroziligini kuchaytirdi. HMKda ham bo‘linish yuz berdi. 1975-yilda hukumat yangi dastur e’lon qildi. Unda xalqni g‘alla va boshqa tovarlar bilan ta’minlash uchun davlat ta’minot tizimini joriy qilish, yer uchastkalarining maksimal darajasini cheklash va ortiqcha yerni yersiz dehqonlarga berish haqidagi qonunni barcha shtatlarda joriy qilish, qishloq xo‘jalik ishchilarining Taraqqiyot yo‘lidagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy muammolar 249 minimum ish haqini belgilash, uy qurish uchun bepul yer ajratish, qaram mehnatni bekor qilish, eng kambag‘al dehqonlar qarzini bekor qilish, shaharda yer uchastkasining maksimal darajasini belgilash, olibsotarlikka yo‘l qo‘ymaslik aytilgan edi. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy jinoyatlar; oziq-ovqatni noqonuniy to‘plab qo‘yganlik, kontrabanda, soliqlarni to‘lamaganlik uchun jazolash ham o‘z ifodasini topdi. Lekin bular chala qoldi. Oppozitsiyachilar Janata parti (Xalq partiyasi) ni tuzdilar va 1977-yil martida parlamentga o‘tkazilgan saylovlarda Morarji Desai boshliq hukumat tuzdilar. Janata partidan ajralib chiqqan va 1980-yilda tashkil topgan Bxaratiya Janata parti (BJP) mamlakatda diniy o‘ziga xoslikni shior qilib olgan partiyadir. Bu partiya Hindistonni faqat hinduiylik diniga e’tiqod qiluvchilar davlatiga aylantirish maqsadini ilgari surdi. Ayni paytda musulmonlarni siyosat va iqtisoddan chetlatishni targ‘ib etdi. Aholisining 11 foizi musulmonlardan iborat bo‘lgan davlatda bunday g‘oyaning ilgari surilishi mamlakat siyosiy birligini katta xavf ostiga qo‘yadi. Mamlakat birligiga sikxlar harakati ham jiddiy xavf solmoqda. Ular sikxiylik diniga e’tiqod qiladilar. Bugungi Hindistonda 17 mln sikxiy yashaydi. Oz sonli bo‘lsa-da, davlat hayotida katta mavqega ega. 1980-yil yanvardagi saylovlarda Bosh vazirlikka qaytgan HMK vakili Indira Gandi (1966—1977; 1980—1984-yillarda) davrida ba’zi siyosiy xatoliklarga ham yo‘l qo‘yildi. Chunonchi, u hindi tilini davlat tiliga aylantirishga harakat qildi. Buni boshqa millatlar vakillari milliy kamsitish sifatida qabul qildilar. Panjob shtatida yashovchi sikxlar bunga qarshi ajralib chiqish harakatini boshladilar. Ular o‘z oldilariga Panjobni Hindistondan ajratib olib, Xoliston deb ataluvchi davlat tuzish maqsadini qo‘ydilar. Ayni paytda ular terrorni kuchaytirdilar. Tabiiyki, markaziy hukumat Hindistonning bo‘linib ketishiga toqat qila olmasdi. Fuqarolar urushi kelib chiqishining oldini olish maqsadida 1984-yilning 5-iyunida I. Gandi sikxlarning muqaddas joyi — Oltin ibodatxonani shturm bilan olishga buyruq berdi. Sikxlar qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatdilar. Natijada 300 kishi o‘ldirildi. Ayni paytda hukumat armiyasi sikxlarning yana 37 ibodatxonasini egalladi. Sikxlar harakati bostirilgan bo‘lsa-da, ular I. Gandidan suiqasd yo‘li bilan o‘ch oldilar. 1984-yilning 31-oktabrida I. Gandining sikxlardan bo‘lgan shaxsiy soqchisi uni otib o‘ldirdi. Onasining o‘rnini egallagan Rajiv Gandi (1944— 1991) sikx terrorchiligiga chek qo‘yishga qaror qildi. 1987-yilning may oyida Panjob to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri markaziy hukumatga bo‘ysundirildi. Bu esa shtatni muxtor vakolatdan mahrum etishni anglatar edi. Sikxlar bunga qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatdilar. Hukumat armiyasi bunga javoban 1988-yilning may oyida yana Oltin ibodatxonani egalladi. Oqibatda minglab kishilar halok bo‘ldi. Bu esa 1989-yilda R. Gandini bosh vazirlik lavozimidan ketishga majbur etdi. 1989-yil noyabrdagi saylovda Milliy front rahbari Rajendra 250 Pratap Singx Bosh vazir qilib saylandi. 1991-yilgi parlament saylov oldi uchrashuvlarining birida R. Gandi ham o‘ldirildi (1991-yil 21-may kuni). Diniy, etnik to‘qnashuvlar keyingi yillarda ham davom etdi. 1992-yilning dekabr oyida hinduiy fanatiklar (mutaassiblar) XVI asrda qurilgan musulmonlar masjidini buzib tashladilar. Bu esa Bombey va Kalkutta shaharlarida hinduiylar va musulmonlar o‘rtasida qirg‘in keltirib chiqardi. Oqibatda 300 kishi halok bo‘ldi va 1200 dan ortiq kishi yaralandi. Kashmirda asosan musulmonlar yashaydi. Markaziy hokimiyat bu shtatda ham to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri boshqaruv joriy etishga uringan edi. Bu esa separatchilik harakatini kuchaytirdi, Hindiston va Pokiston munosabatlarini keskinlashtirdi. Bu kabi o‘ta murakkab muammolarni bartaraf etish yo‘lida jiddiy harakatlar qilindi. Ayni paytda Hindiston, bu muammolarga qaramay, ildam taraqqiy qilib bordi. 1991-yil mayida bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovlarda HMK g‘alaba qozonib, Narasimxa Rao boshliq hukumat tuzildi va mamlakatni 8 yil boshqardi. Iqtisodiyotda milliylashtirishdan chiqarish davom ettirilib, zarar ko‘rib ishlayotgan fabrika va zavodlar yopildi. Investitsiya ko‘paytirildi, mehnat intizomi yaxshilandi, moddiy manfaatdorlik kuchaydi. Natijada inflatsiya pasaydi, sanoatga katta miqdorda sarmoya qo‘yildi, qishloq xo‘jaligida mayda dehqonlarning ulushi ko‘paydi. 1994—1995-yillarda sanoatning yillik o‘sishi 10 foizga, yalpi milliy mahsulotning yillik o‘sishi 5 foizga chiqdi. Bu Hindiston uchun katta ahamiyatga ega edi. Hindiston Milliy Kongressi rahbariyatida korrupsiya, poraxo‘rlik va boshqa jinoyat holatlari yuz berdi. 1996-yilda 30 dan ortiq yuqori tabaqa rahbarlari sudlanib, jazo oldilar. Bu davrga kelib jangovar induizm millatchiligi kuchaydi. Bu qaysi partiyaning ideologiyasi ekanligini yuqorida ko‘rdik. 72 foiz aholisi hindoriylardan iborat bo‘lgan aholining shovinistik qatlamlari kayfiyatini o‘zida mujassamlashtirgan BJP 1998-yil fevraldan parlament saylovlarida g‘alaba qildi va uning yetakchisi Atal Bexari Vajpai 19-martda Bosh vazir qilib saylandi. Navbatdagi saylovlarda ham Vajpai o‘z o‘rnida qoldi. Lekin 2004-yil mayda hokimiyatda o‘zgarish bo‘lib, Bosh vazirlik lavozimini Manmoxan Singx egalladi. Indira Gandi. 251 Hindiston tashqi siyosatida muhim muammolardan biri Pokiston bilan munosabatlardir. 1947- yildan beri Kashmir masalasida ikki mamlakat janjal qilib keladi. Deyarli har 10 yilda qurolli to‘qnashuvlar bo‘lib turadi. Hindiston tashqi siyosatida tinch-totuv yashashning o‘zi tashabbuskor bo‘lgan besh tamoyiliga (pancha chila — 1955-yilgi Bandung konferensiyasida Osiyo xalqlari o‘rtasida xalqaro munosabatlarga asos qilib olingan) amal qiladi. (qarang: Xitoy mavzusi). J. Neru SEATO va SENTO bloklarining tuzilishini qoraladi. U bir qancha mahalliy janjallarni tinchitishda o‘z hissasini qo‘shdi. Sovet davlati Hindistonga 60 dan ortiq sanoat korxonalarini qurishda yordam berdi. Harbiy texnika bilan ta’minladi. Qo‘shilmaslik harakatining rahbarlaridan biri va «olti mamlakat guruhi» a’zosi bo‘lmish Hindiston qurollanish poygasini to‘xtatishga, qurolsizlanishga, yadro urushi xavfini yo‘q qilishga, kosmosni harbiylashtirishga yo‘l qo‘ymaslikka, yangi xalqaro iqtisodiy tartib o‘rnatishga qaratilgan muhim takliflar bilan bir necha bor xalqaro maydonga chiqdi. Hindiston Hind okeanini tinchlik zonasiga aylantirish yo‘lidagi kurashga salmoqli hissa qo‘shdi. AQSHning Diyego-Garsiya harbiy oroliga bazasini joylashtirishiga qarshi chiqdi. Yangi mustamlakachilikka, irqiy kamsitish va aparteidga qarshi faol kurashib keldi. Hindiston Janubiy Osiyo mahalliy hamkorligi uyushmasi (SAARK) faoliyatida ishtirok etmoqda. Shri Lanka va Janubiy Osiyodagi ahvolni yaxshilashga muhim hissa qo‘shmoqda. O‘zbekiston bilan Hindiston o‘rtasidagi aloqalar mustaqillikdan oldin ham ancha rivojlangan edi. O‘zbekiston mustaqilligidan keyin bu aloqalar yangi bosqichga ko‘tarildi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarning rivojlanishida O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimovning mustaqillik arafasidagi Hindistonga tashrifi katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Sho‘rolar zamonidagi mavjud tamoyillarni buzib, Hindiston bilan mustaqil hamkorlikni kengaytirishga birinchi bo‘lib kirishdi. Natijada Hindiston bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida birinchi marta teng huquqli mamlakatlar kabi iqtisodiy, savdo, ilmiy-texnikaviy, madaniyat, sog‘liqni saqlash, fan, texnika, turizm, sport va ommaviy axborot sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitimlar tuzildi. Hindiston yordami bilan Toshkent, Buxoro va Samarqandda zamonaviy mehmonxonalar qurildi. Respublikamizga uskunalar va boshqa xil tovarlar xarid qilish uchun 1993-yilda Hindiston 10 mln dollar mablag‘ ajratdi. 1993-yil may oyida Hindiston Bosh vaziri Narasimxa Rao O‘zbekistonga rasmiy tashrif buyurdi. Oziq-ovqat, yengil sanoat, zargarlik buyumlari ishlab chiqarish, havo yo‘llarini ochish, yangi zamonaviy mehmonxonalar qurish bilan shug‘ullanuvchi hind — o‘zbek qo‘shma korxonalarini ochish haqida 10 ta bitim tuzildi. Undan tashqari hind firmalari respublikamizdagi sheriklari Hindiston — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari Tashqi siyosat 252 bilan jami 100 mln dollarlik mahsulot yetkazib berish bo‘yicha 15 ta savdo shartnomasiga imzo chekishdi. O‘zbekistonda dori-darmon ishlab chiqarishda hindlar katta yordam ko‘rsatmoqda. Buning uchun Surxondaryoda maxsus qo‘shma korxona tashkil etildi. O‘zbekiston FAning yigirmadan ortiq ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti Hindistondagi sheriklari bilan hamkorlik qilmoqda. «O‘zbeksanoat» davlat assotsiatsiyasi Hindistonning «Xabar grup» firmasi bilan yiliga 4000 tonna ip-kalava ishlab chiqaradigan korxona qurdi. Hindistonning «Modi», «Rotan», «Shri eksport» va boshqa firmalari O‘zbekistonda katta obro‘ qozondi. 2005-yil aprel oyida Islom Karimov rasmiy tashrif bilan Hindistonda bo‘ldi. 2004-yilda Hindiston bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida tovar ayirboshlash 150 mln dollarga yetdi. 1993-yildan beri 800 ga yaqin o‘zbek mutaxassislari axborot texnologiyalari, bank ishi, kichik biznes yo‘nalishlari bo‘yicha Hindistonda ta’lim olishdi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalarni rivojlantirish uchun 45 ta shartnoma imzolangan. Shunday qilib, Hindiston — hozirgi kunda metall quyish, to‘qimachilik, mashinasozlik, tog‘-kon ishlari, neftni qayta ishlash, elektronika, kimyo sanoati tez rivojlanayotgan mamlakat. U 2004-yilda 12,5 mlrd dollarlik axborot texnologiyalarini xorijga eksport qildi. Yalpi ichki mahsulotning 30 foizi qishloq xo‘jaligiga to‘g‘ri keladi. Hindiston g‘alla bilan o‘zini o‘zi to‘la ta’minlaydi. Sholi yetishtirishda dunyoda ikkinchi o‘rinda turadi. Turli texnik ekinlarini katta miqdorda yetishtiradi. Lekin mamlakat janubida millionlab odamlar qashshoqlikda yashaydi. Eng muhim muammo — inflatsiyaning kuchayishi va tashqi qarzning o‘sishidir. Pokiston Islom Respublikasi Pokiston davlati 1947-yilning 14-avgustida tashkil etildi. Bu hodisa, avvalgi mavzuda ta’kidlanganidek, Hindistonning ikkiga bo‘lib yuborilishi natijasi edi. Bu bo‘linish diniy belgi asosida amalga oshirilganligi uchun Pokiston hududi amalda ikki — g‘arbiy va sharqiy qismdan iborat bo‘lib qoldi. Bu qismlarni 1600 km lik masofa ajratib turar edi. Pokiston 1947-yildan 1958- yilgacha inglizlarning Hindistonni boshqarish haqidagi 1935-yildagi Qonuni, 1947-yildagi Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi bo‘yicha parlament tizimi asosida boshqarib kelindi. Lekin Oliy qonun chiqaruvchi organga saylov o‘tkazilmas edi. Pokiston davlati dastlabki kunlardanoq katta muammolarga duch keldi. Ma’lumki, Hindistonning ikkiga bo‘linishi qattiq diniy qirg‘inlarni keltirib chiqargan edi. Buning oqibatida faqat Hindiston hududidan dastlabki yillarda 7 mln kishi Pokistonga qochib o‘tdi. Ularni yashash joyi va ish bilan Pokiston davlatining tashkil topishi 253 ta’minlash muammosi buningsiz ham ahvoli og‘ir bo‘lgan yosh davlatning ahvolini yanada qiyinlashtirib yubordi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hududiy kelishmovchiliklar katta qurbonlarga sabab bo‘lgan urushlarni keltirib chiqargan. Asosiy hududiy muammo Kashmir viloyati muammosi edi. Kashmir aholisining asosiy qismi musulmonlardan iborat. Pokiston ana shu omilga urg‘u beradi. Hindiston esa Kashmirni asrlar osha hind maxaraji boshqarib kelganligiga urg‘u beradi. Maxaraj 1947-yilning iyul oyida Hindiston tarkibida qolish istagini e’lon qildi. Bu qaror ommaviy to‘qnashuvlarni keltirib chiqardi. Kashmir muammosi BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashida muhokama qilindi. Kengash urush harakatlarini to‘xtatish, har ikki davlat qo‘shinlarini Kashmirdan olib chiqib ketish va BMT nazorati ostida Kashmirda referendum o‘tkazish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qilgan. Biroq Hindiston BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi qarorini bajarmadi. 1954- yilning may oyida Kashmirni Hindistonga qo‘shib oldi. Kashmir muammosi hamon ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarning keskinligicha saqlanib qolishiga sabab bo‘lib kelmoqda. Ayni paytda bu keskinlik har ikki davlatni ittifoqchilar izlashga majbur etgan. Hindiston qo‘shilmaslik harakati a’zosi bo‘lsa-da, sobiq SSSR bilan, Pokiston esa AQSH bilan yaqinlashish siyosatini yuritganlar. Har ikki tomon ham kuchli armiya tuzishga urindilar. Pokiston 1954-yilda SEATO, 1955- yilda esa Bag‘dod pakti (keyinchalik SENTO) ga a’zo bo‘lib kirdi. Britaniya mustamlakachiligining og‘ir oqibatlari, katta harbiy xarajat Pokistonning iqtisodiy jihatdan sekin rivojlanishiga, agrar davlatligicha qolishiga sabab bo‘lgan. Bu esa muhim ijtimoiy sohalarni (sog‘liqni saqlash, ta’lim, ijtimoiy ta’minot va boshqalarni) zarur mablag‘ bilan ta’minlashga imkon bermagan. Aholi turmush sharoitining og‘irligi, boshqa millatlar huquqlarining kamsitilishi mamlakatdagi ichki ahvolni yanada murakkablashtirdi. Pokiston hukumati mamlakatning butun hududida urdu tilini davlat tiliga aylantirishga urindi. Sharqiy Pokiston (hozirgi Bangladesh)da asosan bengallar yashar edi. Biroq ular davlat xizmatchilarining atigi 10 foizini tashkil etardilar. Sharqiy Pokiston iqtisodiga butun davlat budjetining uchdan bir qismi, ta’limga esa o‘n oltidan bir qismi sarflanar edi. Bu hududdan qilingan eksport natijasida davlat xazinasiga tushgan valuta asosan G‘arbiy Pokiston ehtiyojlari uchun sarflanardi. Bu hol, tabiiyki, Sharqiy Pokistonda milliy harakatni vujudga keltirgan. Bu harakatni Xalq Ligasi partiyasi boshqargan. Mamlakatdagi bu ichki ahvolni adolatli hal etish o‘rniga hukmron Musulmon Ligasi partiyasi repressiya, zo‘ravonlik siyosati bilan javob qaytardi. Harbiy diktatura o‘rnatilishi Kashmir muammosi 254 1954-yilda Sharqiy Pokistonda qonuniy yo‘l bilan hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan Birlashgan front hukumati ag‘darib tashlandi. Ayni paytda Pokiston parlamenti tarqatib yuborildi. Butun mamlakat hududida favqulodda holat joriy etildi. 1956-yil 23-martda yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Unga ko‘ra, Pokiston Islom Respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. Konstitutsiyada mamlakat prezidenti musulmon kishi bo‘lishi kerak, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. 1958-yilga kelib davlatning iqtisodiy ahvoli yanada yomonlashdi. Aholi turmush darajasi pasaydi. Natijada aholining o‘z haq-huquqi uchun kurashi kuchaydi. Ayni paytda turli siyosiy guruhlar o‘rtasida hokimiyat uchun kurash kuchaydi. Mamlakatda korrupsiya avj oldi. Bu hol hukumat beqarorligini keltirib chiqardi. Mamlakatni chuqur iqtisodiy va siyosiy tanglik qamrab oldi. Shunday sharoitda Pokiston armiyasi qo‘mondonligi hokimiyatni qo‘lga olishga qaror qildi. Ular 1958-yil 27-oktabrda davlat to‘ntarishini amalga oshirdilar. Butun hokimiyat armiya bosh qo‘mondoni general (1959-yildan — feldmarshal) M. Ayubxon qo‘liga o‘tdi. Mamlakatda harbiy holat o‘rnatildi. 1960-yil fevralda saylovlar o‘tkazilib, Ayubxon g‘alaba qildi. M. Ayubxon hukumati siyosiy partiyalar faoliyatini taqiqlab qo‘ydi. Ommaviy axborot vositalariga nisbatan qattiq senzura o‘rnatdi. Ayni paytda mamlakat iqtisodiy ahvolini yaxshilashga qaratilgan qator islohotlar boshlandi. Chunonchi, 1959-yilda agrar islohot o‘tkazildi. Unga ko‘ra, katta yer egaligi 500 akr (200 gektar) hajmida cheklab qo‘yildi. Ortiqcha yerlar sotib olindi va ular kam yerlilarga sotildi. Bundan tashqari, hukumat qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari yetishtirishni ko‘paytirishga qaratilgan qator tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi. Sanoat, savdo, soliqqa tortish sohasida o‘tkazilgan qator tadbirlar ishlab chiqarishning o‘sishi uchun qulay sharoit yaratdi. Bu omillar Pokistonning iqtisodiy taraqqiyotini tezlashtirdi. Biroq islohotlarning cheklanganligi va izchil bo‘lmaganligi Pokistonning iqtisodiy mustaqilligini ta’minlashga imkon bermadi. Chetdan millionlab tonna oziqovqat mahsulotlari keltirishga majbur bo‘lindi. Mamlakatda harbiy holat uzoq davom etishi mumkin emas edi. Buni tushunib yetgan M. Ayubxon 1962-yil 8-iyunda harbiy holatni bekor qildi. Mamlakatning yangi konstitutsiyasi 1962-yilda qabul qilindi. Siyosiy partiyalar faoliyatiga ruxsat etildi. Musulmon Ligasi partiyasi yetakchi partiya bo‘lib qoldi. Uni M. Ayubxonning o‘zi boshqardi. 1965-yilda M. Ayubxon yangi muddatga Prezident etib saylandi. Mamlakatning tashqi siyosatida bir yoqlamalikdan (ya’ni, g‘arb davlatlari bilan yaqinlashishdan) qaytish yuz bera boshladi. Osiyo va Afrika davlatlari bilan munosabatlarda ijobiy tomonga o‘zgarish yuz berdi. Pokiston Isroilning arab davlatlariga qarshi agressiyasini qoraladi. SEATO va SENTO harbiy- Pokiston 60—70-yillarda 255 siyosiy ittifoqlaridagi ishtirokini cheklab qo‘ydi. Ayni paytda Hindiston bilan munosabatlarda o‘zgarish yuz bermadi. Bu davlatlar o‘rtasida 1965-yilning o‘zida ikki marta qurolli to‘qnashuv yuz berdi. SSSR bu ikki davlat munosabatlarini normallashtirish uchun barcha diplomatik choralarni ko‘rdi. 1966-yilning yanvar oyida Toshkent shahrida Hindiston bosh vaziri L. B. Shastri va M. Ayubxon o‘rtasida ikki davlat munosabatlarini normallashtirish haqida kelishuvga erishildi. Biroq Pokistonda ichki vaziyat beqarorligicha qolaverdi. Buning asosiy sababi — mamlakatning iqtisodiy qoloqligi oqibatida aholi turmushi past darajada qolayotganligi edi. Mamlakatni ish tashlash, namoyish to‘lqini qamrab oldi. Ayni paytda Sharqiy Pokistonda milliy harakat kuchaydi. Repressiya vaziyatni yanada keskinlashtirdi, xolos. Mamlakatda vujudga kelgan chuqur siyosiy tanglik 1969-yilning 25-martida M. Ayubxonni iste’fo berishga majbur etdi. Hokimiyat armiya bosh qo‘mondoni general Yahyoxon qo‘liga o‘tdi. U mamlakatda harbiy holat joriy etdi. Biroq bu siyosiy vaziyatni barqarorlashtirishga yordam bermadi. 1970-yil dekabrda Pokiston tarixida birinchi marta umumxalq saylovlari o‘tkazildi. Mamlakatni demokratik asosda qayta qurish dasturi bilan chiqqan partiyalar — Sharqiy Pokistonda M. Rahmon boshliq «Avomi liga», G‘arbiy Pokistonda Z. A. Bxutto boshliq Xalq partiyasi g‘alaba qildi. Lekin hokimiyatga birdaniga kelolmadi. Hukumat repressiya boshladi. Bunga javoban, 1971- yilda Sharqiy Pokistonda milliy-ozodlik kurashi boshlandi. 26-mart kuni Sharqiy Pokiston hududida Bangladesh Xalq Respublikasi tuzilganligi e’lon qilindi. Bu harakatni Hindiston qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Oqibatda Pokiston — Hindiston urushi yuz berdi. Bu urushda Pokistonning g‘arbiy frontdagi armiyasi yengildi, Bangladeshdagi armiyasi esa taslim bo‘ldi. Mag‘lubiyat Yahyoxon harbiy diktaturasining qulashiga olib keldi. Shu tariqa fuqarolik hukumati tuzilishiga yo‘l ochildi. 1971-yil 20-dekabrda Pokiston Xalq partiyasi hokimiyatga keldi. Uning rahbari Zulfiqor Ali Bxutto bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. Yangi hukumat harbiy holatni bekor qildi. Sanoatning yetakchi tarmoqlarini, bank va sug‘urta kompaniyalarini milliylashtirdi. Mamlakatda agrar islohot o‘tkazildi. Unga ko‘ra, katta yer egaligi hajmi 150 akr (60 ga) bilan cheklab qo‘yildi. Ortiqcha yerlar kam yerli va yersiz dehqonlarga tekinga bo‘lib berildi. Bu islohot 1977-yilda yana davom ettirildi. Endi yer egaligi hajmi 100 akr (40 gektar) bilan cheklab qo‘yildi. Soliq o‘ziga to‘q dehqonlardan va katta yer egalaridan olinadigan bo‘ldi. Mamlakat tarixida birinchi marta pensiya ta’minoti joriy etildi. 1973-yilda yangi Konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Unga ko‘ra, Pokiston parlament respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. Z. Bxutto hukumati xalqaro miqyosda real vaziyatni hisobga olgan holda siyosat yurita boshladi. Chunonchi, 1972-yilda Pokiston SEATO dan chiqdi. 1974-yilda Bang256 ladesh Respublikasini tan oldi. 1976-yilda esa Hindiston bilan diplomatik aloqasini tikladi. Biroq fuqaro hukumati ko‘p yashamadi. 1977-yilning 5-iyunida Pokiston tarixida ikkinchi marta harbiy to‘ntarish amalga oshirildi. Bunga mamlakatda yuz bergan chuqur iqtisodiy va siyosiy inqiroz yo‘l ochgan edi. Chunonchi, 1973-yilda Yaqin Sharqdagi urush munosabati bilan yuz bergan energetika inqirozi Pokiston iqtisodiga katta salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Mamlakatda keng iste’mol tovarlarining narxi ko‘tarilib ketdi. Ishsizlar soni kundan-kunga oshib bordi. Bu hol boshlangan islohotlarni oxiriga yetkazishga imkon bermadi. Buning ustiga diniy mutaassiblar 1974-yilda yirik jamoaviy to‘qnashuvni keltirib chiqardilar. Natijada 1975-yilning fevralida Z. Bxutto hukumati asosiy muxolifatchi partiya — Milliy Xalq partiyasi faoliyatini taqiqlab qo‘yishga majbur bo‘ldi. Og‘ir siyosiy sharoitda bo‘lsa ham 1977-yilda parlament saylovi o‘tkazildi. Unda Z. Bxutto partiyasi g‘alaba qozonganligi e’lon qilindi. Biroq muxolifatchi partiyalar ittifoqi — Pokiston Milliy Alyansi buni tan olmadi va hukumatga qarshi keng kampaniyani avj oldirdi. Shunday sharoitda, yuqorida ta’kidlanganidek, harbiylar navbatdagi davlat to‘ntarishini amalga oshirdilar. 1977-yil 5-iyulda hokimiyat general Ziyoulhaq qo‘liga o‘tdi. Mamlakatda harbiy holat joriy etildi. Z. Bxutto hibsga olindi va Jahon jamoatchiligining e’tiroziga qaramay, 1979-yilda qatl etildi. 1973-yilgi Konstitutsiyaning amal qilishini to‘xtatib qo‘ydi, parlamentni tarqatib yubordi. 1979-yildan barcha siyosiy partiyalar faoliyati taqiqlandi. Ziyoulhaq jamiyat hayotini to‘la islomlashtirish siyosatini yuritdi. 1979-yilda Pokiston SENTO blokidan chiqdi. Qo‘shilmaslik harakatining qatnashchisi bo‘ldi. 1981—1987- yillarda AQSHdan 3,2 mlrd miqdorida harbiy-iqtisodiy yordam oldi. Harbiylarning navbatdagi hokimiyatdan ketishiga Ziyoulhaqning 1988-yil 17-avgust kuni samolyot halokati oqibatida halok bo‘lishi sabab bo‘ldi. G‘ulom Is’hoqxon Prezident bo‘lib qoldi. Shu yilning 16-noyabr kuni parlament saylovi o‘tkazildi. Unda Z. Bxuttoning qizi — Benazir Bxutto boshqargan Pokiston Xalq partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi va u Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. B. Bxutto ba’zi xatolarga yo‘l qo‘ydi. Uni korrupsiyada ayblab, 1990- yilda hokimiyatdan chetlatishdi. Uning o‘rniga Navoz Sharif bosh vazirlikka tayinlandi. Lekin ahvol tinchimadi. Prezident Legari yangi saylov o‘tkazishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1993-yilgi parlament saylovida ham B. Bxutto partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. Biroq ichki siyosiy vaziyat nihoyatda chigal bo‘lgan Pokistondek davlatni boshqarish oson emas edi. Siyosiy tajribasizlik B. Bxuttoga mamlakatda siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash imkonini bermadi. U yana korrupsiyada ayblandi. 1997-yilgi saylovda esa Pokiston Musulmon Ligasi g‘olib chiqdi. Uning rahbari N. Sharif bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. Bu partiya hukmronligiga oxir-oqibatda navbatdagi — uchinchi harbiy to‘ntarish chek qo‘ydi. Bu 257 davrda mamlakat tashqi qarz botqog‘iga botgan edi. Hindiston bilan munosabatning yomonligi Pokistonni katta harbiy xarajatlar qilishga majbur etardi. Bu esa tashqi qarzning tobora ortishiga olib kelgan asosiy omil edi. 1999-yilning may oyida o‘tkazilgan yadro bombasi sinovi juda katta xarajatlar evaziga, xalq ommasi rizqi evaziga amalga oshganligi sir emas. Biror-bir siyosiy partiya mamlakatni inqirozdan olib chiqishga muvaffaq bo‘la olmadi. Ular uchun bir-birlarini korrupsiyada ayblash odatiy holga aylanib qoldi. Bu esa aholi ko‘z o‘ngida ularning obro‘sini to‘kdi. Harbiylar vujudga kelgan vaziyatdan yana foydalandilar. 1999-yilning 3- oktabrida ular hokimiyatni qo‘lga oldilar. Armiya bosh shtabi boshlig‘i general P. Musharraf o‘zini prezident deb e’lon qildi. Pokistonda harbiy diktatura hukmronligi hamon davom etmoqda. Mustaqillik yillarida Pokiston va Hindiston taraqqiyotini taqqoslaydigan bo‘lsak, ular o‘rtasida qator jiddiy farqlar borligini ko‘rish mumkin. Masalan, Hindiston parlament respublikasi bo‘lsa, Pokiston prezidentlik respublikasidir. Sh. Aziz Bosh vazir lavozimida ishlamoqda. Pokistonda jamiyat hayotini diniy asosda qurish bu davlat hududiy yaxlitligiga tahdid solmaydi. Hindistonda esa bu omil uning parchalanishiga sabab bo‘lishi mumkin. Pokistonda 3 marta harbiy to‘ntarish sodir bo‘lgani holda, Hindistonda biror marta ham bunday hodisa sodir bo‘lgani yo‘q. Ayni paytda, har ikki davlat mustaqillik yillarida sanoat potensialini yarata oldi. Hindiston bu borada ancha ilgarilab ketdi ham. Buning misoli o‘laroq, u 1980-yilda o‘zining sun’iy yer yo‘ldoshini uchirishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Har ikki davlat ham yadro qurolini sinovdan o‘tkazishga erishdi. Bu hodisa Osiyoda tinchlikning barqaror bo‘lishiga xizmat qilmaydi. O‘zbekiston mustaqillikka erishgandan keyin Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlari orasida birinchilardan bo‘lib Pokiston bosh vaziri Navoz Sharif 1992- yil 27—28-iyun kunlari O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurdi. Tashrif chog‘ida ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlar va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma, hukumatlar o‘rtasida madaniyat, sog‘liqni saqlash, fan, texnika, kadrlar tayyorlash, sport va ommaviy axborot sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. 1992-yil avgustida O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimov Pokistonga javob tashrifi bilan bordi. U yerdagi uchrashuvlar, suhbatlar, muzokaralar natijasida ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida 5 ta muhim bitim imzolandi. Banklar to‘g‘risida, investitsiyalarni himoya qilish, elektrlashtirish, irrigatsiya va melioratsiya, telekommunikatsiya sohasida hamkorlik qilish haqidagi bitimlar o‘tgan yillar davomida o‘z samarasini berdi. Pokistonning «Tabani korporeyshn », «Lahor», «Pia», «Merkuriy», «Metro garmen tes» va boshqa firmalari O‘zbekistonda faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. 1994-yilda tovar ayirboshlash 4,3 mln dollarga yetdi. Urdushunos olim A. Ibrohimov Lahor shahrida o‘zbek tili kurslarini tashkil etdi. O‘zbekistonning pilla, shoyi matolari, shisha va billurlari, yengil Pokiston — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 17 — Jahon tarixi 258 sanoat uchun mashina va uskunalari Pokistonda sevib xarid qilinsa, pokistonliklarning tayyor kiyimlari, charm kamzullari, shakar va kakaosi o‘zbekistonliklarga manzur bo‘lmoqda, 2004-yilda ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida tovar ayirboshlash 8,4 mln dollarni tashkil etdi. 43 mln dollarlik paxta Eron bandargohlari orqali chetga chiqmoqda. Pokiston esa uchinchi davlat orqali paxta sotib olmoqda. 2005-yil martida Pokiston Prezidenti P. Musharrafning O‘zbekistonga tashrifi chog‘ida bu masalalar muhokama qilindi. Pokiston sarmoyalari bilan O‘zbekistonda 42 ta korxona faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. 2004-yilda ular 19,5 mlrd so‘mlik mahsulot ishlab chiqardilar. Tashrif chog‘ida hamkorlikni yanada mustahkamlash to‘g‘risida qo‘shma bayonot, 2005—2009-yilgacha bo‘lgan davrga mo‘ljallangan madaniy aloqalar dasturi va xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash sohasidagi hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Hindiston va Pokistonning tashkil etilishi sabablari va mustaqillikka erishishi qanday yuz berdi? 2. J. Neru davrida Hindistonning ahvoli qanday edi? 3. Pancha chila nima? 4. Hindiston tarixida I. Gandining roli qanday bo‘ldi? 5. Hindiston bilan Pokiston o‘rtasidagi mojaroning asosiy sababi nima? 6. M. Desai davrida Hindiston taraqqiyoti haqida gapirib bering. 7. «Bxarati janati parti» qanday partiya? 8. Pokiston 1958-yilgacha qanday idora qilindi? 9. Pokistonda harbiy diktaturalar nega o‘rnatildi? 10.Toshkent deklaratsiyasining ahamiyati qanday bo‘ldi? 11.Bangladesh mustaqillikka qanday erishdi? 12.Benazir Bxutto qanday siyosat yurgizdi? 13.Hozirgi bosqichda Pokiston — Hindiston munosabatlari qanday? 14.AQSHning Hindiston va Pokiston bilan munosabatlari qay tarzda davom etmoqda? 15.O‘zbekistonning Hindiston va Pokiston bilan munosabatlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. HINDISTON VA POKISTON RAHBARLARINING FAOLIYATLARI HAQIDA Mamlakat rahbarlari Hokimiyatda turgan yili Mamlakat uchun qilgan ishlari BAHS YURITING — Jamiyat taraqqiyotida dinning roli va G‘arb davlatlarining diniy ayirmachilikdan Sharq mamlakatlarida qanday foydalanayotganliklari haqida erkin fikr yuritib, matbuot va tarixiy materiallar asosida insho yozing. — Hindiston iqtisodiyotidagi qaysi jihatlardan O‘zbekistonda ijodiy foydalanish mumkin? Bu haqda erkin fikr bildiring. Bahs yuriting. ? 259 29-§. Turkiya va Eron Turkiya Respublikasi Ikkinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan so‘ng Turkiyada chigal vaziyat yuzaga keldi. Xalq Respublikachi Partiya (XRP) bilan 1945-yilda tashkil etilgan Demokratik Partiya (DP) o‘rtasida kurash kuchaydi. DP davlat monopolizmiga qarshi chiqib, «Xususiy tashabbus»ni qo‘lladi. 1946-yilgi saylovlarda XRP terror yo‘li bilan g‘olib chiqdi va darhol repressiyani boshlab yubordi. Bu narsa mamlakatda keskinlikni avj oldirdi. Mamlakatni 1938-yildan AQSHning gumashtasi I. Inenyu boshqarib keldi. 1950-yilning may oyida Turkiya Buyuk millat majlisi (parlamenti)ga bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovda Demokratik partiya g‘alaba qozondi. Partiya rahbari J. Boyar mamlakat Prezidenti, partiyaning yirik arbobi A. Menderes Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. Uning dasturi iqtisodiyotda davlat sektorini tugatish va erkin tadbirkorlikni qaror toptirishni ko‘zda tutardi. DP o‘z dasturini amalga oshirishga kirishdi. Sanoatda, hatto, xususiy sektorning davlat sektoridan ko‘proq mahsulot ishlab chiqarishiga ham erishildi. Hukumat mamlakat iqtisodiyotiga chet el sarmoyasini joylashtirish uchun qulay imkoniyatlar yaratdi. 1950—1954-yillar davomida Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot bankidan 65 mln dollar miqdorida yordam oldi. Biroq yangi hukumat qanchalik harakat qilmasin, iqtisodiy rivojlanishda jiddiy o‘zgarish yuz bermadi. Bu chet el sarmoyasining milliy sarmoyani siqib chiqarishiga sabab bo‘ldi. 1956-yilda Turkiya g‘allani chetdan sotib oldi. 1958-yilda Turkiya o‘zini bankrot deb e’lon qilib, qarzlarini to‘lay olmasligini bildirdi. Boyar-Menderes hukumatidan ko‘pchilik norozi bo‘ldi. Mamlakatda korrupsiya, talon-toroj avj oldirilgan edi. 1960-yil may oyida harbiy to‘ntarish bo‘ldi. Hokimiyat to‘ntarish o‘tkazgan yangi tashkilot — Milliy birlik qo‘mitasi (MBQ) qo‘liga o‘tdi. Mamlakatning vaqtinchalik konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Unga ko‘ra, MBQ oliy qonun chiqaruvchi organ deb e’lon qilindi. Unga J. Gursul raislik qildi va u vaqtinchalik hukumatni ham boshqardi. J. Boyar, A. Menderes qamoqqa olindi. A. Menderes 1961-yilda qatl etildi. 1961-yilning may oyida mamlakatning yangi konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Siyosiy partiyalar faoliyatiga ruxsat etilgach, ikkita yangi partiya tuzildi. Ularning biri «Adolat partiyasi», ikkinchisi esa «Yangi Turkiya partiyasi» deb ataldi. Ayni paytda boshqa siyosiy partiyalar ham faoliyat ko‘rsata boshladi. Noyabr oyida o‘tkazilgan saylovda hech bir partiya mutlaq ko‘pchilik o‘rin ololmaganligi uchun koalitsion hukumat tuzishga to‘g‘ri keldi. 1961—1965-yillar Turkiyaning kelgusi taraqqiyot yo‘li xususida keskin siyosiy kurashlar yillari bo‘ldi. Bu davrda 4 marta hukumat almashdi. Va, nihoyat, 1965-yildagi parlament saylovida «Adolat partiyasi» g‘alaba qozondi. Uning rahbari S. Demirel Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. Bu hukumat davrida Demokratik partiyaning hokimiyatga kelishi 260 harbiy xarajatlarning yanada o‘sishi budjet taqchilligini keskin ko‘paytirib yubordi. U 1970-yilda 3,5 mlrd lirani tashkil etdi. Davlat qarzi esa 72 mlrd liraga yetdi. Bunday sharoitda harbiylar yana siyosatga aralashdilar. Ular 1971-yilning 12-martida yana davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. Unga general K. Evren rahbarlik qildi. Mamlakatda favqulodda holat joriy etildi. Biroq bu to‘ntarish mamlakatda siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minlay olmadi. 1973-yilda mamlakat prezidenti 16 turdan so‘ng saylanganligi buning isbotidir. 1980-yilda esa hatto prezident saylashga erishilmadi ham. Oqibatda yana davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazildi. Barcha siyosiy partiyalar tarqatilgan, deb e’lon qilindi. Ularning rahbarlariga 10 yil davomida siyosiy faoliyat bilan shug‘ullanish man etildi. Ommaviy axborot vositalari uchun qattiq senzura o‘rnatildi. Biroq Yevropa Ittifoqining aralashuvi bilan harbiylar yon berishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Mamlakatning yangi konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. Siyosiy partiyalar faoliyatiga ruxsat etildi. Natijada qator yangi partiyalar («Vatan» partiyasi, «To‘g‘ri yo‘l» partiyasi) tuzildi. «Vatan» partiyasini T. O‘zal, «To‘g‘ri yo‘l» partiyasini esa S. Demirel boshqardi. 1983-yilda o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovida «Vatan» partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi va T. O‘zal Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. 1989-yilda esa Turkiya Prezidenti lavozimiga saylandi. T. O‘zal davrida mamlakatda chuqur iqtisodiy islohotlar o‘tkazildi. Chunonchi, 1986-yilda xususiylashtirish to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilindi. 1988-yildan davlat mulkini sotish boshlandi. Biroq bundan ko‘zlangan maqsadga erishilmadi. Chunki davlat mulki narxi qimmat bo‘lgani uchun, 1991-yil oxirigacha uning atigi 5 foizi xususiylashtirildi. 1991-yilgi parlament saylovlarida «To‘g‘ri yo‘l» partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. Uning rahbari S. Demirel hukumat tuzdi. 1993-yilda T. O‘zal vafot etgach, S. Demirel mamlakat prezidentligiga saylandi. Turkiya O‘rta Sharqda iqtisodiy rivojlangan davlatlardan biri. Ayni paytda, qudratli zamonaviy armiyaga ham ega. Biroq Turkiya mamlakat hayotini G‘arbiy Yevropacha model asosida to‘la qayta qurishga muvaffaq bo‘lmadi. Bunga, birinchidan, uning texnik-iqtisodiy jihatdan orqada qolganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Mamlakat aholisining 50 foizi hamon qishloq xo‘jaligida band. Ikkinchidan, davlat iqtisodiyotni qattiq markazlashtirgan va uning ustidan Turgut O‘zal. to‘la nazorat o‘rnatgan. Chunonchi, sa261 noatning katta qismi hamon davlat mulki hisoblanadi. Korxonalarning 70 foizga yaqini davlat dotatsiyasi hisobiga ishlaydi. Tashqi savdoda import eksportdan ustun turadi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, tashqi qarzning ko‘payishiga olib kelmoqda. 1995-yilda Turkiyaning tashqi qarzi 50 mlrd dollarni tashkil etganligi asosan shu omil bilan izohlanadi. 2000-yilda mamlakat prezidentligiga A. Sezer saylandi. Tayyip Erdog‘an Bosh vazir lavozimini egalladi. 2007-yil avgustda A. Gul Prezident A. Sezer o‘rnini egalladi. Turkiya tashqi siyosatda birinchi navbatda AQSH bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga intildi. Chunonchi, AQSH hukumati 1947-yil 12-iyulda Turkiyaga moliyaviy va harbiy yordam ko‘rsatish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. Turkiya «Trumen doktrinasi» bo‘yicha harbiy yordam oldi. 1948-yil iyulda Turkiya hukumati AQSH bilan «Marshall rejasi» asosida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitim imzoladi. Bu ikkala bitim bo‘yicha Turkiya AQSHdan 800 mln dollar oldi va mablag‘lar asosan harbiy ishga sarflandi. Budjetning 60 foizi bu davrda harbiy maqsadlarga ketmoqda edi. AQSH ning Koreyada olib borgan urushida ishtirok etdi. 1951-yil oxirida Turkiya NATO a’zoligiga qabul qilindi. 1954-yilda SEATO harbiy-siyosiy ittifoqi a’zosi bo‘ldi. Shu yildan boshlab Turkiya tashqi siyosatida Kipr masalasi alohida o‘rin tuta boshladi. 1955-yilda esa Bag‘dod paktini imzoladi. 1959-yilda Turkiya hududida AQSH harbiy bazasi barpo etish to‘g‘risida ikki tomonlama shartnoma imzolandi. Shuningdek, Eron va Pokiston bilan shartnoma tuzib, SENTOni tashkil etdi. (1958-yilda Iroq bu blokdan chiqib ketgan edi.) 60- yillardan boshlab Turkiyaning AQSH bilan bir tomonlama ittifoqchilikka asoslangan tashqi siyosatida o‘zgarish yuz bera boshladi. Endi Turkiya «Umumiy bozor» a’zosi bo‘lgan davlatlar, birinchi navbatda, GFR bilan iqtisodiy aloqalarni rivojlantira boshladi. 1974-yilda Kipr muammosi yanada keskinlashdi. Kiprni Gretsiyaga qo‘shib olishga intiluvchi kuchlar qonuniy hukumatga qarshi bosh ko‘tardilar. Bunga javoban Turkiya harbiy kuchlarini Kiprga kiritdi. Shu tariqa Kipr amalda kiprlik turklar va kiprlik greklar jamoalariga bo‘linib ketdi. Turkiya O‘zbekiston davlat mustaqilligini birinchi bo‘lib tan olgan davlatdir. Turkiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida abadiy do‘stlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolangan. O‘zbekistonda ko‘plab o‘zbek—turk qo‘shma korxonalari faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Ularning ichida Samarqanddagi «Otayo‘l» avtobus ishlab chiqaruvchi korxona alohida ahamiyatga ega. Sovet davlati parchalanib ketgach, Turkiya O‘rta Osiyo respublikalari bilan yaqin munosabat o‘rnatdi. Yaponiya va AQSH firmalari Turkiyada sovitgich va televizor ishlab chiqaruvchi korxonalar qura boshladilar. Shuningdek, Turkiya ko‘pgina xorij firmalariga vositachi rolini o‘ynamoqda. Tashqi siyosat 262 Turkiya O‘zbekiston mustaqilligini birinchi bo‘lib tan olgan mamlakatdir. 1991-yil dekabrda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimov Turkiyaga rasmiy tashrif bilan bordi. Mamlakat Prezidenti Turgut O‘zal, Bosh vazir Sulaymon Demirel va ishbilarmonlar bilan uchrashib, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Turkiya jumhuriyati o‘rtasidagi aloqalarning asos va maqsadlari to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Bu shartnomada mamlakatlarimiz o‘rtasidagi ma’naviy, ruhiy yaqinlik ta’kidlandi. Iqtisodiy va savdo sohasida hamkorlik, madaniyat, fan, ta’lim, sog‘liqni saqlash, sport, turizm va boshqa bitimlar imzolandi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni yangi bosqichga ko‘tarishda 1992- yil aprelida Turkiya Bosh vaziri Sulaymon Demirelning respublikamizga tashrifi katta rol o‘ynadi. Turklarning «Interner», «O‘zturk», «O‘zyuksal», «Dogu ilag», «Yazeks», «Bursel» va boshqa firmalari O‘zbekistonda keng faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. 1993-yil aprelida Turkiya Prezidenti T. O‘zalning O‘zbekistonga tashrifi, ayniqsa, samarali bo‘ldi. «Daromad va mol-mulkka ikki tomonlama soliq solmaslik to‘g‘risida», «Terrorizm, g‘ayriqonuniy qurol va giyohvand moddalar tarqatishga qarshi kurash to‘g‘risida» bitimlar va boshqa hujjatlar imzolandi. 1993-yilda O‘zbekistonga 240 mln dollar miqdorida turli tovarlar keltirildi. Turkiyaning yordami bilan Qoraqalpog‘istonda «Kateks», «Elteks», Buxoroda «Vardonze» (erkaklar ko‘ylagi tikishga moslashgan) va boshqa ko‘plab korxonalar qurildi. Ularning ichida Samarqanddagi «Otayo‘l» avtobus ishlab chiqaruvchi korxona alohida ahamiyatga ega. Turklar O‘zbekistondagi ko‘plab mehmonxonalarni qayta ta’mirlashda yordam ko‘rsatdilar. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida madaniyat, fan sohasida ham aloqalar kuchayib bormoqda. Turkiya bilan O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida abadiy do‘stlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolangan. Eron Islom Respublikasi Ikkinchi jahon urushi oxirida Eron shoh Muhammad Rizo Pahlaviy (1919—1980) tomonidan boshqarilar, hukumat boshlig‘i Qavam as Sulton edi. 1947-yil uning o‘rniga I. Hakimiy va undan so‘ng Razmari tayinlandi. 1945-yili Eronda yashovchi ozarbayjon va kurd xalqlarining milliy muxtoriyat uchun kurashi boshlandi. Eron Ozarbayjonida faoliyat ko‘rsata boshlagan Ozarbayjon demokratik partiyasi quyidagi talablarni ilgari surdi: yaxlit mamlakat doirasida Eron Ozarbayjoniga madaniy hayot va mahalliy boshqaruv sohasida muxtoriyat berish; ozarbayjon tilini muxtoriyat hududida rasmiy til deb tan olish; o‘z parlamentiga ega bo‘lish. Turkiya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 1945-yil voqealari 263 Bu talablar shoh hukumatining boshqa millat vakillariga nisbatan o‘tkazayotgan shovinistik siyosati oqibati edi. 1945-yilning oxirida Eron Ozarbayjoni parlamentiga (majlis) saylov o‘tkazildi. Parlament 9-dekabrda Ozarbayjon Muxtor Respublikasi tuzilganligini e’lon qildi. Saylovdan so‘ng tuzilgan hukumat markaziy hokimiyatni tan olishini hamda uning muxtoriyat manfaatlariga zid bo‘lmagan barcha ko‘rsatmalarini bajarishini ma’lum qildi. Maktablarda ta’lim ozarbayjon tilida olib borila boshlandi. Ozarbayjon davlat universiteti ochildi. 1945-yilning oxirida Shimoliy Kurdistonda (Eron Kurdistonida) ham muxtoriyat uchun kurash boshlandi. Tez orada muxtor Kurd Xalq Respublikasi tuzildi. Bu kurashga Kurdiston demokratik partiyasi rahbarlik qildi. Biroq bu harakatlar aslida SSSR tomonidan rag‘batlantirilgan va qo‘llab-quvvatlangan edi. Bu esa o‘zga davlatlar ichki ishlariga bevosita aralashish edi. Ayni paytda SSSR Tude (Eron kommunistik partiyasi)ni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Eron hukumati, tabiiyki, Eron Ozarbayjoni va Shimoliy Kurdistondagi voqealarni separatchilik harakati, deb baholadi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati esa SSSRning Eron ichki ishlariga aralashuviga qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatdi. Chunonchi, Eronga qo‘shimcha harbiy kuchlar jo‘natdi. SSSR manevr qilishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1946-yil 4-aprelda Eron bilan aralash sovet – eron neft kompaniyasi tuzish haqidagi shartnoma evaziga o‘z qo‘shinini Shimoliy Erondan olib chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1946-yilning oxiriga kelib Eron hukumati bu shartnomani bekor qildi va mamlakat shimolini to‘la o‘z nazoratiga bo‘ysundirdi. Ozarbayjon va Kurd muxtor respublikalarini tugatdi. SSSR bu voqealarga aralashmadi. Chunki bunday aralashuv Buyuk Britaniya va AQSHning birgalikdagi aks aralashuviga duch kelishi mumkin edi. Ayni paytda Eronda ingliz – amerika ta’siri kuchayib bordi. 1947-yilda Eron armiyasida AQSH mutaxassislarining rahbarlik lavozimini egallashlari mumkinligini ham ko‘zda tutuvchi Erondagi Amerika harbiy missiyasining faoliyati haqida eron – amerika shartnomasining imzolanishi Eronda AQSH mavqeyini yanada mustahkamladi. 1950-yilda bu masala yangi shartnoma bilan mustahkamlandi. Ayni paytda ingliz – amerika qarama-qarshiligi kuchaydi. Ingliz – eron neft kompaniyasi (IENK) Buyuk Britaniya uchun katta ahamiyatga ega edi. Bu kompaniya 1933-yilda tashkil etilgan. Kompaniya daromadining asosiy qismini Buyuk Britaniya olardi. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng ham u bu kompaniyani saqlab qolishga zo‘r berib urindi. Shu maqsadda Buyuk Britaniya 1949-yilda «Qo‘shimcha shartnoma» deb ataluvchi shartnoma ishlab chiqdi. Unda kompaniya daromadidan Eronga beriladigan ajratma miqdorini qisman oshirish ko‘zda tutilgan edi. Eron xalqi qarshi chiqdi. Eron nefti uchun kurash 264 Buyuk Britaniya shu yo‘l bilan IENKda o‘z xo‘jayinligini saqlab qolmoqchi bo‘ldi. Biroq Eron hukumati uni rad etdi. 1951-yilning 15- martida esa mamlakat parlamenti IENKni milliylashtirish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. 29-aprelda bosh vazir lavozimiga tayinlangan, Milliy front (Eronning chet davlatlarga iqtisodiy va siyosiy jihatdan qaramligiga qarshi kurashuvchi kuchlar) rahbari M. Mossodiq bu qarorni bevosita amalga oshirishga kirishdi. Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH har xil yo‘llar bilan bunga to‘sqinlik qildilar. Ular bu masalani xalqaro Gaaga sudida hal etmoqchi bo‘ldilar. Biroq Eron hukumati bu sud vakolatini tan olmadi. Buyuk Britaniya endi BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashiga murojaat qildi. Xavfsizlik Kengashi Eron neftini xalqaro kompaniya ixtiyoriga berish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. Biroq Mossodiq bu qarorni rad etdi. U Eron nefti Eronning milliy boyligi ekanligini, uni milliylashtirish Eronning ichki ishi ekanligini ta’kidladi. Bunga javoban Buyuk Britaniya Eronga nisbatan iqtisodiy qamal tashkil etdi. Eron hukumati esa Buyuk Britaniya bilan diplomatik munosabatlarini uzdi. Shoh boshchiligidagi ichki g‘arbparast kuchlar Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH ning qo‘llab-quvvatlashiga tayanib, 1953-yilning 19-avgustida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. Unga general Zohidiy rahbarlik qildi. Shoh uni bosh vazir etib tayinladi. Barcha siyosiy partiyalar, tashkilotlar, Mossodiq siyosatini qo‘llab-quvvatlagan vaqtli matbuot nashrlari tor-mor etildi. Shu tariqa Eron shohi Muhammad Rizo Pahlaviy o‘z mavqeyini mustahkamlab oldi. Yangi hukumat 1954-yilda Xalqaro neft konsorsiumi bilan shartnoma imzoladi. (Unda AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya neft kompaniyalari yetakchi mavqega ega edi.) Shartnomaga ko‘ra, Eron nefti 25 yil muddat bilan (1979-yilgacha) shu konsorsium ixtiyoriga berildi. Konsorsiumning neft qazib chiqarishi yildan yilga o‘sib bordi. Xususan, 1950-yilda u 32 mln tonnani tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 1961-yilga kelganda bu ko‘rsatkich 57 mln tonnani tashkil etdi. Ayni paytda, Eron ham neft eksportidan katta daromad topa boshladi. 70-yillar o‘rtalariga kelganda bu daromad 20 mlrd dollardan oshdi. Eron 1955-yilda Bag‘dod paktiga (1959-yildan SENTO) a’zo bo‘ldi. «Eyzenxauer doktrinasi»ni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 1959-yilda AQSH bilan shartnoma tuzib, unga deyarli qaram bo‘lib qoldi. Budjetning 40 foizi harbiy maqsadlarga ketdi. 1955-yildagi qonun bilan Eronda 1000 dan ortiq turli firmalar ish ko‘rar edi. Import eksportdan 5 baravar ortdi. Eron mahalliy sanoati sindi. Ko‘plab korxonalar yopildi. Eron AQSHdan g‘alla sotib oldi. Eron shohi mamlakat taraqqiyotini jadal sur’atlarda tezlatishga, og‘ir iqtisodiy ahvoldan qutulishga va mamlakat hayotida g‘arbga munosabatlarni qaror toptirishga, to‘xtovsiz davom etayotgan norozilik to‘lqinlarini bostirishga harakat qildi. Oq inqilob 265 Shu maqsadda, 1963-yilning 23- yanvarida quyidagi 6 qonun loyihasi yuzasidan referendum o‘tkazildi: 1. Yer islohoti. 2. O‘rmonlarni milliylashtirish. 3. Yer islohotini moliyalashtirish uchun davlat zavod va fabrikalarini sotish. 4. Ishchilarning korxona foydasidan ulush olishi. 5. Parlamentga saylov to‘g‘risidagi qonunga o‘zgartirish kiritish. 6. Savod-sizlikka qarshi kurashish uchun «maorif korpusi » tuzish. Shoh bu islohotlar ahamiyatini inqilobga tenglashtirdi va uni «oq inqilob» deb atadi. Sanoat ishlab chiqarishining yillik o‘rtacha o‘sish sur’ati 10—15 foizni tashkil etdi. Islohot natijasida Eron agrar davlatdan agrar-industrial davlatga aylandi. Ayollarga erkaklar bilan teng saylov huquqi berildi. Hayotga Yevropacha tus berila boshladi. Mamlakat G‘arb dunyosining bir qismiga aylandi. Biroq islohot xalqning turmush darajasini yaxshilamadi. Chunki Eron jamiyati agrar islohotga tayyor emas edi. Buning ustiga, islohot juda tez sur’atlar bilan o‘tkazila boshladi. Aholining ongi esa buni o‘ziga singdira olmadi. Chunki iqtisodiy islohot dastlab aholi turmush darajasini pasaytirib yuborishi tabiiydir. Bundan tashqari, islohot aholining ma’lum tabaqasini haddan tashqari boyitib yubordi. O‘n millionlab odamlar esa tobora kambag‘allashdi. Jamiyatdagi bu o‘zgarishlar aholi ko‘z o‘ngida islom an’analaridan, asrlar osha davom etib kelayotgan turmush tarzidan voz kechishdek gavdalandi. Xalq noroziligi kuchaydi. Xalqqa qarshi maxfiy politsiya (SAVAK) tashkil etildi. Uning yerto‘lalarida 380 mingdan ortiq eronliklar yo‘q qilindi. Bu hodisa G‘arbcha tamoyillar asosida o‘tkazilayotgan islohotlarga boshdanoq qarshi bo‘lgan ruhoniylarga qo‘l keldi. Diniy mutaassiblik aholi ongini chulg‘ab olgan jamiyatda ruhoniylarning mavjud hukmron doiralarga qarshi turishi ular uchun juda katta xavf tug‘dirar edi. Shoh hukumati muxolifat kuchlarga qarshi repressiyani kuchaytirdi. Bu hol shohga qarshi kurash harakatini vujudga keltirdi. Harakatni islomning shia oqimi ruhoniylari boshqardi. Ularning rahnamosi Eronning oliy diniy arbobi Oyatullo Ruhullo Musovi Xumayniy edi (1898—1989). U ham shoh repressiyasiga duchor etilgan edi (1964-yil). Inqilob arafasida Parij shahrida yashardi. Eron aholisining juda katta qismi shohga qarshi kurashga qo‘shildi. Armiyaning katta qismi shohni qo‘llab-quvvatlamay qo‘ydi. Natijada 1979-yilning 16-yanvarida shoh mamlakatdan chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. 11-fevral kuni esa umumiy qurolli Oyatullo Xumayniy. Eron inqilobi 266 qo‘zg‘olon boshlandi, armiya ham qo‘zg‘olonchilar tomoniga o‘tdi. Shu tariqa Eronda inqilob g‘alaba qildi. Bu inqilob Islom inqilobi edi. 15-fevral kuni Oyatullo Xumayniy Tehronga qaytib keldi. U «Islom inqilobining rahnamosi» deb e’lon qilindi. Mamlakat ruhoniylari yangi hukumat tuzdilar. 1979-yilning 1-aprelida davlatning rasmiy nomi o‘zgardi. Endi, u Eron Islom Respublikasi deb ataladigan bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda yangi konstitutsiya ham qabul qilindi. Konstitutsiya Oyatullo Xumayniyni umrbod mamlakatning oliy siyosiy va diniy rahbari deb e’lon qildi. Hatto mamlakat prezidenti ham unga bo‘ysunar edi. 1979-yilda Tehronda AQSH diplomatlari garovga olindi va 1981-yil yanvarida Eron — AQSH bitimidan keyin ozod qilindi. 1980-yilda mamlakat prezidenti va parlamenti (majlis) saylandi. Diniy bo‘lmagan hamda milliy partiyalar faoliyati taqiqlandi. Garchand Eron ham ko‘p millatli davlat bo‘lsa-da, Oliy rahbariyat barcha musulmonlarning tengligini ro‘kach qilib, mamlakatda milliy masala tan olinmasligini ta’kidladi. Shu tariqa yangi rahbariyat ichki siyosatda jamiyat va davlat hayotini to‘la islomlashtirish siyosatini yurita boshladi. Ichki muxolifatni tugatish maqsadida Xumayniy «Islom madaniy inqilobi»ni e’lon qildi. Bu hol hukmron doiralar o‘rtasida ham kelishmovchilik keltirib chiqardi. Mamlakatning birinchi Prezidenti Banisadr Xumayniy atrofidagilarning ekstremistik harakatlariga qarshi chiqdi. Oxiroqibatda u mamlakatdan chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. Oyatullo Xumayniy o‘z hokimiyatini mustahkamlash uchun uning rejimiga qarshi chiqqanlarni qatag‘on qilishni uyushtirdi. Natijada 1982—1984- yillar davomida 70 mingdan ortiq kishi o‘ldirildi. Biroq jahon jamoatchiligi talabi Eron rahbariyatini o‘z ichki siyosatini yumshatishga majbur etdi. 1989-yilda (Xumayniy vafotidan so‘ng) mamlakat prezidentligiga saylangan Ali Akbar Xoshimiy Rafsanjoniy (1934-yilda tug‘ilgan) iqtisodiy islohot o‘tkaza boshladi. Ayni paytda ijtimoiy hayotni liberallashtirish yo‘lini tutdi. Biroq bu yo‘l katta qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi. Bu, bir tomondan, 1980— 1988-yillarda davom etgan Eron — Iroq urushi oqibatida ko‘rilgan katta iqtisodiy yo‘qotish (350 mlrd dollar zarar ko‘rildi, 700 ming eronlik o‘ldi) bilan bog‘liq bo‘lsa, ikkinchi tomondan, AQSHning Eronni xalqaro terrorizm markazlaridan biri deb e’lon qilishi bilan bog‘liq edi. AQSH Eron bilan savdo aloqalarini to‘xtatib qo‘ydi. Boshqa G‘arb davlatlari esa Eronga ilg‘or texnologiya kiritishni taqiqlab qo‘yishdi. Aholining ishlab chiqarish sur’atiga nisbatan tez ko‘payishi, jahon bozorida neft narxining pasayishi, ayni paytda, Eronda neft ishlab chiqarishning 2 baravar kamayishi vaziyatni yanada murakkablashtirdi. Shunday sharoitda, 1997-yil avgustida Muhammad Xotamiy mamlakat prezidentligiga saylandi. U shia ruhoniylarining yangi avlodiga mansub Eron inqilobdan so‘ng 267 edi. U tashqi siyosatda AQSH va G‘arbning boshqa davlatlari bilan munosabatlarni yumshatishga intildi. Rossiya bilan munosabatlarni yanada rivojlantira boshladi. Rossiya Eronga kimyo sanoatini rivojlantirishda, atom elektr stansiyasi qurishda hamda armiyani zamonaviy qurollar bilan qayta qurollantirishda yordam bermoqda. Ayni paytda O‘rta Osiyo Respublikalari bilan ham savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalar rivojlanmoqda. 1996-yilda Mashhad (Eron) — Saraxs (Turkmaniston) temir yo‘li qurilishini tugallashga muvaffaq bo‘lindi. Buning natijasida O‘rta Osiyo respublikalari Fors ko‘rfaziga chiqish imkoniga ega bo‘ldilar. Eron rahbariyati Afg‘onistondagi voqealarga faol aralashib keldi. Uning bu aralashuvi Afg‘onistondagi muxolifatchi kuchlardan biri — Shimoliy Alyans (Ittifoqi)ni qo‘llab-quvvatlashdan iborat bo‘ldi. 2001-yilda bo‘lib o‘tgan prezidentlik saylovida yana Muhammad Xotamiy g‘alaba qozondi. Eronda jamiyat hayotini liberallashtirish siyosati davom etdi. 2005-yilgi saylovlarda Mahmud Ahmadiy Najot mamlakat prezidenti lavozimiga keldi. Eron Islom Respublikasi 1992-yil 10-mayda O‘zbekiston bilan diplomatik munosabatlarni o‘rnatdi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimovning 1992-yil noyabr oyidagi Eronga rasmiy safaridan so‘ng mamlakatlarimiz o‘rtasida hamkorlik miqyosi yanada kengaydi. 1993-yil yanvar—avgust oylarida, ya’ni faqat 8 oy davomida O‘zbekiston va Eron o‘rtasida 186,1 ming dollarlik tovar ayirboshlandi. Eronning «Pors grupp», «Sepand grupp» va boshqa firmalari respublikamizda faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Bir qancha qo‘shma korxonalar tashkil etilgan. 1993-yil aprelida bo‘lib o‘tgan Eron tasviriy san’- at va avgustda o‘tkazilgan savdo-sanoat ko‘rgazmasi ko‘pchilikda yaxshi taassurot qoldirdi. Eron Islom Respublikasining O‘zbekistondagi favqulodda va muxtor elchisi Said Gulpoyagoniy 1993-yil oktabrda O‘zbekiston Fanlar Akademiyasining Sharqshunoslik institutiga fors tilining ko‘p jildli mukammal lug‘atini, Alisher Navoiyning dastxati nusxalarini taqdim etdi. Respublika madaniy-ma’rifiy aloqalar milliy uyushmasi huzurida O‘zbekiston — Eron aloqalari rivojlanishidan minnatdorligini bildirdi. 1993-yil 18-oktabrda Eron Prezidenti Ali Akbar Xoshimiy Rafsanjoniyning O‘zbekistonga rasmiy tashrifi mamlakatlar o‘rtasida hamkorlikning yanada samarali bo‘lishiga ko‘maklashdi. Safar davomida tranzit aloqalarni tartibga solish, xalqaro avtomobil qatnovi haqida va boshqa bitimlar imzolandi. 1992—1996-yillarda uzunligi 295 km bo‘lgan Mashhad — Seraxs — Tajan temir yo‘li qurildi. Bu temir yo‘l O‘zbekistonning Fors qo‘ltig‘iga chiqishiga imkon yaratdi. Shunday qilib, Eron hozirgi kunda dunyo diqqat markazida turgan mamlakatdir. Uning yadro energiyasidan tinch maqsadlarda foydalanish Eron — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari 268 dasturi AQSH boshliq G‘arb davlatlariga yoqmayapti. Ular Eronni turli tarafdan siquvga olishga harakat qilmoqdalar. Lekin Eron o‘z yo‘lidan qaytmayapti. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Urushdan keyingi yillarda Turkiyaning ahvoli qanday edi? 2. Demokratik partiya qanday qilib hokimiyat tepasiga keldi? 3. 1960-yilda nega davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazildi? 4. 1971-yildagi davlat to‘ntarishini kimlar o‘tkazdilar? 5. Turgut O‘zal siyosatini so‘zlab bering. 6. Turkiya tashqi siyosati qanday bo‘ldi? 7. Turkiya — O‘zbekiston aloqalari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 8. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin Eron qanday ahvolga tushdi? 9. Ingliz-eron neft kompaniyasi nima? 10. M. Mossodiq siyosatini gapirib bering. 11. Oq inqilobning mohiyati qanday edi? 12. Eronda diniy inqilob qanday amalga oshdi? 13. Oyatullo Xumayniy kim edi? 14. Eron – Iroq urushi qanday oqibatlarga olib keldi? 15. Eron tashqi siyosati qanday? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. TURKIYA VA ERON DAVLAT BOSHLIQLARI FAOLIYATINI SOLISHTIRING Turkiya davlati boshliqlari O‘tkazgan siyosati Eron davlati boshliqlari O‘tkazgan siyosati BAHS YURITING Dunyoviy davlat va diniy davlat rivojlanishida farq bormi? Eron va Turkiya misolida erkin fikr bildiring. 30-§. Afg‘oniston Afg‘oniston konstitutsiyaviy-monarxiya davlati edi. Davlat boshlig‘i qirol hisoblangan. Urushdan keyingi yillarda ham M. Zokirshoh (1933-yilda taxtga o‘tirgan) qirol edi. Uning hukmronligi davrida mamlakat ichki hayotida jiddiy ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlar yuz bermadi. Mamlakat hayotida o‘rta asrchilik munosabatlari hukmronligicha qolaverdi. Urush yillarida ichki siyosiy hayot keskinlashdi. 1946-yilda kabinet almashuvi bo‘lib, hukumatga qirolning tog‘asi Shoh Mahmud boshchilik qilaboshladi. Tashqi siyosatda dastlab AQSH bilan yaqinlashish boshlandi. Urushdan keyingi ahvol ? 269 Ammo AQSH janubdagi irrigatsiya inshootlarini vaqtida (1949) tugallamay qo‘shimcha mablag‘ talab qildi Afg‘onistonni noqulay vaziyatda 39,5 mln dollarlik asoratli zayom olishga majbur qildi. Shu sababli ko‘p o‘tmay bu siyosat o‘zgara boshladi. Buning ustiga AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya betaraf Afg‘onistonni harbiy-siyosiy ittifoqlarga jalb etishga urinishlari, ikkinchi tomondan esa, afg‘on-pokiston munosabatlaridagi keskinlikning vujudga kelishi ahvolning chigallashuviga sabab bo‘ldi. Ma’lumki, Pokistonning Afg‘oniston bilan chegara hududlarida pushtun xalqi yashaydi. Buyuk Britaniya bu hududlarni ham Pokiston hududiga qo‘shib yuborgan edi. Afg‘oniston pushtunlarga (Afg‘oniston aholisining katta qismini pushtunlar tashkil etadi) taqdirini o‘zi belgilashi huquqi berilishi tarafdori edi. 1955-yilda Pokiston Afg‘oniston tovarlarining Pokiston hududi orqali o‘tkazilishini taqiqlab qo‘ydi. Bunday sharoitda SSSR o‘z hududi Afg‘oniston tashqi savdosida tranzit vazifasini o‘tashi mumkinligini ma’lum qildi. 1955- yilda bu masala xususida sovet – afg‘on bitimi imzolandi. M. Zokirshohning 40 yillik hukmronligi davrida mamlakat taraqqiyoti o‘ta sekin rivojlandi. Mamlakatda atigi 300 ta katta-kichik sanoat korxonasi qurildi, xolos. (Uning 140 tasi SSSR yordami bilan qurilgan.) Buning oqibatida mamlakat qoloqligicha, aholi turmush darajasi esa pastligicha qola berdi. Mamlakatda Afg‘onistonni zamon ruhiga monand davlatga aylantirishni istovchi davlat arboblari ham yo‘q emas edi. Bu arboblardan biri — qirolning qarindoshi Muhammad Dovud edi (1908—1978). U 1953-yildan 1963-yilgacha Bosh vazir lavozimida ishladi. Dovud iqtisodning davlat yo‘li bilan boshqarilishi, mamlakat ichki hayotini erkinlashtirish tarafdori edi. 1956-yilda hukumat 5 yillik reja qabul qildi. Unda asosiy e’tibor sanoat, transport, qishloq xo‘jaligiga qaratildi. 1959-yilda ayollarning chodra yopinib yurishi bekor qilindi. Dovud hukumati boshlagan o‘zgarishlar islohotga qarshi kuchlarning qattiq qarshiligiga duch keldi. Bu kuchlar mamlakat hayotida chuqur o‘zgarishlarga tayyor bo‘lmagan aholi katta qismiga tayanar edi. Natijada, Dovud 1963- yilda iste’fo berishga majbur bo‘ldi. Dovud hukumatidan keyingi hukumatlar ham (Muhammad Yusuf 1963— 1967, Nur Ahmad Etimodi 1967—1971, M. Shafiq 1972—1973) mamlakat ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hayotida biror jiddiy o‘zgarish qila olmadilar. Aksincha, iqtisodiy qiyinchilik kuchaydi. Aholini oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari bilan ta’minlash qiyinlashdi. Mamlakatda kuchaygan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolar oxir-oqibatda hukmron doiralarda bo‘linish yuz berishiga olib keldi. Shunday sharoitda, 1973-yilning 17-iyulida harbiylar davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. Hokimiyat Afg‘oniston markaziy qo‘mitasi qo‘liga o‘tdi. Uning tarkibi, harbiylardan tashqari: fuqaro arboblaridan ham iborat edi. Ularga Afg‘oniston Respublikasining tashkil etilishi 270 sobiq bosh vazir Dovud rahbarlik qildi. Markaziy qo‘mita Dovudni davlat boshlig‘i va bosh vazir etib tayinladi. Shu tariqa monarxiya quladi. Afg‘oniston Respublika deb e’lon qilindi. To‘ntarish ro‘y bergan vaqtda Zokirshoh chet el (Italiya) safarida edi. U avgust oyida o‘zining taxtdan voz kechganligini e’lon qildi. Dovud 5 yil davlatni boshqardi. Biroq u mamlakat hayotida tub o‘zgarishlar qila olmadi. Uning siyosati eski tartib manfaatlariga to‘la javob beradigan qatlamlar — ruhoniylar, katta yer egalari, davlat amaldorlarining qattiq qarshiligiga duch keldi. Ikkinchidan esa, Dovud mamlakatda o‘z rejimini o‘rnatishga intildi. Chunonchi, u 1964-yilgi Konstitutsiyani bekor qildi. Parlamentni tarqatdi va yakka partiyaviy tizimni joriy etdi. Bu rasmiy partiyaga uning o‘zi rahbarlik qildi. 1976—1978-yillarda hukumat mavjud tartibga qarshi kuchlarni qatag‘ on qilishni kuchaytirdi. Terror va qatag‘ondan mamlakat harbiylari orasida ham ta’sirga ega bo‘lgan Afg‘oniston xalq-demokratik partiyasi ham chetda qolmadi (AXDP 1965-yilda tuzilgan edi). Dovud rejimi diniy-ekstremistik kuchlar bilan yaqinlashdi. Rejim bu kuchlardan o‘z raqiblariga qarshi kurashda foydalandi. Bu yo‘l Dovud rejimiga qarshi ikki guruh muxolifatini vujudga keltirdi. Ularning biri diniy muxolifat, ikkinchisi harbiy muxolifat bo‘ldi. Harbiy muxolifat AXDP bilan yaqin aloqani o‘rnatishga erishdi. Armiya qismlari 1978-yilning 27-aprelida AXDP rahbarligida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. To‘ntarishni polkovnik Abdulqodir boshqardi. Hokimiyat Inqilobiy Kengash qo‘liga o‘tdi. Bu Kengashga AXDP rahbari N.M. Taraqqiy rahbarlik qildi. B. Karmal unga o‘rinbosar bo‘ldi. Dovud o‘ldirildi. 1977-yilgi Konstitutsiya bekor qilinib, 1978-yil 30-aprelda mamlakat Afg‘oniston Demokratik Respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. Taraqqiy o‘z mavqeyini mustahkamlash maqsadida SSSR bilan munosabatni yaxshilay boshladi. Yangi hukumat Afg‘onistondagi real hayotni hisobga olmay islohotlar o‘tkazishga kirishdi. Bu islohotlar SSSRda o‘tkazilgan islohotlar andozasiga o‘tish edi. Shuning uchun ham Afg‘oniston xalqi bu islohotlarni qabul qilmadi. Ruhoniylar hukumat siyosatini islom asoslaridan qaytish, deb baholadi. Ular aholini sovetparast hukumatga qarshi kurashga chaqirdi. Millionlab xalq Pokiston va Eron hududiga qochib o‘tdi. Hukumatga qarshi kuchlar ittifoqi vujudga keldi. AXDPda birlik bo‘lmadi. 1978-yil 17-avgustda B. Karmal, Abdulqodir va boshqalar fitnada ayblanib qamoqqa olindi. Bu omil mamlakatda fuqarolar urushi boshlanishini muqarrar qilib qo‘ydi. Bu e’lon qilinmagan urushni G‘arb rag‘batlantirdi. Buning ustiga AXDP ichida hokimiyat uchun kurash boshlandi. Shunday sharoitda, 1979-yil sentabr oyida Taraqqiy o‘ldirildi. Hokimiyatni uning o‘rinbosari, suiqasd tashkilotchisi H. Amin egalladi. Mamlakatda terror va zo‘ravonlik avj oldi. Aprel inqilobi shu bilan barham topdi. Aprel to‘ntarishi va uning oqibatlari 271 Bu davrga kelib qurolli muxolifat kurashni kuchaytirdi. Ular Amin hukumatini qiyin ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Hukumat qo‘shinlari nazorati ixtiyorida faqat Kobul va yana bir nechta shahar qoldi, xolos. Shunday sharoitda Afg‘onistonning o‘z strategik maqsadlari doirasidan chiqib ketishini istamagan SSSR avantyuraga qo‘l urdi. 1979-yil 25-dekabrda SSSRning qo‘li bilan Amin hukumati ag‘darildi. SSSRga sodiq bo‘lgan va Pragadagi elchilik vazifasidan Afg‘onistonga kelgan B. Karmal prezidentlik lavozimiga o‘tkazildi. 28-dekabrda SSSR o‘z harbiy qismlarini Afg‘onistonga kiritdi. Tez orada bu qo‘shinlar soni 85 ming kishiga yetdi. Jahon jamoatchiligi SSSRning bu harakatini qattiq qoraladi. Ayni paytda sovet – amerika munosabatlari yanada keskinlashdi. 1982-yildan Jenevada bu masalada BMT komissiyasi ishladi. Asosan Pokiston hududiga joylashgan muxolifatchi kuchlari AQSHning zamonaviy qurollari bilan qurollantirildi. SSSR qo‘shinlari Afg‘onistonda 10 yil turdi. Harbiy operatsiyalarda qatnashdi. Biroq u himoya qilgan rejim hech nimaga erisha olmadi. Xo‘sh, nega shunday bo‘ldi? Chunki Afg‘oniston hukumati sovet nusxasidagi jamiyatni qurmoqchi bo‘lgan edi. Afg‘onistonda bunday jamiyatni qurishning esa iloji yo‘q edi. Ikkinchidan, afg‘on xalqi ko‘z o‘ngida yangi hukumat ateistik davlat armiyasini o‘z davlati hududiga kiritib katta gunohga botgan edi. Bunday hukumatni qo‘llash esa undan-da katta gunoh bo‘lur edi. Shu tariqa SSSR Afg‘onistonda harbiy muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Buni yaxshi anglab yetgan M. S. Gorbachyov SSSR armiyasini Afg‘onistondan olib chiqib ketishga qaror qildi. Va 1989-yilning fevral oyida bu vazifa amalda bajarildi. 15 mingdan ortiq sovet jangchilari halok bo‘ldi. Poytaxt Kobul shahrida AXDP rahbarlaridan biri, 1986-yilda B. Karmal o‘rniga kelgan Najibullo hokimiyatni saqlab turdi. Ayni paytda muxolifat kuchlar ham o‘z hukumatini tuzdilar. Sibhatullo Mujadaddiy mamlakat prezidenti etib tayinlandi. Muxolifat kuchlar 1992-yilda Najibullo hukumatini ag‘darishga muvaffaq bo‘ldilar. Najibullo BMTning Afg‘onistondagi vakolatxonasida boshpana topdi. Shu tariqa SSSRning Afg‘onistondagi tayanchi quladi. Jahon jamoatchiligi 10 yil davom etgan va mamlakatni vayronaga aylantirgan, millionlab kishilar boshiga cheksiz kulfatlar solgan urush shu bilan tugadi, deb umid qilgan edi. Biroq bunday bo‘lmadi. Afg‘onistonda fuqarolar urushi davom etaverdi. Buning sababi muxolifat kuchlar g‘alabasidan so‘ng ular o‘rtasida hokimiyat uchun boshlangan kurash edi. Muxolifat kuchlar Afg‘onistonda yashovchi turli etnik (pushtunlar, tojiklar, o‘zbeklar va boshqalar) hamda diniy guruhlarning vakillari edilar. Najibullo ag‘darilgach, Kobul shahrini birinchi bo‘lib general Ahmad Shoh Mas’ud boshchiligidagi tojiklarning qurolli kuchlari egalladi. Shu Fuqarolar urushining davom etishi 272 etnik guruh vakili Burhoniddin Rabboniy esa prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. Tojiklarning hokimiyatni egallaganligiga pushtunlar lideri Hikmatyor toqat qila olmadi. Boshqa etnik guruhlar esa o‘zlari egallab kelayotgan hududda mustahkamlanib ola boshladi. Ba’zilari goh u tomon, goh bu tomon bilan kelishishga intildi. Shu tariqa fuqarolar urushi yangi bir sharoitda davom etdi. Buning oqibatida minglab begunoh tinch aholi halok bo‘ldi. B. Rabboniy mamlakatning kelgusi taqdirini hal etishi lozim bo‘lgan Ta’sis majlisini chaqirishni istamadi. Bosh vazir Hikmatyor esa norozilik belgisi sifatida iste’fo berdi. Qurolli kurash yana avj oldi. Mamlakatda siyosiy vaziyat borgan sari og‘irlashdi. Mana shunday sharoitda Afg‘oniston siyosiy hayotida hech kutilmagan yangi siyosiy kuch — tolibonlar (Alloh o‘quvchilari) paydo bo‘ldi. Ular 1994-yilning noyabr oyida kurash maydoniga chiqdilar. Xo‘sh, tolibonlar kimlar edi o‘zi? Ular Afg‘onistonda jamiyat hayotini sof islom asosida qayta qurish uchun kurashga bel bog‘lagan diniy-siyosiy guruh vakillaridir. Ularning katta qismini fuqarolar urushi davrida yetim qolgan bolalar tashkil etardi. Sovet armiyasi Afg‘onistonga kiritilgach, ular Pokiston hududida boshpana topgan edilar. Urush davrida Pokistonga qochib o‘tgan 5 mln afg‘on qochoqlar farzandlarining ham ma’lum qismi tolibon guruhiga jalb etilgan. Tolibonlar Pokiston harbiy mashq maktablarida puxta tayyorgarlikdan o‘tganlar. Zamonaviy qurollarning deyarli barchasi bilan mukammal muomala qila olishga o‘rgatilgan. Tolibonlar rahnamosi diniy fanat (vahhobiy) Mulla Umar edi. U ismoiliylik va vahhobiylik vakili edi. Tolibonlar Pokiston va Saudiya Arabistoni tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Xalqaro terrorist Usama ben Laden bilan mustahkam aloqa bog‘ladilar. To‘xtovsiz qonli urushdan charchagan aholining katta qismi ularni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Tolibon qurolli kuchlari 1995-yilning yanvar oyida hujumga o‘tdilar. Tolibonlarga qarshi kuchlar orasidagi o‘zaro kelishmovchilik ularga qo‘l keldi. 1996-yilning oktabr oyida tolibonlar Kobul shahrini egalladi. So‘ng ular jamiyatni to‘la islomlashtirish siyosatini yurita boshladilar. Dunyoviy maktablar yopildi. Ayollar paranji yopinishga, erkaklar soqol qo‘yishga majbur etildi, qarshilik ko‘rsatganlar ayovsiz jazolandi. 1997- yilning iyunida ular muxolifat kuchlarni (asosan tojik Ahmad Shoh Mas’ud va o‘zbek Abdurashid Do‘stum harbiy kuchlarini) tor-mor etish yo‘lida urushni davom ettirdi. Mamlakat hududining 90 foizi tolibonlar nazoratiga o‘tdi. Tolibonlarga qarshi kuchlar mamlakat shimoliga siqib qo‘yildi. Ular endi birlashishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Shu tariqa Shimoliy Alyans deb atalgan ittifoq vujudga keldi. Tolibonlarning hokimiyatni egallashi 273 To‘xtovsiz fuqarolar urushi Afg‘onistonni narkotik moddalar yetishtirish va xalqaro terrorchilik bo‘yicha jahonning asosiy markaziga aylantirib qo‘ydi. Ayni paytda Afg‘oniston muammosi O‘rta Osiyo davlatlarida siyosiy barqarorlikni xavf ostiga qo‘ydi. Terrorizm qanchalik yovuz kuchga aylanganligini 2001-yilning 11- sentabrida AQSHda amalga oshirilgan vahshiyona voqealar yana bir bor tasdiqladi. O‘zbekiston hukumati mustaqillikning dastlabki yillaridanoq jahon jamoatchiligi e’tiborini Afg‘onistondagi fuqarolar urushini to‘xtatish muammosiga qaratib keldi. Prezident I. Karimov 1993-yildayoq BMT minbaridan turib, bu muammoni hal etishning dastlabki qadami sifatida ayrim davlatlarning muxolifat tomonlarga qurol-yarog‘ yetkazib berishini taqiqlash haqida qaror qabul qilishga, muxolifat tomonlarni esa Afg‘oniston muammosini tinch yo‘l bilan hal etishga chaqirdi. Shu maqsadda Tolibon hukumati hamda Shimoliy Alyans vakillarini muzokaralar stoliga o‘tqazishga harakat qildi. Bunday uchrashuvni Toshkentda o‘tkazishni taklif etdi. Va, nihoyat, 1998-yil Toshkentda «6+2» deb shartli nom bilan ataluvchi davlatlar (Eron, Pokiston, Turkmaniston, O‘zbekiston, Qirg‘iziston, Tojikiston, shuningdek, AQSH va Rossiya) vakillarining uchrashuvini o‘tkazishga muvaffaq bo‘lindi. Unda tolibon va Shimoliy Alyans vakillari ham qatnashdi. Uchrashuv so‘ngida «Toshkent Deklaratsiyasi» deb nomlangan hujjat qabul qilindi. Uzoq yillardan beri davom etayotgan Afg‘onistonda tinchlik o‘rnatish muammosini bir uchrashuv bilan hal etib bo‘lmasdi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Toshkent uchrashuvi o‘tkazilishining o‘zi jahon hamjamiyati e’tiborini yana bir bor bu muammoga qaratishda o‘ziga xos ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Ayni paytda I. Karimov xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash jahon jamoatchiligining asosiy vazifalaridan biri ekanligini qayta-qayta ta’kidlamoqda. Chunonchi, 1999-yilning 18—19-noyabr kunlari Istambul shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan Yevropada Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Tashkilotining yig‘ilishida xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash vazifasini yana bir bor ko‘tardi. I. Karimov yig‘ilishda so‘zlagan nutqida Xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash uchun BMT doirasida xalqaro markaz tuzishni taklif etdi. Terrorizmga qarshi kurash xalqaro markazi mazmuniga yanada aniqlik kiritib, bu haqda, jumladan, quyidagilarni ta’kidladi: «Xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash markazini tashkil etish masalasini keskin qo‘yishni maqsadga muvofiq, deb hisoblaymiz. Markazning asosiy vazifasi terrorizm ko‘rinishlari bilangina emas, eng avvalo, xalqaro terrorizmni mablag‘ bilan ta’minlayotgan, qo‘llab-quvvatlayotgan, qurol-yarog‘ bilan ta’minlab, joylarga jo‘natayotgan manbalarga qarshi kurash bo‘yicha qabul qilingan qarorlarning so‘zsiz bajarilishi bo‘yicha faoliyatlarni muvofiqlashtirishdan iborat bo‘lishi lozim». O‘zbekistonning Afg‘oniston muammosiga munosabati 18 — Jahon tarixi 274 Afsuski, I. Karimov takliflariga o‘z vaqtida quloq solinmadi. Oqibatda xalqaro terrorizm 2001-yil 11-sentabrda AQSHda vahshiyona jinoyat sodir etdi. AQSHdagi fojiadan keyingina buyuk davlatlar harakatga tushib qoldilar. AQSH hukumati Afg‘oniston hududiga joylashib olgan xalqaro terrorchilarni yo‘qotish hamda ularni tayyorlovchi markazlarni yo‘q qilishga qaratilgan harbiy operatsiyalar o‘tkazish haqida qaror qabul qildi. Ayni paytda xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurashda xalqaro hamjamiyat yordamiga umid bog‘lashini bildirdi. O‘zbekiston ham xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurashda qatnashuvchi davlatlar bilan hamkorlik qilishga tayyor ekanligini bildirdi. Shundan so‘ng AQSH mudofaa vaziri Ramsfeld 2001-yilning oktabrida O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurdi. O‘zbekiston AQSH yuk samolyotlari hamda vertolyotlari uchun bitta harbiy aerodrom ajratishi haqida kelishuvga erishdi. Bu samolyotlar faqat gumanitar hamda qidiruv-qutqaruv ishlaridagina qatnashishi qat’iy belgilandi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston hukumati O‘zbekiston hududidan Afg‘onistonga havodan yoki yerdan hujum uyushtirilishiga yo‘l qo‘ymasligini ochiq-oydin ma’lum qildi. Ha, xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurashga har bir davlat baholi qudrat hissa qo‘shmog‘i zarur. Zero, terrorchilar qo‘liga ommaviy qirg‘in qurollari tushib qolishi xavfi borgan sari kengayib bormoqda. Agar xalqaro terrorizm bunday qurolni qo‘lga kiritsa, u yanada dahshatli kuchga aylanishi muqarrar. AQSH hukumati 2001-yil 8-noyabr kuni Afg‘onistondagi terrorga tayyorlovchi markazlarni yo‘qotishga qaratilgan harbiy operatsiyalarni amalga oshirishga kirishdi. Bu operatsiyalar xalqaro koalitsiya yordamida muvaffaqiyatli nihoyasiga yetkazildi. Mamlakatni H. Karzay boshchiligida vaqtli hukumat boshqardi va 2004-yil 9-oktabrda u Prezident qilib saylandi. Bugungi kunda Afg‘onistonda nisbatan tinch bunyodkorlik ishlari olib borilmoqda. Lekin ahvol murakkabligicha qolmoqa. Xalqaro hamjamiyat bu borada Afg‘onistonga zarur yordamni berayotir. To‘g‘ri, 20 yillik fuqarolar urushidan so‘ng Afg‘oniston iqtisodiyotini qayta tiklash, mustahkamlash, siyosiy barqarorlikni qaror toptirish ishi oson kechmaydi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Urushdan keyin Afg‘onistonning ahvoli qanday edi? 2. Afg‘oniston nima uchun 50-yillarda sovet ta’sir doirasiga tushib qoldi? 3. 1953—1963-yillarda mamlakatda qanday o‘zgarishlar amalga oshirildi? 4. 1973-yil 17-iyulidagi harbiylar davlat to‘ntarishi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 5. 1978-yil aprel davlat to‘ntarishi qanday oqibatlarga olib keldi? 6. Sovet qo‘shinlarining Afg‘onistonga kiritilishi qanday oqibatlarga olib keldi? 7. Nega xalqaro hamjamiyat Afg‘onistonda fuqarolar urushini to‘xtatishga erisha olmadi? ? 275 8. Xalqaro terrorizmning dahshatli kuchga aylanganligini tasdiqlovchi misol keltiring. 9. O‘zbekiston xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurashishga qanday hissa qo‘shmoqda? JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. AFG‘ONISTON DAVLAT RAHBARLARI FAOLIYATI Davlat rahbarlari Hokimiyatda turgan yili Faoliyati Ijobiymi, salbiymi — Afg‘onistonda halok bo‘lgan o‘zbekistonlik yoshlar hayotidan misol keltirib, yozma ish tayyorlang. 31-§. Osiyoning yangi industrial davlatlari XX asrning 60—80-yillari rivojlanayotgan davlatlar ichidan Yangi Industrial Davlatlarning (YAID) ajralib chiqish davri bo‘ldi. Bugungi kunda bunday davlatlar Lotin Amerikasi va Osiyoda mavjud. Osiyoda ularning eng rivojlangani Janubiy Koreya va Singapur bo‘lsa, Lotin Amerikasida Argentina, Braziliya va Meksikadir. Mutaxassislar YAID qatoriga Malayziya, Tailand, Hindiston, Chili, Kipr, Tunis, Turkiya, Indoneziya: Filippinni ham kiritadilar. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining hisoblash uslubiga ko‘ra, u yoki bu davlatni yangi industrial davlatlar safiga qo‘shishda quyidagi ko‘rsatkichlar hisobga olinadi: 1) yalpi ichki mahsulotning aholi jon boshiga taqsimoti ko‘rsatkichi; 2) yalpi ichki mahsulotning yillik o‘sish sur’ati (qo‘shimcha); 3) qayta ishlash sanoatining yalpi ichki mahsulotdagi solishtirma salmog‘i (u 20 foizdan yuqori bo‘lishi zarur); 4) sanoat mahsulotlarining eksportdagi salmog‘i; 5) xorijga chiqarilgan investitsiya salmog‘i. Bu ko‘rsatkichlar bo‘yicha YAID rivojlanayotgan davlatlardan ajralib turadilar. Ba’zi sohalar bo‘yicha esa ular, hatto, ayrim rivojlangan davlatlardan o‘zib ham ketdilar. 90-yillarning boshlariga kelganda bu davlatlarda aholi jon boshiga to‘g‘ri keladigan daromad 4 baravar oshdi. Yangi industrial davlatlar shakllanishida chet el sarmoyasi katta rol o‘ynadi. Chunonchi, 80-yillarning birinchi yarmida YAID iqtisodiga kiritilgan sarmoya chet davlatlarning rivojlanayotgan davlatlar iqtisodiga kiritgan jami sarmoyasining 42 foizini tashkil etdi. YAID iqtisodiga eng ko‘p sarmoya kiritgan davlat AQSH (chetga chiqarilgan barcha sarmoyasining 10 foizi)dir. «Yangi industrial davlatlar» tavsifi 276 1995-yilda xalqaro tashkilot — «Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va rivojlanish tashkiloti» Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo davlatlari orasida birinchi bo‘lib Singapurga industrial rivojlangan davlat maqomini berdi. 30 yil ichida barqaror iqtisodiy taraqqiyot Singapurni kichik bir bandargohdan jahondagi eng boy davlatlardan biriga aylantirdi (yalpi ichki mahsulotning aholi jon boshiga taqsimoti hajmi bo‘yicha dunyoda 9-o‘rinda turadi). Shu yili aholi jon boshiga o‘rtacha daromad 22300 AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. Keyingi o‘rinda Yaponiya turadi. Chet el sarmoyalari YAIDning sanoatini rivojlantirishda va eksportning raqobatbardosh bo‘lishida muhim rol o‘ynadi. Bunga Janubiy Koreya iqtisodi misol bo‘la oladi. Bu davlat iqtisodiga joylashtirilgan jami sarmoyalarning yarmidan ko‘pi Yaponiya sarmoyasidir. Bu sarmoya Janubiy Koreyada mashinasozlik, avtomobilsozlik, elektrotexnika jihozlari, kemasozlik komplekslari yaratilishiga asos bo‘ldi. Bugungi kunda YAID iqtisodiyotida xorij sarmoyasi joylashtirilmagan biror-bir soha qolmadi. Ayni paytda Osiyo YAID iqtisodiyotiga kiritilgan chet el sarmoyalarining daromad keltirish ulushi Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarinikidan yuqoridir. Bundan tashqari, keyingi qator o‘n yilliklarda transmilliy korporatsiyalar ilm talab qiluvchi ishlab chiqarishni rivojlantirishga katta e’tibor berdi. Osiyoning YAID bunday o‘zgarishga tayyor bo‘lib chiqdilar. Ayni paytda quyidagi omillar ham transmilliy korporatsiyalarning aynan Osiyo hududiga kirib kelishida katta rol o‘ynadi: — Osiyo YAIDining qulay geografik o‘rni. Ularning deyarli hammasi dunyo iqtisodiy yo‘llari kesishgan nuqtalarda hamda AQSH va Yaponiyaga yaqin joylashgan; — YAIDda mustahkam siyosiy barqarorlikning tiklanganligi hamda demokratik va siyosiy qayta qurishlarning iqtisodiy islohotlar manfaatiga xizmat qilganligi; — Osiyo YAID aholisining o‘ta mehnatkashligi, tirishqoqligi, intizomliligi. Bu hol xorij sarmoyasi xavfsizligiga yuqori kafolat berilishini ta’minladi. YAID o‘z iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirishda quyidagi ikki modeldan birini tanlaganlar: — milliy iqtisodiyotni tashqi bozor — eksportga yo‘naltirgan holda rivojlantirish; — milliy iqtisodiyotni import o‘rnini o‘zi qoplashi yo‘nalishida rivojlantirish. Birinchi yo‘l samarasi AQSH, G‘arbiy Yevropa va Yaponiya tajribasida isbotlangan edi. Osiyoning YAID ham asosan shu modelni qo‘lladilar. Lotin Amerikasining YAID esa asosan ikkinchi modelni qo‘lladilar. Tabiiyki, bu ikki modeldan birini tanlashning o‘zigina muvaffaqiyatni ta’minlamaydi. U yoki bu model uni tanlagan davlat hukumatining oqilona YAID iqtisodiy taraqqiyot modeli 277 iqtisodiy siyosati bilan to‘ldirilgan. Buningsiz hech qanday muvaffaqiyatga erishib bo‘lmaydi. Barcha omillarning uyg‘unligini ta’minlay olgan Osiyoning YAID juda qisqa tarixiy muddat oralig‘ida yuksak rivojlanish darajasiga erishdilar (masalan, Yaponiya 100 yilda bosib o‘tgan yo‘lni ular 25 yilda bosib o‘tdilar). Koreya 1910-yilda Yaponiya mustamlakasiga aylangan edi. Bu hol 1943-yilgacha davom etdi. 1943-yilda Koreya mustaqillikka erishgan bo‘lsada, keyinchalik u ikki davlatga bo‘linib ketdi. Bu — 1945-yilda Koreyaning shimolini SSSR armiyasi, janubini esa AQSH armiyasi egallaganligining oqibati bo‘ldi. Potsdam konferensiyasi 1945-yilda 38-parallel kenglikni SSSR va AQSH armiyasi o‘rtasidagi chegara chizig‘i, deb belgiladi. Bu ikki o‘ta buyuk davlatning siyosiy xaritani o‘z xohishlariga ko‘ra tuzishga urinishlari oxir-oqibatda Koreyaning ham ikkiga bo‘linib ketishiga olib keldi. 1948-yilning 15-avgustida Koreyaning janubida Li Sin Man boshchiligida Koreya Respublikasi tashkil topdi. 9-sentabrda esa shimolda Kim Ir Sen boshchiligida Koreya Xalq Demokratik Respublikasi tuzilganligi e’lon qilindi. 1950-yilda bu ikki koreys davlati o‘rtasida urush harakatlari boshlandi. Bu urushga AQSH, SSSR va XXR ham aralashdi. Ikki yillik muzokaralardan so‘ng, nihoyat, 1953-yilning 27-iyulida yarash bitimi imzolandi. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyingi yillarda bu ikki koreys davlati taraqqiyoti turlicha yo‘ldan bordi. Shimoliy Koreya sovet nusxasidagi «sotsializm» qurishga kirishdi. Buning oqibatida u Osiyoning eng kam taraqqiy etgan davlatlaridan biriga aylandi. 1994-yilda Kim Ir Sen vafot etgach, uning o‘g‘li Kim Chen Ir prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. 1994-yilda aholi jon boshiga 920 dollarlik yalpi ijtimoiy mahsulot ishlab chiqarildi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Shimoliy Koreya zo‘r berib qurollanmoqda. Hatto, o‘z atom bombasi va uni mo‘ljalga eltib qo‘yuvchi vositalarga ega bo‘lish imkoniyati reallikka aylanishi mumkinligi jahon hamjamiyatini tashvishga solmoqda. Janubiy Koreyada Li Sin Man 1960-yilda o‘ldirilgach, hokimiyat Pak Chjon Xi qo‘liga o‘tdi. U ham 1979-yilda o‘ldirildi va 1980—1987-yillarda prezidentlik lavozimini Chon Du Xvan boshqardi. 1987-yilgi saylovlarda general Ro De Vu g‘alaba qildi. 1993-yilgi saylovlarda esa Kim Yan Sam hokimiyatni egalladi. Koreya 60—70-yillarda juda tez taraqqiy qildi. Hukumat markazlashdi. DEU, Samsung, Xyundoy, Lak-Goldstar kabi kompaniyalar juda katta foyda oldilar. Kemasozlik, avtomobilsozlik, elektronika va boshqa sohalar o‘ta tez rivojlandi. Keyingi 20 yil ichida har yili 10 foizdan rivojlandi. Lekin inqirozlar ham yuz berdi. 1997-yilda inqiroz tufayli yuzlab korxonalar sindi. Xalqaro valuta fondidan 47 mlrd dollar qarz oldi. Bu davrda koreya xalqi haqiqiy vatanparvarligini ko‘rsatdi. Fuqarolar milliardlab pul yig‘dilar, ayollar oxirgi taqinchoqlarigacha davlatga topshirdilar. Janubiy Koreya Respublikasi 278 Janubiy Koreya bugungi kunda dunyoning eng taraqqiy etgan davlatlaridan biriga aylandi. Chunonchi, 1994-yilda aholi jon boshiga ishlab chiqarilgan jami ijtimoiy mahsulot 11270 dollarni tashkil etdi. 2003-yil fevralda No Mu Xyon mamlakat prezidenti etib saylandi. 2008-yil fevralda bu lavozimni Li Myon Bak egalladi. Janubiy Koreya — O‘zbekiston munosabatlari yildan-yilga rivojlanib bormoqda. Janubiy Koreyaning O‘zbekistonda qo‘ygan kapitali 1 mlrd. dollardan oshdi. 128 ta qo‘shma korxona ishlamoqda. Tovar ayirboshlash 2007-yilda 850 mln AQSH dollarigacha yetdi. O‘zbekistonda chiqarilayotgan «Neksiya», «Damas», «Matiz», «Tiko» avtomobillari, qator to‘qimachilik korxonalarining qurilishi ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikning kelajagi yanada porloqligini ko‘rsatmoqda. Singapur 1958-yilgacha Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi bo‘lib keldi (1828-yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning mustamlaka hududiga aylangan edi). 1959-yilda unga Britaniya Hamdo‘stligi tarkibida muxtoriyat maqomi berildi. 1963-yilda esa Malayziya federatsiya tarkibiga kirdi. Biroq, tez orada iqtisodiy masalalarda federatsiya subyektlari o‘rtasida chuqur kelishmovchiliklar yuzaga keldi. Natijada 1965-yilda Singapur federatsiya tarkibidan chiqdi va 9-avgust kuni o‘zini mustaqil respublika deb e’lon qildi. Mustaqillik yillarida Singapur Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoning eng rivojlangan davlatiga aylandi. 1994-yilda aholi jon boshiga 19940 dollarlik yalpi mahsulot ishlab chiqarildi va jami yalpi mahsulot 57 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. Bu yerda hozir 4 mln aholi yashaydi. Tug‘ilish kamaymoqda. Yiliga 50 ming bola tug‘iladi. Bosh vazir Go Chak Tong millatni ko‘p farzand ko‘rishga chaqirdi. S. R. Natan mamlakat Prezidenti etib saylandi. 1942-yilda Yaponiya tomonidan bosib olingan Indoneziya 1945-yilda ozod bo‘ldi va 4-sentabrda Sukarno (1901—1970) boshchiligida hukumat tuzildi. Lekin 1947-yil iyulida Gollandiya bostirib kirdi. BMTning aralashuvi va AQSHning ta’siri bilan 1949-yilda Gollandiya Indoneziya mustaqilligini tan oldi. 1950-yilda Sukarno Indoneziya unitar respublikasini e’lon qildi. Mamlakatda mustaqillikning besh tamoyili: millatparvarlik, baynalmilallik, demokratiya, ijtimoiy adolat, xudoga e’tiqod asosida ish olib borildi. Iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirishga alohida e’tibor qaratildi. Neft konlari, kauchuk plantatsiyalari milliylashtirildi. Oziq-ovqat, to‘qimachilik mollari, tayyor kiyimlar tayyorlash kuchaytirildi. Tabiiy boyliklar xalq qo‘liga o‘tdi. 1965-yil 30-sentabrda kommunistparastlar davlat to‘ntarishi uyushtirmoqchi bo‘ldilar. Lekin uning oldi olinib, hokimiyat saqlab qolindi. Kommunistlar qatag‘on qilindi. 1968-yilga kelib general Suxarto prezident bo‘ldi va mamlakatni 1998- yil iyunigacha boshqardi. Bu davrda mamlakatda iqtisodiy va siyosiy barqarorlik hukm surdi. 1970-yilning oxiriga kelib Indoneziyaga Amerika, Yaponiya va Indoneziya Singapur 279 boshqa davlatlar kompaniyalari 1,3 mlrd dollar miqdorida investitsiya kiritdilar. Kapital asosan kon sanoati, daraxt kesish va baliq ovlash sohalariga kiritildi. Milliylashtirilgan korxonalar egalariga qaytarildi. Indoneziya siqilgan tabiiy gaz, neft eksport qiluvchi davlatga aylandi. 90-yillarda 4 yil ichida 35 mlrd dollar miqdorida xorijiy kapital kiritildi. Turli avtomobillar, zamonaviy samolyotlar yig‘ildi. Lekin 1997-yilda mamlakatda iqtisodiy inqiroz yuz berdi. 70 foiz korxona, banklar yopildi, ishsizlar soni 20 mln ga yetdi, tashqi qarz 138 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. 1998-yil iyunida prezident Suxarto iste’foga chiqib, noyabr oyida B. Habibiy prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. Ammo siyosiy va iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlay olmadi. 1999-yil oktabrda umumxalq saylovlari natijasida musulmon diniy partiyasi (Naxdatul Ulamo) rahbari A. Vohid Prezident qilib saylandi. U ham vaziyatni barqarorlashtira olmadi. Inflatsiya 20 foizga yetdi. 1975- yilda Gollandiyadan tortib olingan Sharqiy Timor mustaqillikka erishdi. Achexa ham shunday huquqni qo‘lga kiritdi. 2001-yildan Megavati Sukarnopuri mamlakat Prezidenti lavozimini to‘la egalladi. Indoneziya hozirgi kunda neft mahsulotlari, sanoat gazi, rezina, ko‘mir, mis, qo‘rg‘oshin, nikel, baliq mahsulotlari, kofe va choyni katta miqdorda eksport qiladi. O‘zbekiston bilan yaqin hamkorlik o‘rnatgan. Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi bo‘lgan Myanmani 1942-yilda Yaponiya butunlay bosib oldi. 1945- yilda yaponlarni quvib chiqargan ozodlik harakati kuchaydi. 1947-yil 24-sentabrda Ta’sis Majlisi Birma Ittifoqi Konstitutsiyasini qabul qildi. 1947-yil 17-oktabrda Xalq ozodligi antifashistik ligasi yangi prezidenti U Nu Buyuk Britaniya bilan shartnoma imzoladi. Unga muvofiq Birma Ittifoqi 1948-yil 4-yanvardan mustaqil deb e’lon qilindi. U Nu Bosh vazir etib saylandi va 1952-yilgacha mamlakatni boshqardi. Mamlakat iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirish uchun g‘alla, makkajo‘xori, paxta, shakarqamish, jut va boshqa mahsulotlarni ko‘paytirishga harakat qilindi. Guruch tozalash, yog‘, choy, tamaki, shakar ishlab chiqarish korxonalari yangi texnologiyalar bo‘yicha rekonstruksiya qilindi. 1952—1957-yillarda Ba U, 1957—1962-yillarda U Vin Maung prezidentlik qildilar. 1962-yil martda harbiylar general Ne Vin boshchiligida davlat to‘ntarishini o‘tkazdilar. 1947-yilgi Konstitutsiya bekor qilindi. Endi mamlakat Birma Ittifoqi Sotsialistik Respublikasi deb atala boshladi. Yangi sotsialistik jamiyat qurish 1988-yilgacha davom etdi. Lekin rivojlanish ko‘ngildagidek bo‘lmadi. 1988-yilda mamlakat Myanma Ittifoqi deb ataldi va U So Maung prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. Endi bozor iqtisodiga o‘tish boshlandi. Ahvol yaxshilandi. Chet el investitsiyasiga keng yo‘l ochildi. Yalpi mahsulotning o‘sishi yiliga 8 foizga ko‘tarildi. 1992-yilda hokimiyatga kelgan U Tan Shve mamlakat iqtisodini yanada ko‘tarish, xorijiy mamlakatlar munosabatlarini Myanma (Birma) ittifoqi 280 yaxshilash yo‘lini tutmoqda. Hozirgi vaqtda rangli metallar, neft, kumush, qimmatbaho toshlar qazib chiqarish, neftni qayta ishlash, metallurgiya kombinatlari, qo‘rg‘oshin-rux korxonalari rivojlangan. Malayziya davlati yerlari, xususan «Nort Barkes» kompaniyasiga qarashli Shimoliy Borjo, Malakka orolining janubiy qismi, Kalimantan oroli shimolidagi Saravak va Sabak urushgacha bo‘lak-bo‘lak holda Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi edi. 1941-yil 8-dekabrda Malakka oroliga yaponlar bostirib kirdi va 1942-yil fevralda uni butunlay egalladi. Yaponiyaga, undan so‘ng Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi mustaqillik harakati keng avj oldi va aholining barcha qatlamlarini qamrab oldi. 1945-yilda inglizlar kelib Malayya ittifoqini tuzdilar. Lekin u ham uzoq yashamadi. 1947-yilda Birlashgan xalq fronti yuzaga keldi, u yosh davlat mustaqilligini mustahkamlashda asosiy kuch bo‘lishi kerak edi. Lekin ushbu frontda birlik bo‘lmadi, ichki kurashlar avj oldi. 1948-yil 1-fevralda Malayziya Federatsiyasi tuzildi. Singapur ajratildi. Konstitutsion monarxiya tuzumi o‘rnatildi. 1957-yilga kelib hozirgi G‘arbiy Malayziya mustaqil deb e’lon qilindi. 1963-yilda Singapur, Saravak va Sabak Malayziya Federatsiyasi tarkibiga kirdi va mamlakat birlashtirildi. Lekin 1965-yilda Singapur Federatsiya tarkibidan chiqib, o‘zini mustaqil deb e’lon qildi. Malayziya hukumatida 1981-yildan musulmon malayziyaliklar katta ta’sir kuchiga egadirlar. Mamlakat iqtisodining asosini qayta ishlash, tog‘-kon sanoati va qishloq xo‘jaligi tashkil etadi. Malayziya jahonning 50 foiz kauchugini, 40 foiz qalayini ishlab chiqaradi. Ularning qariyb yarmini ingliz kapitali nazorat qiladi. AQSH va yapon kapitali ham katta ta’sirga ega. Elektrotexnika, neftni qayta ishlash, kimyo, metallurgiya, avtomobil sanoati rivojlangan. Tabiiy gaz, neft, qalay, mis, temir ruda konlari yangi texnologiya asosida mahsulot beradi. Yerning katta qismi zamindorlarga qarashli. Tabiiy kauchuk, kakao, palma yog‘i, qalampir, ananas yetishtiriladi va eksport qilinadi. Malayziya tashqi siyosatda qo‘shilmaslik yo‘lini tutgan. ASEANga a’zo. O‘zbekiston bilan yaxshi aloqalar o‘rnatgan. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Matn asosida fikr yuritib, mustaqil ravishda «Yangi industrial davlatlar» tushunchasiga izoh yozing. 2. BMT qanday mezonlar asosida u yoki bu davlatning yangi industrial davlat ekanligini aniqlaydi? 3. Qanday omillar transmilliy korporatsiyalar e’tiborini Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo davlatlariga qaratdi? 4. YAID o‘z iqtisodiyotlarini rivojlantirishda tanlagan taraqqiyot modellarining nomlarini qayd eting. 5. Janubiy Koreya va Singapur Respublikalari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 6. YAIDning O‘zbekiston bilan aloqasiga doir yozma ish tayyorlang. Malayziya ? 281 32-§. Arab davlatlari Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin Arab xalqlari milliy-ozodlik kurashi yanada kuchaydi. Qator davlatlarda (Misr, Iroq, Liviya, Yaman) mustamlakachi davlatlar qo‘g‘irchog‘iga aylanib qolgan hukmron doiralar hokimiyati ag‘darildi. Dastlab Jazoir, Marokash, Tunis va Sudan kabi davlatlar mustaqillikni qo‘lga kiritdilar. Chet el kapitali egallab olgan milliy boyliklar (Misrda Suvaysh kanali kompaniyasi, Iroqda neft kompaniyasi — Iroq petroleum) milliylashtirildi. Mustaqil davlatlar ijtimoiy-siyosiy ittifoqlarga qo‘shilmaslik siyosatini yuritdilar. Biroq arab davlatlarining o‘zaro munosabatlari o‘tgan tarixiy davr mobaynida jiddiy sinovlarga duch keldi. Bu munosabat ba’zan do‘stona, ba’zan raqobat, hatto dushmanlik tusini ham oldi. Ayni paytda arab davlatlarining iqtisodiy taraqqiyot darajasi ham bir xil emas. Arab davlatlarining ba’zilarida (Iroq va Suriya) uzoq vaqt yakka shaxs diktaturasi hukm surdi yoki hukm surmoqda. Falastin arab xalqi esa hamon o‘z mustaqil davlatiga ega emas. Biroq bu xalq o‘z davlatiga ega bo‘lish yo‘lida qat’iy kurash olib bormoqda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi deyarli barcha arab davlatlari bilan teng manfaatdorlik tamoyili asosida munosabatlarni rivojlantirib kelmoqda. «Yaqin Sharq muammosi» deyilganda isroil-arab munosabatlari, Isroilning bosib olgan arab davlatlari yerlarini qaytarib berishi hamda mustaqil Falastin arab davlatini tashkil etish bilan bog‘liq muammolar, shuningdek, arab davlatlari va Isroilning yaxshi qo‘shnichilik munosabatlari asosida yashash masalalari tushuniladi. 1947-yil 29-noyabrda BMT Falastinda ikki davlat — Isroil yahudiy va Falastin — arab davlati tashkil etish haqida qaror qabul qildi. Versal konferensiyasidayoq (1919-yil) Buyuk Britaniya Falastinni boshqarish va u yerda yahudiylar davlatini tashkil etish mandatini olgan edi. Bu davrda Falastinda 100 mingga yaqin yahudiy yashardi. Dunyo bo‘ylab tarqalib ketgan yahudiylarni bir joyga — Falastinga to‘plashda ularning xalqaro tashkiloti katta rol o‘ynadi. Bu tashkilot Sion tashkiloti deb ataladi. (Bu nom Falastindagi Sion tog‘i nomidan olingan, bu tashkilot yahudiylarni shu atrofda to‘planishga da’vat etadi.) Ayni paytda sionizm g‘oyasi ham vujudga keldi. 1942-yili Falastindagi yahudiylar soni 0,5 mln ga yetdi. Ulardan yaxshi harbiy tayyorgarlikka ega, AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan zamonaviy qurollar bilan qurollantirilgan armiya tuzildi. Yahudiylar arablar uchun ajratilgan hududlarni ham ishg‘ol qilib oldilar. 1948-yilning 14-mayida yahudiy sionistlar rahnamosi Ben Gurion Isroil davlati tuzilganligini e’lon qildi. Tel-Aviv shahri bu davlatning poytaxti bo‘lib Yaqin Sharq muammosi Umumiy tavsif 282 qoldi. Falastin arab davlati esa tuzilmay qoldi. Buning oqibatida 1948-yil birinchi isroil – arab urushi yuz berdi. Bu urushda ishtirok etgan arab davlati armiyasi yengildi. Chunki ular qoloq, zamonaviy armiyaga ega bo‘lmagan davlatlar edi. Yahudiylar Falastin arablarini o‘z yerlaridan quvib chiqaraboshladilar. Buning natijasida 0,5 mln falastinlik arablar Livan davlati hududiga qochib o‘tishga majbur bo‘ldi. Misr, Suriya, Livan va Iordaniya Isroil bilan tinchlik shartnomasini imzolashga majbur bo‘ldilar. Dunyo sionistik tashkilotlari ko‘rsatgan moliyaviy yordam, Germaniyaning Isroilga to‘lagan 1 mlrd. dollar miqdordagi tovoni hamda AQSH ko‘rsatgan katta yordam tufayli Isroil qisqa vaqt ichida qudratli armiyaga ega davlatga aylandi. Yaqin Sharq strategik xomashyo — neftga boy o‘lka. U yerda jahon neft zaxirasining 50 foizi mavjud. AQSH bu o‘lkani o‘z hayotiy manfaati doirasiga kiritgan. Ayni paytda unga bu hududda ishonchli ittifoqchi ham zarur edi. Isroilni ana shu ittifoqchilikka eng mos davlat sifatida tanladi. Arab davlatlari esa qoloqligicha qolaverdi. Buning ustiga arab davlatlari o‘rtasida mustahkam ittifoq ham yo‘q edi. Buning asosiy sababi mustamlakachi davlatlarning arablarga mustaqillik berish davrida bir arab davlati hududining bir qismini ikkinchi arab davlati hududiga qo‘shib yuborganligi edi. Ikkinchidan, Saudiya Arabistoni, Iroq (1958-yilgacha), Iordaniya davlatlarida hukmron sulolalar o‘zaro nizoda edilar. Livanda esa davlat boshqaruvi diniy jamoachilik tamoyiliga asoslanganligi uchun ularning har biri o‘z manfaatini umumarab manfaatidan ustun qo‘yardilar. Yaqin Sharq muammosi Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyani ham befarq qoldirmadi. Bu ikki davlat ham Yaqin Sharqdagi manfaatlaridan voz kechishni aslo istamas edi. Ular arab davlatlarida hokimiyat tepasida o‘zlariga sodiq hukumatlarning turishi uchun barcha choralarni ko‘rdi. Manfaatlariga katta xavf tug‘ilgan paytda ular agressiya uyushtirishdan ham tap tortmadilar. Chunonchi, 1956-yilda shunday bo‘ldi. Shu yil oktabr oyida Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya va Isroil Misrga qarshi agressiya uyushtirdilar. Faqatgina SSSRning Yaqin Sharqda tinchlikni tiklash uchun zarur bo‘lsa kuch ishlatishga tayyor ekanligi haqidagi qattiq bayonoti agressiyani to‘xtatishga majbur etdi. Falastin arab xalqi kurashini to‘xtatgani yo‘q. 1964-yilda Livan hududida Falastin ozodlik Tashkiloti (FOT) tuzildi. Bu tashkilot o‘z oldiga mustaqil Falastin davlatini tuzish vazifasini qo‘ydi. Tez orada u 15 minglik yaxshi tayyorgarlik ko‘rgan armiyaga ega bo‘ldi. 1967-yilning 5-iyunida Isroil Misrga yana hujum qildi. Bu urushda Misr armiyasiga juda katta talafot yetkazildi. Urush 6 kun davom etdi. Shu davr Arab — Isroil munosabatlarining keyingi ahvoli 283 ichida Isroil o‘z hududidan 2 baravar katta bo‘lgan arab davlatlari hududlarini bosib oldi. Bu hududlar keyinchalik anneksiya ham qilina boshlandi. Misr Sinay yarim orolini, Suriya Jo‘lan tepaligini, Iordaniya esa Iordan daryosining g‘arbiy qirg‘og‘ini boy berdi. SSSR 10 yil davomida Misr va Suriyaga yetkazib bergan harbiy texnikaning deyarli barchasi Isroil qo‘liga o‘tdi. G‘azo sektori va Falastin davlati poytaxti bo‘lishi kerak bo‘lgan Quddus shahrini ham (arablar yashaydigan qismi) Isroil egalladi. Bu mag‘lubiyat boshqa arab davlatlarini tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. 1967-yil Sudanda arab davlatlari rahbarlarining oliy darajadagi uchrashuvi o‘tkazildi. Uchrashuvda Isroil bilan muzokara o‘tkazmaslik; Isroilni tan olmaslik va u bilan separat tinchlik shartnomasini imzolamaslik haqida qaror qabul qilindi. Ayni paytda, agar Isroil davlati Falastin arab xalqiga o‘z davlatini tuzish imkonini bersa hamda bosib olingan yerlarni qaytarsa, bu qarorni bekor qilish mumkinligini qayd etdi. Isroil ittifoqchilari ham qo‘l qovushtirib o‘tirmadi, albatta. Ular Isroilga katta miqdorda yordam ko‘rsatishni davom ettirdilar. 1969—1979-yillar oralig‘idagi 10 yil ichida Isroil 20 mlrd dollarlik yordam oldi. Hukumat bosib olingan hududlarga yahudiylarni joylashtirish siyosatini yuritdi. Arab davlatlari ham o‘zlarining harbiy salohiyatlarini mustahkamlash choralarini ko‘rdilar. SSSR ularga zarur harbiy texnika yetkazib berdi. 1973-yil 6-oktabrda yana arab – isroil urushi boshlandi. Shu kuni Misr- Suriya armiyasi Isroilga hujum qildi. Arab qurolli kuchlari birinchi bor Isroilni og‘ir ahvolga solib qo‘ydi. Ayni paytda FOTning xalqaro obro‘si oshib bordi. 1974-yilda arab davlatlari uni falastin arab xalqining yagona vakili, deb tan oldilar. FOTga BMTda kuzatuvchi maqomi berildi. Isroilning og‘ir ahvolga solib qo‘yilishi uning ittifoqchilarini befarq qoldirmadi. AQSH isroil – arab munosabatlariga jiddiy aralasha boshladi. Uning maqsadi Isroilning xalqaro obro‘sini saqlab qolish edi. Ikkinchidan, arab davlatlarini SSSRdan uzoqlashtirish hamda arablar orasiga nizo solish edi. AQSH o‘z maqsadiga erishdi ham. 1979-yilning 26-martida AQSH Isroil va Misr o‘rtasida separat Kemp- Devid (AQSH) bitimi imzolanishiga erishdi. Unga ko‘ra, Isroil o‘z qo‘shinlarini 1982-yil aprelgacha Sinaydan olib chiqib ketishga rozilik berdi. AQSH har ikki davlatga iqtisodiy-harbiy yordam ko‘rsatish majburiyatini oldi. AQSH Suvaysh kanalini minalardan tozalab, kemalar qatnovini yo‘lga qo‘yishda Misrga yordam ko‘rsatdi. Arab ekstremistlari Misr Prezidenti A. Sadatning bu siyosatini sotqinlik deb baholadilar va 1981-yilning 6-oktabrida uni o‘ldirishga muvaffaq bo‘ldilar. 1980—1990-yillarda arab davlatlari o‘rtasida Yaqin Sharq masalasida bo‘linish yuz berdi. Boy arab davlatlari — Saudiya Arabistoni, Quvayt, Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari (BAA) va Ummon davlatlari muammoni Isroil bilan kelishuv orqali hal etish kerakligini yoqlab chiqdilar. Iordaniya va Kemp-Devid bitimi va uning oqibatlari 284 Livan ham keyinchalik shunday qildi. Suriya va Iroq esa tinch kelishuv yo‘lini inkor etdilar. 1994-yildan boshlab Yaqin Sharq muammosini hal etish yangi bosqichga kirdi. Isroil Falastin milliy avtonomiyasini tuzishga ijozat berdi. Biroq bir qancha muzokaralar o‘tkazilsa-da, Falastin davlatini tuzish muammosi hamon ochiqligicha qolmoqda. 2005-yilda Yo. Arofat vafot etgach, uning o‘rniga kelgan Mahmud Abbos bu ishni davom ettirmoqda. 2005-yil avgustidan Isroil G‘azo sektoridan 8,5 mingdan ortiq yahudiylarni ko‘chirib olib chiqib ketdi. Bu narsa Isroilda munosabatni ancha keskinlashtirdi, falastinliklar esa bayram qildi. Iroqda Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin ham amalda Buyuk Britaniya nazorati davom etdi. 1948- yilning 15-yanvarida Buyuk Britaniyaning Portsmut shahrida imzolangan shartnoma bu holatni yanada mustahkamladi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, urush xavfi paydo bo‘lgan chog‘da Buyuk Britaniya Iroqni ishg‘ol etish huquqini oldi. Amalda Buyuk Britaniya irodasiga bo‘ysungan qirol hukumati Iroqni harbiy-siyosiy ittifoqqa tortdi. Shu ittifoq 1955-yilning 12-oktabrida rasmiylashdi va bu Bag‘dod pakti nomi bilan ataldi. Qirol hokimiyatining amalda G‘arb davlatlari irodasini bajaruvchiga aylanishi mamlakat harbiylari orasida norozilik tug‘dirdi. 1956-yilda harbiy qismlar orasida «Erkin zobitlar» tashkiloti tuzildi. 1958-yilning 14-iyulida harbiy to‘ntarish amalga oshirildi. Mamlakat qiroli Feysal II o‘ldirildi. Iroq Respublika deb e’lon qilindi. Polkovnik Abdul Karim Qosim boshchiligida hukumat tuzildi. Iroq Bag‘dod paktidan chiqdi. Chet el harbiy bazalari tugatildi. Sentabr oyida agrar islohot to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilindi. Ayni paytda Abdul Karim Qosim mamlakatda shaxsiy diktatura o‘rnatishga intildi. Muxolifatchi kuchlarni qatag‘on qilish siyosatini yuritdi. Tashqi siyosatda esa Quvaytga nisbatan hududiy da’vo bilan chiqdi. Bu hol uning arab dunyosida yakkalanib qolishiga olib keldi. Mamlakatda hokimiyat uchun kurash kuchaydi. Buning natijasida 1963-yilning 8-fevralida navbatdagi harbiy to‘ntarish o‘tkazildi. Abdul Qosim va uning yaqin tarafdorlari o‘ldirildi. Hokimiyat tepasiga Baas partiyasi (Arab sotsialistik uyg‘onish partiyasi) va Abd as- Salom Arafa boshchiligidagi harbiy guruh keldi. Arafa prezident deb e’lon qilindi. Ammo u ham mamlakat ijtimoiyiqtisodiy taraqqiyoti xususida turli siyosiy guruhlar birligini ta’minlay olmadi. Mamlakatda siyosiy beqarorlik davom etdi. Kurd muammosi ichki vaziyatni yanada murakkablashtirdi. Shunday sharoitda Arafa 18-noyabr kuni yangi davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdi va butun hokimiyatni o‘z qo‘liga oldi. U mamlakatda «arab sotsializmi» qurishini e’lon qildi. Yagona siyosiy partiya — Iroq arab sotsialistik ittifoqi tuzildi. Boshqa partiyalar faoliyati taqiqlandi. Ichki siyosatdagi chet el kapitaliga Iroq 285 qaram kompaniyalar milliylashtirildi. Kurd separatchilari bilan harbiy harakatlarni to‘xtatish haqida bitimga erishildi. Biroq muxolifat kuchlarga qarshi qatag‘on kuchaytirildi. Tashqi siyosatda qo‘shni arab davlatlari bilan munosabatlar normallashtirildi. Lekin Arafa hukumati davlatning iqtisodiy ahvolini yaxshilay olmadi. Buning asosiy sababi harbiy xarajatning ko‘paytirilganligi bo‘ldi. 1967-yilgi Isroil agressiyasi mamlakat iqtisodiy ahvolini yanada murakkablashtirdi. Bu hol armiyadagi turli xil guruhlar o‘rtasida hokimiyat uchun kurashni yanada kuchaytirdi. Va, nihoyat, 1968-yil 17-iyul kuni harbiylar yana navbatdagi davlat to‘ntarishini amalga oshirdilar. Taqiqlangan Baas partiyasi yana hokimiyat tepasiga keldi. Bu voqea siyosiy adabiyotlarga «Iyun inqilobi» nomi bilan kirgan. General Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. Yangi hukumat iqtisodiyotda davlat sektorini yaratish yo‘lini tutdi. Radikal agrar islohot o‘tkazishni, kurd muammosini tinch yo‘l bilan hal etishni e’lon qildi. 1972-yilda katta yer egalaridan ortiqcha yerlarni olish vazifasi nihoyasiga yetkazildi. Shu yil 1-iyunda «Iroq petroleum» neft kompaniyasi milliylashtirildi. Keyingi yillarda barcha neft sanoati milliylashtirildi. 1973-yilda chuqur ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirish uchun turli siyosiy kuchlarni birlashtirgan Taraqqiyparvar milliy vatanparvarlik fronti tuzildi. 1974-yilda kurd xalqi muxtoriyatni amalga oshirish haqida qonun qabul qildi. Muxtoriyat hududida kurd tili rasmiy til deb tan olindi. Tashqi siyosatda arablar birligiga ko‘maklashish oldingi o‘ringa chiqdi. Xususan, Iroq 1973-yilda Suriyaga Isroil agressiyasini qaytarishda yordam berdi. Uning armiyasi Damashqning Isroil qo‘shinlarini mag‘lubiyatga uchratishida muhim rol o‘ynadi. Ayni paytda SSSR bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tutdi. Bu yaqinlashuv 1972-yilda ikki davlat o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma bilan mustahkamlandi. SSSRning yordami bilan Iroqda 80 ta iqtisodiy obyekt qurildi. 1979-yil oxirida hokimiyatni general S. Husayn egalladi. U mamlakatda diktatura o‘rnatdi. Muxolifatchi kuchlar faoliyati taqiqlandi. Iroqni «qudratli» davlatga aylantirishga kirishdi. Harbiy xarajat har qachongidan ham oshirildi. Million kishilik armiya barpo etildi. Iroqning qudrati qo‘shni davlatlarni tashvishga solib qo‘ydi. Chunki avantyurist S. Husayndan hamma narsani kutish mumkin edi. Chunonchi, 1980-yilda u Eronga hududiy da’vo bilan chiqdi. Bu hol Iroq – Eron urushini keltirib chiqardi. Urush 8 yil davom etdi. Har ikki tomon minglab qurbon berdilar. Katta iqtisodiy talafot ko‘rdilar. Iroq maqsadiga erisha olmadi. Eron o‘z hududi daxlsizligini himoya qila oldi. 1990-yil avgustida S. Husayn yana bir avantyuraga qo‘l urdi. U Quvaytni bosib olish maqsadida armiyasini bu mamlakatga kiritdi. Biroq xalqaro 286 hamjamiyat bunga befarq qarab turmadi. BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi Iroq rahbariyatidan qo‘shinini Quvaytdan olib chiqib ketishni talab qildi. Ammo bu talab bajarilmadi. Bu esa Iroqqa qarshi davlatlar ittifoqining tuzilishiga olib keldi. 1991-yilning 17-yanvarida bu ittifoq harbiy kuchlari (asosan AQSH armiyasidan iborat) Iroq armiyasiga hujum boshladi va uni tor-mor etdi. Quvaytning davlat mustaqilligi tiklandi. Ammo S. Husayn Iroqdagi o‘z hokimiyatini va yakka hukmronligini mustahkamlab bordi. Qurollanishni kuchaytirdi. Jahon hamjamiyati Iroqdan ommaviy qirg‘in qurollari ishlab chiqarishga imkon beruvchi manbalarni tugatishni talab etdi. Qaysar S. Husayn bu haqli talabni inkor etdi. Bunga javoban Iroqqa nisbatan iqtisodiy sanksiya chorasi ko‘rildi. Unga ko‘ra, Iroq neftini sotish minimum darajada cheklab qo‘yildi. Xalqning ahvoli og‘irlashdi. AQSH Iroqni harbiy kuch yordamidagina xalqaro huquq normalarini hurmat qildirish mumkin, deb hisobladi va 2003-yil iyun oyida Angliya ko‘magida Iroqqa hujum boshlab, S. Husaynni tor-mor qildi. Koalitsiyachilar hamon o‘z qo‘shinlarini Iroqda saqlab turibdilar. AQSH Iroqning butun boyligiga, ayniqsa, katta miqdordagi neftiga ega bo‘ldi. Iroqda vaziyat keskin bo‘lib, kelgindilarga qarshilik ko‘rsatish to‘xtamayotir. Xalq esa urush jarohatlarini tiklamoqda. 2006-yil noyabrda S. Husayn o‘limga hukm qilindi. Bosh vazir Ayyad Alaviy amerikaparast siyosat yuritmoqda. 1925-yilda Arabiston amiri Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahmon ibn Saud qo‘shini deyarli butun Arabistonni egalladi. 1932-yilda esa Ibn Saud Saudiya podsholigi tuzilganligini e’lon qildi. Shu tariqa Saudiya Arabistoni davlati vujudga keldi. Saudiya Arabistoni hududi Islom dinining markazidir. Musulmonlar uchun muqaddas hisoblangan Makka va Madina shaharlari shu davlat hududida joylashgan. Saudiya Arabistoni mutlaq monarxiya davlatidir. Ayni paytda Saudiya Arabistoni dunyoning neftga boy davlatlaridan biri. Bu omil uning iqtisodiyoti gurkirab rivojlanishiga yordam berdi. 1935- yildan boshlab AQSH neft kompaniyalari neft qazib chiqarish bilan shug‘ullana boshladi. Shu yili neft qazib chiqarish bo‘yicha arab – amerika kompaniyasi tuzildi. 1939-yildan boshlab esa neftni sanoat asosida qayta ishlash boshlandi. 1964-yilda podsholik taxtiga Faysal ibn Saud o‘tirdi. U mamlakatni zamonaviylashtirish va liberallashtirish siyosatini yurita boshladi. Zamonaviylashtirish deyilganda, zamonaviy iqtisodiyotni vujudga keltirish tushunilar edi. U milliy neft sanoatini yaratishga kirishdi. Arab – amerika neft kompaniyasi (ARAMKO) qarorgohi Saudiya Arabistoniga ko‘chirildi. 1973-yilda Arab – amerika neft kompaniyasi milliylashtirildi. 1982-yildan boshlab kompaniya daromadida Saudiya Arabistoni hissasi 51 foizni tashkil etishiga erishildi. 1999-yilda esa kompaniya to‘la Saudiya mulki bo‘lib qoldi. Saudiya Arabistoni 287 Suriya Tashqi siyosat Podsho hukumati aholi turmush darajasini yaxshilashga qaratilgan qator tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi. Chunonchi, mehnat qilish huquqi kafolatlandi. Zamon ruhiga mos mehnat qonuni joriy etildi. Oddiy kishilar uchun arzon turarjoylar qurildi. Yuqori ish haqi to‘lanishi kafolatlandi. Tekin tibbiy xizmat joriy etildi. Chet elda davolanish zaruriyati tug‘ilganda davlat uning xarajatini o‘z bo‘yniga oladigan tartib joriy qildi. Bepul umumiy o‘rta ta’lim amalga oshirildi. O‘g‘il o‘quvchi bola uchun uning oilasiga kompensatsiya to‘lovi joriy etildi. Qirol Faxd bin Abdulaziz as-Saud (1982- yilda taxtga o‘tirgan) ham Faysal siyosatini davom ettirdi. Bugungi kunda davlat daromadining 92 foizi neftdan kelmoqda. Xususan, 1995-yilda 50 mlrd dollarlik neft sotilgan bo‘lsa, mamlakatga 30 mlrd dollarlik xalq iste’mol tovarlari olib kelindi. Saudiya Arabistoni iqtisodiyoti neftdan topgan daromadning hammasini o‘zlashtirishga qodir emas. Shuning uchun topilgan daromadning bir qismi chet el banklarida saqlanadi hamda qarzga beriladi. Bu hol Saudiyaning dunyo iqtisodiy taraqqiyotida sezilarli rol o‘ynashini ta’minlab kelmoqda. 2005-yil 1-avgustda qirol Faxd vafot etdi. Uning o‘rnini 79 yoshli ukasi Abdulloh bin Abdulaziz as Saud egalladi. Saudiya podsholigining asosiy ittifoqchisi, hamkori AQSHdir. Ayni paytda arab davlatlari va boshqa musulmon davlatlari bilan ham hamkorlik qiladi. Har yili budjetning 10 foizi miqdorida musulmon davlatlariga yordam ko‘rsatmoqda. Arab davlatlarining AQSH taklifi asosida Isroil bilan munosabatlarini qayta qurishda Saudiya Arabistoni katta rol o‘ynadi. Xususan, 1979-yilda Misr – Isroil o‘rtasida Kemp-Devid shartnomasining imzolanishi bevosita Saudiya podsholigining Misrga ko‘rsatgan ta’siri oqibati bo‘ldi, deyish mumkin. Iroqni Quvaytdan quvib chiqarish bilan bog‘liq xalqaro operatsiyada ham Saudiya podsholigi o‘ziga xos rol o‘ynadi. Saudiya – O‘zbekiston munosabatlari ham yildan-yilga rivojlanib bormoqda. Har yili O‘zbekistonning 3000—4000 fuqarosi muborak haj safariga borib kelmoqda. Suriya 1941-yilning 27-sentabrida mustaqil davlat deb e’lon qilingan bo‘lsa-da, ingliz – fransuz armiyasi mamlakat hududida qola bergan edi. 1946-yil Suriya Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaning o‘z qo‘shinlarini olib chiqib ketishi haqida BMTga murojaat etdi. Buning natijasida 1946-yilning 17-aprelida Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya o‘z qo‘shinlarini olib chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Shu tariqa Suriya suvereniteti to‘la tiklandi va 17-aprel Milliy bayram kuni bo‘lib qoldi. Biroq Suriya hukumati mamlakatda siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minlay olmadi. Bu esa 1949-yilda ketma-ket 3 marta davlat to‘ntarishi ro‘y berishiga olib keldi. 1951-yil noyabrida esa polkovnik Shishaklining harbiy diktaturasi o‘rnatildi. Biroq bu diktatura uzoq yashamadi. 1954-yilda u ag‘darildi. 1956- 288 yilda Shukri Quatli prezident etib saylandi. U Misr va Saudiya davlatlari bilan yaxshi munosabat o‘rnatdi. 1956-yilda Misrga qarshi uchlar agressiyasi davrida Misrga yordam ko‘rsatdi. Ayni paytda SSSR bilan ham munosabatlari mustahkamlanib bordi. Murakkab xalqaro sharoit, harbiy agressiya xavfi Suriyani Misr bilan birlashishga majbur etdi. 1956-yilning fevral oyida Suriya va Misr yagona davlatga birlashdilar. Bu davlat Birlashgan Arab Respublikasi deb ataldi. Misr prezidenti Jamol Abdul Nosir BAR prezidenti etib saylandi. Biroq bu birlik uzoq davom etmadi. Suriyada hamma tabaqalar ham, jumladan, harbiylarning aksariyat qismi birlashuvdan birday manfaatdor emas edi. 1961-yilning 8-martida Bass (Arab sotsialistik uyg‘onish partiyasi) a’zosi bo‘lgan zobitlar guruhi davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. Hokimiyat Milliy inqilobiy qo‘mondonlik kengashi qo‘liga o‘tdi. 1966-yil 23-fevralda hokimiyatni general Hafiz Asad egalladi. U hayotining deyarli oxirigacha prezidentlik lavozimini egallab keldi (2000-yil). Uning vafotidan keyin o‘g‘li Bashar al-Asad prezidentlik lavozimiga keldi. 1967-yilda arab-isroil munosabatlari yanada keskinlashdi. Tez orada urush harakatlari boshlanib ketdi. Bu urushda Suriya o‘z hududining bir qismini yo‘qotdi. 1973-yilgi arab – isroil urushida ham bu hududlarni qaytarib olishga muvaffaq bo‘linmadi. Suriya Isroil bilan separat shartnoma tuzishga uzoq yillar qarshi bo‘lib keldi. Bu qoida hamon davom etmoqda. «Tinchlik evaziga bosib olingan yerlarni qaytarib olish» tamoyili ostida o‘tkazilgan Suriya-Isroil muzokaralari natijasiz tugadi. Suriya – Isroil munosabatlarida urush holatining davom etishi Suriyani mudofaaga katta mablag‘ sarflashga majbur etmoqda. Suriya o‘z qo‘shnisi Livanga ham harbiy yordam ko‘rsatib kelmoqda. Misr 1922-yildan boshlab mustaqil hisoblansada, amalda Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi edi. Vatanparvar kuchlar bu holatga chek qo‘yish uchun kurashga birlashdilar. Ular ichida «Ozod zobitlar» yashirin tashkiloti alohida rol o‘ynadi. 1952- yilning 23-iyulida J. A. Nosir boshchiligida Qohira garnizoni qo‘zg‘olon ko‘tardi. Podsho Farrux taxtdan ag‘darildi. Hokimiyat Inqilobiy qo‘mondonlik kengashi qo‘liga o‘tdi. 1953-yilning iyun oyida Misr Respublikasi e’lon qilindi. 1956-yilda davlatning yangi konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. J. A. Nosir mamlakat prezidenti etib saylandi va 1970-yilgacha mamlakatni idora qildi. Dastlabki yilning iyun oyidayoq Suvaysh kanali milliylashtirildi. Mamlakatda agrar islohot o‘tkazildi. Bunga chiday olmagan G‘arb davlatlari Misrga qarshi uchlar agressiyasini uyushtirdilar (Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya va Isroil). Bu haqda oldingi mavzuda ma’lumot berilgan. Misr tashqi siyosatda qo‘shilmaslik harakatida faol qatnashdi. Shuning bilan bir qatorda SSSR bilan munosabatlarini har tomonlama mustahkamladi. Misr 289 Jazoir Yaqin Sharq muammosi tufayli Misr 4 marta arab – isroil urushiga tortildi. Va, nihoyat, 1979-yilda imzolangan Kemp-Devid shartnomasi tufayli Isroil bilan tinchlikka erishdi. Isroil bosib olgan hududlarni qaytarib oldi. 1981- yilda ekstremistlar tomonidan otib o‘ldirilgan A. Sadat o‘rniga kelgan Misr Prezidenti H. Muborak (1928-yilda tug‘ ilgan) Falastin arab xalqining mustaqil davlatga ega bo‘lish yo‘lidagi kurashini qo‘llab-quvvatlab kelmoqda. Arab davlatlari birligini mustahkamlashga intilmoqda. 2005-yil sentabridagi birinchi umumxalq saylovida H. Muborak g‘olib chiqdi. Ayni paytda Misr Afrika qit’asining, arab dunyosining eng rivojlangan, qudratli davlatlaridan biri. O‘zbekiston bilan yaxshi munosabatlar o‘rnatgan. Jazoir Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin ham Fransiya mustamlakasi bo‘lib qola berdi. Inqilobiy vatanparvar kuchlar 1954-yilda «birlik va harakat qo‘mitasi» tuzdilar. Keyinchalik u «Milliy ozodlik fronti» (MOF) deb ataldi. Uning rahbarligida 1-noyabrda qurolli qo‘zg‘olon ko‘tarildi. Qo‘zg‘olon umummilliy inqilobga aylanib ketdi. 1958-yilning 19-sentabrida Jazoir Respublikasining Muvaqqat hukumati tuzildi. Fransiya mustamlakachi ma’muriyati ozodlik kurashini qonga botirishga harakat qildi. Biroq jahon hamjamiyati Jazoir xalqining ozodlik kurashini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Mustaqillik uchun kurashda Jazoir xalqi juda katta qurbonlar berdi. Ozodlik kurashi davomida 1 mln dan ortiq jazoirlik halok bo‘ldi. 2 mln kishi turli konslagerlarga tashlandi. Va, nihoyat, 1962-yilning 1-iyulida Jazoir mustaqil Xalq Demokratik Respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. Ozodlik kurashining arbobi, MOF rahbari Ahmad Ben Bella yangi hukumatni boshqardi. Mustaqil taraqqiyot yo‘li oson kechmadi. Xususan, 1965-yilda MOF rahbariyati tarkibida bo‘linish yuz berdi. Mamlakat Prezidenti Ahmad Ben Bella taraqqiyotning liberal yo‘li tarafdori edi. Mamlakatda qattiqqo‘llik bilan siyosat yuritish tarafdorlari mudofaa vaziri X. Bumeden (1925—1978) atrofida birlashdilar. Ular 1965-yilning 19-iyunida davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdilar. Butun hokimiyat X. Bumeden qo‘lida to‘plandi. 1978-yilda X. Bumeden vafot etgach, Sh. Benjadid Prezident lavozimini egalladi. MOF hukmronligi yillarida mamlakat ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hayotida tub o‘zgarishlar ro‘y bermadi. Buning 19 — Jahon tarixi J. A. Nosir Afrika davlat boshliqlari kengashida. 290 Tunis Marokash sababi o‘z vaqtida zarur ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va siyosiy islohotlarning o‘tkazilmaganligi edi. Bu holat MOF obro‘sini tushirib yubordi. Ijtimoiy adolatni kuchaytirish talabi mamlakatda diniy harakatlar mavqeyini mustahkamladi. 1989-yilda MOF hokimiyatga bo‘lgan monopol huquqidan voz kechishga majbur bo‘ldi. Muxolifat partiyalar faoliyatiga ruxsat etildi. 1989-yilda tuzilgan «Milliy qutqarish islom fronti» (MQIF) ning obro‘si kundan-kunga o‘sib bordi. Shu yiliyoq bu diniy partiya mahalliy saylovlarda g‘olib chiqdi. 1991-yilning noyabr oyida o‘tkazilgan umumiy parlament saylovida ham bu partiya MOFni mag‘lubiyatga uchratdi. Biroq armiya oliy qo‘mondonligi saylov natijalarini tan olmadi. Sh. Benjadid iste’foga chiqishga majbur bo‘ldi. Uning o‘rniga 1991-yil noyabrda M. Budiar o‘tirdi. 1992-yil 2-iyunida armiya davlat to‘ntarishi o‘tkazdi, M. Budiar o‘ldirildi. Ali Karini hokimiyatni egalladi. MQIF faoliyati taqiqlandi. Diniy ekstremistlar terrorni avj oldirdilar. Buning oqibatida 100 mingdan ortiq fuqaro halok bo‘ldi. Jazoirda hamon siyosiy barqarorlik ta’- minlangani yo‘q. Abdulaziz Buteflika mamlakat prezidenti lavozimida ishlamoqda. Marokash Fransiya mustamlakasi edi. Marokash xalqining ozodlik kurashi uzoq davom etdi. Va, nihoyat, 1956-yil 2-mart kuni Marokash mustaqilligi haqida deklaratsiya imzolandi. 5-aprelda Ispaniya Marokash mustaqilligini tan oldi. 1961-yilda Fransiya qo‘shinlari mamlakatdan olib chiqib ketildi. AQSH harbiy bazasi ham tugatildi. 1962-yildan boshlab Marokash konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya davlatiga aylandi. Qirol Hasan II mamlakat yangi konstitutsiyasini imzoladi. Marokash arab xalqining Isroil agressiyasiga qarshi kurashini qo‘llabquvvatlab kelmoqda. Ayni paytda uning Jazoir bilan munosabatlarida keskinlik ham mavjud. Bu keskinlik — G‘arbiy Sahroyi Kabir bilan bog‘liq. 1975-yilda Marokash bu hududni bosib oldi. G‘arbiy Sahroyi Kabirda bir necha o‘n yillardan beri separatchilik harakati davom etmoqda. Jazoir Respublikasi esa ana shu harakatni qo‘llab-quvvatlamoqda. Tabiiyki, bu hol Marokash — Jazoir munosabatlariga sovuqlik tushirmay qo‘ymadi. 1999-yilda Hasan II vafotidan so‘ng taxtni o‘g‘li Muhammad VI egalladi. Otasidan 30 mln aholini boshqarishni, 200 ming armiyani meros qilib oldi. 50 foiz xalq savodsiz. Tunis ham uzoq yillar Fransiya mustamlakasi bo‘lib keldi. Faqat 1956-yildagina (20-mart) Fransiya Tunis mustaqilligini tan olishga majbur bo‘ldi. Hokimiyat Yangi Dastur partiyasi rahbarligidagi Milliy front qo‘liga o‘tdi. Uning rahbari X. Burgiba yangi hukumat tuzdi. 1957-yil 25-iyulda Tunisda monarxiya tugatildi va Respublika e’lon qilindi. X. Burgiba mamlakatning birinchi Prezidenti etib saylandi. 291 Keyingi o‘zgarishlar Liviya X. Burgiba mamlakatda «Dastur sotsializmi» qurishini e’lon qildi. Bu ibora amalda iqtisodiyoti davlat, kooperativ va xususiy sektorni mujassamlashtirgan jamiyatni anglatar edi. Ayni paytda bu jamiyat aholi barcha tabaqalarining manfaatini aks ettirishi zarur edi. 1969-yildan boshlab davlat yerlari, fransuz mustamlakachilariga qarashli yerlar sotila boshlandi. Shu tariqa mayda va o‘rta yer egalari tabaqasi vujudga keltirildi. Sanoat korxonalari ham milliylashtirildi. Shuning barobarida milliy va chet el kapitaliga qulay sharoit yaratib berildi. Biroq mamlakatda ijtimoiy adolatsizlik avj oldi. Bu, o‘z navbatida, siyosiy beqarorlikni vujudga keltirdi. Natijada diniy yo‘nalishdagi partiyalar kuchaydi. Shunday sharoitda harbiylar 1987-yil 7-noyabrda to‘ntarish o‘tkazdilar. X. Burgiba hukumati ag‘darildi. Hokimiyat general Ben Ali qo‘liga o‘tdi. Tunis tashqi siyosatda ham G‘arb, ham arab davlatlari bilan munosabatlarni rivojlantirib bormoqda. 1976-yilda u Yevropa Ittifoqi bilan shartnoma imzoladi. 1989-yilda esa Arab mag‘ribi Ittifoqi a’zosi bo‘ldi. Arab davlatlari ligasi a’zosi sifatida Falastin arab xalqining o‘z davlatiga ega bo‘lish huquqini qo‘llab-quvvatlab kelmoqda. Liviya Birinchi jahon urushi yillaridan 1943-yilgacha Italiya mustamlakasi bo‘lib keldi. 1943- yilda Italiya ittifoqchilarga taslim bo‘lgach, Fransiya va Buyuk Britaniya boshqaruviga o‘tdi. 1951-yilda Liviya mustaqil davlat deb e’lon qilindi. Liviyada monarxiya qaror topdi. Qirol Idris I tashqi siyosatda, birinchi navbatda, Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH bilan yaqinlashish yo‘lini tutdi. Chunonchi, 1953-yilda mamlakat hududida Buyuk Britaniya, 1954-yilda esa AQSHning harbiy bazalarini tashkil etish haqida bitimlar imzolandi. Shu tariqa buyuk davlatlar o‘zlarining Afrikadagi manfaatlarini himoya qilishda Liviyani tayanch nuqtasiga aylantirdilar. Biroq Idris I siyosati harbiylar orasida norozilik tug‘dirdi. Ular 1969-yil 1-sentabrda harbiy to‘ntarishni amalga oshirdilar. To‘ntarishga polkovnik M. Kaddafiy (1942- yilda tug‘ilgan) rahbarlik qildi. Hokimiyat inqilobiy qo‘mondonlik kengashi qo‘liga o‘tdi. To‘ntarish natijasida monarxiya ag‘darildi. Mamlakat Liviya Arab Respublikasi deb e’lon qilindi. Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH 1970-yilda Liviyadan o‘z harbiy qismlarini olib chiqib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. Mamlakatda davlat organlarini qayta tashkil etish boshlandi. Umumiy Xalq Kongressi Oliy hokimiyat organi deb e’lon qilindi. 1977-yil 3-mart kunidan boshlab Liviya Arab Respublikasi Liviya Xalq Arab Jamaxiriyasi nomi bilan ataladigan bo‘ldi. M. Kaddafiy esa 1-sentabr inqilobining rahbari deb e’lon qilindi. Shu tariqa u davlatning yagona rahbariga aylandi. Liviya milliy boyligining asosini neft tashkil etadi. Hukumat Liviyada neft qazib chiqarish bilan shug‘ullanuvchi barcha kompaniyalarni to‘la yoki qisman milliylashtirdi. 292 Mamlakat ichkarisida neft mahsulotlarini sotish va taqsimlashni davlat o‘z qo‘liga oldi. Milliy neft-kimyo sanoati hamda neft tashuvchi flot yaratildi. Liviya iqtisodiyotida davlat sektori katta salmoqqa ega. Neft sanoatidan tashqari, banklar, sug‘urta kompaniyalari, yirik qishloq xo‘jalik birlashmalari, transport, qurilish kompaniyalari hamda tashqi savdo davlat ixtiyoridadir. Liviya qonunlari kishining mehnat natijasini o‘zlashtirib olmaydigan tadbirkorlik faoliyati bilan shug‘ullanishga ruxsat etadi. Mamlakat rahbariyati aholining ijtimoiy himoyasi masalasiga alohida e’tibor berdi. Ish haqi to‘lashni davlat tartibga solib turadi. Turarjoy uchun kam haq olinadi. Aholiga bepul tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatiladi. Umumiy va oliy ta’lim ham bepul. Obyektiv sabablarga ko‘ra, mamlakat qishloq xo‘jaligi kam taraqqiy etgan. Shuning uchun oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari chetdan sotib olinadi. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, bugungi Liviya — dunyoning eng boy davlatlaridan biri. Liviya yiliga 110 mln tonna neft qazib oladi. Neft savdosi mamlakat g‘aznasiga 10 mlrd dollar daromad keltiradi. Liviya faol tashqi siyosat yuritadi. U Arab Davlatlari Ligasi, Afrika hamkorligi tashkiloti, Qo‘shilmaslik harakati, Arab mag‘ribi Ittifoqi kabi regional tashkilotlar a’zosidir. Falastin Ozodlik Tashkilotini qo‘llabquvvatlaydi. Unga katta miqdorda moliyaviy yordam ham ko‘rsatadi. Biroq Liviya xalqaro terrorizmni qo‘llab-quvvatlashda ham ayblanib kelmoqda. Bu esa uning AQSH tomonidan jazolanishiga sabab bo‘lgan. AQSH M. Kaddafiyni jismonan yo‘q qilish maqsadida 1986-yilning 15- aprelida Liviya poytaxti Tripoli shahrini bombardimon qildi. Lekin M. Kaddafiy omon qoldi. Ayni paytda 2000-yilda Liviya xalqaro terrorizmda gumon qilingan ikki fuqarosini xalqaro sud hukmiga topshirishga majbur bo‘ldi. Xalqaro sud (Gaaga shahrida) ularning birini aybdor deb topdi va qamoq jazosiga hukm qildi. 2005-yilga kelib M. Kaddafiy G‘arb davlatlarining barcha talablarini bajardi. Qurollanish dasturini to‘xtatdi. G‘arb xalqaro cheklovni bekor qildi. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. «Yaqin Sharq muammosi» qachondan boshlangan va mohiyati nima? 2. Arab – Isroil urushidan maqsad nima edi? 3. Kemp-Devid bitimi qachon tuzildi? 4. Iroq qachon respublika deb e’lon qilingan? 5. S. Husayn siyosatini tushuntiring. 6. Saudiya Arabistoni qanday mamlakat? 7. Suriya tashqi siyosatining mohiyati nima? 8. Misr hukmdorlari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 9. Sh. Benjadid davrida Jazoirning ahvoli qanday edi? 10.Marokashning taraqqiyot yo‘li qanday bo‘ldi? 11.«Dastur sotsializmi»ning mohiyati nima? 12.M. Kaddafiy faoliyati haqida so‘zlab bering. 13.O‘zbekistonning arab davlatlari bilan aloqalari haqida nimalarni bilasiz? ? 293 Milliy-ozodlik kurashi va uning oqibatlari JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING Arab-Isroil urushlari Bosib olingan hududlar Urush oqibatlari 33-§. Tropik va Janubiy Afrika davlatlari Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng mustamlaka sirtmog‘i azob-uqubatlarini tortib kelayotgan xalqlarning milliy-ozodlik kurashi yanada kuchaydi. Bu hodisa Afrika xalqlariga ham taalluqli edi. Xo‘sh, qanday omillar mustamlaka sirtmog‘ida yashayotgan xalqlar milliy-ozodlik kurashining kuchayishiga sabab bo‘ldi? Bular: — Ikkinchi jahon urushida Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiyaning mag‘lubiyatga uchraganligi; — asosiy mustamlakachi davlatlar — Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiyaning zaiflashganligi; — mustamlaka xalqlar milliy ongining o‘sishi; — AQSH va SSSRning o‘z siyosiy maqsadlari yo‘lida dunyoda mustamlakachi imperiyalar saqlanib qolishiga qarshi chiqqanligi. To‘g‘ri, Afrikada mustamlakachilik tizimining barham topishi jarayoni Osiyodagiga nisbatan sekin borgan. Bu Afrika davlatlari qoloqligining, milliyozodlik kurashiga rahbarlik qiluvchi ijtimoiy kuchlarning (milliy burjuaziya va milliy ziyolilar) zaifligi oqibati edi. Dastlab Shimoliy Afrika davlatlari qattiq qonli kurash hisobiga mustaqillikka erishdilar (bu haqda Arab davlatlari mavzusida ma’lumot oldingiz). 1960-yil Afrika tarixiga «Afrika yili» nomi bilan kirdi. Shu yili bir yo‘la 17 davlat mustaqillikka erishdi. Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya mustamlaka imperiyalari parchalanib borayotgan bir sharoitda Belgiya Kongo mustaqilligini tan olishga majbur bo‘ldi. Afrikaning ayrim mamlakatlarida mustaqillikka erishish nisbatan tinch yo‘l bilan (aholining ommaviy namoyishlari; fuqarolik bo‘ysunmasligi) amalga oshdi. Mustamlakachilik metropoliyadan ko‘chib kelib joylashgan bir guruh oq tanlilar jamoasiga tayangan joylarda esa og‘ir qurolli kurash olib borish yo‘li bilan mustaqillikka erishildi. 60-yillar oxiriga kelib ingliz, fransuz, belgiya mustamlakachi imperiyalari parchalandi. Faqat bir imperiya — Portugaliya imperiyasi yashashda davom etdi. Portugaliyaning Afrikadagi mustamlakalari (Mozambik, Angola, Gvineya- Bissau) uning dengizorti hududlari deb e’lon qilingan edi. Bu «dengizorti hududlar» aholisining milliy-ozodlik kurashi 1974-yilgacha davom etdi va u 294 g‘alaba bilan yakunlandi. Portugaliya o‘z mustamlakalarining mustaqilligini tan olishga majbur bo‘ldi. Kongo (Zair), Gvineya, Angola, Mozambik, Namibiya tropik Afrikada yirik davlatlar hisoblanadi. 1980-yilda yana bir mustaqil Afrika davlati — Zimbabve davlati vujudga keldi. Bu davlatning vujudga kelishi juda og‘ir kechdi. Gap shundaki, Rodeziyada (Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi) kam sonli, biroq uyushgan oq tanlilar ham yashardi. Ular 1965-yilda Rodeziyani mustaqil deb e’lon qildilar. Biroq uni Buyuk Britaniya ham, BMT ham tan olmadi. Mahalliy afrikaliklar esa ozodlik uchun qurolli kurash boshladilar. Yakkalanib qolgan oq tanlilar 1979-yilda muzokara boshlashga majbur bo‘ldilar. Uning oqibatida davlat afrikaliklar qo‘liga o‘tdi. 1980-yilda Rodeziya o‘rnida mustaqil, yangi Zimbabve davlati tashkil etilganligi e’lon qilindi. Afrikadagi oxirgi mustamlaka Janubi-G‘arbiy Afrika edi. Birinchi jahon urushiga qadar bu hudud Germaniya mustamlakasi bo‘lgan. Urushdan so‘ng Millatlar Ligasi uni boshqarish huquqini Janubiy Afrika Respublikasiga (JAR) berdi. JAR dastlab bu hududni o‘ziga qo‘shib olishga urindi. Buning uddasidan chiqa olmagach, u yerda oz sonli oq tanlilar hukumatini tuzishga harakat qildi. Bunga javoban mahalliy aholi 1966-yilda qurolli kurash boshlashga majbur bo‘ldi. BMT 1973-yilda JARni Janubi-G‘arbiy Afrikani boshqarish huquqidan mahrum etdi. Mahalliy aholining milliy-ozodlik kurashi 1989-yilda g‘alaba bilan yakunlandi. Shu yili Janubi-G‘arbiy Afrika Namibiya nomi bilan mustaqil davlat deb e’lon qilindi. Shu tariqa mustamlaka Afrika xalqlari milliy-ozodlik kurashi g‘alaba bilan yakunlandi. Bir vaqtlar deyarli butunlay mustamlakaga aylantirilgan Afrikada 52 ta mustaqil davlat vujudga keldi. Janubiy Afrika Respublikasida 1948-yilda o‘tkazilgan parlament saylovida Afrika yerlarining (oq tanli aholi) millatchi partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. Bu partiya rahbari D. Malan boshchiligida tuzilgan hukumat aparteid siyosatini amalga oshirishini e’lon qildi. Bu davlatning tub aholisi bo‘lgan negrlarga, bu yerga kelib qolgan hindlarga nisbatan qo‘llangan irqiy kamsitish, ularni oq tanlilardan ajratib qo‘yish; ularni asosiy fuqarolik huquqlaridan mahrum etish hamda o‘zlari uchun ajratilgan alohida joylarda yashashga majbur etish siyosati edi. Mamlakat maydonining 87 foizi oq tanlilar uchun, atigi 13 foizi afrikaliklar uchun biriktirib qo‘yildi. Bundan maqsad — afrikaliklarning mustahkam aparteid tartiblarini yo‘qotish maqsadida birlashishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik edi. JAR hukmron doiralari aparteid siyosatini tobora kuchaytirdilar. 1984- yilda uch palatali parlament (oqlar, negrlar va hindlar uchun alohida-alohida) tuzildi. Aparteid tartibiga qarshi kurash 295 Biroq afrikaliklar irqchilar rejimi o‘zlariga taqdim etgan taqdirga tan berganlari yo‘q. Ular XX asrning eng jirkanch hodisalaridan biri —aparteid siyosatiga qarshi qurolli kurash olib bordilar. Bu kurashga Afrika Milliy Kongressi (AMK) rahbarlik qildi. AMK maqsadi — Janubiy Afrikada irqidan qat’i nazar barcha fuqaro qonun oldida teng bo‘lishini ta’minlaydigan demokratik davlat barpo etish edi. Bu partiyaga XX asrning buyuk siyosat va davlat arboblaridan biri N. Mandela rahbarlik qildi. Afrika xalqining bu kurashi xalqaro taraqqiyparvar kuchlar tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Hukumat tub aholining o‘z haq-huquqi yo‘lidagi kurashiga qarshi shafqatsiz kurash olib bordi. Biroq afrikaliklar kurashini to‘xtatib bo‘lmadi. 1989-yilda JAR prezidentligiga F. Klerk saylandi. U davr realligini hisobga olib siyosat yurituvchi arbob edi. F. Klerk agar aparteid siyosati bekor qilinmasa, u oxir-oqibatda oq tanlilarni to‘la halokatga olib kelishi mumkinligini anglab yetdi va 1990-yilda AMK faoliyatini taqiqlashni bekor qilish to‘g‘risidagi qonun qabul qilindi. Uning rahbari N. Mandela 1991- yilda umrbod qamoq jazosidan ozod etildi. (U 27 yildan beri qamoqda edi.) Mamlakatda harbiy holat bekor qilindi. Barcha fuqarolarning, irqlarning tengligi e’lon qilindi. 1993-yilda barcha irq vakillarining tengligi asosida umumiy parlament saylovi o‘tkazilishi to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. Ayni paytda oq tanlilar huquqi ham kafolatlanadigan bo‘ldi. Saylov 1994-yilning 26-aprelida o‘tkazildi va unda AMK to‘la g‘alaba qozondi. N. Mandela JARning birinchi qora tanli Prezidenti etib saylandi. Shu tariqa eng jirkanch illat — aparteidning to‘la barham topishiga asos yaratildi. Afrika qit’asida mustahkam tinchlik yo‘lidagi asosiy to‘siqlardan biri — irqchilikni bartaraf etish yo‘lidagi buyuk xizmatlari uchun har ikki arbob — N. Mandela va F. Klerklar 1993-yilda Tinchlik uchun xalqaro Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘ldilar. 1999-yil 2-iyundagi saylovlarda N. Mandelaning safdoshi Tabo Mbeku Prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi. Afrika qit’asi davlatlarining iqtisodiy taraqqiyot darajasi bir xil emas. Chunonchi, tropik Afrika Shimoliy va Janubiy Afrikadan keskin farq qiladi. Tropik Afrika davlatlari qit’aning eng qoloq davlatlaridir. Dunyo aholisining 10 foizini tashkil etuvchi Afrika qit’asida dunyo sanoat mahsulotining atigi 1 foizi ishlab chiqariladi, xolos. Bu yerdagi yana bir eng katta muammo — aholini oziq-ovqat bilan ta’minlash muammosidir. Bugungi kunda Afrikada qit’a aholisining deyarli 50 foizi qashshoqlikda yashamoqda. Oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarish aholi o‘sishiga nisbatan tobora orqada qolib bormoqda. Yana bir jiddiy muammo, etnik qirg‘inlar, mojarolar muammosidir. Afrika davlatlari hayotida urug‘-qabilachi- Mustaqillikni mustahkamlash yo‘lidagi muammolar 296 lik hayot tarzi kuchliligicha qolmoqda. Bir xalq turli davlatlar hududida yashamoqda. Masalan, 20 mln dan ortiq fulbe deb ataluvchi xalq boshqa xalqlarga nisbatan ko‘pchilikni tashkil etmaydigan qilib turli davlatlarga bo‘lib yuborilgan. Etnik nizolar davlatlar yaxlitligini katta xavf ostiga qo‘ymoqda. Yana bir katta muammo — bu davlatlararo nizolar, harbiy to‘qnashuvlar muammosi. Mustamlakachilar davlatlar chegaralarini atayin shunday belgilaganlarki, bu bora-bora davlatlararo nizolar manbayiga aylandi. Hozircha Afrika hamkorligi Tashkiloti to‘qnashuvlar ildizlarini bartaraf etishga muvaffaq bo‘la olgani yo‘q. Jiddiy muammolardan yana biri — tashqi qarz. Chunki tashqi qarz yildan yilga ortib bormoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Afrika xalqlarining milliy-ozodlik kurashini yengillashtirgan omillar haqida mulohaza yuriting. 2. Afrika xalqlari ozodlik kurashining shakllari haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 3. Aparteid qanday siyosat? 4. Afrika davlatlari oldida turgan muammolarni Osiyo va Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari oldida turgan muammolar bilan taqqoslang. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. IKKINCHI JAHON URUSHIDAN KEYIN MUSTAQILLIKNI QO‘LGA KIRITGAN AFRIKA DAVLATLARI Davlatlar nomi Mustaqillikka erishgan yili Hozirgi davrda davlat boshlig‘i Taraqqiyot yo‘li 4-bob. MUSTAQIL DAVLATLAR HAMDO‘STLIGI Yuqoridagi mavzulardan ma’lumki, 1991-yil 8-dekabr kuni Rossiya, Ukraina va Belorussiya rahbarlari Viskuli (Belovej pushchasi)da SSSR ning tugatilganligi to‘g‘risidagi hujjatni imzolashdi. Shu bilan Mustaqil davlatlar hamdo‘stligi (MDH) tashkil topdi. MDHga asta-sekin 12 respublika a’zo bo‘lib kirdi. Boltiqbo‘yi davlatlari bundan mustasno. Har bir respublikaga o‘z hududi va undagi tabiiy boyliklar, aholi, ishlab chiqarish korxonalari, aholi jon boshiga yalpi ishlab chiqarish mahsulotlari ko‘rsatkichi nasib etdi. ? 297 № Mamlakatlar Hududi % Aholisi % Ishlab chiqarish % Aholi jon boshiga YAIM %* 1 Ozarbayjon 0,43 2,6 1,8 56 2 Armaniston 0,15 1,1 1,1 118 3 Belorussiya 0,93 3,5 3,8 106 4 Gruziya 0,35 2,0 1,8 90 5 Qozog‘iston 12,23 5,7 5,1 90 6 Qirg‘iziston 0,89 1,4 1,0 60 7 Latviya 0,28 0,9 0,7 133 8 Litva 0,29 1,2 1,1 133 9 Moldaviya 0,15 1,6 1,3 80 10 Rossiya 76,25 52,0 57,8 114 11 Tojikiston 0,63 1,5 1,0 50 12 Turkmaniston 2,21 1,4 0,9 75 13 O‘zbekiston 2,10 7,1 4,4 96 14 Ukraina 2,75 18,0 17,8 92 15 Estoniya 0,23 0,5 0,4 140 * YAIM (yalpi ichki mahsulot) 1985—1988-yillardan boshlab sovet tuzumining susayishi tufayli bu respublikalarda ommaviy fuqarolik harakatlari namoyon bo‘la boshladi. Avvaliga ular milliy madaniyat va tabiatni muhofaza qilish talabi bilan, keyinchalik respublikalarni xo‘jalik hisobiga o‘tkazish va, nihoyat, haqqoniy suverenitet va mustaqillik talabi bilan chiqdilar. 1989-yil may oyida uch mamlakat vatanparvarlari tomonidan saylangan Baltika assambleyasi bu respublikalarning SSSR tarkibida bo‘lishlari hech qanday huquqiy asosga ega emasligini bayon qildi. 34-§. Moldova, Ukraina, Belorussiya va Kavkazorti Respublikalari mustaqilligining tiklanishi va rivojlanishi Moldova Respublikasi 80-yillarning oxirida Moldovada umuman moldovaliklar aholining 64 foizini tashkil etdi, ilgarigi muxtoriyat — Dnestrbo‘yida esa aholining ko‘pchiligi — 60 foizi ruslar va ukrainlardan iborat edi. Bu mintaqalar SSSR MEROSIDA RESPUBLIKALAR ULUSHI 298 o‘rtasidagi farqlar mamlakat taqdiriga ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Boltiqbo‘yidagi xalq frontlari harakati, keyinchalik esa Ruminiyadagi inqilob haqidagi xabarlar Yagona Moldova Xalq Frontining (YAMXF) tashkil etilishiga, uning tomonidan mamlakatda 1989-yilda rumin tiliga davlat tili maqomini berish va mamlakatni suveren deb e’lon qilishga bo‘lgan intilishlarni rag‘batlantirdi. YAMXF ommaviylashdi va Kishinyov ko‘chalariga yuz minglab tarafdorlarini chiqardi. Bahorda SSSR Xalq deputatlari syezdiga yuborilgan delegatlarning ko‘pchiligi mutaassib (konservativ) kayfiyatda edi, ammo avgustga kelib respublika Oliy Soveti rumin tiliga davlat tili maqomini berish to‘g‘risidagi qonunni qabul qilib, har bir elatga o‘z tilida gapirishga imkon berdi. Keyinchalik Xalq Fronti 1990-yildagi Oliy Sovet saylovlarida muvaffaqiyatga erishib, respublika rahbariyatidan kompartiyani chetlashtirdi. Avgust oyida Oliy Sovet Moldova mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyani e’lon qildi. Yangi hukumat fuqarolarning huquq va erkinliklarini yoqladi. Mamlakatda demokratlashtirish avj olib, bir qator liberal-demokratik, milliy-demokratik hamda sotsial-demokratik yo‘nalishdagi partiya va harakatlar paydo bo‘ldi. Ulardan ba’zilari Moldovaning Ruminiyaga qo‘shilishi tarafdorlari edilar. Ammo ular referendumda ko‘pchilik ovozga ega bo‘lolmadilar. 1991-yil oxirida Oliy Sovet respublika prezidenti etib liberal-demokratlar yetakchisi M. Snegurni sayladi. Shu bilan birga, 1990-yildayoq SSSRning parchalanishiga to‘sqinlik qilishga harakat qiluvchi ittifoq hukumati ishtiroki bilan Moldovaning janubidagi uchta mintaqada yashovchi gagauzlar va Dnestr O‘ng qirg‘og‘i hamda Benderi shahri aholisining ko‘pchiligi rumin tiliga qarshi va SSSR tarkibidan chiqishga qarshi norozilik bildirishdi. Gagauzlar o‘z mustaqil respublikalarini e’lon qilishdi. Shimolda esa 1991-yilda sovet tuzumini saqlab qolayotgan mustaqil Dnestrbo‘yi Moldova Respublikasi (DMR) paydo bo‘ldi. Agar gagauzlar bilan olib borilgan uzoq muddatli muzokaralardan so‘ng ular Gagauziyaning Moldova tarkibida maxsus huquqiy maqomga ega bo‘lishiga rozilik bildirgan bo‘lsa, Tiraspol shahrida joylashgan DMR hukumati Moldova hukumatining muxtoriyat to‘g‘risidagi taklifini rad etdi va Sovet harbiylari yordamida Moldovaning tartib o‘rnatuvchi kuchlariga qarshilik ko‘rsatdi. 1992-yilda Moldova qurolli kuchlari bilan va DMR qurollangan otryadlari va ularga yordam berayotgan 14-sobiq Sovet armiyasi o‘rtasida bo‘lgan janglarda yuzlab odamlar halok bo‘ldi va yarador qilindi, xalq xo‘jaligiga katta moddiy zarar yetkazildi. O‘n minglab muqim yashovchilar qochoqlarga aylandi. Moldovada prezident favqulodda holat e’lon qildi. Moldova va DMR o‘rtasidagi qurolli to‘qnashuvlar faqat Moldova va Rossiya o‘rtasidagi shartnoma imzolangandan, 14-armiya tarqatib yuborilgandan va urush mintaqasiga Xalqaro tinchlik o‘rnatuvchi kuchlar kiritilganidan keyingina to‘xtatildi. Qarama-qarshi tomonlar o‘rtasidagi mu299 zokaralar va vositachilarning urinishlariga qaramasdan, to‘qnashuvlar 1994- yilgacha davom etdi. 1994-yilda tomonlarning zo‘ravonlikni to‘xtatish to‘g‘risidagi o‘zaro kelishuvlari to‘qnashuvlarga chek qo‘ydi. Parlamentga (1994-yilda) va mahalliy (1995-yilda) saylovlar arafasida korxonalarni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish biroz olg‘a siljidi, ammo ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirishga erishilmadi. Davlat ixtiyoridagi asosiy sohalar — vino ishlab chiqarish va tamaki sanoatida ishlab chiqarish samaradorligi pastligicha qolmoqda edi. Moldova Rossiya kompaniyalari tomonidan keltirilayotgan energiya tashuvchilarni sotib olish uchun mablag‘ga ega emas edi. Beqarorlik investitsiya oqimiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatayotgan edi. Uzoq davom etgan ishlab chiqarishning qisqarishi va inflatsiya aholi ahvolining yomonlashishiga sabab bo‘ldi. Ommaning noroziligi, eng avvalo, ijtimoiy muammolarni hal etishga chaqirayotgan sotsial-demokratik partiyalarning kuchayishiga olib keldi. 1996-yil oxirida prezidentlik saylovlarining ikkinchi bosqichida ular tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlangan erkin nomzod P. Luchinskiy g‘alaba qozondi. 1988-yilga kelib mamlakat mulkining 75 foizi (Dnestrbo‘yidan tashqari) hissador-investor, korxona xodimlari, menejerlar va xususiy tadbirkorlar qo‘liga o‘tdi. Ammo iqtisodiyotning jonlanishi va aholi ahvolining yaxshilanishiga erishilmadi. Muzokaralar yo‘li bilan P. Luchinskiy Moldova birligining Rossiya va Ukraina tomonidan e’tirof etilishiga va ular bilan hamkorlikni kuchaytirishga erishdi. Mamlakat birligini tiklash uchun Moldova YEXHT va boshqa xalqaro tashkilotlarga tayanmoqda. Yoqilg‘i-energiyaga ega bo‘lish maqsadida Ozarbayjon bilan mustahkam munosabatlar o‘rnatilmoqda. Islohotlar yo‘li bilan olg‘a borayotgan Ruminiya va YEI bilan hamkorlikni rivojlantirmoqda. 2000-yil bahoridan boshlab, prezident tanlagan yo‘l mamlakat aholisi ba’zi qismining manfaatlariga mos kelmasligi tufayli noroziliklar kuchayib ketdi. Bu noroziliklarga tayanib, parlamentdagi turli ruhdagi muxolifat kuchlar konstitutsiyani o‘zgartirishga erishdi. 2001-yil fevral oyidagi parlament saylovlarida demokratlar rahbarligida mamlakat qiyinchiliklari bartaraf etilishidan umidini uzgan saylovchilar kommunistlar uchun ovoz berdilar. Yangi parlament V. Voroninni prezident qilib sayladi. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish qiyinchiliklari davom etmoqda. Moldovada YAIM 2007-yilga kelib 4,8 mlrd dollarga yetdi va yillik o‘sish 3 foizni tashkil qildi. Sanoatning 87 foizi qayta ishlash sanoatiga to‘g‘ri keladi. Qishloq xo‘jaligida biroz pasayish sezildi. Import eksportga nisbatan ancha ustun. 170 dan ortiq vino zavodlari ishlab turibdi. Ukraina Respublikasi Aholi soni va sanoat salohiyati bo‘yicha SSSR da ikkinchi o‘rinda turgan Ukrainada milliy harakatlar Boltiqbo‘yiga nisbatan kechroq boshlandi. Ammo 300 bu harakat chuqur tarixiy ildizga ega bo‘lib, hech qachon tugamagan va, ayniqsa, g‘arbiy hududlarda Belorussiyadagiga nisbatan ancha kuchliroq edi. Qayta qurish va oshkoralik yillarida ruslashtirishga qarshi chiqqan dissidentlar faollashdi, mamlakat mustaqilligi uchun kurashuvchi natsionalistlar, ya’ni milliy-ozodlik harakati qatnashchilari ochiq faoliyat yurita boshladi. Ular tuzgan eng obro‘li tashkilot I. Droch va V. Chernovillar boshchilik qilgan Ukraina Xalq harakati (Rux) edi. Qariyb 73 foizi ukrainlardan iborat bo‘lgan aholi konformistik ruhda emas edi. Ammo 1989-yilning bahoridagi SSSR Xalq deputatlari syezdida qatnashgan Ukraina vakillarining ko‘pchiligi SSSRni so‘zsiz saqlab qolish tarafdori bo‘lib chiqdilar. Faqatgina oktabrga kelib Oliy rada (OR) ukrain tilini davlat tili deb e’lon qildi. 1990-yilda Oliy radaga bo‘lgan saylovlarda o‘rinlarning choragini Rux tomonidan tuzilgan demokratik blok egalladi. Uning tashabbusi bilan OR 1990-yil yozida Ukraina suverenitetini e’lon qildi va Kiyevda bo‘lib o‘tgan son-sanoqsiz ommaviy namoyishlardan so‘ng kommunistlardan bo‘lgan bosh vazirni vazifasidan chetlashtirdi. OR raisi natsional-demokratlardan bo‘lgan L. Kravchuk bo‘ldi. 1991-yil avgustida OR Ukraina mustaqil bo‘lganligini e’lon qildi va bunga qarshilik ko‘rsatgan kompartiyani taqiqladi. Kuzda oz sonli millatlarga milliy-madaniy muxtoriyat huquqi berildi. 1991-yil dekabrda bo‘lib o‘tgan umumxalq referendumida fuqarolarning 80 foizidan ko‘prog‘i, jumladan, aholining 22 foizini tashkil etgan ruslarning ko‘pchiligi ham mamlakat mustaqilligi uchun ovoz berdi. Konstitutsiyaga o‘zgartirishlar kiritilishi munosabati bilan respublika prezidenti saylandi. U L. Kravchuk edi. Qisqa muddat ichida Ukraina o‘z hududida joylashgan o‘nlab sovet diviziyalari va ularning quroli asosida mustaqil mamlakat uchun zarur bo‘lgan qurolli kuchlar va maxsus xizmatlarni tashkil etishga ulgurdi. Ammo xalq ham, yangi partiyalar ham, eski Sovet (Kengash) lar ham islohotlarga tayyor emas edi. Ittifoq buyurtmalari va yoqilg‘i-energiya manbalaridan mahrum bo‘lgan sanoatda, 1992-yilda mahsulot ishlab chiqarish 30 foizga qisqardi va kamayishda davom etdi. Energiya manbalarini sotib olish va ishlab chiqarishni yangilash uchun mablag‘ yo‘q edi. Dastlabki fermerlar paydo bo‘lgan bo‘lsada, qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishi ham qisqardi. 1994-yilda aholi jon boshiga YAIM 200 AQSH dollarigacha pasayib ketdi. Milliy valuta — avval karbovanes, keyinchalik grivna joriy etilishiga qaramasdan, inflatsiya o‘sib bordi. Avvaliga davlat tomonidan qisqartirilgan narxlarning tartibga solinishi 60 foizga tiklandi. Ammo bu yashirin iqtisodiyotning o‘sishi va korrupsiya (mansabdorlarni pora bilan sotib olish)ning avj olishiga ta’sir ko‘rsatolmadi. 1994-yilgi oziq-ovqat narxi 1990-yildagiga nisbatan 4—5 baravar yuqori edi. YAIM ning 40 foizdan ko‘prog‘i ijtimoiy ta’minotga yo‘naltirilganligiga qaramasdan, aholining qashshoqlikda yashashi, shaxtyorlar, metallurglar va boshqa ishchilarning yirik ommaviy norozilik chiqishlariga sabab bo‘ldi. 301 Hukumat boshqa muammolarga ham duch keldi. Uniatlar, katolik-greklar va rim-katoliklarning diniy markazlari hamda pravoslav cherkovi muxtoriyati qatoriga undan ajralib chiqqan Ukrain pravoslav cherkovi markazi ham qo‘shildi. Ko‘pgina ruslar yashaydigan sharqiy mintaqalarda rus tiliga ham davlat tili maqomini berishni va, hatto, Ukrainaning federativ tuzumini yoqlab chiqqan harakat ham yuzaga keldi. Qrimda, uning xo‘jaligi Ukrainaning boshqa viloyatlari bilan chambarchas bog‘liqligiga qaramasdan, ko‘pchilikni tashkil etuvchi rus aholining asosiy qismi yarim orolning Rossiyaga qo‘shilishi yoki unga mustaqillik berilishini talab qildi. Bu vaziyatni Rossiyadagi obro‘li doiralarning Qrimga, Qora dengiz floti va uning Qrimdagi bazalari, eng avvalo Sevastopolga da’vo qilishlari yanada murakkablashtirdi. Qrimdagi ko‘pchilik ruslarning ommaviy chiqishlari 1992-yilda Ukraina hukumatini Qrimning maxsus mavqeyini tan olishga majbur etdi. Ammo keyinchalik Qrimning maxsus maqomga ega bo‘lishi uchun harakatlar bozor islohotlari tarafdorlari va kommunistlar o‘rtasidagi keskin kurash tufayli to‘xtatildi. Natijada 1995-yilda «Qrim davlatchiligi» barham topdi va viloyat hukumatiga bo‘ysundi. Murakkab muzokaralardan so‘ng, 1994-yil boshida Ukraina, Rossiya va AQSH o‘rtasida unga SSSRdan meros qolgan raketa-yadro quroli Ukrainaga tegishli ekanligi, ularning Rossiyada zararsizlantirilishi va AQSH tomonidan ikkilamchi xomashyoning sotib olinishi to‘g‘risidagi bitim tuzildi. Bu Ukrainaga o‘zining yadro qurolidan voz kechganligini tasdiqlash va uni tarqatmaslik to‘g‘risidagi shartnomaga qo‘shilishga imkon berdi. Qora dengiz floti va uning bazalari hamda energiya tashuvchilarni sotib olish to‘g‘risida Rossiya bilan 1992-yilda boshlangan muzokaralar uzoq cho‘zildi va ularni nihoyasiga yetkazish boshqa prezidentga nasib etdi. Yangi prezident umumxalq saylovlari 1994-yilning yozida bo‘lib o‘tdi. Ikkinchi bosqichdagi keskin kurashdan so‘ng L. Kuchma g‘alaba qozondi. U iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirish, mulkchilik va tadbirkorlikni qo‘llabquvvatlash hamda mamlakatning dunyo hamjamiyatida faol qatnashishi tarafdori edi. Qiyinchiliklarni chetlab o‘tish maqsadida, L. Kuchma hokimiyat to‘g‘risidagi buyrug‘ida hukumat va uning faoliyatini prezidentga bo‘ysundirdi. Bu 1994-yilning kuzidan boshlab ko‘p yillik bozor islohotlari dasturini amalga oshirish imkonini berdi. Ammo parlamentdagi muxolifat islohot uchun zarur qonunlarning qabul qilinishiga to‘sqinlik qilardi. 1996-yilda OR qayta saylanganidan keyingina prezident natsional-liberallar va natsional-demokratlar yordami bilan yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilinishiga erishdi. Ta’lim tuzilishi va tarkibini yangilash, sog‘liqni saqlashni isloh qilish, ukrain tilini qo‘llashni kengaytirish va ukrain madaniyatini rivojlantirish faollashdi. Bu rusiyzabon aholi bir qismining noroziligiga sabab bo‘ldi. Ukrainada o‘tkazilgan islohotlar mulkchilik va ishlab chiqarish tuzilishini asta-sekin o‘zgartirdi. 1998-yilga kelib davlat ixtiyorida barcha korxona302 larning atigi 15,4 foizi qoldi. Ularning katta qismi menejer va aksionerlar qo‘liga o‘tdi. Ammo iqtisodiyot va aholi ahvolining umuman yaxshilanishiga erishish uchun samarali mulk egalari yetishmas edi. Aholi turmush darajasining sekin o‘zgarishi, hukumat yo‘l qo‘ygan xatoliklar va korrupsiya ko‘pchilikda prezident tanlagan yo‘ldan norozilik va unga nisbatan shubha uyg‘otdi. Ammo kommunistlar va boshqa raqiblarning chiqishlariga qaramasdan, 1999-yilda Kuchma yana prezidentlikka saylandi. Biroq 2000-yil oxirida muxolifatchi kuchlar Kuchmani va maxsus xizmatni bir jurnalistning o‘limiga daxldorlikda aybladi va mamlakatda prezident iste’fosini talab qiluvchi harakatlar yuzaga keldi. Mamlakatda uzoq muddatli va jiddiy siyosiy inqiroz boshlandi. 2004-yil oxirida prezidentlikka saylovlar nihoyatda murakkab sharoitda o‘tdi. V. Yanukovich g‘alaba qilgan birinchi saylov natijalari noqonuniy deb e’lon qilindi. Dekabrda ikkinchi marta ovoz berishda V. Yushchenko g‘alaba qildi. «Zarg‘aldoq inqilob» amalga oshdi va mamlakatda G‘arbchilar pozitsiyasi mustahkamlandi. 2005-yilda u hukumat rahbarini almashtirdi. Ukraina bilan Rossiya o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi keng va uzoq muddatli shartnoma imzolangan va ularning 2004-yilgacha iqtisodiy hamkorligi dasturi kelishib olingan edi. Nihoyat, Rossiya Qora dengiz flotining katta qismiga egalik qildi. Ukrainadan uning ulushidagi ko‘pgina kemalarni oldi va Sevastopoldagi flot bazasini ijaraga oldi. Yalpi ichki mahsulotning yarmini tashkil etgan tashqi qarzlardan qutulish, o‘sib borayotgan inflatsiyani bartaraf qilish uchun Ukraina hukumati Xalqaro Valuta Fondi va boshqa xalqaro tashkilotlardan yordam so‘radi. U Gruziya, Ozarbayjon va Moldova davlatlari bilan munosabatlarni rivojlantirishga harakat qilmoqda. Qora Dengiz davlatlari tashkilotida ishtirok etmoqda. Ukraina rahbariyati YEI mamlakatlari bilan hamkorlikni mustahkamlamoqda va xavfsizlik kafolati sifatida NATOning «tinchlik uchun sheriklik» shartnomasiga amal qilmoqda. Ukraina hozirgi vaqtda xalq xo‘jaligini bozor iqtisodiga moslab rivojlantirish yo‘lidan bormoqda. Bu o‘rinda og‘ir sanoat, transport va energetikaga alohida urg‘u beriladi. Rossiya gazini yetkazib berishda ishkalliklar tufayli gidroenergetika va shaxta metanidan foydalanish, shuningdek, O‘rta Osiyo neftini gazoprovod orqali olib kelish rejalari tuzilmoqda. YAIM 131,2 mlrd dollarni, o‘rtacha aholi jon boshiga mahsulot yetishtirish 2829 dollarni tashkil qiladi. Belorussiya Respublikasi Mustaqillikka erishish va taraqqiyot yo‘lini tanlash Belorussiya uchun murakkab va qiyin bo‘ldi. Aholining 76 foizi belorus millatidan iborat bo‘lishiga qaramasdan, u SSSR ittifoqdosh respublikalari ichida eng ruslashgani edi: belorus tili, madaniyati va milliy o‘zlikni anglash chetga surib qo‘yilgan 303 edi. Respublika SSSR Qurolli Kuchlari uchun eng muhim platsdarm (urush maydoni) vazifasini o‘tardi. 80-yillarda faollashgan belorus tili va madaniyati, milliy o‘zlik va ruhiyat himoyachilari 1989-yilda Z. Poznyak boshchiligida Belorus xalq frontini tuzdi, kelasi yili esa bir nechta liberal-vatanparvar va liberal-demokratik kayfiyatdagi tashkilotlar ham tuzildi. Ammo ularni aholining atigi to‘rtdan bir qismi qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Tarkibi ko‘pchilik kommunistlardan iborat bo‘lgan hukumat va Oliy Sovet aholi ehtiyojini qondirish uchun iqtisodiy mustaqillik, ya’ni xo‘jalikning respublika ixtiyoriga to‘la o‘tishini yetarli deb hisobladi. 1991-yilda Minsk shahrida Oliy Sovet tomonidan Belorussiya mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi va Oliy Sovet Raisi S. Shushkevich tomonidan SSSRning parchalanganligi to‘g‘risidagi Belovej hujjatining imzolanishi kommunistlarning Belorussiyadagi hokimiyatini Rossiya va boshqa respublikalarda g‘alaba qilgan liberalislohotchilar hujumidan himoya qildi. Ammo SSSR parchalanishi bilan Belorussiya sanoati buyurtmalarning 86 foizidan hamda respublikada mavjud bo‘lmagan xomashyo va energiya manbalari oqimidan mahrum bo‘ldi. SSSR harbiy platsdarmining yo‘qolishi Belorussiyani daromadning yana bir manbayidan mahrum qildi. 1992- yildayoq ishlab chiqarish 21 foizga, 1994-yilda esa 40 foizdan ko‘proqqa qisqardi. Inflatsiya halokatli tus oldi, aholi qashshoqlashdi. V. Kebich hukumati tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan iqtisodiyotni davlat tomonidan tartibga solish orqali inqirozni bartaraf etish dasturi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. 1991- yilda korxonalarni xususiylashtirish va ishlab chiqarish tuzilmasini qayta qurish boshlandi, keyinchalik «shoksiz bozor munosabatlariga o‘tish» dasturi taklif qilindi. Ammo buni amalga oshirish uchun mablag‘ topilmadi. Oliy Sovet raisi S. Shushkevich bo‘hton va ayblovlar bilan vazifasidan chetlashtirilgandan so‘ng, 1994-yilda prezidentning umumxalq saylovlari orqali saylanishini ko‘zda tutgan yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Saylovlarning ikkinchi bosqichida «men o‘nglar bilan ham, so‘llar bilan ham emas, balki xalq bilan birgaman» deb bayon qilgan A. Lukashenko g‘alaba qozondi. U korrupsiyaning oldini olish va Rossiya bilan birlashish orqali farovonlikka erishishni va’da qildi. Keyinchalik may oyida (1994) Lukashenko yangi parlament saylovlari bilan birgalikda referendumni ham o‘tkazdi. Bu referendum oldingi davlat ramzlarini (belgilarni) qaytardi, rus tilini hali o‘z mavqeyiga ega bo‘lishga ulgurmagan belorus tiliga tenglashtirdi, Rossiya bilan qo‘shilishni ma’qulladi va, eng asosiysi, prezidentning parlament ustidan hukmronligini ta’minladi. Faqatgina dekabr oyiga kelib yakunlangan parlament saylovlari natijalari muxolifatni bostirish va islohotlarni to‘xtatishga urinayotgan Prezidentga ma’qul emas edi. Hukumat kolxoz va sovxozlar tizimining uchdan ikki qismi kasod bo‘lish holatida ekanligiga qaramasdan, ularni saqlab qoldi. Prezident endigina boshlanayotgan xususiylashtirishni to‘xtatdi, iqtisodiyot 304 davlat tomonidan boshqarilishini va narxlar tartibga solinishini kuchaytirdi, tadbirkorlikni butunlay to‘xtatdi. Rossiyadan imtiyozli narxlar bilan energiya resurslarining sotib olinishi hukumatga ishlab chiqarishni o‘stirish va qashshoqlikni barqaror saqlashga imkon berdi. Mamlakatning moliyaviy ahvoli og‘irligicha qolmoqda edi. Hukumat prezident tanlagan yo‘lga qarshi turuvchilarga shafqatsizlik bilan munosabatda bo‘ldi. Lukashenko o‘z hokimiyatini kuchaytirish maqsadida 1996-yilda referendum o‘tkazish yo‘li bilan ham parlament, ham konstitutsion sud vakolatlarini cheklashga erishdi. U parlamentdan muxolifat vakillarini chetlashtirdi va o‘z vakolatlarini uzaytirishga erishdi. Bu voqealar va qatag‘onlarning kuchayishi Belorussiyada avtoritar tuzum shakllanishiga olib keldi. Parchalangan milliy-demokratik muxolifat kuchlari hech qanday ta’sirga ega bo‘lmay qoldi. Avtoritarizm yo‘li bilan mamlakatning «bo‘ysunuvchanligi»ga erishish hukumatga 2000-yilda korxonalarni xususiylashtirish, kichik va o‘rta biznesni qo‘llab-quvvatlash, soliq tizimini isloh qilish, eksportni yanada rivojlantirishga qaratilgan besh yillik ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlanish Dasturini qabul qilish imkonini berdi. Ammo og‘ir moliyaviy-iqtisodiy ahvol uni amalga oshirishni qiyinlashtirmoqda. 1997-yil bahorida Belorussiya va Rossiya o‘rtasida ikkala davlat Hamdo‘ stligini tuzish to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma, 1999-yil oxirida esa har bir mamlakat o‘z suverenitetini saqlab qolgan holda dualistik davlat tuzish to‘g‘risida ittifoq shartnomasi imzolandi. Lukashenko Rossiya tomonidan hech qanday shartlarsiz Belorussiya qarzlarining katta qismidan voz kechilishiga va Rossiyadan xomashyo hamda energiya resurslarini imtiyozli narxlarda olib turishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Ammo kelishuvlarning amalga oshirilishini ikkala mamlakat o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy integratsiyaning sustligi va iqtisodiyot hamda siyosiy tuzumning keskin farq qilishi murakkablashtirmoqda. Rossiya va Belorussiya hukumatlari bajarish amri mahol bo‘lgan ishga qo‘l urgan: ular turli mafkuraviysiyosiy tuzumga ega davlatlar konfederatsiyasini tuzmoqchilar. Belorussiyada 2006–2010-yillarga mo‘ljallangan rejada asosan kichik o‘rta korxonalarni rivojlantirishga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. 2007-yilda yillik o‘sish 8 foizni tashkil qildi. Import eksportga nisbatan yuqori (2,5 mlrd dollar). Eksportning asosini neftni qayta ishlash mahsulotlari tashkil qiladi. 2007- yilga kelib eng kam ish haqi 81,1 dollarni, yosh bo‘yicha o‘rtacha pensiya 160 dollarni tashkil etdi. 40 mingdan ortiq malakali ishchilar va 3 mingdan ortiq injener-texnik xodimlar metallurgiya sanoatida ishlaydi. Metallurgiya bo‘yicha mahsulot ishlab chiqarishda 2006-yilda Belorussiya MDH mamlakatlari ichida to‘rtinchi o‘rinni egallaydi. Belorussiya territoriyasidan g‘arbga Rossiyaning katta neft va gaz quvurlari o‘tadi va Rossiyaning 27 foiz gazi Belorussiya orqali eksport qilinadi. 305 KAVKAZORTI RESPUBLIKALARI MUSTAQILLIGINING TIKLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI 80-yillarning ikkinchi yarmidan boshlab Kavkazorti SSSRda milliy-ozodlik harakatlari faolligi bo‘yicha ikkinchi mintaqaga aylandi. Ular tanlagan yo‘l SSSRning boshqa respublikalari tanlagan yo‘llardan keskin farq qilardi. Bu respublikalarda yangi davlatchilikning shakllanishi va taraqqiyoti juda murakkab kechdi, uzoq muddatli va keskin to‘qnashuvlarga sabab bo‘ldi. Gruziya Respublikasi 1985—1989-yillar davomida gruzin madaniyati va mamlakat mustaqilligining tiklanishi uchun kurashuvchi yig‘inlar va namoyishlar o‘tkazgan yuzdan ortiq turli tashkilotlar va guruhlar paydo bo‘ldi. Tbilisi shahrida 1989-yil 9- aprelda bo‘lib o‘tgan ko‘p ming kishilik miting qatnashchilariga sovet qo‘shinlarining hujum qilishi oqibatida ko‘plab tinch aholining halok bo‘lishi butun mamlakatning g‘azabini qo‘zg‘atdi va junbushga keltirdi. 1989-yilning kuzida Milliy ozodlik qo‘mitasi tashkil qilindi. Kommunistik rahbariyatning obro‘si va ta’siri ildiziga bolta urildi. Sentabr oyida umumxalq so‘rovida fuqarolarning 89 foizi mamlakat mustaqilligi uchun ovoz berdi. 1991-yil aprel oyidagi referendum natijalari asosida Oliy Kengash Gruziya mustaqilligini va 1921-yilgi konstitutsiyani qayta tikladi. May oyida umumxalq ovoz berish yo‘li bilan Gamsaxurdiya Gruziya Prezidenti etib saylandi. Mamlakatda sovetlar (kengashlar) va sobiq ijtimoiy-siyosiy tashkilotlar bekor qilindi. Boshqaruv, xo‘jalikni liberallashtirish va demokratlashtirish boshlandi. Ammo hukumat va xalqning diqqat-e’tiborini bu o‘zgarishlar chog‘ida yuzaga kelgan to‘qnashuvlar chalg‘itdi. 1990—1991-yillarda Gorbachyov tomonidan o‘tkazilgan tazyiqqa javoban Gamsaxurdiya SSSR bilan diplomatik aloqalarni uzdi. Bu esa tang ahvoldagi iqtisodiy vaziyatni yana og‘irlashtirdi. Buyurtmalar, energiya manbalari va xomashyoning yo‘qligi ishlab chiqarishni falajlantirdi. Ilgarigi qishloq xo‘jalik mahsulotlari bozoridan mahrum bo‘lish aholi turmush darajasini pasaytirib yubordi. Ittifoq maxsus xizmatlarining ko‘magi va yordamida Janubiy Osetiya va Abxaziya Avtonom Respublikalaridagi osetinlar va abxazlar 1989-yildan boshlab SSSR bilan aloqani uzishga qarshi kurash boshladi. Osetiyaliklar o‘z hududlarini avtonom respublika deb elon qilishgan bo‘lsa, abxaziyaliklar Abxaziya suverenitetini e’lon qilishdi. Bunga javoban Gruziya parlamenti Janubiy Osetiyani muxtoriyatdan mahrum qildi va u yerga ayirmachilar bilan jang qilish uchun gruzin qurolli kuchlarini jo‘natdi. Ko‘pchilik aholi yashash joylarini tark etdi. Keyinchalik Rossiya tinchlikparvar kuchlari 20 — Jahon tarixi 306 yordamida urushlar to‘xtatildi, ammo bu muammoning siyosiy yechimi hozirgacha topilgani yo‘q. Gamsaxurdiya tarafdorlari bo‘lgan qurollangan guruhlar aholisining asosiy qismi gruzin bo‘lgan Abxaziyaga ham kiritildi. Ammo V. Ardzinba rahbarligidagi abxaziya separatistlariga sovet qo‘shinlari yordam berayotgan edi. Bu 1991-yil kuzida Gruziya hukumatini ular bilan kelishuvga majbur etdi. Unga ko‘ra, Abxaziya Oliy Kengashida aholining atigi 17 foizini tashkil etgan abxazlarga 28 o‘rin, 46 foiz aholini tashkil etgan gruzinlarga atigi 26 o‘rin, boshqa millat vakillariga esa jami 11 o‘rin nasib etdi. Bu fuqarolarning huquqi qaysi millatga mansubligiga ko‘ra belgilanishiga sabab bo‘ldi va Abxaziyada etnokratiya (alohida millat hukmronligi) o‘rnatilishiga olib keldi. Gamsaxurdiya xatolarining og‘ir oqibatlari mamlakat aholisi katta qismining noroziligiga sabab bo‘ldi. O‘z qurolli guruhlariga ega bo‘lgan muxolifatchilar hukumat harakatlarini puchga chiqarardi. 1991-yil 22-dekabrda esa ular Tbilisidagi hukumat binolariga hujum qilib, Gamsaxurdiyani Armanistonga qochishga majbur qildi. 1992-yil 2-yanvaridan boshlab Tbilisida hukumat Gamsaxurdiya raqiblari tomonidan tuzilgan Harbiy Sovet qo‘liga o‘tdi. Yangi hukumat Gamsaxurdiya konstitutsiyasini bekor qildi, parlamentni tarqatib yubordi va favqulodda holat joriy qildi. Yangi rahbariyat mamlakatni boshqarish uchun gruzinlar orasida mashhur bo‘lgan E. Shevardnadze nomzodini taklif qildi. Ular, ya’ni bir-biri bilan kelishmaslikka harakat qilayotgan kuchlar bu vaziyatdan foydalanmoqchi bo‘lishdi, ammo ularning barcha umidlari puchga chiqdi. Gamsaxurdiyaning o‘zi Chechenistonga qochib ketdi va u yerda halok bo‘ldi. Shu bilan birga Demokratik ittifoq yordami bilan Shevardnadze 1992-yildayoq Harbiy Sovet o‘rniga Davlat Sovetini tuzdi, boshqaruv organlari, qurolli kuchlar, flot va chegara qo‘shinlarini tuzish ishlarini boshladi. Gruziya o‘zini zarur qurollar bilan ta’minlab turgan Rossiya bilan aloqani tikladi. Gruziya mustaqilligi o‘nlab mamlakatlar tomonidan e’tirof etildi. Mustahkamlanib olgan hukumat keng tus olgan fitnalarning va Shevardnadzedan norozi bo‘lgan rahbarlarning isyonlarini bartaraf etdi. Gruziya davlatchiligini mustahkamlash maqsadida Shevardnadze va uning tarafdorlari 1995-yil yozida yangi konstitutsiyani qabul qildi. Noyabr oyida yangi parlament saylandi va unda Gruziya fuqarolar Ittifoqi, Tiklanish ittifoqi va Milliy-demokratik partiya ko‘pchilik o‘rinlarga ega bo‘lishdi. Prezident etib Shevardnadze saylandi. Raqiblarning fitna va suiqasdlariga va qiyinchiliklarga qaramasdan, hokimiyat kuchaya bordi va 2000-yilda Shevardnadze yana Prezident etib saylandi. Hokimiyatning mustahkamlanishi iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirishga imkon berdi. 1998-yilga kelib davlat ixtiyoridagi mulkning 76 foizi, jumladan, barcha korxonalarning 90 foizi asosan menejerlar, hissador-investorlar va xususiy tadbirkorlar qo‘liga o‘tdi, yerlarning uchdan ikki qismi xususiy mulkka aylandi. Gruziya milliy valutasi — lori joriy qilindi. Ammo investitsiya va energiya manbalari tanqis edi, tashqi qarzlar ko‘payib bordi. 307 Mamlakatda 1990-yilga nisbatan to‘rt baravar kam mahsulot ishlab chiqarildi. Xo‘jalikni oyoqqa turg‘azish nihoyatda qiyin kechdi. Aholi turmush darajasi pastligicha qoldi. Gruziyaning turli mintaqalaridagi taraqqiyot darajasining turlichaligi joylarda, ayniqsa, muxtor Adjariyada mahalliychilikni keltirib chiqardi. Abxaziyada separatistlar Gamsaxurdiya tarafdorlari mag‘lubiyatidan foydalanib, 1992-yilda Abxaziyani suveren davlat deb e’lon qilgan eski konstitutsiyani tikladi. Abxaziya tomonidan mustaqillik e’lon qilinishiga javoban Shevardnadze u yerga hali to‘liq shakllanmagan Gruziya qo‘shinlarini kiritdi. Ammo sal o‘tmasdan abxaz qurolli otryadlari Checheniston va boshqa ko‘ngilli qo‘shinlar yordamida yana hujumga o‘tdi. Rossiya harbiylarining norasmiy aralashuvi bilan ular 1992-yil kuzigacha Abxaziyadan gruzin qo‘shinlarini siqib chiqarib, Suxumi shahrini ishg‘ol qildi. Ammo dunyodagi birorta davlat Abxaziya mustaqilligini tan olgani yo‘q. 2003-yilning oktabrida Gruziyada parlament saylovlari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Saylovlarning soxtalashtirilganidan norozi bo‘lgan demokratik kuchlar — Mixail Saakashvili boshchiligidagi Milliy Birlik Harakati va Nino Burjanadze boshchiligidagi Demokratik blok norozilik namoyishlarini boshladi. 2003-yilning 22-noyabrida oppozitsiya kuchlari parlament binosini egalladi va E. Shevardnadzening iste’foga ketishini talab qildi. 23-noyabrda prezident E. Shevardnadze bilan oppozitsiya liderlari o‘rtasida Rossiya tashqi ishlar vaziri I. Ivanov vositachiligida muzokara bo‘lib o‘tdi. Shundan keyin E. Shevardnadze o‘zining iste’foga chiqqanligini ma’lum qildi. Prezidentlik vazifasini vaqtincha Nino Burjanadze o‘z qo‘liga oldi. Shunday qilib, Gruziyada, hokimiyat almashuvi («atirgul inqilobi») qon to‘kishlarsiz g‘alaba qildi va 2004-yilning yanvar oyida prezidentlikka saylovlarda M. Saakashvili g‘alaba qildi. Gruziya hukumati AQSH va YEI mamlakatlari bilan hamkorlikni mustahkamlamoqda. Gruziyaga xorijiy kredit va investitsiyalarni jalb qilish bo‘yicha chora-tadbirlar ko‘rilmoqda. Ozarbayjon bilan birgalikda Transkavkaz neft quvuri loyihasini amalga oshirish rejalashtirilgan. Shu yo‘l bilan uning energiya manbalariga tanqisligini bartaraf etishga yordam berish kutilmoqda. O‘z xavfsizligini mustahkamlash maqsadida Gruziya NATO bilan hamkorlikni kengaytirmoqda. Gruziya hozirgi paytda iqtisodi agrar-postindustrial yo‘nalishdagi mamlakatdir. Sanoat mustaqillik yillarida deyarli o‘z faoliyatini to‘xtatdi. 90-yillarda deyarli barcha katta korxonalar yopildi. Bunga mamlakatdagi notinchlik ham sabab bo‘ldi. Hozir oziq-ovqat va energetika sanoati ishlab turibdi. Qishloq xo‘jaligida 40 foiz aholi shug‘ullanadi va lekin yetishtirilgan mahsulot YAIM ning 17 foizini tashkil qiladi. Gruziya 2008-yil avgustda Janubiy Osetiyaga qarshi hujum qildi. 308 Armaniston Respublikasi 1988-yil fevralidagi qudratli arman milliy harakatiga Ozarbayjondagi voqealar turtki bo‘ldi: Tog‘li Qorabog‘ aholisining 70 foizidan ko‘prog‘ini tashkil etgan armanlarning ozarbayjonlik rahbarlar o‘zboshimchaligiga qarshi noroziliklari va armanlarning Sumgaitdagi Ozarbayjon millatchi ekstremistlariga qarshi ommaviy chiqishlari bunga misol bo‘ladi. Aybdorlarni jazolash talabi va noroziliklar bilan yuz minglab odamlar chiqishdi. Armaniston vatanparvarlari arman xalqini himoya qilish uchun «Qorabog‘» qo‘mitasini tashkil qildi. Aholi kimyoviy korxonani va seysmik halokati butun xalqni yo‘q qilishi mumkin bo‘lgan AESni to‘xtatishga erishdi. SSSR hukumatining yer qimirlashdan zarar ko‘rgan aholiga katta yordam ko‘rsatishiga qaramasdan, xalq ommasining katta qismi Tog‘li Qorabog‘ning Armanistonga berilishini rad etgan sovet hukumatining qaroridan g‘azabga kelib, respublika mustaqilligini tiklashni talab qilib chiqdilar. 1990-yil aprel oyida Oliy Sovetga saylovlarda Armaniston umummilliy harakati g‘alaba qozondi. Hokimiyat milliy demokratlar qo‘liga o‘tdi. Ularning yetakchisi A. Ter-Petrosyan Oliy Sovet raisi etib saylandi. 1990-yil avgust oyida Oliy Sovet Armaniston mustaqilligi to‘g‘risida siyosiy bayonot berdi. Ma’muriy-huquqiy tizimning yangilanishi va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy islohotlarni boshlagan konstitutsiyaviy qonun qabul qilindi. 1991-yil yozida prezidentlik lavozimi joriy etilgandan so‘ng, unga A. Ter-Petrosyan saylandi. Sentabr oyida, umumxalq referendumi natijalariga ko‘ra, Oliy Sovet Armaniston Respublikasining SSSR tarkibidan chiqishi haqida bayonot berdi. 1991-yildagi Tog‘li Qorabog‘ poytaxti — Stepanakert uchun bo‘lib o‘tgan shafqatsiz urushlardan so‘ng arman-qorabog‘ qo‘shinlari dushman qo‘shinlarini ancha ortga surib, Ozarbayjonning katta hududini ishg‘ol qildi. Ammo Ozarbayjon aloqa tarmoqlari va energiya manbalari oqimini kesib, Armaniston va Tog‘li Qorabog‘ni blokada qilib qo‘ydi. Xomashyo, energiya manbalari va xorijiy bozorlarning yo‘qligi sababli Armaniston sanoati to‘xtab qoldi va qishloq xo‘jaligi samaradorligi pasaydi. 1994-yilga kelib uning YAIM 75 foizga qisqardi. Bu paytda yer qimirlash asoratlari to‘la bartaraf qilingani yo‘q edi. Tabiiy ofatdan zarar ko‘rgan va Ozarbayjondan kelgan yuz minglab qochoqlar vaqtinchalik yotoq joylarda yashamoqda edi. Boshqa mahsulotlar u yoqda tursin, oziq-ovqat va yonilg‘i ham yetishmas edi. Hayot manbayini topolmagan 800 ming kishi muhojir bo‘ldi. Ulkan insonparvarlik yordami va boy mamlakatlar kreditlari hamda diasporaning sahovatli yordami bo‘lmaganda, minglab kishilar halok bo‘lishi turgan gap edi. YEI 1991—1996-yillar davomida Armanistonga 340 mln dollarlik yordam jo‘natdi. XVF bir necha yillar davomida Armaniston budjet xarajatining 45 foizini qoplab keldi. Jahon banki 260 mln dollarlik maqsadli kreditlar ajratdi. 309 Hukumat qiyinchiliklarga qaramasdan, xorijiy yordam tufayli islohotlar o‘tkazdi. Oliy Sovetda respublika tizimi to‘g‘risida bo‘lib o‘tgan o‘tkir munozaralardan so‘ng 1995-yilda referendum orqali yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Armanistonda milliy valuta — dram (diram) joriy qilindi va, mamlakat tashqi qarzlari milliard dollardan oshganiga qaramasdan, uning barqarorligiga erishildi. Sanoat va yerni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish natijasida 1998-yilga kelib korxonalarning 70 foizi xususiylashtirildi va xususiy yerlarda 350 ming xo‘jalik yuzaga keldi. Asbob-uskunalar eskirganligi, energiya manbalari, xomashyo, o‘g‘it va mashinalar yetishmasligi sababli ularning unumdorligi nihoyatda past edi. Elektr energiya ishlab chiqarishni oshirish maqsadida hukumat seysmik jihatdan xavfli bo‘lgan AESni qayta ishga tushirishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1994-yildan boshlab ishlab chiqarishning o‘sishi boshlandi va u 90- yillarning oxiriga kelib yiliga 10 foizdan ortiq bo‘ldi. 1996-yildan boshlab qishloq xo‘jaligi jonlana boshladi. 1996-yilda prezidentlikka qayta saylangan L. Ter-Petrosyanning Tog‘li Qorabog‘ masalasida yon berishga moyilligidan norozi bo‘lgan harbiylar va muxolifatchi kuchlar tazyiqi ostida u 1997-yilda iste’foga chiqdi. Keskin kurash natijasida ilgari Tog‘li Qorabog‘ni, keyinchalik Armaniston hukumatini boshqargan R. Kocharyan Prezident etib saylandi. Prezident tuzumni barqarorlashtirish va Armanistonning xalqaro pozitsiyasini mustahkamlashga urinmoqda. Turli muxolif guruhlarning davom etayotgan chiqishlari mamlakat rivojlanishini orqaga surmoqda. Armaniston uchun uning MDH va YEXHTda ishtirok etishi muhim ahamiyatga ega. RF bilan yaqin hamkorlik iqtisodiyotning rivojlanishi va xavfsizlikning ta’minlanishiga yordam beradi. Armaniston eng ilg‘or mamlakatlar bilan hamda Eron bilan aloqalarni kengaytirmoqda. Turkiya bilan o‘zaro aloqalarni normallashtirishga urinmoqda. Ozarbayjon va YEXHT bilan muzokara yuritib, Tog‘li Qorabog‘ manfaatlarini himoya qilish yo‘llarini izlashga harakat qilmoqda. Armanistonda hozirgi paytda iqtisod ancha jonlanmoqda. Qishloq xo‘jaligi iqtisodning o‘rtacha 20 foizini tashkil qiladi. Ozarbayjon va Turkiya bilan ahvol yaxshilanib ketmayapti. 2003-yilda Armaniston Jahon savdo tashkilotiga a’zo bo‘ldi. 2008-yilga kelib YAIM 22,4 mlrd dollarni, aholi jon boshiga esa 6312 dollarni tashkil etdi, ayni paytda Ozarbayjonda – 6476, Turkiyada 10380 dollardir. Mamlakat importi eksportga nisbatan 1,5 mlrd dollarga ko‘pdir. Hozir mamlakat prezidenti lavozimida S. Sarkisyan ishlamoqda. Ozarbayjon Respublikasi 1989-yilda Ozarbayjon hukumati SSSR xalq deputatlari syezdiga hali ko‘pchiligi sovet tartibotini saqlash tarafdori bo‘lgan deputatlarni jo‘natishi mumkin edi. Ammo yil oxiriga borib Tog‘li Qorabog‘dagi qurolli to‘qnashuvlar 310 keskinlashdi. Mamlakatning turli mintaqalarida aholining 8 foizini tashkil etgan armanlarning chiqishlari kuzatildi. Bokuda esa millatchilar, liberallar va demokratlar kompartiyaga muxolif bo‘lgan Xalq frontini tashkil qildi. U tezda katta ta’sirga ega bo‘ldi. 1989-yil kuzidan boshlab Ozarbayjon suvereniteti va liberal islohotlarni talab qilgan Xalq fronti qudratli namoyishlar va mitinglar qildi. 1990-yil boshida u muqobil hokimiyat organlarini va o‘z qurolli otryadlarini tuzdi, huquq-tartibot organlarini boshqarishga harakat qildi. Hokimiyatning Xalq fronti qo‘liga o‘tmasligi uchun SSSR Oliy rahbariyati 20-yanvarga o‘tar kechasi Bokuga sovet qo‘shinlarini kiritib, Xalq fronti va norozilik ko‘rsatgan aholi bilan ayovsiz kurash olib bordi. Yuzlab odamlar o‘ldirildi, yarador qilindi. Ommaviy chiqishlar bekor qilindi va favqulodda holat joriy qilindi. Kompartiya rahbariyati shuning evaziga hokimiyatni saqlab qoldi. Ozarbayjon 1991-yil avgust oyi oxirida mustaqillik to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyani qabul qildi. Dekabr oyida Ozarbayjonning MDHda ishtirok etishiga rozilik bildirishi kommunistlar hukumatning umrini uzaytirdi. Ishlab chiqarishning pasayishi va narx-navoning ko‘tarilishi 1992-yil bahoriga kelib aholi katta qismining va Tog‘li Qorabog‘dan kelayotgan qochoqlarning ahvolini og‘irlashtirdi. M. Mutalibov rahbarlik qilayotgan kommunistlar hukumatidan norozilik ommaviy tus oldi. Mart oyida bu hukumat ag‘darildi. Ammo raqiblar o‘rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklar Mutalibovga may oyida yana hokimiyatga qaytishga imkon berdi. Biroq ikki kun o‘tgandan so‘ng bu hukumat Xalq fronti va «Kulrang bo‘rilar» tashkiloti kuchlari tomonidan ag‘darib tashlandi. Umumxalq saylovlarida mamlakat prezidentligiga o‘zini «Otaturk askari» deb atagan milliy-demokrat A. Elchibey saylandi. Uning hukumati narxlarni liberallashtirdi va yangi valuta — manatni joriy qildi, ammo islohotlarni davom ettirishdan cho‘chib turdi. Asosiy e’tibor sovet qurollari zaxirasiga ega bo‘lgan qurolli kuchlarni shakllantirish va ularning turk murabbiylari tomonidan tarbiyalanishiga qaratildi. Biroq 1992-yilda iqtisodiy-ijtimoiy ahvolning yomonlashuvi, frontdagi mag‘lubiyat va Tog‘li Qorabog‘ o‘z mustaqilligini e’lon qilganidan keyin kuchaygan turli mahalliy urug‘-aymoqlarning ig‘volari, muxolif partiyalarning kuchayishi, talish va lezgin ayirmachilarining faollashuvi hamda Xalq Frontidagi kelishmovchiliklar Elchibey hokimiyati susayishiga olib keldi. Yozda Ganja shahrida frontdagi mag‘lubiyati uchun Prezident bergan tanbehlardan g‘azabga kelgan polkovnik S. Guseynov o‘z polkida isyon ko‘tardi va prezidentning iste’foga chiqishini talab qilib, Bokuga yurish qildi. Elchibey qarshilik ko‘rsatishdan cho‘chidi va sobiq kommunistlar yetakchisi G. Aliyevdan yordam so‘rab, poytaxtdan qochdi. 311 1990-yilda sovet qo‘shinlarining Bokuga kiritilishidan noroziligini namoyish qilib, KPSS safini tark etgan G. Aliyev o‘sha paytda o‘z ona yurti Naxichevan avtonom viloyatida edi. U Yangi Ozarbayjon milliy-demokratik partiyasiga tayanardi. G. Aliyev Bokuga kelib, Guseynov bilan kelishuvga erishdi. Guseynov hukumat boshlig‘i bo‘lishga rozi bo‘ldi, Aliyev esa parlament raisi etib saylandi. 1993-yilda G. Aliyev Milliy-liberal dasturi bilan chiqdi va, Tog‘li Qorabog‘ni Ozarbayjonga qaytarib olish va’dasini bergandan keyin, u umumxalq saylovlarida Ozarbayjon Prezidenti etib saylandi. Fitnalarga aralashgan Guseynov o‘z vazifasidan chetlashtirildi va sud javobgarligiga tortildi. G. Aliyev va uning yangi hukumati ijtimoiy-siyosiy tashkilotlarning tarqoqligini va qayta guruhlanishini bartaraf etdi. 1995-yil noyabrida referendum yo‘li bilan yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Unda Ozarbayjon demokratik huquqiy dunyoviy respublika deb e’lon qilindi. Qirqqa yaqin partiyalar ishtirok etgan majlis saylovlarida o‘rinlarning 45 foizini Yangi Ozarbayjon partiyasi egalladi. Siyosiy barqarorlikni 1998-yilda Aliyevning yana prezident etib saylanishi mustahkamladi. Hukumat o‘rta va oliy ta’lim tuzilishi hamda mazmunini yangiladi, sog‘liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qildi. Sud-huquq tizimi qayta qurildi va jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash kuchaytirildi. Kaspiyning ifloslanishiga qarshi choralar ko‘rildi. Bularning amalga oshirilishiga ulkan harbiy xarajatlar (budjetning 50—70 foizi) va iqtisodiyotning og‘ir ahvolda ekanligi salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. 1994- yilda hukumat erkinlashtirish va xo‘jalikni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarishga urinib ko‘rdi. 1995-yildan boshlab, XVFga tayanib, iqtisodiyotni barqarorlashtirish choralari amalga oshirila boshladi. Tuzilmaviy islohotlar o‘tkazilishini Jahon banki moliyalashtirdi. Eng rivojlangan mamlakatlardan katta kreditlar olishga va Turkiya hamda Eron bilan hamkorlikni kengaytirishga erishildi. Ozarbayjonning MDHga qaytishi uning hamdo‘stlik mamlakatlariga eksport ko‘lamini oshirdi. 1996—1997-yillarda shu paytgacha muttasil qisqarib kelgan YAIMni barqarorlashtirishga erishildi. XVFning yordami manatni kuchaytirish va xorijiy investitsiya hamda texnologiyalarni jalb qilishga imkon berdi. Dunyodagi eng yirik xalqaro korporatsiyalar bilan kimyoviy, metallurgiya, elektrotexnika va mashinasozlik sanoatining rivojlanishini ta’minlaydigan «asr shartnomasi »ning tuzilishi 1990—1995-yillar mobaynida ikki baravarga qisqarib ketgan neft qazib olishni ko‘paytirish imkonini berdi. Ozarbayjon neft quvuri Gruziya va Turkiya orqali Yevropaga o‘tkazilishiga umid qilmoqda. 90-yillarning oxirida inflatsiya cheklandi va ishlab chiqarish jonlana boshladi. 2003-yilgi prezident saylovlarida G. Aliyevning o‘g‘li Ilhom Aliyev prezidentlikka saylandi. Ozarbayjon ko‘pgina xalqaro tashkilotlar, jumladan, 10 ta Osiyo mamlakatlari (Pokiston, Afg‘oniston, Eron, Turkiya va Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari) 312 iqtisodiy hamkorlik tashkilotida hamda YEXHTda ishtirok etib kelmoqda. U YEI va NATO bilan hamkorlik qilmoqda. Armanistonga qarshi uni qo‘llab-quvvatlayotgan Turkiya bilan yaqin aloqada. MDHda Gruziya, Ukraina va Turkmaniston bilan ikki tomonlama munosabatlarni rivojlantirishga urinmoqda hamda Tog‘li Qorabog‘ni qaytarishni qo‘llab-quvvatlovchilarni izlaydi. Ozarbayjon hukumati Rossiya Federatsiyasi tomonidan Armanistonga qurol-aslaha berilishidan norozi va Tog‘li Qorabog‘ning taqdiri belgilanadigan xalqaro muzokaralarda Tog‘li Qorabog‘ni qatnashchi sifatida tan olmaydi. Hozirgi vaqtda Ozarbayjon agrar-industrial mamlakat bo‘lib, qazib olish sektori nihoyatda rivojlangan. Iqtisodning o‘sishi 1996-yilda YAIM ning o‘sishi bo‘yicha jahon rekordini qo‘ydi – 36,6 foiz. 2007-yilga kelib YAIM 31,6 mlrd dollarni, aholi jon boshiga esa 6476 dollarni tashkil etdi. Ozarbayjon eksportining 90 foizini neft tashkil etadi. 1 mlrd tonna neft zaxiralari bor. 2008-yilda sutkasiga 1,0 mln barrel qazib chiqarish mo‘ljallangan. 2007- yilda 10,4 mlrd kubometr gaz qazib chiqardi. Mamlakatda yollanib ishlaydigan ishchilarning o‘rtacha ish haqi 196 dollarni tashkil etadi. 35-§. Markaziy Osiyo mamlakatlari taraqqiyot yo‘llarining turli-tumanligi Markaziy Osiyo respublikalari SSSRning Yevropa qismidagi va Kavkazorti respublikalaridan etnik, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va mafkuraviy-siyosiy jihatdan katta farq qilardi. Ulardagi turmush darajasining boshqa ittifoqdoshlariga nisbatan pastligi va aholi o‘sishining yuqoriligi konformizm (befarqlik, loqaydlik)ning hukmron bo‘lishiga xalaqit berolmas edi. Ulardagi sanoat qoloqroq va tarqoqroq edi. Yakka hokimlik (monokultura)ga asoslangan qishloq xo‘jaligi ittifoq markazi uchun xomashyo tayyorlab berishga moslashtirilgan edi. Islom dini va urug‘-aymoqchilik ta’siri kuchliligicha qoldi. Ko‘p asrlik madaniyat va milliy o‘zlikni anglashga avval Chor Rossiyasi, so‘ngra Sovet mustabid tuzumi amalga oshirgan ommaviy qatag‘onlar, yozuvning o‘zgartirilishi va etnik chegaralarning yopilishi yordamida misli ko‘rilmagan darajada zarar yetkazildi. O‘xshash taqdirlar va sovetcha «tenglashtirishga» qaramasdan, 80-yillarda bu respublikalardagi ahvol turlicha edi va ularning taraqqiyot yo‘li ham birbiridan keskin farq qilardi. Tojikistonda «real sotsializm»ni saqlab qolishga urinishdan tortib, Qirg‘izistonda liberal-demokratik islohotlarning o‘tkazilishigacha, O‘zbekistonda bozor iqtisodiyotiga bosqichma-bosqich o‘tish usulidan tortib, Qozog‘istonda «boshqariladigan demokratiya» orqali iqtisodiyotni erkinlashtirishgacha va Turkmanistonda milliy-totalitar tuzumning barpo etilishigacha bo‘lgan yo‘llarni ko‘rish mumkin. Vaqtincha iqtisodiyot samaradorligining yetarli emasligi, aholi turmush darajasining rivojlangan davlatlarga nisbatan pastligi va yangi davlatchilikni shakllantirish qiyinchiliklaridan foydalanib qolmoqchi bo‘lgan, mustaqil taraqqiyotni ko‘rolmagan 313 tajovuzkor, hokimiyatparast kuchlar Tojikiston, O‘zbekiston va Qirg‘izistonda agressiv islom fundamentalizmi va ekstremizmi hamda xalqaro terrorizmning konstitutsiyaviy tuzumga qarshi faollashuviga sabab bo‘ldi. Qozog‘iston Respublikasi Markaziy Osiyoning hudud jihatidan eng yirik respublikasi — Qozog‘istonda uchta urug‘ ittifoqi — juzlarga bo‘linishni yo‘qotmagan qozoqlar aholining 40 foizini tashkil etadi. Asosan respublika shimolida yashovchi ruslar ham aholining 40 foizini, ukrainlar, nemislar, o‘zbeklar, qirg‘izlar, tatarlar, uyg‘urlar qolgan 20 foizini tashkil etadi. 1986-yilda Olmaotada ittifoq markazi ko‘rsatmasiga ko‘ra respublika va kompartiya rahbariyatining o‘zgarishiga qarshi ommaviy norozilik qozoqlarda milliy o‘zlikni anglash tiklanishining cho‘qqisi bo‘ldi. Norozilik qatnashchilarining shafqatsiz jazolanishi ko‘pchilikning g‘azabini qo‘zg‘atdi. Shu bilan birga, Qozog‘iston hududida yadro sinovlari o‘tkazilishi va ularning oqibatlariga qarshi harakat kuchaya boshladi. Qozoq aholi ichida qozoq tilining ilgarigi mavqei va yozuvining tiklanishi, qozoq xalqi tarixi, madaniyati va dinining o‘rganilishi va tiklanishi to‘g‘risidagi talablar ommaviylashdi. 1989-yil bahoridagi SSSR Xalq deputatlari syezdida qatnashgan respublika vakillari sovet tuzumini saqlab qolish tarafdorlaridan iborat edi. Kuzda Oliy Sovet qozoq tilini davlat tili, rus tilini millatlararo so‘zlashuv tili, deb e’lon qildi. Kompartiya rahbari N. Nazarboyev respublika ko‘p millatli jamiyati birligini va Gorbachyovning SSSRni saqlab qolishga urinishlarini qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Oliy Sovet 1990-yil bahorida uni Prezident etib sayladi, oktabrda esa, qarshiliklarga qaramay, Qozog‘iston suverenitetini e’lon qildi. Hukumat 70 foizi ittifoq markazi ixtiyorida bo‘lgan barcha zaxiralarni respublika mulkiga aylantira boshladi. Moskvadagi avgust to‘ntarishini (xuntasini) respublika rahbariyati jimlik bilan kutib oldi, so‘ngra hukumat amalda tarqalib ketgan kompartiya mulkini milliylashtirdi. Qozoq va rus xalqlarini hamjihatlikka va Rossiya bilan yaqin aloqalarni saqlab qolishga chaqirgan Nazarboyev 1991-yil oxiridagi umumxalq saylovlarida yana Prezident etib saylandi. Ammo Oliy Sovet Qozog‘iston mustaqilligi to‘g‘risida hammadan keyin — 1991-yil 16-dekabrda deklaratsiya qabul qildi. Davlatchilik shakllanishi uchun bir necha yil kerak bo‘ldi. 1993-yil boshlarida Oliy Sovet qabul qilgan Qozog‘iston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasida prezidentga keng vakolatlar berilishi va konstitutsion sud tashkil qilinishi belgilangan edi. Ammo unda aholining milliy tavofutlari, islohotlar kelajagi hisobga olinmadi va sovet (kengashlar) tizimi saqlab qolindi. 1993-yilning oxiridayoq Nazarboyev boshchiligidagi rahbariyat bu konstitutsion tizimning 314 yangi muammolarini hal etish uchun yetarli emasligini fahmlab yetdi. Sovetlarning o‘z-o‘zidan tarqalib ketishiga 1993-yil kuzida Rossiyada ro‘y bergan voqealar turtki bo‘ldi. Qozog‘istonda sovetlarning tarqalib ketishiga hech kim qarshi chiqmadi — «tinchgina davlat to‘ntarishi» ro‘y berdi. 1994-yil mart oyidagi yangi qonun chiqaruvchi organ saylovlari urug‘- aymoqlar va guruhlar tomonidan qonunlarning qo‘pol buzilishi bilan o‘tdiki, konstitutsion sud tergov o‘tkazgandan so‘ng bu saylovlarni haqiqiy emas deb hisobladi. Prezident saylangan deputatlarni tarqatishga majbur bo‘ldi va qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat vaqtincha uning qo‘liga o‘tdi. Konstitutsiya va parlamentning yangilanishigacha siyosiy barqarorlikni saqlab qolish uchun Qozog‘iston xalqlari Assambleyasi qarorlariga ko‘ra o‘tkazilgan referendum prezident vakolatini 2000-yilgacha uzaytirdi. Konstitutsiyaga ko‘ra, umumxalq saylovlarida saylanadigan keng vakolatlarga ega bo‘lgan prezident ijro etuvchi hokimiyatni boshqaradi, qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat esa senat va majlisdan iborat ikki palatali parlamentga tegishlidir. 1995-yilning oxirida hukumat tomonidan senatga ko‘rsatilgan nomzodlarning bilvosita va muqobilsiz saylovlari hamda orasida muxolifat vakillari bo‘lmagan majlisga ko‘rsatilgan ko‘p sonli nomzodlar o‘rtasida keskin kurash bilan umumxalq saylovlari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Prezident va uning tarafdorlari, ommaviy axborot vositalari va har ikki yilda bir marta saylanadigan parlament deputatlarining bir qismi urug‘- aymoqlar va guruhlarning ig‘volariga qarshilik qilib, korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashib va radikal-milliy qozoqlar va ruslar hamda islomiy tanqidchilarning yo‘lini to‘sib qo‘ygan holda saylovlarni to‘la boshqarib bordi. Ko‘p millatli jamiyatni birlashtirish uchun prezident qoshida maslahat-mashvarat organi — Qozog‘iston xalqlari Assambleyasi tuzildi. Prezident tashabbusi bilan 1997-yilda, qozoq-rus birligini mustahkamlash va eng kuchli juz ta’sirini susaytirish maqsadida, poytaxt mamlakatning janubi-sharqiy burchagida joylashgan Olmaotadan ko‘pchilik aholisi ruslardan iborat bo‘lgan va eng muhim industrial-agrar mintaqada joylashgan Ostona shahriga ko‘chirildi. 2000-yilda qabul qilingan qonun prezidentga muddati tugagandan so‘ng ham sobiq prezident sifatida hukumat siyosatiga aralashishga to‘la imkon berdi. Nazarboyev tomonidan 15—20 yilga mo‘ljallangan samarali ijtimoiy yo‘naltirilgan bozor iqtisodiyotini barpo etishga qaratilgan islohotlarni amalga oshirish qiyinligi oshkor bo‘ldi. Tabiiy resurslarni qayta ishlovchi sohalar ularni qazib oluvchi sohalarga nisbatan orqada qoldi, chunki sanoatdagi deyarli barcha jihozlar eskirgan edi. G‘alla yetishtirish va chorvachilikda mashinalar va zamonaviy texnologiyalar yetishmas edi. Eng asosiysi — ittifoq buyurtmalari va investitsiyalarining to‘xtab qolishi tarqoq sohalar sharoitida sanoat va qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishining keskin pasayishiga olib keldi, 315 natijada 1991-yildan to 1996-yilgacha bo‘lgan davrda Qozog‘iston yalpi ichki mahsuloti (YAIM) 31 foizga qisqardi. Sanoat mahsulotlari va, hatto, oziq-ovqat yetishmas edi. Mehnatkashlarning asosiy qismi ishsiz qoldi. Inflatsiya tez o‘sa boshladi. Qish paytida uylar isitilmas, korxonalar to‘xtab qolardi. Yem yo‘qligidan qoramol qirilib ketdi. Shunda iqtisodiy islohotlar Milliy kengashi tuzildi. Hissadorlik jamiyatlariga aylantirilayotgan korxonalar aksiyalarining 50 foizi avvaliga davlat ixtiyorida qoldi. Bu korxonalarda ishlab chiqarish samaradorligi oshgandan keyin bu aksiyalar sotilardi. Yerni mulk sifatida emas, balki uzoq muddatli ijaraga berish ma’qulroq, deb topildi. Jinoyatchilikka, ayniqsa, korrupsiyaga qarshi kurash kuchaytirildi. Monopoliyaga qarshi qonunlar qabul qilindi. 1994-yildan Qozog‘iston valutasi — tenge muomalaga kirdi. Ammo narxnavo o‘sishi davom etdi va tengeni mustahkamlash uchun XVF dan yordam olindi. Xorijiy kompaniyalarga mamlakat tabiiy resurslarini ishlab chiqarish uchun litsenziyalar berildi, ular ishtirokida neft va gaz qazib olish va Kaspiy orqali Yevropaga hamda Xitoyga quvurlar yotqizish uchun qudratli korporatsiyalar barpo etila boshlandi. 1996—1998-yillarda xususiylashtirish davom etishi natijasida xususiy sektor ancha o‘sdi. Davlat ixtiyorida ilgarigi mulkning atigi 16,1 foizi qoldi, ularning ham 45 foizi xorijiy kompaniyalar qo‘liga o‘tdi. Bir necha milliard dollar investitsiya jalb etildi, inflatsiya pasaydi va 1996—1997-yillardan boshlab ishlab chiqarish o‘sa boshladi. Shu bilan birga iqtisodiyotda xususiy sektor afzalligi mustahkamlandi, u asr oxiriga kelib Qozog‘iston yalpi mahsulotining 75 foizini ishlab chiqara boshladi. Rossiyadagi 1998-yil inqiroziga bog‘liq qiyinchiliklarga qaramasdan, neft va boshqa qimmatbaho xomashyoni sotishdan kelgan daromadlar hissadorlikning oshishi, ishlab chiqarish va yalpi ichki mahsulot o‘sishiga yordam berdi. Ijtimoiy muammolarni hal qilish yo‘llarini izlash faollashmoqda. Mulkdorlar yangi sinfini shakllantirish, bandlikni va nochor oilalarga yordamni kuchaytirishdan tashqari, hukumat aholi demografik tarkibini qozoqlar foydasiga hal qilishga urinmoqda. Tug‘ilishning nihoyatda ko‘pligi, qo‘shni mamlakatlardagi qozoqlar bir qismining ko‘chib kelishi, ruslarning emigratsiyasi tufayli qozoqlar ulushi tobora oshib bormoqda. Ruslarning ko‘chib ketishini hukumat rag‘batlantirayotgani yo‘q, ammo boshqaruvning «qozoqlashib» borishi va qozoq madaniyatining ustunligi ularni Rossiya Federatsiyasiga ko‘chib ketishga majbur qilmoqda. Hukumat qozoqlarning butun mamlakat bo‘ylab tarqalishiga katta e’tibor bermoqda. Asr oxirida qozoqlar allaqachon aholining yarmini tashkil etdi. Qozog‘istonning xalqaro xavfsizligi va yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik shartnomasiga qo‘shilishi kafolati bilan Qozog‘istonga SSSRdan meros qolgan raketa-yadro qurolining Rossiya Federatsiyasida zararsizlantirilishi to‘g‘ri316 sida kelishib olindi. Baykonur kosmodromining Rossiya Federatsiyasi tomonidan ijaraga olinishi va undan foydalanishning xavfsizlik shartlari ishlab chiqilgan. Qozog‘iston MDHni mustahkamlashni faol qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi va eng muhim savdo sheriklari Rossiya Federatsiyasi hamda Belorussiya bilan bojxona ittifoqi, qo‘shni Markaziy Osiyo respublikalari bilan iqtisodiy integratsiya to‘g‘risida shartnoma tuzdi. U MDH davlatlari bir qismi bilan harbiy sohada hamkorlik qiladi va o‘z qurolli kuchlarini vujudga keltirdi. Nazarboyevning «ko‘p yo‘nalishli tashqi siyosati» MDH doirasidan ham tashqariga chiqdi. Qozog‘iston Germaniya va Yevropa Ittifoqining boshqa mamlakatlari hamda Turkiya, Eron, Yaponiya va Malayziyaga o‘z xomashyosini berish, ulardan kreditlar, investitsiya va yuksak texnologiyalarni keltirish yo‘li bilan hamkorlik qiladi. U 10 ta Osiyo mamlakatlari iqtisodiy hamkorligi (MOH) da ishtirok etadi. Qozog‘iston YEXHT a’zosi, NATO bilan hamkorlik qiladi, Shanxay Hamkorlik Toshkiloti (SHHT)ning a’zosidir. Keng va ko‘p tomonlama aloqalar islohotlar va iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirish hamda xavfsizlikni ta’minlash, jumladan, islom fundamentalizmining tahdidini bartaraf etishga imkon beradi. O‘zbekiston bilan abadiy do‘stlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolagan. Qo‘shnichilik aloqalari kuchaymoqda. Hozirgi vaqtda Qozog‘iston agrar-industrial mamlakat bo‘lib, 2006-yilda YAIM 77,9 mlrd dollarga yetdi va aholi jon boshiga 5120 dollarni tashkil etadi. Neft va neft mahsulotlari, rangli va qora metall, ruda, g‘allani eksport qiladi. Temir ruda zaxiralari bo‘yicha dunyoda 8-o‘rinda turadi. Dunyoda mis eksporti bo‘yicha yetakchi o‘rinlardan birida turadi. G‘alla yetishtirishda MDH mamlakatlari ichida uchinchi o‘rinni egallaydi. Qirg‘iziston Respublikasi Markaziy Osiyo respublikalari ichida eng kichigi — tog‘li Qirg‘iziston ittifoq markaziga bo‘ysundirilgan sanoatga ega bo‘lib, markaz dotatsiyasi respublika budjetining 60 foizini qoplar edi. Aholining 53 foizdan kamrog‘i qirg‘izlar, ruslar — 21 foiz, o‘zbeklar — 13 foizni tashkil etar, boshqa turkiyzabon xalqlar, ukrainlar, nemislar istiqomat qilardi. Mamlakatda ko‘pchilikni tashkil etgan shimoliy va janubiy qirg‘izlar o‘rtasida raqiblik, shuningdek, janubda qirg‘izlar va o‘zbeklar o‘rtasida ham raqobat bor edi. Sanoatda rus mutaxassislari asosiy rol o‘ynardi. Rossiyaning markaziy shaharlarida o‘qish davomida liberalizmga moyillik orttirgan qirg‘iz mutaxassislarining ta’siri va saylovchilar Assotsiatsiyasi harakatlari tufayli SSSR Xalq deputatlari syezdiga yuborilgan delegatlar ichida sovet tuzumini saqlab qolish tarafdorlari qo‘shni respublikalardagiga nisbatan ko‘p emas edi. 1990-yilda esa Qirg‘iziston janubidagi o‘zbeklar va qirg‘izlar o‘rtasidagi to‘qnashuvlarni bartaraf eta olmagani va milliy-liberal va milliy-demokratik ruhdagi o‘nlab partiya va guruhlarning paydo bo‘lishi sababli kommunistik partiya o‘z mavqeyini yo‘qotdi. Yuz minglab kishilarni 317 birlashtirgan «Qirg‘iziston» demokratik harakati mamlakat suvereniteti va bozor islohotlariga da’vat etdi. Uning ta’sirida Oliy Kengash 1990-yil dekabrida suverenitet deklaratsiyasini qabul qildi va SSSRni konfederatsiyaga aylantirishga ovoz berdi. Moskvada g‘alaba qozongan Demokratik Rossiya bilan yakdil bo‘lgan milliy-liberal va demokratlar talabiga ko‘ra, Oliy Kengash Qirg‘izistonning siyosiy suverenitetini e’lon qilishga va, hatto, kompartiyani taqiqlashga majbur bo‘ldi. 1991-yil oktabrdagi umumxalq saylovlarida liberal-demokrat, akademik A. Akayev mamlakat prezidenti etib saylandi. U «o‘tmish bilan bahslashmasdan olg‘a yurish»ga da’vat etdi. Qirg‘izistonda davlatchilikning shakllanishi liberal-demokratik partiya va guruhlar o‘rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklar, Akayevning o‘z «jamoa»si yo‘qligi ilgarigi «nomenklatura» va yaqinda tiklangan kompartiyaning islohotlarga shafqatsiz qarshilik ko‘rsatishi hamda urug‘-aymoqlar o‘rtasidagi raqiblik, hokimiyatning suiiste’mol qilinishi va korrupsiya sharoitida kuchaygan millatlararo mojarolar ta’sirida murakkablashgan edi. Ammo ba’zi respublikalar uchun an’anaviy bo‘lgan konformistik (loqaydlik, befarqlik) ruhdagi aholining ovoz berishi oqibatida 1992-yil kuzidagi Oliy Kengash saylovlarida islohot dushmanlari — sobiq sovet-kommunist arboblar va turli urug‘larning rahbarlari ko‘pchilik ovozga ega bo‘lishdi. Qayta tiklangan kompartiya qasd olishga harakat qildi. Ortga qaytish xavfi tug‘ildi. Shunga qaramasdan, 1993-yil may oyida oldinga qadam qo‘yishga, ya’ni Oliy Kengash tomonidan yangi konstitutsiyaning qabul qilinishiga erishildi, erkinliklari e’tirof etildi, ammo xususiy mulk cheklab qo‘yildi. Qirg‘iziston umumxalq saylovida saylanadigan prezidentli va ikki palatali parlament — Jo‘qorg‘i Kengesi ega respublikaga aylandi. Prezident oldida javobgar bo‘lgan hukumat parlamentga bo‘ysunadi. Mamlakat poytaxti nomi Bishkek deb o‘zgartirildi. 1994 va 1995-yillardagi referendumlarda konstitutsiyaga hokimiyat turli tarmoqlarining vazifalarini belgilash va ularning o‘zaro munosabatini belgilovchi tuzatishlar kiritildi. Hukumatda o‘z mansabini suiiste’mol qilish hollaridan xabar topgan raqiblarning tobora kuchayib borayotgan hujumlaridan o‘zini himoya qilish maqsadida A. Akayev 1994-yil boshida prezidentga ishonch to‘g‘risida referendum o‘tkazdi va ko‘pchilik tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Kelasi yili yana prezident etib saylandi. 2000-yildagi parlament saylovlarida Akayevni qo‘llab-quvvatlayotganlar ko‘pchilik o‘ringa ega bo‘lishdi va Prezidentga ancha xayrixoh bo‘lib qolgan kommunistlar muvaffaqiyatga erishishdi. Hukumat «Ar-Napis» demokratik harakatidagi Akayevni tanqid qiluvchilar faolligiga zarba berib, uning rahbarini hibsga oldi. Bu esa ommaviy noroziliklarga sabab bo‘ldi va vaziyatni keskinlashtirdi. Ammo Akayev raqiblari kuchsizlashgan edi. 2000-yildagi prezident saylovlarida unga saylovchilarning 75 foizi ovoz berdi va u to‘rtinchi marta prezident etib saylandi. 318 Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirish qiyinroq kechdi. 1990- yildan boshlangan ishlab chiqarishning pasayishi, ittifoq markazining buyurtma va investitsiyalari to‘xtagandan so‘ng, yanada tezlashdi. 1995-yilda mamlakatda ishlab chiqarish hajmi 1990-yildagiga nisbatan 39 foizni tashkil etdi. 1991—1993-yillarda Rossiya Federatsiyasi texnik kreditlar taqdim etgan bo‘lsa-da, dotatsiyalarning to‘xtashi va daromadning qisqarishi budjetni parchaladi va yirik inflatsiyani yanada tezlashtirdi. Hukumatning narxlar o‘sishini to‘xtatishga urinishlari zoye ketdi. Maorif, sog‘liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ta’minot tizimi izdan chiqdi. Bu ijtimoiy va millatlararo munosabatlarning murakkablashishi, hokimiyatning suiiste’mol qilinishi va jinoyatchilikning o‘sishiga olib keldi. 1991-yildayoq hukumat XVF ishtirokida xo‘jalikni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish dasturini ishlab chiqqan edi. Narxlarni liberallashtirish boshlandi, 1993-yilda esa milliy valuta — som muomalaga kiritildi. Lekin, hatto, XVF yordami bilan ham inflatsiyani pasaytirish va uning barqarorlashishiga erishila olmadi.1998-yilga kelib davlat qo‘lida uning ilgarigi mulkining atigi 5,6 foizi qoldi. Bu mulkning katta qismi korxonalar xodimlari, menejerlar, xorijiy va mahalliy investorlar ixtiyoriga o‘tdi. Jahon banki ishtirokida ishlab chiqarishni moliyalash yo‘lga qo‘yildi va banklar tizimi yaratildi. 1996-yildan boshlab ishlab chiqarish o‘sa boshladi, 1997-yilda esa hukumat islohotlarning ikkinchi bosqichi, ya’ni korxonalarni boshqarish samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan ishlarni amalga oshirish boshlanganini e’lon qildi. Ko‘pgina millatchilarga qarshi chiqib, 1991-yildagi yer to‘g‘risidagi qonunda yer nafaqat qirg‘izlarga, balki barcha Qirg‘iziston fuqarolariga tegishli ekanligi haqida yozilishiga erishildi. Samarasiz foydalanilayotgan yerlar, ya’ni barcha haydalma yerlarning 50 foizi davlat fondiga aylandi. Bu yerlardan qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqaruvchilar uchastkalarni egalik huquqlarini meros qoldirish huquqi bilan 50 yil muddatga ijara olishardi. Bu xususiy xo‘jaliklar sonining oshishi va mustahkamlanishining boshlanishi bo‘ldi. Prezident farmoniga ko‘ra, 1996-yildan boshlab yerni ijaraga olish, sotish va garovga berish mumkin bo‘ldi. Bu yerga bozor munosabatlarining joriy etilishi edi. Ikki yildan so‘ng, 1998-yilda yerga xususiy mulkchilik to‘g‘risidagi qonun qabul qilingandan keyin, uning hajmini qisqartirish va egalari doirasini cheklashlar ishlab chiqildi. 90-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarishi jonlana boshladi, ammo ko‘pchilik aholining turmush darajasi deyarli yaxshilanmadi. Mamlakat uchun nihoyatda zarur bo‘lgan rus mutaxassislari va yer egalarining ko‘chib ketishlarini to‘xtatish maqsadida Prezident rus tilining millatlararo so‘zlashuv tili deb tan olinishiga hamda, eng avvalo, Rossiya madaniyati va fani yutuqlarini o‘rganish maqsadida Slavyan universitetining ochilishiga erishdi. Mamlakat barcha fuqarolarining yerga egalik qilish huquqining e’tirof etilishi uni ruslarga, o‘zbeklarga hamda boshqa millat vakillariga berishga va bu bilan ko‘pgina mojarolarni bartaraf etishga imkon berdi. Millatchi ekstremistlar va islom aqidaparastlarining millatlararo nizolar 319 urug‘ini sochishga bo‘lgan urinishlari bartaraf qilindi. Mamlakatni xalqaro mojarochilardan himoya qilish maqsadida qurolli kuchlar barpo etildi. Ular tez-tez ro‘y berib turgan islom aqidaparastlari to‘dalari hujumlarini qaytarib turibdi. 2005-yilga kelib ahvol murakkablashdi. Hukumatga qarshi kuchlar «Lola inqilobi» o‘tkazdilar. A. Akayev hokimiyatdan voz kechdi. Q. Bakiyev vaqtinchalik prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi va ko‘p o‘tmay prezidentlikka saylandi. Yechilmagan muammolar ko‘p. Qirg‘iziston Rossiya Federatsiyasi va MDHning boshqa mamlakatlari bilan hamkorlik bilangina cheklanmadi. Uning rahbariyati nafaqat Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari, shu jumladan, O‘zbekiston bilan, balki Xitoy bilan ham munosabatni mustahkamlashga urinmoqda. Mamlakat Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari iqtisodiy integratsiyasi va Osiyoning 10 davlati iqtisodiy hamkorligida ishtirok etmoqda, yuqori darajada rivojlangan ko‘pgina mamlakatlar: AQSH, Yaponiya, Yevropa Ittifoqi va boshqalar bilan moliyaviy-iqtisodiy va texnik hamkorlik hamda savdoni rivojlantirmoqda. Mamlakat xavfsizligini ta’minlashda qo‘shnilar bilan mos kelishuvlarga erishish hamda Shanxay Hamkorlik Tashkilotida ishtirok etish muhim ahamiyatga ega. Qirg‘izistonda YAIM 2007-yilga kelib 15,5 mlrd dollarga yetdi va aholi jon boshiga 2764 dollarni tashkil etdi. To‘rtdan uch qismi tog‘likdan iborat bo‘lgan bu mamlakatda YAIM ning 25 foizi sanoat hissasiga to‘g‘ri keladi. Sanoatning esa 40 foizini oltin ishlab chiqarish tashkil etadi. 2003-yilda mamlakatda 22,5 tonna oltin qazib olindi va uni ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha MDH mamlakatlari ichida Rossiya va O‘zbekistondan keyin uchinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. Rossiya bilan hamkorlikda Qirg‘iziston yiliga 2000 tonna uran ishlab chiqaradi. 2006-yilda o‘rtacha ish haqi 80 dollarni tashkil etdi. Turkmaniston Respublikasi Turkmaniston — aholisi eng kam bo‘lgan Markaziy Osiyo respublikasi edi. O‘sha vaqtlarda uning boy neft-gaz konlarining (butun dunyoda aniqlangan gaz zaxiralarining uchdan bir qismi) qazilishi endi boshlangan, haydaladigan yerning 70 foizida esa paxta yetishtirilar edi. Barcha qazib olish va ishlab chiqarish federal markaz uchun xizmat qilardi, markaz esa aholining yashashi (tirik qolishi) uchungina zaxiralar berardi. Bu aholining 70 foizini tashkil etuvchi turkmanlar hamda ruslar, o‘zbeklar va boshqa millat vakillarining an’anaviy befarqligi (konformistligi) va passivligini yana chuqurlashtirardi. Faqatgina 1989-yilda Ashxabodda birinchi masjid qurildi, noroziliklar namoyon bo‘ldi. Til va madaniyatni tiklash, iqtisodiy mustaqillikka erishish uchun kurashuvchi harakatlar paydo bo‘ldi. Ammo bu yerda kompartiya rahbariyati oshkoralikni boshqarib turar, «norasmiy elementlar» rivojlanishiga to‘sqinlik qilar va islohotlarning yo‘nalishi, muddatlari hamda ko‘lamini belgilab berardi. 320 Respublika suvereniteti to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiya Oliy Kengash tomonidan 1991-yil avgustida qabul qilindi. Oliy Kengash kompartiya rahbari S. Niyozovni rais etib sayladi. SSSR amalda parchalanib bo‘lganidan so‘ng, 1991-yil oxirida referendum asosida Turkmaniston mustaqillikka erishdi va umumxalq saylovlarida Niyozov uning Prezidenti etib saylandi. «Biz o‘ziga xos yangi jamiyat quramiz va unga o‘z yo‘limiz bilan boramiz», — degan edi Niyozov o‘z yo‘li haqida. Prezident turkman an’analarining tiklanishini qo‘llab-quvvatladi va ko‘pchilikka zarar yetkazmasdan islohotlarni amalga oshirish va yaqin kelajakda Iroq hujumidan qutqarilgandan keyin mashhur bo‘lgan Quvaytdagidek umumiy farovonlikni va’da qildi. Bu aholini o‘ziga rom qilar va umid uyg‘otardi. Millatlararo mojarolar, tarqoq liberal va demokratik guruhlarning chiqishlari 90-yillarning boshida bostirildi, ularning rahbarlari hibsga olindi yoki muhojirlikka ketishdi. 1992-yilda yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilinishi bilan hokimiyat yanada mustahkamlandi. Umumxalq saylovlarida saylanadigan prezident nihoyatda keng vakolatga ega bo‘ldi va hokimiyatning har bir tarmog‘iga boshchilik qildi. Qonun chiqarish Majlis — saylanuvchi parlamentga topshirildi. Ammo qarorlarni qabul qiluvchi oliy vakillik organi Xalq maslahati bo‘ldi. U Prezident tomonidan boshqarilar hamda hukumat boshlig‘i va a’zolari huquqni himoya qilish organlari va viloyat rahbarlaridan iborat edi. Mamlakatda Niyozov boshqarayotgan yagona partiya — Demokratik partiya qoldi. Aholini birlashtirish uchun amnistiya (umumiy afv) e’lon qilindi, keyinchalik esa o‘lim jazosi bekor qilindi. Konstitutsiya qabul qilingandan keyin saylovchilarning 99,5 foizi Niyozovni prezidentlikka qayta saylash, u ko‘rsatgan nomzodlarni majlisga saylash uchun ovoz berdilar. Keyinchalik, bundan ham muvaffaqiyatliroq o‘tgan referendumda Niyozovning vakolatini oshirish ma’qullandi va u Turkmanboshi hamda turkmanlar otasi, degan unvonga ega bo‘ldi, 2000-yilda esa majlis uning hokimiyatining muddatsizligi to‘g‘risidagi qonun qabul qildi. Turkmanboshining portret va so‘zlari hamma joyda paydo bo‘ldi, ko‘chalar, korxonalar va shaharlar uning nomiga qo‘yildi, poytaxtda uning ulkan, doim quyosh tomonga burilib turuvchi haykali o‘rnatildi. Farovonlik to‘g‘risidagi rejalari uchun uni hamma joyda — bolalar bog‘chasidan tortib Xalq maslahatigacha ulug‘lar edilar. Hatto, uning obro‘siga va xalqning unga bo‘lgan muhabbatiga shubha qilish Turkmaniston uchun zarar, deb baholanar edi. Nihoyat, uning tomondan odamlarning hayot normalarini mustahkamlash uchun ishlab chiqilgan, hamma uchun majburiy bo‘lgan «Turkmanlarning ma’naviyat kodeksi» qabul qilindi. «Ruxnoma» kitobi bo‘yicha oliy o‘quv yurtlariga kiruvchilar imtihon topshirardi, u Qur’oni karim bilan tenglashtirildi. Turkmanboshi tuzumi mustabid (totalitar) xarakterga ega bo‘ldi va siyosiy barqarorlikni kafolatladi. Va’da qilingan farovonlikka erishish ancha qiyin bo‘lib chiqdi. Mamlakatdagi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy ahvol og‘ir edi. Rossiyadan olingan kreditlar tezda 321 qadrsizlandi. Gaz va paxtani Rossiya hamda MDHning boshqa davlatlariga sotish na dollar, na yangi texnologiyalar keltirdi. Gaz qazib olish va paxta yetishtirish, ularni yetkazib berishni ko‘paytirish hamda ular evaziga dollar olish juda qiyin kechdi. Aholiga oziq-ovqat va boshqa mahsulotlar yetishmas edi. Pensiya va oyliklarni to‘lash kechikardi. Ayanchli statistik ma’lumotlar e’lon qilinmas edi. 1992-yildan boshlab hukumat sanoatni rivojlantirish va bozor munosabatlarining iqtisodiy poydevorini yaratishga qaratilgan «Barqarorlikning 10 yili» dasturini qabul qildi. 1993-yilda milliy valuta — manat joriy qilindi. Uning qiymati hamda narxlar hukumat tomonidan belgilanar edi. Xorijiy valuta bilan muomala qilish taqiqlangan edi. Boy mamlakatlarning hukumatlari Turkmanboshi rejimini ma’qullamasalar- da, undagi barqarorlik, mamlakatning tabiiy boyliklari va arzon ishchi kuchi hamda hukumatning bozor iqtisodiyotiga intilishi turkman paxtasi va gazini sotib olishning kengayishiga, rejimga kreditlar berilishi va xo‘jalikka investitsiyalar qo‘yilishiga yordam berdi. Eksportdan kelgan mablag‘lar va kreditlarni hukumat undirma va to‘qimachilik sanoatiga sarflar edi. Bu sohalar uchun eng yangi texnologiya hamda jihozlar sotib olindi. 90-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida gaz va neft qazib olish o‘sa boshladi va paxtaning asosiy qismi yangi korxonalarda qayta ishlana boshladi, bozorga to‘qimachilik mahsulotlari chiqarila boshlandi. Ishlab chiqarishning o‘sishi to‘la bandlikni ta’minladi. Hukumat iqtisodiyotni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarishga shoshilmadi. Neft va gaz, paxtaning sotilishi hamda qayta ishlanishi, transport va uy-joy xo‘jaligi, ishlab turgan hamda qurilayotgan barcha katta va o‘rta korxonalar davlat ixtiyorida edi. 1996-yilga kelib nodavlat sektorga yalpi ichki mahsulotning atigi 7,7 foizi to‘g‘ri keldi. 2000-yilda yalpi ichki mahsulot 14 foizga oshdi, uning beshdan bir qismi gaz eksportiga to‘g‘ri keldi. 1993-yilda qabul qilingan yerga mulkchilik to‘g‘risidagi qonun asosida har bir fuqaro 50 gektargacha yer olishi va yana 500 gektar yoki undan ko‘proq yerni ijaraga olishi mumkin edi. 5 yil muddat o‘tgandan so‘ng yer egasi — neyhan tomonidan olingan yer uning mulkiga aylanar edi, ammo u yerni sotish yoki birovga berishga haqqi yo‘q edi. Bu islohot 10 yil muddatga mo‘ljallangandi. Hukumat «Yangi qishloq» va «G‘alla» dasturlarini amalga oshirdi. Ularga ko‘ra, qishloq aholisi yashash sharoitini yaxshilash va g‘alla yetishtirishni oshirishga mablag‘ ajratilardi. Hukumat qishloq aholisi turmush darajasi yaxshilandi, deb hisobladi. G‘alla yetishtirish sezilarli darajada o‘sdi. Butun qishloq xo‘jalik ishlab chiqarishi mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotining 20 foizidan ko‘prog‘ini bermoqda. Turkmanistonning iqtisodiy va madaniy dasturi qabul qilindi. Prezident va’da qilgan umumiy farovonlikka nisbatan uyg‘ongan va oshib borayotgan shubhalarni tarqatish uchun hukumat 90-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida tuz, elektr energiya, gaz va suvni bepul deb e’lon qildi, non, o‘simlik yog‘i, jamoat transporti va maishiy xizmatlarga esa past, ramziy narxlarni belgiladi. Oziq-ovqatning boshqa turlari hamda boshqa mahsulotlar 21 — Jahon tarixi 322 kartochkalar bilan tarqatila boshlandi. Ammo, odatdagidek, bepul, arzon va kartochkalar bilan tarqatiladigan mahsulot tanqis edi, ularni olish uchun navbatlar paydo bo‘lardi. Buning ustiga aholi o‘sish darajasi oshdi. 2006-yil dekabrda Prezident S. Niyozov vafot etdi. 2007-yil fevraldagi saylovda G. Berdimuxamedov Prezident etib saylandi. Turkmanistonning tashqi siyosati uning mustaqilligini mustahkamlash va dunyo bozoriga tabiiy gazning yirik zaxiralarini chiqarish yo‘llarini izlashga qaratilgan edi. Mustaqillikka erishilgandan so‘ng mamlakatning neytraliteti (betarafligi) e’lon qilindi va amalga oshirib kelinmoqda. MDH tarkibida bo‘lish Rossiya Federatsiyasidan yordam olishga imkon berdi. Ayniqsa, milliy qurolli kuchlar yaratilgunga qadar, Rossiya Federatsiyasi Turkmaniston chegarasini himoya qilishi va qurol bilan yordam berishini aytish mumkin. MDH doirasida Turkmaniston Hamdo‘stlik a’zolari, avvalo, Rossiya Federatsiyasi, Ozarbayjon, Gruziya, Ukraina bilan ikki tomonlama munosabatlarni rivojlantirmoqda. 2005-yilga kelib betaraflikka to‘la amal qilish uchun Turkmaniston MDH tarkibidan chiqdi. Turkmaniston Osiyo iqtisodiy hamkorlik tashkiloti, ayniqsa, Turkiya, Eron va Afg‘oniston bilan yaqin hamkorlik qiladi. Turkman gazining bir qismini Rossiya Federatsiyasi orqali Ukrainaga yetkazib berish to‘g‘risida kelishib olindi. Bundan qoniqmagan respublika hukumati Kaspiy orqali Ozarbayjon, Gruziya, Turkiyaga va Afg‘oniston orqali Pokiston, XXRga gazni eksport qilish uchun gaz quvurlari qurilishida qatnashmoqda. Aholining huquq va erkinliklari biroz cheklanishiga qaramasdan, o‘zining mustahkamligi tufayli Turkmanboshi rejimi boy mamlakatlar va xalqaro tashkilotlarning moliyaviy yordamini olishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Prezident Q. Berdimuhammedov davrida vaziyat ancha yumshadi. 2007- yil fevralda ta’lim tizimi islohoti to‘g‘risida farmon qabul qilindi. 9 yillik maktab o‘rniga 10 yillik ta’lim joriy qilindi. Oliy o‘quv yurtlari 5–6 yillik bo‘ldi. «Sodiqlik qasamyodi» bekor qilindi. Sudlanganlarning ishlarini qayta ko‘rib chiqish to‘g‘risida farmon e’lon qilindi. Turkmanboshi davrida qilingan o‘zgarishlar qayta ko‘rib chiqilmoqda. 2008-yil 1-iyuldan Grigoryan kalendariga qaytildi. Turkmanistonda 40 foiz aholi sanoatda, 30 foiz aholi qishloq xo‘jaligida, qolgan qismi xizmat ko‘rsatish sohalarida banddir. 2007- yilda 71 mlrd kubometr gaz qazib olindi va shundan 50 mlrd kubometri Rossiyaga, 8 mlrd kubometri Eronga eksport qilindi. Eksport 4,4 mlrd dollarni, import 2,7 mlrd dollarni tashkil etadi. 2007-yilda YAIM 26,2 mlrd dollarni tashkil etib, aholi jon boshiga 5055 mln dollar to‘g‘ri keldi. Tojikiston Respublikasi Eng baland tog‘larda joylashgan, aholi turmush darajasi eng past, lekin tabiiy resurslarga boy respublika — Tojikistonda mustaqillikka erishish fuqarolik urushi tufayli ancha murakkablashdi. Tojiklar Tojikiston aholisining 59 foizini, o‘zbeklar — 23 foizni, ruslar — 10 foizni tashkil etishardi. Shimoliy va janubiy viloyatlar jamoalari, Tog‘li Badaxshondagi kam sonli aholi orasida 323 va sovet hokimiyati boshqaruv organlarini qamrab olgan urug‘-aymoqchilik aloqalari voqealarga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. 70-yillardan boshlab qo‘shni Afg‘oniston va Erondagi voqealar islom targ‘iboti faollashuviga olib keldi. Oshkoralik e’lon qilinishi bilan ruslashtirishga va kompartiyaning yakka hokimligiga qarshi chiqishlar boshlandi. 1989 hamda 1990-yillarda Dushanbe va boshqa joylarda o‘zbeklar, ruslar va mamlakatga kirgan qochoqlarga nisbatan noroziliklar bo‘lib turdi. Til va madaniyatning tiklanishi hamda respublikaning SSSR tarkibidagi suverenitetini talab qilgan milliy-demokratik harakat «Rastoxez» — «Uyg‘onish» mashhur bo‘ldi. 1991-yilda radikal demokratlar tub o‘zgarishlarni talab qilgan Demokratik partiyani tuzishdi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, musulmon jamoalar kuchaydi, masjidlar qurildi. Islom tiklanish partiyasi («Partiyai Vahdati Islom») sezilarli obro‘ga ega bo‘ldi va islom aqidaparastlari guruhlari paydo bo‘ldi. Qayta qurish kompartiya tarkibida kelishmovchiliklarga olib keldi. Kutish pozitsiyasini egallagan partiya rahbariyati Oliy Kengash tomonidan tojik tilining davlat tili, deb e’lon qilinishiga rozi bo‘ldi, ammo boshqa o‘zgarishlarga to‘sqinlik qildi. 1990-yil fevralida Dushanbedagi hukumatga qarshi ommaviy namoyishlarga qurolli kuchlar safarbar qilindi va o‘nlab kishilar halok bo‘ldi. Islomchilar va demokratlarning raqiblari mahalliy urug‘lar va ularning qurollangan dastalari rahbarlarini birlashtirgan Xalq frontini tashkil qilishdi. Ular tashabbusni o‘z qo‘llariga olib, mamlakat shimoli — Xo‘jand shahrida Oliy Kengash chaqirishga erishishdi. Oliy Kengash raisi etib mahalliy yetakchilardan biri — I. Rahmonov saylandi va yangi hukumat tuzildi. Bu yangi hukumat Afg‘onistondagi uning dushmanlariga yaqin bo‘lgan islomchilarning kuchayishidan tashvishga tushgan Rossiya Federatsiyasi tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Dushanbeda joylashtirilgan Rossiyaning 201-motoo‘qchi diviziyasi yordami bilan xalq fronti otryadlari 1992-yil dekabrida Dushanbeni qo‘lga oldi va 1993-yil bahorigacha mamlakatning katta qismini o‘z nazorati ostiga o‘tkazdi. Islom tiklanish partiyasi va demokratlar tomonidan tashkil qilingan Birlashgan muxolifat Afg‘oniston hamda Eronda tayanch topdi. Uning otryadlari Tojikistonda harakatda bo‘ldi. Butun mamlakatni shafqatsiz fuqarolik urushi qamrab oldi. Muxolifatga yon bosgan afg‘on muhojirlari ham bu urushga aralashib turdi. Jinoiy guruhlar tartibsizliklardan foydalanib, giyohvand moddalarni yetishtirish va yetkazib berish bilan mashg‘ul bo‘ldi. Muxolifatning qarshiligiga qaramasdan, 1994-yilda hukumat o‘tkazgan referendumda I. Rahmonov taklif qilgan konstitutsiya ma’qullandi. U Prezident etib saylandi. Parlament — Majlisi Oliy saylovlari ham o‘shanda boshlanib, 1995-yil fevraligacha davom etdi. Saylovni hukumat nazorat qilib bordi va Prezidentga yetarlicha xayrixoh bo‘lgan hukumat tuzildi. I. Rahmonov muxolifatni tor-mor qilishga intilar va uning yetakchilari bilan muzokaralar olib borishga qarshilik qilardi. O‘z pozitsiyalarini kuchaytirib, 324 u ijro etuvchi hokimiyatga egalik qildi, davlat apparatini shakllantirdi, xalq armiyasi va o‘z gvardiyasini tuzdi. Tarkibida jiddiy partiyalar bo‘lmagan, ammo kelishmovchiliklarga sabab bo‘lgan Xalq fronti tarqatib yuborildi. I. Rahmonov nafaqat davlat sektorini, balki xususiy ishlab chiqarish sektorini ham qo‘llab-quvvatlash, agrar islohotlar o‘tkazish, xorijiy investitsiyalarni jalb qilish va boshqalarni ko‘zda tutgan iqtisodiyotni tiklash dasturini taqdim etdi. Buni amaliyotda qo‘llab-quvvatlash maqsadida Xalqdemokratik partiyasi tuzilgan edi. I. Rahmonov hukumati mamlakat oltin zaxirasining bir qismini garovga qo‘yib, Rossiya Federatsiyasining mamlakatdagi eng yirik GESlar, eng zamonaviy qudratli aluminiy zavodi va bir qator iqtisodiy obyektlarning bir qismiga egalik qilish huquqini e’tirof etdi. Dushanbedagi Rossiyaning 201- diviziyasi hokimiyat barqarorligini ta’minlab turdi. Rossiya chegarachilari mamlakatning janubiy chegaralarini qo‘riqlashmoqda edi. Rossiyalik mutaxassislar Tojikiston qurolli kuchlari va chegarachilarini o‘qitishdi. Korrupsiya, o‘ziga erk bergan harbiylarning bedodligi, eng asosiysi — xorijdagi harbiy bazalarga tayanib, to‘xtamasdan qarshilik ko‘rsatayotgan muxolifat siyosiy barqarorlikka ham, iqtisodiy barqarorlikka ham erishishga yo‘l qo‘ymadi. Bu hol I. Rahmonovni BMT, YEXHT va Rossiya Federatsiyasi ishtirokida 1994-yilda muzokaralarni boshlash va Birlashgan muxolifat rahbari S. A. Nuri bilan urushni to‘xtatish haqidagi bitimni imzolashga majbur etdi. Iqtisodiyotni tiklash dasturini amalga oshirishga imkoniyat paydo bo‘ldi. Bitim bir necha marta buzildi. Ammo muxolifatga Afg‘onistondan yetkazilib turgan yordam susaydi, u yerdagi ittifoqchilarga toliblar zarba berdi. Bu urush 1997-yilgacha davom etdi. Unda 300 ming kishi halok bo‘ldi va 100 ming kishi nom-nishonsiz yo‘qoldi. Millionga yaqin aholi qo‘shni mamlakatlarga ko‘chib o‘tdi. Ko‘pgina qishloqlar, aholi istiqomat qiladigan joylar va korxonalar xarobaga aylandi. Moddiy zarar 7 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi. 1997-yilda Tojikistonda ishlab chiqarish hajmi urushdan oldingi ko‘rsatkichning 28 foizini tashkil etdi. Nihoyat, 1997-yilda muxolifat va uning qurolli kuchlarining qonuniyligi tan olinib, uning vakillari koalitsion hukumat tarkibiga kiritilgandan so‘ng siyosiy barqarorlikka erishildi. Siyosiy barqarorlik sari qo‘yilgan bu muhim qadam Tojikistonga xalqaro tashkilotlardan 100 mln dollardan ortiq kredit olishga va boy mamlakatlardan investitsiyalarni jalb qilishga imkon berdi. Bu tufayli iqtisodiyotning tiklanishi va yangilanishi, ish bilan ta’minlanishning (bandlikning) kuchayishi va aholi ahvolining qisman yaxshilanishi boshlandi. 1998-yildan boshlab hukumat Xalqaro Valuta Fondi va Jahon banki homiyligida qashshoqlikka qarshi kurash dasturini amalga oshirib kelmoqda. Mamlakat eng yaxshi jihozlarni olib kelish va investitsiyalarni jalb qilish maqsadida paxta, aluminiy va boshqa qimmatbaho materiallarni eksport qiladi. 2000-yil fevralida Tojikistonda barcha partiyalar ishtirokida parlament saylovlari bo‘lib o‘tdi. I. Rahmonov saylangan parlament — Majlisi Oliyni 325 «Milliy totuvlik parlamenti» deb atagan bo‘lsa-da, YEXHT kuzatuvchilari saylovga hukumat aralashganligi haqida guvohlik berishdi. Mutlaq ko‘pchilik o‘rin Xalq demokratik partiyasiga nasib etdi. Ikkinchi o‘ringa SSSRni qayta tiklashga urinayotgan kompartiya chiqdi. Murosaga kelmaydigan islom muxolifati qurolli otryadlari mag‘lubiyatga uchramoqda. Shunga qaramasdan, Tojikiston va Rossiya Federatsiyasining ko‘p rahbarlari fikriga ko‘ra, Rossiya qo‘shinlarining olib ketilishi kutilmagan oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin edi. Mamlakat hududida afg‘onlardan yordam olayotgan va O‘zbekiston hamda Qirg‘izistonga bostirib kirayotgan islom aqidaparastlarining, giyohvand moddalar savdosi bilan shug‘ullanuvchilarning baza va aloqa kommunikatsiyalari mavjud. Tojikiston hukumati Rossiya Federatsiyasi bilan yaqin ittifoq tuzishga tayanadi, O‘zbekiston, Qirg‘iziston va Qozog‘iston bilan hamkorlik qiladi. Hozirgi vaqtda Tojikiston agrar-industrial davlat bo‘lib, dunyodagi eng kambag‘al mamlakatlardan biridir. XVF hisobiga ko‘ra 63 foiz aholi kambag‘al yashaydi. Uzoq davom etgan urush iqtisodning tushkunligiga olib keldi. YAIM 1995-yilda 1991-yilga nisbatan 41 foizni tashkil etdi. Qishloq xo‘jaligida aholining 31, sanoatda 29, xizmat ko‘rsatishda 40 foizi banddir. 1 mln dan ortiq tojiklar Rossiyada ishlaydilar. Ular 2005-yilda rasmiy ravishda 247 mln dollar pulni Tojikistonga o‘tkazdilar. Ba’zi mamlakatlarga ko‘ra yuborilayotgan pul 1 dollargacha yetadi. Lekin bu pullar investitsiya qilinmay, kundalik talablarga ishlatiladi. 2005-yilda aluminiy eksporti 550 mln dollarni tashkil etdi. Eksport importga nisbatan 250 mln dollar kam. 2007-yilda YAIM 3,353 mlrd dollarni tashkil etdi va aholi jon boshiga 522 dollardan to‘g‘ri keldi. Tojikiston — MDH a’zosi, fuqarolik urushidan keyin ko‘p mamlakatlar bilan hamkorlikni rivojlantirmoqda. Shanxay Hamkorlik Tashkilotida ishtirok etadi. Xulosa qilib aytganda, MHD mamlakatlari tarixan qisqa muddatda bir tuzumdan ikkinchi tuzumga o‘tishda, bozor iqtisodiyoti munosabatlarini vujudga keltirishda xilma-xil qiyinchiliklarni boshdan kechirdilar. Ularning ba’zilarida bu muammo qisman hal bo‘lsa-da, ba’zilarida hamon davom etmoqda. Ushbu muammolar deyarli barchasida bir xil bo‘lib, quyidagilardir: — ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotni barqarorlashtirish, mamlakatda huquqiy demokratik davlat tuzish; — bozor iqtisodiyotining uzluksiz ishlaydigan chinakam mexanizmini yaratish; — aholini ish bilan ta’minlash, ularning normal yashashi uchun sharoit yaratish; — dunyo hamjamiyatida mustahkam o‘rin egallash; — mamlakat xavfsizligini ta’minlash, turli terroristik, diniy-ekstremistik guruhlardan xoli bo‘lish, ular xavfini bartaraf qilish; — ekologiya tangligi, yerni asrash, toza suv muammolari va boshqalar. 326 SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi qachon tuzildi? Sababi nima? 2. Ukrainada L. Kuchmaning hokimiyatdan ketishi va yangi prezidentning saylanishi qanday yuz berdi? 3. Belorussiyada Lukashenkoning ichki siyosati qanday? 4. Gruziyada «Hokimiyat almashuvi» qanday sodir bo‘ldi? 5. Armanistonda Kocheryanning hokimiyatga kelishini ta’riflang. 6. Ozarbayjonda G. Aliyev faoliyati qanday kechdi? 7. Qozog‘istonda bozor iqtisodiga o‘tish yo‘llari va uning muvaffaqiyatlari zamirida nima yotadi? 8. Qirg‘izistondagi «Lola inqilobi» sabablarini aytib bering. 9. Turkmaniston bozor iqtisodiga qanday o‘tmoqda? 10.Tojikistonda I. Rahmonov hokimiyatni mustahkamlash uchun qanday ishlarni amalga oshirdi? QUYIDAGICHA JADVAL TUZING VA SHARHLANG. MUSTAQIL DAVLATLARNING 1990, 1995 VA 2005-YILLARDAGI YALPI ICHKI MAHSULOTI KO‘RSATKICHLARI (1990-yilda — 100%) Yillar 1990 1995 2005 Estoniya Latviya Litva Moldova Gruziya Armaniston Ozarbayjon Rossiya Belorussiya Ukraina Qozog‘iston O‘zbekiston Qirg‘iziston Tojikiston Turkmaniston JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. MDH MAMLAKATLARI HOZIRGI RAHBARLARI FAOLIYATINI YORITING Davlatlar Rahbarlari Hokimiyatga kelgan yili Faoliyati ? 327 5-bob. BOLTIQBO‘YI RESPUBLIKALARI 36-§. Boltiqbo‘yi Respublikalarining mustaqillikka erishuvi va rivojlanishi Estoniya Respublikasi Aholining 61,5 foizini estonlar tashkil etgan Estoniyada vatanparvarlik harakati qo‘shiqlarini guruhlarga birlashib ijro etish — «kuylayotgan inqilob» dan boshlandi. Atrof-muhitni, mamlakat fuqaroligini, tili va madaniyatini, shuningdek, respublika iqtisodiyotini himoya qilishga da’vat etuvchi chiqishlarning kuchayib borishi 1988-yilda Milliy frontning tashkil etilishiga olib keldi. 1988-yil noyabrida Oliy Kengash Estoniya mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyani qabul qildi va Tallin osmonida milliy bayroq hilpiray boshladi. Kelasi yil yanvarida eston tiliga davlat tili maqomini berish to‘g‘risida, may oyida esa iqtisodiy mustaqillik to‘g‘risidagi qonunlar qabul qilindi. 1990-yil mart oyida Oliy Kengash saylovlarida Milliy front va uning ittifoqchilarining g‘alabasi Savisaar boshchiligidagi koalitsion hukumat tuzilishiga olib keldi. Estoniyada joylashgan, SSSR hukumati tasarrufida bo‘lgan korxonalarning 90 foizi respublika boshqaruvi ostiga o‘tdi. Kuzda Estoniya Respublikasi mustaqilligini 60 dan ortiq davlatlar, jumladan, SSSR ham tan oldi. 1996-yilda L. Meri prezidentlikka qayta saylandi. Hokimiyatning mustahkamlanishi islohotlarni amalga oshirishga imkon yaratdi. Mulkni oldingi egalariga qaytarib berish to‘g‘risidagi qonunlar hamda, eng asosiysi, davlat korxonalarini sotish (64 foiz) va unda ishlayotganlarga topshirish yo‘li bilan amalga oshirilgan xususiylashtirish, yer, qurilishlar va korxonalarga mulkchilikning kengayishida yordam berdi. Bu katta kuch va vaqtni talab qildi. Davlat o‘zining ixtiyoridagi mulkning 15 foizinigina o‘z ixtiyorida saqlab qoldi. Ammo, shu bilan birgalikda, iqtisodiy barqarorlikning ta’minlanishi xorijiy investitsiyalarni jalb etishga ko‘maklashdi. Faqat 1997-yildan boshlab investitsiyalar va yangi texnologiyalar oqimi ishlab chiqarishning, xususan, elektronikaning o‘sishini, mehnat unumdorligining ortishini jadallashtirdi. Estoniya aholi jon boshiga investitsiyalar hajmi, ishlab chiqarishning yangilanish va o‘sish sur’atlari, keyinchalik har bir fuqaro boshiga o‘rtacha daromad ko‘rsatkichlari bo‘yicha XX asr oxiriga kelib, mintaqadagi boshqa davlatlarni ortda qoldirdi. Estoniya Yevropa Ittifoqi bilan shartnoma tuzib, iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirishning qisqa muddatli dasturini qo‘llab-quvvatlash bo‘yicha ish olib bormoqda. U Yevropa Kengashiga qabul qilingach, YEXHT ishida faol ishtirok etmoqda va Rossiya Federatsiyasida imperiyachilik kayfiyati paydo bo‘lishidan xavfsirab, o‘z xavfsizligini NATOga a’zo bo‘lish orqali mustahkamlashga 328 intilmoqda. Lekin mamlakat oldida qator muammolar turibdi. Ulardan biri milliy masaladir. Hozirgi vaqtda Estoniya rivojlangan sanoat va qishloq xo‘jaligiga ega. U xususiy xomashyo va yoqilg‘i resurslaridan foydalanish hamda qulay iqtisodiygeografik joylashuv hisobiga rivojlanmoqda. Mamlakatda iqtisod tezlik bilan liberallashtirilmoqda. Daromad solig‘i yildan yilga kamaytirilmoqda va 2010- yilga borib 18% bo‘lishi mo‘ljallanmoqda. 90-yillarda Sharqiy Yevropada eng ko‘p chet el investitsiyasini kiritgan davlat hisoblanadi. 2000–2007- yillarda yillik o‘sish 9,9 foizni tashkil etdi. YAIM ning 68 foizi xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasiga to‘g‘ri keladi. YAIM 23,93 mlrd dollarni, aholi jon boshiga 21860 dollarni tashkil etadi. Mamlakat Prezidenti T.X. Ilves. Latviya Respublikasi 1990-yil arafasida mamlakat aholisining yarmidan xiyol ko‘prog‘ini latishlar tashkil etar va latish bo‘lmaganlar (asosan ruslar) ning atigi 19 foizi latish tilini bilardi. Mamlakatning SSSRga qo‘shib olinishiga, ruslashtirish va aholi manfaatlariga mos kelmagan sanoatlashtirish siyosatiga qarshi chiqishlar Riga va boshqa shaharlarda 1985-yildan boshlandi. 1988- yilda Xalq fronti Latviya suvereniteti uchun kurashayotgan turli tashkilot va harakatlarni birlashtirdi va ommaviylashdi. 1989-yilda SSSR xalq deputatligiga, 1990-yilda respublika Oliy Sovetiga bo‘lgan saylovlarda mamlakat mustaqilligi tarafdorlari bilan unga qarshi bo‘lganlar o‘rtasida keskin kurash ketdi va bunda mustaqillik tarafdorlari bo‘lgan kuchlar g‘alaba qildi. May oyida Oliy Sovet Latviyani mustaqil va suveren — Latviya Respublikasi deb atadi va mamlakatda liberal-demokratik islohotlar boshlab yuborildi. 1991-yil mart oyida bu tanlangan yo‘l sovet siyosiy arboblari va harbiylarning faol qarshiligiga qaramay, referendum qatnashchilarining 77,6 foizi tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Prezidentlikka Sovet hukumati tomonidan qatag‘on qilinib, surgunda vafot etgan Latviyaning urushdan oldingi prezidentining jiyani — G. Ulmanis saylandi. Ilgarigi boshqaruv tizimi va respublika qurolli kuchlari tiklandi. Hukumat latish madaniyatini rivojlantirish va latish tili monopoliyasini ta’minlash yo‘lida bir qator tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi. Latishlar talabi bilan sovet qo‘shinlari 1994-yilda Rossiya Federatsiyasi tomonidan olib chiqib ketildi. Uzoq muddat davomida I. Godmanis rahbarlik qilayotgan hukumat iqtisodiyotda bozor munosabatlarini joriy etishga intilayotgan edi. Latviyada ishlab chiqarishning kamayishi sabablarini bu yerda inflatsiyaning boshqa qo‘shni mamlakatlarga nisbatan pastroq bo‘lishi bilan izohlash mumkin edi. Ammo mamlakatda energiya manbalari va oziq-ovqat yetishmas edi. Rossiya Latviya bilan savdo-sotiqni cheklagandi, bu esa uni Shimoliy va G‘arbiy Yevropadan sheriklar izlashga majbur etdi. 329 1993-yilda milliy valuta — latni joriy qilish va barqarorlashtirish uchun Xalqaro Valuta Fondi va boshqa tashkilotlar kreditlari kerak bo‘ldi. Latviya oziq-ovqatga muhtoj edi va uni xalqaro tashkilotlardan olayotgan edi. Rossiya bilan savdo tranziti va investitsiyalar mamlakat uchun juda muhimligiga qaramasdan, ishlab chiqarish, eksport va import Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlariga qaratila boshlandi. Xalqaro Valuta Fondi tavsiyalariga ko‘ra, hukumat xarajat va daromadni qat’iy muvozanatga keltirdi, foyda keltirmaydigan korxonalarni yopishga harakat qilib, raqobatdosh korxonalarni qo‘llab-quvvatladi. 90-yillarning oxirida, Rossiyadagi inqiroz sababli yuzaga kelgan qiyinchiliklarga qaramasdan, Latviyada ishlab chiqarish o‘sishi barqaror edi va u aholi turmush darajasining ko‘tarilishiga yordam berdi. Ayniqsa, kichik va o‘rta korxonalarning soni tez o‘sa bordi. Aholining ko‘pchiligi bu bilan ham qoniqmagan edi. Biroq 1999-yildagi prezident saylovlarida muhojirlikdan qaytgan V. Vike-Freyberg nomzodini ko‘rsatgan natsional-liberallarning g‘alabasi siyosiy barqarorlikning mustahkamlanishiga yordam berdi. Mustaqillik yillarida Latviyada chuqur iqtisodiy islohotlar o‘tkazildi. Ko‘p o‘tmay yuqori natijalarga erishildi. 2007-yilda yillik o‘sish 10,3 foizni tashkil qildi. 2007-yil yakunlariga ko‘ra Latviya YAIM ning o‘shishi jihatidan sobiq Ittifoq respublikalari bo‘yicha Ozarbayjon va Armanistondan so‘ng uchinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. U Jahon savdo tashkiloti a’zosi. YAIM aholi jon boshiga 12,8 mln dollarni tashkil qilmoqda. V. Zatlers – mamlakat Prezidentidir. Latviya Respublikasi o‘zining Boltiqbo‘yi qo‘shnilari bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qilmoqda, 2004-yilda Yevropa Ittifoqiga kirdi, YEXHTda ishtirok etmoqda va Rossiyaning imperiyachilik kayfiyatidan himoyalanish maqsadida, NATOga a’zo bo‘ldi. Mamlakat parlamenti va hukumati Rossiya bilan iqtisodiy aloqalarni kengaytirish niyatida, ammo Rossiya Federatsiyasining Latviyadagi rus millatiga mansub bo‘lgan fuqarolarning manfaatlarini himoya qilishga intilishi tufayli ikkala mamlakat o‘rtasidagi munosabat murakkabligicha qolmoqda. Litva Respublikasi Litvada jamiyatning yangilanishi va ijtimoiy rivojlanishi uchun ommaning chiqishlari boshqa Boltiqbo‘yi respublikalariga nisbatan kechroq faollashdi, ammo 1988-yilning kuzidayoq «Sayudis» harakati paydo bo‘ldi. Avvaliga u ijtimoiy faollikni oshirish to‘g‘risidagi talablar bilan cheklandi. Ammo 1989- yilda ommaviylashib, SSSR xalq deputatligiga bo‘lgan saylovlarda ko‘p ovoz oldi va bastakor V. Landsbergis rahbarligida mavjud tuzumni o‘zgartirish va Litva mustaqilligini yoqlab chiqdi. Respublika Oliy Sovetida Sayudisning g‘alabasi tufayli 1990-yilda mustaqil Litva davlati va uning SSSR tarkibidan chiqishi to‘g‘risida qonun qabul qilindi. 330 Sayudis qo‘liga o‘tgan hukumat mamlakat suverenitetini himoya qilib, 90 foizi SSSR hukumati ixtiyorida bo‘lgan sanoatni o‘z qo‘liga oldi va uni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarishni rejalashtirdi. Kolxoz (jamoa xo‘jaligi) larni fermer xo‘jaliklariga aylantirishga yo‘naltirilgan yer to‘g‘risidagi qonun, mulk egalari huquqlarini tiklash to‘g‘risidagi qonun qabul qilindi. Hukumatning bu yo‘li mamlakatda paydo bo‘lgan ko‘pgina partiyalar va harakatlar tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. 1990-yilning yanvar oyida sovet desantchilari mahalliy kommunistlar bir qismining yordami bilan qurol ishlatib va talafotlar ko‘rib, telemarkazni qo‘lga oldi va Vilnyusdagi asosiy nuqtalarni egallab olishga urindi. Ammo xalq chiqishlari bu mojaroni va Litva mustaqilligi dushmanlarining boshqa urinishlarini puchga chiqardi. 1990-yil 11-martda Litva mustaqilligi e’lon qilindi. 1991-yilda uni birinchi bo‘lib Islandiya tan oldi. Avgustda Rossiya hukumati ham Litva mustaqilligini tan oldi. Moskvadagi 1991-yilgi avgust fitnasi mag‘lubiyatga uchragandan so‘ng SSSR Prezidenti ham shunday yo‘l tutishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1992-yilda referendum yo‘li bilan yangi hukumat tayyorlagan konstitutsiya qabul qilindi. Ijro etuvchi hokimiyat rahbari xalq tomonidan saylanadigan prezident va hukumat bo‘ldi. Ilk Prezident — sotsial-demokratik partiya yetakchisi A. Brazauskas ham, liberal-vatanparvar ruhdagi bir qator partiyalarni tashkil etgan Sayudis a’zolari ham, ko‘pchilikni tashkil etgan hukumat ham asosiy e’tiborni xo‘jalikni yangilash va rivojlantirish uchun ijtimoiy muammolarni hal etishga qaratdi. Litvada ilgari SSSRdan yetkazib beriladigan elektr energiyasi va xomashyo yetishmas edi. Rossiya bilan savdo va Kaliningrad tranziti to‘g‘risidagi bitim bu tanqislikni atigi bir oz yumshatdi. 1989-yildan 1993-yilgacha ishlab chiqarishning 50 foizga qisqarishi va yirik inflatsiya aholi ahvolini yomonlashtirdi va xalq noroziligini keltirib chiqardi. Litva Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlari bilan savdo va moliyaviy-iqtisodiy hamkorlikni kengaytirishga, xalqaro tashkilotlar va Xalqaro Valuta Fondidan kreditlar olishga majbur bo‘ldi. Hozirgi paytda tashqi savdo mamlakat YaIM ning uchdan ikki qismini tashkil etadi. Shu bilan birga eksportning 50 foizi Yevropa Ittifoqiga to‘g‘ri keladi. 1993-yilda milliy valuta — lit joriy qilindi. Uning barqarorlashuvi asosan vaucher (xususiylashtirish cheki) orqali korxonalarni xususiylashtirish va fermer xo‘jaliklarni oyoqqa turg‘izishga imkon berdi. 1994-yilda yerga xususiy mulkchilik asosida agrar munosabatlarni tartibga solish qoidalari belgilandi. 1996-yilga kelib davlat tasarrufida korxonalarning atigi 25 foizi, ya’ni energetika va transport qolgan edi. Iqtisodiyotning barqarorlashuvi 80 ga yaqin mamlakatdan investitsiyani olib kirishga imkon berdi. Bu ishlab chiqarish hajmi va samaradorligini oshirishni ta’minladi, ammo xalq ommasining turmush darajasi unchalik ko‘tarilgani yo‘q. 90-yillarning oxiriga kelib ijtimoiy muammolarga yetarlicha e’tibor qaratmagan, ma’muriy-xo‘jalik xatoliklariga yo‘l qo‘ygan va korrupsiyaga 331 qarshilik ko‘rsatishni eplay olmagan G. Vagnoryus hukumati aholining noroziligiga sabab bo‘ldi. Umumxalq ovozi bilan saylangan yangi Prezident V. Adamkus 1999-yilda (2004-yilda qayta saylandi) oldingi hukumat yo‘l qo‘ygan xatoliklarga barham beruvchi yangi hukumatni xristian-konservatorlardan iborat qilib tuzdi. Yangi hukumat ham mamlakatda narx-navoning o‘sishini to‘xtata olmadi, ammo korxonalarni xususiylashtirishni tezlashtirdi va kengaytirdi. Lekin iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar bartaraf qilinmadi. Litva Boltiqbo‘yidagi qo‘shnilari, Polsha va Belorussiya hamda Rossiya bilan yaqin aloqalarni rivojlantirmoqda. Ammo uning uchun Yevropaning boshqa mamlakatlari, YEI bilan savdo va moliyaviy-iqtisodiy hamkorlik muhimroq ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Litva eksportining 50 foizi YEIga to‘g‘ri keladi. 2004-yil 1-mayda Litva Yevropa Ittifoqiga va NATO ga a’zo bo‘ldi. Litva iqtisodida sanoat korxonalarini xususiy shaxslarga sotish katta rol o‘ynadi. 1996–1999-yillarda 1000 dan ortiq korxona sotildi. Tashqi savdoda oldin Rossiya asosiy rol o‘ynagan bo‘lsa, 2002-yildan Yevropa Ittifoqi davlatlari birinchi o‘ringa chiqdi. 2003-yilda YAIM 40,8 mlrd dollarga yetdi, aholi jon boshiga 11,4 ming dollarni tashkil etdi. Sanoatning to‘qimachilik, asbobsozlik, neftni qayta ishlash turlari rivojlanmoqda. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Estoniyadagi «Kuylayotgan inqilob» ning mazmunini tushuntiring. 2. Latviya bozor iqtisodiyotiga qanday o‘tdi? 3. Litvada mustaqillikning tiklanishi qanday kechdi? 6-bob. XX ASR — XXI ASR BOSHLARIDA FAN VA MADANIYAT TARAQQIYOTI 37-§. Fan va madaniyat Fan va texnika doimo taraqqiy etib keldi. Biroq bu taraqqiyot XX asrdan boshlab misli ko‘rilmagan darajada o‘sib ketdi. Shu tufayli adabiyotlarda ilmiy-texnika inqilobi (ITI) iborasi ishlatila boshlandi. Xo‘sh, ilmiy-texnika inqilobi nima o‘zi? Ilmiy-texnika inqilobi — bu XX asrda fan va texnikada ro‘y bergan olamshumul kashfiyotlar tufayli fanning bevosita jamiyat ishlab chiqaruvchi kuchiga aylanganligi. Bu hodisa ITI mohiyatini tashkil etadi. ITI fan bilan texnikaning, fan bilan ishlab chiqarishning chatishib ketishiga olib keldi. Bu chatishuv, o‘z navbatida, kashfiyotlarning ishlab chiqarishga joriy etilishi muddatining qisqarishini ta’minladi. ITI ishlab chiqaruvchi kuchlarning hamma komponentlarini (energiya, lazerlar, robotlar, texnika, mehnat materiallari, texnologiya) va, hatto, ? Ilmiy-texnika inqilobi 332 odamning o‘zini ham o‘zgartirib yubordi. Chunonchi, energiya manbayiga oshib borgan ehtiyoj mutlaqo yangi manba — atom elektr stansiyalari barpo etilishiga olib keldi. Shuningdek, Quyosh, okean, chuqur yer osti energiyasidan foydalanishning ham kashf etilishini ta’minladi. Ishlab chiqarish kompleks avtomatlashtirildi. 1946-yilda amerikalik olimlar J. Mashli va J. Ekkert birinchi kompyuterni yaratdilar. Tez orada kompyuter tizimlari bilan boshqariladigan texnologiya joriy etildi. Bu, aslida, odamsiz boshqariladigan texnologiya edi. Biroq ITI qanchalik qudratli bo‘lmasin, u inson omilini ishlab chiqarish jarayonidan siqib chiqara olmadi. Aksincha, u insonni o‘ta mukammal va murakkab texnika hamda texnologiyani o‘zlashtirib olishga undaydi. Bu esa insonning o‘z bilimi, malakasini zamon talabi darajasida o‘stirib borishini zaruratga aylantirib qo‘ydi. Binobarin, insonning intellektual qobiliyati, ongi, dunyoqarashi jadal o‘zgarib bormoqda. Bugungi ishchi, muhandis XX asr boshlaridagi ishchi yoki muhandis emas. Bugungi ishchi (xodim) mashina elementi emas, balki mashinani nazorat etuvchisidir. ITI, o‘z navbatida, ishlab chiqarishga mutlaqo yangi texnologiyaning (chunonchi, materialga lazer, gaz plazmasi, elektron-nur, ultra tovush yordamida ishlov berish) joriy etilishiga olib keldi. ITI, ayni paytda, axborot industriyasining yaratilishiga ham olib keldi. Bu esa, o‘z navbatida, fantexnika taraqqiyotini yanada jadallashtirishning qudratli omiliga aylandi. ITI kompyuterlarning mutlaqo yangi avlodlari yaratilganligi bilan ham ajralib turadi. Bugungi kompyuter ijtimoiy hayotning deyarli barcha sohalarini qamrab oldi. ITI ilmiy bilimlar jamg‘arilishining misli ko‘rilmagan sur’atini ta’minladi. Masalan, XX asr boshlarida kimyo bo‘yicha millionta yangi ma’lumot 30 yildan ortiq vaqt ichida to‘plangan bo‘lsa, hozir shuncha ma’lumot to‘plash uchun 4 yil kifoya bo‘lmoqda. Ishlab chiqarishdagi inqilobiy o‘zgarishlar, o‘z navbatida, aholi ijtimoiy qatlamida ham tub o‘zgarishlar yuz berishiga olib keldi. Chunonchi, aholining ko‘pchilik qismi moddiy ishlab chiqarish sohasida emas, balki xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasida mehnat qilishga o‘tdi. Bundan tashqari, mehnat unumdorligi tobora o‘sib bormoqda. Bu esa ish vaqtini qisqartirishga, ta’tillar muddatini uzaytirishga, aholi mehnat daromadining o‘sishiga olib kelmoqda. Bu hol yangi texnika va texnologiyani ishlab chiqarishda amalda qo‘llashga mas’ul bo‘lgan insonning doimo qayta o‘qishiga, malakasini o‘zgartirishga, ishlab chiqarishning o‘zgaruvchi sharoitlariga tez moslashishiga imkon bermoqda. Hukumat va xususiy ishlab chiqaruvchilar korxona ishchi va xizmatchilarining yuqori malakalarini saqlab qolishdan eng ko‘p darajada manfaatdordirlar. Shuning uchun ham AQSHda bir ishchining qayta tayyorlovdan o‘tishiga, o‘z malakasini yanada oshirishiga bir yilda sarflanadigan xarajat 400 ming dollarni tashkil etishi bejiz emas. O‘z navbatida, ishchiga ta’lim berishga sarflanadigan har 35 ming dollar 965 ming dollar foyda ham keltirmoqda. 333 Ilmiy-texnika inqilobining asosini, birinchi navbatda, fizika fani tashkil etdi. XX asrda fizika fanida olamshumul kashfiyotlar amalga oshirildi. Chunonchi, 1919-yilda tarixda ilk bor atom yadrosini parchalash, ikkinchi jahon urushi arafasida esa, uran atomlarining bo‘linishi zanjir reaksiyasi kashf etildi. 1942-yildan AQSHda yadro energiyasi olina boshlandi. Bu kashfiyotlar oxir-oqibatda atom bombasining yaratilishiga olib keldi. Shu tariqa yaxshilik yo‘lidagi barcha kashfiyotlar muallifi — inson dunyodagi barcha tirik mavjudotlarni, shu jumladan, o‘zini ham qirib yuborishga qodir qurol ham yaratdi. (Bu qurol 1945-yilda ishlatildi ham.) Elektr magnit to‘lqinlar fizikasining yaratilishi 20-yillarda televideniyening, 30-yillarda radiolokatsiyaning, 40-yillarda radioastronomiyaning, 50- yillarda kvant elektronikasining tug‘ilishiga olib keldi. Kvant elektronikasi esa, o‘z navbatida, kosmik aloqani zarur kuchaytirgichlar bilan ta’minlovchi asbob kashf etilishini voqelikka aylantirdi. Shuningdek, lazerning kashf etilishini ta’minladi. Radioelektronika sohasida erishilgan muvaffaqiyatlar esa, 40-yillardayoq AQSHda dastlabki elektronhisoblash mashinalari (EHM) yaratilishiga imkon berdi. 1957-yilda sobiq SSSRda Yerning birinchi sun’iy yo‘ldoshi uchirildi. 1960-yilda Toman Neyman birinchi lazer qurilmasini yaratdi. 1961-yilda jahonda birinchi bo‘lib sobiq SSSR fuqarosi Yu. A. Gagarin raketada kosmosga parvoz qildi. Ayni chog‘da kosmonavtikaning xalq xo‘jaligiga xizmat qilishiga imkon yaratildi. 1969-yilda Neyl Armstrong (AQSH fuqarosi) Oyga qadam qo‘yishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Fizika fani yutuqlari transport texnikasini ham tubdan o‘zgartirib yubordi. Chunonchi, reaktiv dvigatelning samolyotga o‘rnatilishi samolyotning tovush to‘sig‘ini yengib o‘tishi muammosini hal etdi. Endi samolyotlar har qanday yuklarni minglab kilometr masofaga tashiy boshladi. 0,5 mln tonna neft sig‘adigan okean tankerlari yaratildi. Kimyo fani taraqqiyotisiz ham ITI yuz bermas edi. Bu fan kashfiyotlari o‘ta toza va o‘ta qattiq, po‘latdek pishiq, ayni paytda undan 7—8 baravar yengil moddalar olishga imkon berdi, plastmassa, kauchuk, sintetik tolalar, dori-darmon yaratish mumkin bo‘ldi. Biologiya fanida ham mislsiz kashfiyotlar amalga oshirildi. XX asr o‘rtalariga kelganda genetika yetakchi sohaga aylandi. Nuklein kislotalarning tuzilishi kashf etildi. Uning oqsil sintezidagi roli ham aniqlandi. 90-yillarda yangi fan — geninjeneriya (irsiyat muhandisligi) vujudga keldi. U katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. Natijada vitaminlar, antibiotiklar va o‘g‘it hosil qilishga yordam beruvchi mikroorganizmlar yaratildi. Hayvonlarning zotli naslini urchitish, kasalliklarga chidamli o‘simlik navlarini yaratish mumkin bo‘ldi. Biologik va biokimyoviy kashfiyotlar, o‘z navbatida, tibbiyotning reanimatologiya, anesteziologiya va immunologiya kabi yangi muhim Fan — ITI asosi 334 Amerika astronavti, Oyda bo‘lgan birinchi odam. Planetalararo «Mir» avtomatik stansiya. 335 tarmoqlarini vujudga keltirdi. Jarrohlik mutlaqo yangi bosqichga ko‘tarildi. Bu hodisa inson tanasining dastlab buyrak, so‘ng yurak, o‘pka va boshqa a’zolarini ko‘chirib o‘tkazishda o‘z ifodasini topdi. Tibbiyotda sun’iy yurak yaratishga muvaffaq bo‘lindi. Davolashning jarrohsiz usullari kashf etildi. Chunonchi, bugungi kunda buyrakdagi tosh ultratovush zarblari bilan maydalanmoqda. Insonning ko‘rish qobiliyati lazer yordamida tiklanmoqda. Yadroviy magnit tebranishlariga asoslangan kompyuter tomograflari yordamida bemorlarga tashxis qo‘yilmoqda. Lekin ITI insoniyat oldiga o‘tkir muammolarni ham qo‘ymoqda. Tuproq, suv va havo zararlanmoqda. Atom tufayli ekologik falokat mintaqalari ko‘paymoqda. Birinchi jahon urushi va uning dahshatli oqibatlari tushkunlik kayfiyatini ham tug‘dirdi. Bu hol 20-yillar adabiyotida o‘z ifodasini topdi ham. Dekadentlarning asarlari yoki umidsizlik ruhi bilan sug‘orilgan, yo bo‘lmasa, kitobxonni real voqelikdan, zamonning o‘tkir masalalaridan butunlay uzoqlashib ketgan xayoliy olamga chorlaydigan asarlar paydo bo‘ldi. Bunday asarlar kishilarni davr bilan hamnafas bo‘lishdan chalg‘itadi. Avstriya yozuvchisi Frans Kafka (1883—1924) dekadentlikning tipik namoyandasi edi. Biroq tushkunlikka tushgan inson hayotdan butunlay voz kechgan emas. Hatto, urushda majruh bo‘lgan va jirkanch jamiyatdan yuz o‘girgan jangchi ham o‘z insoniy qadr-qimmatini qanday bo‘lmasin saqlab qolishga intilgan. Chunonchi, nemis yozuvchisi E. Remarkning (1898—1970) «Uch o‘rtoq» romani qahramonlari najot yo‘lini frontdagi do‘stlikka sadoqatdan izlaganlar. Anri Barbyusning (1873—1935) ajoyib asari «O‘t. Bir vzvodning kundaligi» birinchi jahon urushi okoplarida yozilgan edi. Bu roman urush dahshatlarini tasvirlabgina qolmasdan, odamlar urushni qanday yenganliklari haqida ham hikoya qiladi. Yoki ingliz yozuvchisi R. Oldingtonning asari («Hamma odamlar — dushman») qahramoni bu bema’ni dunyodan voz kechib, o‘zi sevgan ayol bilan xayoliy Ea orolida yashirinib bo‘lsa-da, hayot kechirish orzusi bilan yashagan. 20-yillardagi tushkunlik kayfiyati, hatto, E. Xemingueydek (1899—1961) shijoatli yozuvchini ham chetlab o‘tmagan. U ham umidsizlikka tushgan. Shu yillardagi asarlarining qahramonlarini o‘sha davr adovatli dunyosidan qutulish yo‘lini behuda izlayotgan kishilar obrazi tashkil etgan. Biroq ijoddagi tushkunlik kayfiyati uzoq davom etmagan. Yevropada fashizmning 20—40-yillar adabiyoti Ernest Xeminguey. 336 chuqur ildiz otishi, uning yangi jahon urushi manbayiga aylanishi mumkinligi taraqqiyparvar yozuvchilar ijodini bu xavfning oldini olish haqida bong urishga qaratgan. Bu borada ham yuqorida nomlari qayd etilgan uch mashhur yozuvchining asarlari muhim rol o‘ynagan. Ular fashizm insoniyatni yangi qirg‘inbarot urush girdobiga tortishi mumkinligini oldindan sezganlar. 1929-yilda R. Oldingtonning «Qahramonning o‘limi», E. Remarkning «G‘arbiy frontda o‘zgarish yo‘q», E. Xemingueyning «Alvido, qurol» romanlari chop etilgan. Bu romanlar tez orada shuhrat qozongan. Mualliflar urushning qonli va g‘ayriinsoniy mohiyatini zo‘r mahorat bilan tasvirlaganlar. Ayni paytda hukmron doiralarning muttahamligi, ikkiyuzlamachiligini fosh etganlar. Romen Rollanning (1866—1944) «Maftun bo‘lgan qalb» romanida fashizmning haqiqiy basharasi ochib tashlangan. 1935-yilda Parij shahrida dunyo yozuvchilarining madaniyatni himoya qilishga bag‘ishlangan butun jahon birinchi kongressi o‘tkazildi. Ikkinchi kongress 1937-yilda fashizmga qarshi kurashayotgan Ispaniyada o‘tkazildi. 30-yillar adabiyoti jamiyatning chirkin illatlarini fosh etish bilan ham sezilib turadi. Bu o‘rinda Amerika yozuvchisi J. Steynbekning (1902—1968) 1939-yilda nashr etilgan «G‘azab shingillari» romani katta shuhrat qozondi. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozi amerika jamiyatining barcha salbiy tomonlarini ochib tashladi. Chunonchi, J. Steynbek xalqning yirik kompaniyalar tomonidan talanishini, boylar va kambag‘allarni ajratgan tubsiz jarlikni, inqiroz titratgan amerika jamiyatining barcha tabaqalari vakillariga xos xarakterlarni zo‘r mahorat bilan tasvirlagan. J. Steynbek romanining 1962-yilda Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘lganligi bejiz emas. Steynbek qahramonining ko‘rinishi. 337 Ikkinchi jahon urushi tobora shiddat bilan yaqinlashmoqda edi. Fashizmning vahshiyligini birinchi bo‘lib ispan xalqi o‘z achchiq tajribasida sinab ko‘rdi. XX asrning mashhur dramaturgi Bertold Brext (1898—1956) «Kuraj momo va uning farzandlari» pyesasida (1938) fashizm manbalarini ochib berdi va munofiqlik falsafasini fosh qildi. Fashistlar Brext kitoblarini yondirib tashladi. O‘zi chet ellarga muhojirlikka ketdi. Jahonning mashhur yozuvchilari fashizmga qarshi kurashganlar haqida asarlar bitdilar. Shulardan biri, har yerda hozir-u-nozir E. Xeminguey edi. U Ispaniya fojiasini tinchlik va demokratiya uchun kurashning boshlanishi deb bilgan. Uning ispan xalqining fashizmga qarshi mardonavor kurashiga bag‘ishlangan romani «Qo‘ng‘iroq kimning motamini kuylayotir» deb ataladi. Bu roman 1940-yilda nashr etildi. Roman ayni paytda fashizmga qarshi jang qilish uchun Ispaniyaga ko‘ngilli bo‘lib jo‘nab ketgan yosh amerikalik fuqarolar haqida ham hikoya qiladi. AQSH rasmiy hukumati Ispaniya voqealariga aralashmasdan chetda turgan bir paytda bu yoshlarning Ispaniyaga borishi va antifashist kuchlar safida fashizmga qarshi kurashi katta jasorat edi. Ispaniya urushining o‘ziga xos bir jihati — bu, unda taraqqiyparvar ziyolilarning ham ishtirok etganligida edi. Ular Ispaniya misolida fashizmning mohiyatini anglab yetdilar. Italiya va Germaniyada fashizmning g‘alabasiga ayrim yozuvchilar bardosh bera olmadilar. Chunonchi, mashhur yozuvchi Stefan Sveyg (1881—1942) o‘z joniga qasd qildi. Lekin hamma ham bu yo‘lni tanlamagan. Aksincha, ular ishonchni yo‘qotmasdan fashizmga qarshi kurashchilar safiga qo‘shilganlar. Ular uchun fashizmga qarshi kurash Yevropa madaniyatini saqlab qolish vositasi edi. Ozodlik, insonparvarlik va demokratiyaga intilish esa ular hayoti va ijodining ma’nosiga aylandi. Bu borada ingliz yozuvchisi B. Shou (1856—1950) ijodi alohida o‘rin tutadi. U o‘zining: «Faqat hayotning o‘zi va insonning yalpi farovonlikka erishishi uchun yashasa arziydi», — degan iborasini hayotiy shior qilib olgan edi. U «Jizzaki sotsialist», «Noteng nikoh», «Qalblar parchalanadigan uy» kabi asarlari bilan ijtimoiy drama janriga asos soldi. Bu asarlar B. Shouni jahon adabiyoti klassigi darajasiga ko‘tardi. 1925-yilda adabiyot sohasida xalqaro Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘ldi. Keyinchalik yozgan «Olma ortilgan arava», «Bayantning millionlari», asarlari ham jahon adabiyoti durdonasiga aylandi. 1948-yilda yozilgan «Olis kelajak haqida rivoyat» asarida B. Shou atom urushini qoralagan edi. Yana bir mashhur ingliz yozuvchisi J. Golsuorsi (1865—1933) «Bu kunning komediyasi» asarida o‘sha davr Angliyasini «munofiqlar oroli» deb atagan. Shuningdek, hukmron doiralarning ikkiyuzlamachiligini, jamiyatdagi ijtimoiy illatlarni fosh etgan. J. Golsuori 1932-yilda xalqaro Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘lgan. Demokratiya, tinchlik va ozodlik uchun kurash 22 — Jahon tarixi 338 Asarlari dunyoga mashhur bo‘lgan adiblar orasida amerika yozuvchilari ham bor edi. Ular ichida T. Drayzer (1871—1945) va U. Folkner (1897— 1962) ijodi alohida tahsinga loyiq. T. Drayzer o‘z asarlarida («Baxtiqaro Kerri», «Amerika fojiasi» va boshqalar) AQSHning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolarini ko‘tarib chiqishga jur’at etgan edi. 1930-yilda «Amerika fojiasi» romani ekranlashtirildi. Bu kinofilm deyarli butun dunyoda namoyish etildi. Asarning bunchalik mashhur bo‘lib ketishining sababi unda ko‘pchilik yetishishi amrimahol bo‘lgan to‘q va dabdabali hayot haqidagi amerikacha orzu va millionlab amerikaliklar ustidan hukmron bo‘lgan qashshoqlik o‘rtasidagi ziddiyat qirralari butun borlig‘i bilan haqqoniy tasvirlanganida edi. T. Drayzer 1944-yilda AQSH san’at va adabiyot akademiyasi tomonidan faxriy oltin medal bilan taqdirlandi. Ushbu mukofot bilan taqdirlanganligi haqida muallifga yuborilgan xatda, jumladan, muallif haqiqiy Amerikani tasvirlashdagi jasorati va to‘g‘riso‘zligi uchun mukofotlanganligi qayd etilgan edi. U. Folkner o‘z asarlarida qishloq hayotini aks ettirdi. U qishloqda inson qalbi uchun barcha zarur xislatlar mavjudligini ilg‘agan edi. Ayni paytda u mamlakat taraqqiyotining tabiiy omillari shaxs, oila, Vatan va jamiyat ekanligini teran his etdi. U. Folknerga chinakam shuhrat keltirgan asar — «Sartoris» romani bo‘ldi (1929). 1932-yilda nashr etilgan «Avgustdagi nur» romanida amerika ijtimoiy hayotidagi eng jirkanch muammo — irqiy kamsitish muammosini ko‘tarib chiqdi. Uning keyinchalik yaratgan romanlarida ham («Avessalom! Avessalo!» «Bo‘ysunmaganlar», «Tushgin, Moisey») bu mavzuni davom ettirdi. Odamlarning ichki dunyosi va hayotini mayib qilayotgan jamiyatni fosh etdi. Irqiy mutaassiblik qurbonlariga esa hamdardlik bildirdi. Adolat g‘oyalari g‘alaba qozonishiga ishonch bilan qaradi. Uning keyingi asarlarida («Qishloqcha», «Shahar», «Qo‘rg‘on») ham insonparvarlik va rahmdillik g‘oyalari ruhi barq urib turgan. U. Folkner 1949-yilda Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘ldi. Nemis yozuvchisi Tomas Manning (1875—1955) «Doktor Faustus» (1947) romanida natsistlar hukmronligi ostida qolgan Germaniyaning fojiali qismati uchun nemis ziyolilari qanchalik javobgar ekanligi ko‘rsatib beriladi. To‘g‘ri, 20—40-yillar ijodkorlarining hammasi ham taraqqiyotga xizmat qilgani yo‘q. Ularning ayrimlari fashizmdan, ayrimlari esa kommunizmdan najot izlaganlar. Chunonchi, nemis faylasufi O. Shpengler (1880—1936) «Yevropaning zavoli» degan kitobida insoniyat taqdiri inson organizmi singari bolalik, yigitlik, yetuklik hamda keksalik bosqichlarini bosib o‘tuvchi sivilizatsiyalarning almashinuvidan iborat, degan g‘oyani ilgari surgan. U keksalikdan so‘ng o‘lim kelishiga ishora qilib, Yevropa keksalik davriga yetib keldi, binobarin, uning o‘limi yaqinlashmoqda, deyishgacha borib yetdi. Fikrini davom ettirib, Yevropani o‘limdan «kuchli shaxs» qutqarib qolishi mumkin, deb hisoblagan. U insonparvarlik va demokratiyani sivilizatsiyaning quy-qalari deb atagan. 339 Ingliz publitsisti T. Eliot (1888—1965) dekadent (tushkunlik kayfiyatidagi) ziyolilar davrasida juda mashhur bo‘lib ketgan edi. U ommani olomon, bilimsiz demokratiya, deb atagan. Alohida olingan shaxsga ham ishonchsizlik bilan qaragan, jamiyatni va sivilizatsiyani esa samarasiz, deb hisoblagan. U sivilizatsiyani qutqarib qoluvchi kuch sifatida goh ingliz mustamlakachiligini, goh katoliklikni olqishlaydi. O‘lim va mangulik, hayot mohiyati mavzularini metafizik nuqtayi nazardan tasvirladi. SSSRda yangi jamiyat — «sotsializm» jamiyatining asosiy himoyachilaridan biri M. Gorkiy (1868—1936) yangi «sotsialistik realizm» iborasini o‘ylab topdi. Bu ibora mazmunini «davrning vijdoni» kommunistik partiya, uning rahbariyatini ko‘klarga ko‘tarib maqtash, kommunistik jamiyatni mutlaqlashtirish, uni eng adolatli jamiyat deb hisoblash, kommunizm g‘oyalariga sodiq bo‘lgan yangi insonni shakllantirish, sovet xalqi ongida kommunizmning muqarrar qaror topishiga cheksiz ishonchni qaror toptirish yotar edi. Rossiyada 1917-yilgi oktabr to‘ntarishidan so‘ng qaror topgan bolsheviklar hokimiyatining o‘zboshimchaligi, hech qanday milliy va umuminsoniy qadriyatlarni tan olmasligi ziyolilar o‘rtasida keskin norozilikni keltirib chiqardi. Davlat to‘ntarishining dastlabki yillaridayoq 75 mingdan ortiq atoqli adiblar, san’atkor, olimlar o‘z vatanlari — Rossiyani tark etdilar. Mavjud tuzumni tanqid qilganlar, kommunistik partiya va sovet davlati rahbarlarining g‘ayriinsoniy siyosatiga nisbatan qarshi fikr bildirganlar qatag‘on qilindi. Ularning barchasiga bir xil — «sotsializmga tuhmat qildi», degan ayb qo‘yildi. Kommunistik partiya o‘zi e’lon qilgan «madaniy inqilob» natijasida yangi jamiyat ziyolilarini shakllantirdi ham. Chunki adabiyot va san’atsiz kommunistik mafkurani omma ongiga singdirib bo‘lmasligini kommunistik partiya arboblari ham yaxshi tushunar edilar. Shunday bo‘lsa-da, Rossiyada qalbi buyurmagan asarlar yozishdan o‘zini tiya olgan adiblar ham ijod qilgan. Ular orasida M. Sholoxov (1905— 1984) alohida o‘rin tutadi. Uning «Tinch Don» (1928), «Ochilgan qo‘riq» (1932) romanlari dunyoda shuhrat qozondi. Bu asarlarda inqilob hamda kollektivlashtirish davri ziddiyatlari, inson fojialari haqqoniy tasvirlangan edi. M. Sholoxovning «Tinch Don» romani 1965-yilda Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘lgan. 40-yillar rus sovet adabiyotida urush mavzusi bosh mavzuga aylandi. Bu mavzuda qalam tebratgan mashhur adiblar K. Simonov, V. Surkov, B. Polevoy va A. Safronov kabilar o‘z asarlari bilan xalqda fashizm ustidan g‘alabaga ishonch tuyg‘ularini qaror toptirishga munosib hissa qo‘shdilar. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng boshlangan «sovuq urush» badiiy ijodga ham ta’sir etmay qolmadi. Bu — ijodning g‘oyaviylik tomoni badiiylikdan ustun kela boshlashida o‘z ifodasini topdi. Bu davr badiiy madaniyatida XX asr ikkinchi yarmi adabiyoti 340 neorealizm (yangi realizm) oqimi paydo bo‘ldi. U adabiyotda ham o‘z ifodasini topdi. Neorealizm — o‘z oldiga «bo‘yab-bezalmagan», haqiqiy hayotni ko‘rsatishga intiluvchi oqim edi. Neorealistlar (adabiyotda ham, tasviriy san’atda ham) tomoshabin yoki o‘quvchi ko‘z o‘ngida qashshoqlikda hayot kechiruvchi insonlarning butun hayotiy kechinmalarini haqqoniy tasvirlab berdilar. Asarlarida ijtimoiy adolat uchun kurashni aks ettirishni o‘zlarining burchi, deb bildilar. O‘z asarlari qahramonlariga samimiy muhabbatlarini izhor eta oldilar. Ulardan so‘ng nemis adabiyotining asosiy mavzusi Ikkinchi jahon urushi bo‘ldi. Fashistlar targ‘ibotiga aldangan, ma’naviy va jismoniy ezilgan avlod taqdiri taraqqiyparvar adiblar ijodini chetlab o‘tmagan. Chunonchi, adib X. Byoll va haykaltarosh F. Kremerlar urush yillaridagi konslager o‘rnida kompozitsiya bunyod etdilar. Kompozitsiyada mahbuslarning ruhiy holati, tug‘yoni va kuchi haqqoniy aks ettirildi. «Kichkina» insonda insonparvarlik qarashlari boshlanishining tantanasi E. Xeminguey ijodida bosh mavzu bo‘ldi. Uning bu mavzuga bag‘ishlangan «Chol va dengiz» (1952) qissasi XX asr ikkinchi yarmi badiiy adabiyotining yuksak namunasi bo‘ldi. Bu asar Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘ldi. Bu davr sovet adabiyotida dissidentlik ham kuchaydi. B. Pasternak, A. Soljenitsin bu adabiyotning yirik vakillari edi. Ular o‘z asarlarida xalqqa sovet tuzumining haqiqiy mohiyatini yetkazishga o‘zlarida jasorat topdilar. Bu o‘rinda A. Soljenitsinning «GULAG arxipelagi» asari keng shuhrat qozondi. Bu asar 1973-yilda chet ellarda chop etilgan edi. Sovet davlati rahbariyati A. Soljenitsinni mavjud tuzumga bo‘hton qilganlikda aybladi va uni 1974-yilda SSSRdan chiqarib yubordi. Bu davr adabiyotiga Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari adiblari ham munosib hissa qo‘shdilar. Ular Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari hayotidagi illatlarni haqqoniy tasvirladilar. Chunonchi, J. Amadu (Braziliya), M. Asuel (Meksika), G. Markes (Kolumbiya) kabi adiblar o‘z asarlarida tub yerli aholining fojiali taqdirini, monopoliyalarning zo‘ravonligini, diktatorlik tartiblarining yovuzliklarini, dehqonlarning yer uchun kurashlarini badiiy bo‘yoqlarda va haqqoniy ko‘rsatib bergan edilar. Bir so‘z bilan aytganda, taraqqiyparvar adabiyot bugungi kunda ham ezgulikka xizmat qilmoqda. 2002-yilda venger yozuvchisi Imre Kertesning (1929) xalqaro Nobel mukofoti bilan taqdirlanganligi bu fikrning dalilidir. I. Kertesning bunday yuksak mukofotga munosib topilgan asarlari («Angliya bayrog‘i», «Izquvar») Ikkinchi jahon urushida jahannam fabrikalari — konslagerlardagi tutqunlar taqdiri haqida hikoya qiladi. Muallifning o‘zi ham 1944-yilda konslagerga tashlangan, u fashizmning qay darajada vahshiy ekanligini ikki yil o‘z ko‘zi bilan ko‘rgan, Osvensim va Buxenvald konslagerlarida 60 ming nafar vengriyalik yahudiylarning o‘ldirilishiga guvoh bo‘lgan. 341 XX asr she’riyati unga faylasuf shoirlar kirib kelganligi bilan ajralib turadi. Bu XX asr she’riyatining o‘ziga xos xususiyati edi. Faylasuf shoirlar dunyoni yangilash jarayonida faol ishtirok etishni o‘zlarining ijtimoiy vazifalari deb hisoblaganlar. Faylasuf shoirlar she’riyat muxlislarini inson hayotining ma’nosi hamda inson mavjudligining asosiy qadriyatlari haqida chuqur mushohada qilishga undashdi. XX asr shoirlarining insoniyat oldidagi buyuk xizmatlari faqat bu bilangina cheklanmaydi. Ular urushlar va ijtimoiy inqirozlar davrida ham insonlarni go‘zallik bilan oshno etdilar. Ularda kelajakka ishonch ruhini rag‘batlantirdilar. Taraqqiyparvar shoirlar tinchlikni, ozodlikni, taraqqiyot va demokratiyani kuyladilar. Ular ichida, ayniqsa, nemis shoiri B. Brext va ispan shoiri F. Lorka (1898—1936) she’rlari katta shuhrat qozondi. B. Brext ijodining asosini she’riy pyesalar tashkil etgan. B. Brext she’riyati — dunyoni yangilash uchun kurashda o‘ziga xos jangovar chaqiriq vazifasini o‘tadi, deyish mumkin. Uning she’rlari taraqqiyparvar kuchlarni fashizm va diktaturaga qarshi kurashga chorlagan, oddiy mehnat ahliga muhabbat ruhi bilan sug‘orilgan edi. U yaratgan «Uch kunlik opera», «Galileyning hayoti» va «Sichuanlik muruvvatpesha» kabi asarlar katta shuhrat qozondi. Ularda hayotning ma’nosi, oila, burch, muhabbat va inson qadr-qimmati haqida chuqur falsafiy fikrlar ilgari surildi. Ayni paytda hukmron doiralarning axloqsizligi fosh etildi. Insonparvarlik ulug‘landi. Urushga qarshi kurashga da’vat etdi. Quyidagi satrlar bu fikrlarni to‘la tasdiqlaydi: Ey, dunyoning xalqlari, Kulfat kuni qo‘zg‘oling! Bu kurrai zaminni Volidangiz deb biling. Oq, sariq, qizil, qora! Og‘a qonin to‘kmangiz! Axir dunyo juda keng Yetar bizga boshpana. F. Lorka ispan she’riyatining faxri hisoblanadi. U ispan fashizmiga qarshi kurashganlar safida bo‘ldi. 1936-yilda u fashistlar tomonidan o‘ldirildi. 1917-yilgi to‘ntarishdan so‘ng Rossiyada ijodkor ziyolilar nihoyatda qiyin ahvolga tushib qoldilar. Ularning bir qismi chet ellarga ketishga majbur bo‘ldilar. Vatanida qolganlar esa vijdonlariga qarshi ish tutmaganlar. Ya’ni ular g‘ayriinsoniy jamiyatni — sovet jamiyatini, uning rahnamosi — bolsheviklar partiyasini tarannum etmaganlar. She’riyat Federiko Garsiya Lorka. 342 Ular orasida A. Axmatova (1889—1966), N. Gumilev (1886—1921), S. Yesenin (1895—1925), A. Blok (1880—1921), O. Mendelshtam (1891— 1938) va boshqalar, ayniqsa, mashhur edilar. Ularning hayoti og‘ir kechdi. Chunonchi, N. Gumilev 1921-yilda otib tashlandi. S. Yesenin o‘z joniga qasd qildi. O. Mendelshtam 1938-yilda otib o‘ldirildi. Ommaviy qatag‘onlarga qaramay, rus adabiyoti totalitar tuzum sharoitida ham yashab qolishning uddasidan chiqdi. Ayni paytda uning shuhratini dunyoga taratishga ham muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Taniqli Chili shoiri Pablo Nerudaning (1904—1973) «Ispaniya mening yuragimda», I. Bexerning «Asr o‘rtasidagi qadam», fransuz shoiri Jak Preverning (1900—1977) satirik va lirik she’rlari, shuningdek, R. Hamzatov, Q. Quliyev, Ye. Yevtushenko, A. Oripov, E. Vohidov, V. Visotskiy, Abdurahmon al-Homisiy va boshqalarning she’rlari insoniyatni olg‘a chorlab, yashashga ishtiyoq uyg‘otishga, Vatanni sevishga xizmat qilmoqda. Mana bu satrlar ular fikrini o‘zida ifodalaydi: Ortimizdan kelar boshqalar, Ko‘proq bo‘lar sabri ularning Epchilligi va qat’iyati. Ko‘rkamligi, kuchini ko‘rib, Dunyo bo‘lur ularga taslim. Yordam berar shunda ularga Biz yaratib ketgan qo‘shiqlar. Osiyolik yozuvchilardan Lu Sin (1896—1981) xitoy realistik adabiyoti asoschilaridan biri edi. Mao Dun (1896—1981), Ba Izin «So‘nggi quyosh», «O‘ychanlik», Li Sun Bao «Tog‘lar orasida o‘n to‘qqiz mozor» asarlari bilan tanildi. Hindistonlik Yashpalning (1903—1976) «Yolg‘on haqiqat», «Divya» romanlari, turkiyalik Nozim Hikmatning ajoyib she’rlari, Aziz Nesinning achchiq satiralari, afrikalik shoir va davlat arbobi A. Netoning ozodlikka undovchi she’rlari, Piter Abraxamsning «Tun hukmronligida» asari, Chili shoiri Pablo Neruda, braziliyalik yozuvchi Jorji Amadu asarlari dunyo xalqari tomonidan sevib o‘qilmoqda. XX asr ikkinchi yarmida G‘arb tasviriy san’atida syurrealizm oqimi paydo bo‘ldi. Bunga hamma qatori o‘z farzandlarini sevuvchi, klassik musiqani qadrlovchi, o‘zining Vataniga, burchiga sodiq, odam qiyofasidagi odam, biroq insoniyat aqliga sig‘maydigan vahshiyona jinoyatlar sodir etgan fashistlar kirdikorlari fosh etilganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Syurrealistlar tashqi ko‘rinish, tashqi qiyofa, tashqi dunyo ichki dunyo bilan mutanosib emas, u ichki dunyoni boricha aks ettira olmaydi, deb hisoblardilar. Shu tariqa ular realizmdan ham ustunroq, o‘ta realizmnisyurrealizmni yaratdilar. San’at 343 Kino Syurrealistlar fikricha, o‘ta realizm bizni o‘rab turgan real dunyo bilan mos emas. Oliy reallik (o‘ta reallik) insonlardan yashirinib turadi. Uni aqlidrok bilan anglab bo‘lmaydi. Ularning fikricha, rassomlar instinktlarga, tushlarga erk berishlari kerak edi. Syurrealizmning kubistik yo‘nalishidagi namoyandalari Pablo Pikasso (1881—1873), Mark Shogal (1899—1995), Salvador Dali (1904—1989) va boshqalar edi. Aslida syurrealizm real voqelikdan uzilib qolish edi. Syurrealizmning ko‘rinishlaridan biri — abstraksionizm (mavhumlik — noma’lumlik, uzoqlashish) real voqelikdan uzilib qolishda syurrealizmdan ham o‘tib ketdi. Bu oqim tarafdorlari fikricha, tasviriy san’at voqelikni emas, balki rassom ongining holatini ifodalashi, rassom his-tuyg‘ularining in’ikosi bo‘lishi kerak edi. Abstraksionistlar ijodida (Ch. Novard, S. Devis, Retner, Morris va boshqalar) his, tuyg‘u, xayol borliqdan uzilgan chiziqlar, geometrik shakllarda namoyon etilgan. Ularda mazmun va shakl bir-biriga singib ketib, an’anaviy tushunchadagi mazmun va shakl o‘z mohiyatini yo‘qotgan. XX asrning eng mashhur rejissori va aktyori Charlz Spenser Chaplinning (1899—1977) ijodi jahon kinosi tarixida tanqidiy realizmning porloq sahifasidir. U «Ulkan shahar chiroqlari», «Yangi zamonlar» filmida jamiyatdagi olchoqlikni tanqid qildi. «Diktator» filmida esa fashizmga qarshi pamflet bilan maydonga chiqdi. U «Nyu-Yorkdagi qirol» filmida jamiyatdagi axloqsizlikni fosh qildi. Chaplin achchiq satirasi tufayli mamlakatni tashlab, Yevropaga muhojir bo‘lib ketishga majbur bo‘ldi. Fransuz rejissori Rene Kler «So‘nggi milliarder» nomli antifashistik filmida telba diktator «islohotlari»dan kuladi. Neorealizm oqimi namoyandalaridan italiyalik Roberto Rossellini, Vittorio de Sek, Juzeppe de Santis, P. Pikasso. «Gernika». 344 Petro Jermilar shuhrat qozondi. «Rim — ochiq shahar», «Zaytun tagida dunyo yo‘q», «Velosiped o‘g‘rilari» va boshqa filmlar xalqning yashashga qobil ekanligini, ezguligini, adolat va birdamlikni aks ettirdi. Federiko Fillinining «Yo‘l», «Kabiriya tunlari» filmlarida parazitizm va axloqiy tanazzul ochib tashlanadi. AQSH kinorejissori Stenli Kramerning «Bo‘yin egmaganlar» filmi irqchilikni tanqid ruhida bo‘lib, unda odamlarning tengligi va qardoshligi ochib beriladi. O‘z ijodini xalq hayoti, demokratik madaniyat yutuqlari bilan bog‘lagan yirik kompozitorlar ajoyib badiiy asarlar yaratishdi. Artur Oneger, Paul Xindemit, Bela Bartoj, Jorj Gershvin, Benjamin Britten musiqada realistik yo‘nalish namoyandalari edilar. Fransiyalik buyuk kompozitor A. Oneger hayoti va ijodi murakkabdir. U Romen Rollanning «14-iyul» pyesasiga musiqa yozdi va «Janna d’Ark gulxanda» oratoriyasini yaratdi. Oratoriya urush yillarida dushmanga qarshilik ko‘rsatuvchi fransuzlar harakatining musiqasi bo‘lib qoldi. Ingliz kompozitori Benjamin Brittenning «Harbiy» marsiyasi Konventrining qaytadan tiklangan ibodatxonasida 1961-yilda birinchi marta ijro etildi. Kompozitor o‘z asarining g‘oyasini: «Marsiya kelajakka qaratilgan... Biz urush kabi falokatning oldini olishimiz kerak», — deb ta’rifladi. Nemis shoiri va kompozitori Gans Eysler, iste’dodli xonandalardan Pit Siger, Bob Dilan, Joat Baez (AQSH), Jan Ferra (Fransiya), grek kompozitori Mikis Teodorakis qo‘shiqlari butun dunyoga tarqaldi. Charli Chaplinning «Yangi davrlar» filmi. Musiqa 345 Dastlab XIX asr oxiri —XX asr boshlarida paydo bo‘lgan ommaviy madaniyat XX asr ikkinchi yarmida yanada rivojlandi. Bunga ommaviy axborot vositalarining nihoyat darajada rivojlanganligi sabab bo‘ldi. Uning janrlari (shou, triller, boyevik, shlyager, komiks) keng ommalashdi. Bu hol ommaviy madaniyatning maqsadi bilan izohlanar edi. Chunki ommaviy madaniyatning bosh maqsadini ko‘proq daromad olish tashkil etadi. Bu madaniyatning hammaga tushunarli hamda ko‘ngilocharligi uning asosiy sifat mezonini tashkil etadi. Pul topish uchun axloq normalaridan chekinildi. Ommaviy madaniyatning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlaridan yana biri uning asosini oddiy kishilar uchun mo‘ljallanganligi tashkil etishidir. Ommaviy madaniyat madaniy hayotning deyarli barcha sohalarini qamrab olgan. Masalan, estrada qo‘shiqchiligida inglizlarning «Bittlz» ansambli dunyoda shuhrat qozondi. «Bittlz» va shu kabi boshqa ansambllar o‘z qo‘shiqlarida o‘ta muhim muammolar — yoshlarning ijtimoiy hayotda o‘z o‘rnini topmaganligi, urush, militarizm, irqiy kamsitishlarga qarshi noroziliklarni namoyish etdilar. Ularning qo‘shiqlari mazmunan samimiyligi, o‘ta ta’sirchanligi, o‘tkir so‘zliligi bilan ajralib turadi. Ayni paytda ijrochilarning yuksak qobiliyati, yuqori jarangdor ovozlari, mukammal maqomi, tovushlarning hamohangligi muxlislarga katta ruhiy ta’sir o‘tkazadi. Bu hol rok-musiqachilarni yoshlarning sevimli san’atkorlariga aylantirib qo‘yadi. Shuningdek, rok-musiqa yoshlarning turli harakatlari va guruhlarini birlashtiruvchi kuchga aylandi. «Bittlz» qo‘shiqlari o‘zining chuqur ta’sirchanligi, ijro mahorati, chuqur ma’nosi va samimiyligi bilan hamon yagonaligicha qolmoqda. Bu ansamblning tashkilotchisi Jon Lennon edi. Uning tug‘ilgan va halok bo‘lgan kuni barcha qit’a yoshlari va rok-musiqachilari tomonidan har yili nishonlab kelinmoqda. 60-yillar oxiridan boshlab rok-musiqa xalqaro siyosiy masalalarga ham jiddiy e’tibor berib kelmoqda. Chunonchi, u mintaqaviy urushlarni, irqchilikni, militarizmni va narkomaniyani keskin qoralaydi. Bugungi kunda u ekologiya va xayriya masalalariga ham katta e’tibor bermoqda. Urushdan keyingi yillarda «pop-art» (ommabop) san’ati keng tarqaldi. «Popart » olg‘irlari turli buyumlarning parchalaridan «rasm» va «haykallar» yaratdilar. «Pop-art» musiqa, kino, teatrga ham kirib bordi. «Pop-art» chinakam san’atning ommaga yetib borishini zaiflashtirdi. Keyingi paytlarda «ommaviy madaniyat» niqobi ostida yengil-yelpi, hayosizlikni targ‘ib qiluvchi san’at kuchaydi. Shunday qilib, tarixan 100 yilga yaqin vaqtni o‘z ichiga olgan davrda adabiyot va san’atda buyuk o‘zgarishlar bo‘ldi. Chinakam, haqiqiy, xalqning ruhiga ta’sir etuvchi san’at o‘lmas bo‘lib qoldi. Yengil-yelpi, vaqtinchalik san’at tarix yo‘llarida sargardon bo‘lib qoldi. Dunyo xalqlari adabiyot va san’atning buyuk kuch ekanligiga ishonadilar. Chunki go‘zallikni, inson qalbiga ta’sir etadigan voqealarni hamma yaxshi ko‘radi. Xulosa qilib aytganda, XX asrda fan va madaniyatning rivojlanishi insonni misli ko‘rilmagan yuksaklikka ko‘tardi. Fan yutuqlari ishlab chiqarishda Ommaviy madaniyat 346 inqilob yasashga olib keldi. Madaniyat globallashdi. Ko‘pgina joylarda milliy o‘zlikni anglash jarayoni tezlashdi va umumbashariy madaniyatning kishilar qalbi, ongiga chuqur singishi davom etmoqda. Prezident Islom Karimov bu jarayon haqida: «Kirib kelayotgan XXI asrda dunyoni madaniyat va ma’naviyat qutqaradi», — deb ta’kidlaganligi bejiz emas. SAVOL VA TOPSHIRIQLAR 1. Fan va ilmiy-texnika inqilobi haqida nimalarni bilib oldingiz? 2. XX asr ikkinchi yarmidan boshlab ilm-fan va texnikaning gurkirab rivojlanishiga sabab bo‘lgan omillar nimalardan iborat? 3. Vaqtli matbuot materiallari asosida 2002 va 2004-yillarda xalqaro Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo‘lgan alloma va ijodkorlarni aniqlang. 4. XX asr 20—40-yillari adabiyoti haqida so‘zlab bering. 5. Buyuk yozuvchilar demokratiya va tinchlik ishiga qanday hissa qo‘shdilar? 6. XX asr ikkinchi yarmi adabiyoti haqida nimalar deya olasiz? 7. Ommaviy madaniyat haqida so‘zlab bering. 8. Musiqa va kinoda qanday yangiliklar bo‘ldi? 9. Madaniyatda globallashuv haqida o‘z fikrlaringiz asosida referat tayyorlang. JADVALNI TO‘LDIRING. QAYSI YOZUVCHILARNING ASARLARINI O‘QIDINGIZ Yozuvchining nomi Asarning nomi Qisqacha bayoni BAHS YURITING — Qaysi olimlar o‘zlarining qanday yangiliklari bilan jamiyat taraqqiyotiga buyuk hissa qo‘shdilar? — Kelajakda qanday soha birinchi o‘ringa chiqadi? Nima bilan shug‘ullangan ma’qul? «Bittlz» ansambli. ? 347 JAHON TARIXI SANALARDA 1918—2008-yillar 1918-yil 5—6-yanvar — Rossiyada Ta’sis majlisining chaqirilishi va tarqatib yuborilishi. Yanvar — Turkiston mustaqilligi uchun qurolli harakatning boshlanishi. 3-mart — Rossiya tomonidan Germaniya bilan Brest sulhining imzolanishi. Rossiyaning urushdan chiqishi. 30-aprel — Turkistonning RSFSR tarkibidagi avtonom respublika deb e’lon qilinishi. 16-iyul — Yekaterinburgda Nikolay II va uning oila a’zolari otib tashlandi. 3-oktabr — Turkiyaning taslim bo‘lishi. 3-noyabr — Avstriya-Vengriyaning taslim bo‘lishi. 3-noyabr — Germaniyaning taslim bo‘lishi. 9-noyabr — Germaniyada monarxiyaning ag‘darilishi. 11-noyabr — Germaniya va Antanta davlatlari o‘rtasida Kompen yarash ahdining tuzilishi. Birinchi jahon urushining tugashi. 16-noyabr — Vengriyaning respublika deb e’lon qilinishi. 1919-yil 5-yanvar — Myunxenda Germaniya fashistlar partiyasining tashkil topishi. 23-mart — Milanda Mussolini tomonidan birinchi fashistlar «jangovar guruhi»ning tashkil qilinishi. 3-may — 3-iyun — Afg‘oniston xalqining ingliz qo‘shinlariga qarshi ozodlik kurashi. 8-avgustda Angliya va Afg‘oniston o‘rtasida sulh bitimi imzolandi. 28-may — turk xalqining Angliya-Gretsiya bosqiniga qarshi ozodlik kurashi boshlandi. 28-iyun — Germaniya tomonidan Birinchi jahon urushida g‘olib chiqqan Antanta davlatlari va mag‘lub Germaniya o‘rtasidagi sulh bitimining imzolanishi. 1920-yil 18—21-yanvar — Birinchi jahon urushida g‘olib chiqqan davlatlarning Parij tinchlik konferensiyasi ochilishi. Konferensiya davomida Millatlar Ligasi tashkil topdi. 1-mart — Vengriyada fashistlar diktaturasining o‘rnatilishi. 16-may — Stambulning Antanta qo‘shinlari tomonidan bosib olinishi. 1921-yil Mart — Rossiyada yangi iqtisodiy siyosat (NEP)ga o‘tilishi. 20-oktabr — Anqarada Fransiya va Turkiya o‘rtasidagi urush holatini to‘xtatish to‘g‘risidagi bitimning imzolanishi. 348 1922-yil Aprel — may — Genuya konferensiyasi. 28-oktabr — Italiyada fashistlar diktaturasining o‘rnatilishi. 30-dekabr — SSSRning tashkil topishi. 1923-yil 8—9-iyun — Bolgariyada fashistlar to‘ntarishining amalga oshirilishi. 13-sentabr — Ispaniyada davlat to‘ntarishi. Primo de Rivera harbiy-monarxik diktaturasining o‘rnatilishi. 29-oktabr — Turkiya Respublikasining e’lon qilinishi. 8-noyabr — Myunxendagi «pivo isyoni». Gitlerning fashistlar diktaturasi o‘rnatishga urinishi. 1924-yil 2-yanvar — 1-fevral — Xitoyda Gomindan partiyasining tashkil topishi. 3-mart — Turkiyada xalifalikni bekor qilish to‘g‘risidagi qonunning qabul qilinishi. 20-aprel — Turkiya Respublikasi konstitutsiyasining qabul qilinishi. 1924—1927-yillar — Xitoydagi birinchi inqilobiy fuqarolar urushi. 1925-yil 12-mart — Sun-Yatsenning vafot etishi. 26-aprel — feldmarshal Gindenburgning Germaniya Respublikasi prezidentligiga saylanishi. 1-iyul — Guanchjou hukumatining Xitoy Respublikasi milliy hukumatiga aylantirilishi. 3-dekabr — Eron ta’sis majlisi tomonidan Kojarlar sulolasining ag‘darilishi va Rizoshoh Pahlaviyning shoh deb e’lon qilinishi. 1926-yil 24-aprel — hujum qilmaslik va betaraflik to‘g‘risidagi sovet-german bitimining tuzilishi. 1927-yil 12-aprel — Chan Kayshining aksilinqilobiy to‘ntarishi. 27-may — Buyuk Britaniya bilan SSSR o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlarning to‘xtatilishi. 1-avgust — Xitoyda ikkinchi fuqarolar urushining boshlanishi. 1928-yil Yanvar — qishloqqa «g‘alla»ning ortiqchasini tortib olish maqsadida favqulodda choralar siyosati o‘tkazilishining boshlanishi. Rossiyada kollektivlashtirishga o‘tilishi. 349 2-aprel — yapon qo‘shinlarining Xitoydagi Shandun provinsiyasiga bostirib kirishi. 1929-yil 3-oktabr — Buyuk Britaniya bilan SSSR o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlarning tiklanishi. 24-oktabr — AQSHda birja tanazzuli. Jahon iqtisodiy inqirozining boshlanishi. 1930-yil Yanvar — SSSRda «yalpi kollektivlashtirish» va «quloqlarni sinf sifatida tugatish » boshlandi. 25-yanvar — Hindistonda Mustaqillik kunining e’lon qilinishi. 1931-yil 14-aprel — Ispaniyada monarxiyaning ag‘darilishi. Respublikaning e’lon qilinishi. 8-sentabr — yapon qo‘shinlarining Manjuriyaga bostirib kirishi. 7-dekabr — ishsizlarning Vashingtonga birinchi milliy yurishi. 9-dekabr — Ispaniyada respublika konstitutsiyasining qabul qilinishi. 1932-yil 9-mart — Manchjou-Go davlatining e’lon qilinishi. 29-noyabr — hujum qilmaslik haqida sovet – fransuz paktining imzolanishi. 1933-yil 30-yanvar — Gitlerning reyxskanslerlikka tayinlanishi. Germaniyada fashistik diktatura o‘rnatilishi. 27-fevral — Berlinda fashistlar tomonidan reyxstag binosining yoqib yuborilishi. 27-mart — Yaponiyaning Millatlar Ligasidan chiqishi. 14-oktabr — Germaniyaning Millatlar Ligasidan chiqishi. 16-noyabr — SSSR bilan AQSH o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatilishi. 1934-yil 19-may — Bolgariyada davlat to‘ntarishi va fashistik diktatura o‘rnatilishi. 25-iyul — Avstriyada fashistlar fitnasi. 2-avgust — Gitlerning «german xalqining fyureri va reyxkansleri» deb e’lon qilinishi. 18-sentabr — SSSRning millatlar Ligasiga kirishi. 1935-yil 2-mart — Fors davlatiga yangi rasmiy nom — Eron nomining berilishi. 31-avgust — AQSHda «Betaraflik haqida qonun»ning qabul qilinishi. 350 11-oktabr — Millatlar Ligasi tomonidan Efiopiyaga bostirib kirganligi uchun Italiyaga iqtisodiy sanksiyalar qo‘llash haqida qaror qabul qilinishi. 13-dekabr — Misrda 1923-yilgi konstitutsiyaning tiklanishi. 1936-yil 7-mart — Germaniya qo‘shinlarining Reyn viloyatiga bostirib kirishi va Germaniya tomonidan Lokarno bitimining buzilishi. 18-iyul — Ispaniyada 1936-yil iyuldan 1939-yil martgacha davom etgan fuqarolar urushi boshlanishiga olib kelgan fashistlar isyonining boshlanishi. 26-avgust — Angliya va Misr o‘rtasida ittifoqchilik va ingliz istilochi qo‘shinlarining Misrda qoldirilishi to‘g‘risidagi bitimning tuzilishi. 25-oktabr — «Berlin – Rim» ittifoqining rasmiylashtirilishi. 1937-yil 20-mart — Ispan respublikachi qo‘shinlari tomonidan Gvadalaxara ostonasida isyonchi va interventlarning tor-mor keltirilishi. Iyun — Qizil armiyada ommaviy terrorning boshlanishi. 7-iyul — Yaponiyaning Xitoyga bostirib kirishi va yapon-xitoy urushining boshlanishi. 1937—1938-yillar — SSSRda ommaviy qatag‘on. 1938-yil 12-mart — Avstriyaning Germaniya qo‘shinlari tomonidan bosib olinishi (Avstriyaning «anshlyus» qilinishi). 29-iyul — 11-avgust — SSSR hududiga bostirib kirgan yapon qo‘shinlarining Hasan ko‘lida tor-mor keltirilishi. 28-sentabr — Germaniyada harbiy safarbarlikning boshlanishi. 29—30-sentabr — Myunxen bitimining imzolanishi. 30-sentabr — Angliya va Germaniya o‘rtasida hujum qilmaslik va bahsli masalalarni tinch yo‘lga solish to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyaning imzolanishi. 10-noyabr — Turkiya Respublikasi asoschisi va birinchi prezidenti Kamol Otaturkning o‘limi. Ismet Inenyuning prezident qilib saylanishi. 6-dekabr — Fransiya va Germaniya o‘rtasida hujum qilmaslik va bahsli masalalarni tinch yo‘lga solish to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyaning imzolanishi. 1939-yil 27-fevral — Angliya va Fransiya tomonidan Ispaniyadagi Franko fashistlar hukumatining tan olinishi. 12-mart — Sovet – fin urushining tugashi. 15-mart — Germaniya qo‘shinlarining Chexiyani bosib olishi. 22-may — Yaponiyaning Germaniya va Italiya bitimiga qo‘shilishi («Po‘lat bitim»). 11-may — 31-avgust — Yaponiyaning Xalxin-Golda Mongoliya Xalq Respublikasi hududiga bostirib kirishi. 351 23-avgust — SSSR va Germaniya o‘rtasida hujum qilmaslik to‘g‘risidagi bitimning 10 yilga imzolanishi. 1-sentabr — fashistlar Germaniyasining Polshaga bostirib kirishi. 3-sentabr — Fransiya va Angliyaning Germaniyaga urush e’lon qilishi. 17-sentabr — SSSR qo‘shinlarining Polsha hududiga kiritilishi. 22-sentabr — Brest — Litovskda Polshani tor-mor keltirish operatsiyasining tugatilishi sharafiga sovet va nemis qo‘shinlarining qo‘shma paradi o‘tkazildi. 28-sentabr — SSSR va Germaniya o‘rtasida do‘stlik va chegaralar to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 30-noyabr — Sovet-fin urushining boshlanishi. 1940-yil 12-martgacha davom etdi. 13-dekabr — Millatlar Ligasi SSSRni agressiyachi davlat deb e’lon qilib, uni Ligaga a’zolikdan chiqardi. 1940-yil 9-aprel — Germaniya qo‘shinlarining Daniya va Norvegiyaga bostirib kirishi. 19-may — Germaniya qo‘shinlarining Belgiyaga (28-mayda Belgiya armiyasi taslim bo‘ldi) va Gollandiyaga (14-mayda Gollandiya armiyasi taslim bo‘ldi) bostirib kirishi. 26-may — 3-iyun — Dyunkerkda ingliz va fransuz qo‘shinlarining evakuatsiya qilinishi. 14-iyun — nemis-fashist qo‘shinlarining Parijni ishg‘ol qilishi. 1-iyul — 19-avgust — Italiya qo‘shinlarining Shimoliy Afrikadagi hujumi. 13-avgust — Germaniya aviatsiyasining Angliyaga ommaviy hujumlarni boshlashi («Angliya uchun jang»). 16-sentabr — AQSHda umumiy harbiy majburiyat to‘g‘risidagi qonunning qabul qilinishi. 27-sentabr — Berlinda Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiya tomonidan fashist davlatlari Uch tomonlama bitimining imzolanishi. 12-oktabr — fashist qo‘shinlarining Ruminiyaga bostirib kirishi. 28-oktabr — Italiyaning Gretsiyaga bostirib kirishi. 14—19-noyabr — Germaniya aviatsiyasining Birmingem va Koventrini bombardimon qilishi. 18-dekabr — Gitler tomonidan SSSRga qarshi urush to‘g‘risidagi 21-son direktiva («Barbarossa rejasi»)ning imzolanishi. 1941-yil 11-mart — AQSH kongressi tomonidan «Qurol-yarog‘ni qarzga yoki ijaraga berish (lend-liz) to‘g‘risida»gi qonunning qabul qilinishi. 5-aprel — Germaniya va ittifoqchilari qo‘shinlarining Yugoslaviya va Gretsiyaga bostirib kirishi. 13-aprel — Yaponiyaning SSSR bilan o‘zaro betaraflik to‘g‘risidagi bitimni imzolashi. 352 22-iyun — Germaniyaning SSSRga hujum qilishi. 1905—1918-yillarda tug‘ilgan harbiy xizmatga majburlarni safarbar qilishning boshlanishi. 12-iyul — SSSR va Buyuk Britaniya o‘rtasida Germaniyaga qarshi birga harakat qilish to‘g‘risidagi bitimning imzolanishi. 29-sentabr — 1-oktabr — SSSR, AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya vakillarining Moskvadagi konferensiyasi. 7-noyabr — AQSH prezidentining SSSRga lend-liz bo‘yicha harbiy va moddiy yordam ko‘rsatish to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyasi. 6-dekabr — Angliyaning Finlandiya, Vengriya va Ruminiyaga urush e’lon qilishi. 7-dekabr — Yapon flotining Pirl-Xarborga hujumi. 8-dekabr — Angliyaning Yaponiyaga urush e’lon qilishi. 11-dekabr — Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiya tomonidan AQSH va Angliyaga qarshi urushda hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risidagi bitimning imzolanishi. 1942-yil 1-yanvar — Vashingtonda 26 davlat tomonidan Uch tomonlama bitim davlatlari — Germaniya, Italiya va Yaponiyaga qarshi urushda hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risidagi bitimning imzolanishi. 22-avgust — Braziliyaning Germaniya va Italiyaga urush e’lon qilishi. 23-oktabr — Angliya qo‘shinlarining Al-Alamayn (Misr) ostonasida hujumga o‘tishi. 8-noyabr — Angliya-Amerika qo‘shinlarining Shimoliy Afrika portlariga tushirilishi. 1943-yil 10-yanvar — Stalingrad ostonasida Paulyus qo‘mondonligidagi qo‘shinlar guruhining qurshovga va asirga olinishi. 13-yanvar — Germaniyada yalpi safarbarlikning e’lon qilinishi. 17-iyul — fevral — Stalingrad jangi. Ikkinchi jahon urushida hal qiluvchi burilishning yasalishi. 24—28-iyul — Italiyada fashist hukumatining ag‘darilishi va Mussolinining hibsga olinishi. 8-sentabr — Italiyaning taslim bo‘lishi. 13-sentabr — Italiya (Badolo hukumati)ning Germaniyaga urush e’lon qilishi. 19—30-oktabr — SSSR, AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vazirlarining Moskvadagi konferensiyasi. 28-noyabr — 1-dekabr — SSSR, AQSH va Buyuk Britaniya hukumat rahbarlarining Tehron konferensiyasi. 1944-yil 26-mart — sovet qo‘shinlarining Prut daryosi bo‘ylab SSSR davlat chegarasiga chiqishi. 4-iyun — ittifoqchilar qo‘shinlarining Rimga kirishi. 353 6-iyun — ittifoqchilar qo‘shinlarining Fransiyaga tushirilishi. Ikkinchi frontning ochilishi. 19-oktabr — Germaniyada 16 yoshdan 60 yoshgacha bo‘lgan aholiga harbiy safarbarlikning e’lon qilinishi. 1945-yil 4—11-fevral — SSSR, Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH hukumat rahbarlarining Qrim (Yalta) konferensiyasi. 23-fevral — Turkiyaning Germaniya va Yaponiyaga urush e’lon qilishi. 1-aprel — 21-iyun — Amerika qo‘shinlarining Okinava orolini egallashi. 16-aprel — 8-may — Berlin uchun jang. 25-aprel — sovet va amerika qo‘shinlarining Torgau (Elba bo‘yidagi) shahri yaqinida uchrashuvi. 30-aprel — Gitlerning o‘z joniga qasd qilishi. 2-may — vermaxt Berlin gruppirovkasining tor-mor qilinishi. 8-may — Karlsxortda Germaniya qurolli kuchlarining so‘zsiz taslim bo‘lishi to‘g‘risidagi hujjatning imzolanishi. 9-may — fashistlar Germaniyasi ustidan g‘alaba qozonilgan kun. 15-may — Yaponiya hukumati tomonidan Gitler Germaniyasi bilan tuzilgan bitimlarning bekor qilinishi. 24-may — AQSH prezidenti Trumen tomonidan Yaponiyaga qarshi atom bombasini jangovar ravishda qo‘llash to‘g‘risidagi buyruqning imzolanishi. 16-iyun — AQSHda atom bombasining sinov sifatida portlatilishi. 26-iyun — San-Fransiskodagi konferensiyada BMT Nizomining imzolanishi. 17-iyul — urush tugaganidan so‘ng demobilizatsiya qilingan askarlarning birinchi esheloni Toshkentga keldi. 17-iyul — 2-avgust — uch davlat — SSSR, Buyuk Britaniya va AQSH rahbarlarining Potsdam konferensiyasi. 8-avgust — AQSH, Angliya va Fransiya hukumatlari tomonidan Yevropa mamlakatlarining bosh harbiy jinoyatchilarini sud qilish uchun Xalqaro harbiy tribunalni ta’sis etish to‘g‘risidagi bitimning imzolanishi. 9-avgust — SSSRning Yaponiyaga qarshi urushga kirishi. 21-avgust — AQSHning lend-liz bo‘yicha qurol-yarog‘ yetkazib berishni to‘xtatishi. 2-sentabr — Yaponiya vakillari tomonidan Tokioda yapon qurolli kuchlarining so‘zsiz taslim bo‘lishi to‘g‘risidagi hujjatning imzolanishi. 3-sentabr — Ikkinchi jahon urushining tugashi. 24-oktabr — BMT Nizomining kuchga kirishi. Bu kun Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tashkil topgan kun sifatida nishonlanadi. 1946-yil 1945-yil 20-noyabr — 1946-yil 1-oktabr — Asosiy harbiy jinoyatchilar ustidan Nyurenberg jarayoni. 10-yanvar — Londonda BMT Bosh Assambleyasining birinchi sessiyasi ochildi. 31-yanvar — Yugoslaviyada federatsiya tarkibida oltita mustaqil respublika tashkil etildi (Serbiya, Chernogoriya, Xorvatiya, Sloveniya, Bosniya va Gersegovina, Makedoniya). 23 — Jahon tarixi 354 5-mart — Fultonda U. Cherchillning «sovuq urush» boshlanishiga sabab bo‘lgan chiqishi. 27-aprel — Tokioda Ikkinchi jahon urushi yillaridagi asosiy jinoyatchilar ustidan sud jarayoni boshlandi. 1948-yil 12-noyabrgacha davom etdi. 2-dekabr — Germaniyaning Bizonda okkupatsiya qilingan zonalarini 1947-yil 1-yanvardan qo‘shib yuborish haqidagi ingliz-amerika bitimi. 11-dekabr — BMTning bolalarga yordam berish jamg‘armasi (YUNISEF) tashkil topdi. 1947-yil 10-fevral — Parijda Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi g‘olib davlatlar o‘rtasida va Germaniyaning sobiq ittifoqchilari — Italiya, Ruminiya, Vengriya va Finlandiya bilan tinchlik shartnomasining imzolanishi. 12-mart — AQSHda Trumen doktrinasining e’lon qilinishi. 5-iyun — AQSH davlat kotibi J. Marshall Garvard universitetida so‘zlagan nutqida Amerika iqtisodiy yordami (Marshall rejasi) ko‘rsatish orqali Yevropani tiklash va rivojlantirish dasturini bayon qildi. 15-avgust — Mustaqillikning e’lon qilinishi va Hindistonning bo‘linishi (Pokistonning tashkil topishi). J. Neru Hindiston Bosh vaziri lavozimini egalladi. 18-sentabr — AQSHda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi (MRB)ning tashkil topishi. 1948-yil 20-yanvar — Hindistonda Maxatma Gandini ekstremist-hind suiqasd qilib o‘ldirdi. 20-iyul — Li Sin Man Janubiy Koreya Prezidenti etib saylandi. 2-aprel — AQSH kongressi tomonidan «Marshall rejasi»ning qabul qilinishi. 14-may — Isroil mustaqil davlati tashkil topganligining e’lon qilinishi. 14-iyun — E. Beneshning iste’foga chiqishi. K. Gotvald Chexoslovakiya prezidenti etib saylandi. 2-oktabr — AQSH prezidentlik saylovlarida G. Trumenning g‘alabasi. 10-dekabr — BMT Bosh Assambleyasi Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasini qabul qildi. 1949-yil 25-yanvar — O‘zaro Iqtisodiy Yordam Kengashi (O‘IYOK)ning tashkil topishi. 4-aprel — Vashingtonda Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Italiya, Belgiya, Niderlandiya, Lyuksemburg, Kanada, Daniya, Islandiya, Norvegiya, Portugaliyadan iborat Shimoliy Atlantika pakti (NATO) tashkil topdi. 8-may — GFR Konstitutsiyasining qabul qilinishi. GFRning tashkil topishi. 25-sentabr — SSSRda birinchi marta atom bombasi sinab ko‘rildi. 1-oktabr — Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi e’lon qilindi. 355 1950-yil 26-yanvar — Hindiston Respublikasi e’lon qilindi. 25-iyun — KXDR hududiga Janubiy Koreya qo‘shinlarining hujumi. Koreyada urush boshlanishi. 1951-yil 1-sentabr — San-Fransiskoda AQSH va Yaponiya o‘rtasida Xavfsizlik bo‘yicha Tinch okean paktining imzolanishi. Yaponiyadan AQSH qo‘shinlari olib chiqib ketildi. 1952-yil 18-fevral — Gretsiya va Turkiyaning NATOga qo‘shilishi. 26-fevral — Buyuk Britaniya atom bombasi yaratganligini e’lon qildi. 4-noyabr — AQSH prezidentlik saylovlarida D. Eyzenxauer g‘alabasi. 1953-yil 5-mart — I. V. Stalin o‘limi. 18-iyun — Misrning respublika deb e’lon qilinishi. 19-iyun — AQSHda atom bombasini yaratish sirlarini SSSRga sotganlikda ayblangan er-xotin Yulius va Emel Rozenberglar qatl qilindi. 20-avgust — SSSRda vodorod bombasi sinovi o‘tkazildi. 1954-yil 21-iyul — Jeneva bitimiga muvofiq Vetnam 17-parallel bo‘yicha bo‘lindi. 8-sentabr — Manilada Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo (SEATO) mudofaasi to‘g‘risidagi Shartnoma imzolandi. 1955-yil 9-may — G‘arbiy Germaniya NATOga qabul qilindi. 14-may — Yevropadagi sotsialistik mamlakatlar o‘rtasida do‘stlik, hamkorlik va o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risida Shartnoma (Varshava shartnomasi) imzolandi. 1956-yil 25-fevral — N. S. Xrushyov shaxsga sig‘inish va uning oqibatlari to‘g‘risida ma’ruza qildi. 23-mart — Pokiston Islom Respublikasi e’lon qilinishi. 24-iyun — polkovnik Jamol Abdul Nosir Misr Prezidenti etib saylandi. 19-oktabr — Diplomatik munosabatlarni tiklash to‘g‘risida sovet-yapon Deklaratsiyasining imzolanishi. 30-oktabr — Isroil-Misr urushining boshlanishi. 30-oktabr — Vengriyadan sovet qo‘shinlarining olib chiqib ketilishi. 356 1957-yil 6-fevral — Isroil qo‘shinlari G‘azo sektorini BMT qurolli kuchlari nazorati ostiga topshirdi. 25-mart — Yevropa iqtisodiy kengashi («Umumiy bozor»)ni tashkil etish to‘g‘risida Rim protokollarining imzolanishi. 4-oktabr — SSSR birinchi sun’iy Yer yo‘ldoshini uchirdi. 1958-yil 8-yanvar — Fransiyada general Sharl de Goll Beshinchi respublika Prezidenti deb e’lon qilindi. 15-may — Angliyada birinchi marta vodorod bombasi sinab ko‘rildi. 14-iyul — Iroqdagi inqilob. Monarxiya qulab, respublikaning e’lon qilinishi. 1959-yil 1-yanvar — Kubada inqilob g‘alaba qozondi. 1960-yil 1-may — Amerikaning Garri Pauers boshqarayotgan o‘ta balandlikda uchuvchi U-2 razvedkachi samolyoti urib tushirildi (19-avgustda Pauers ayg‘oqchiligi uchun 10 yil muddatga qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi). 8-noyabr — J. Kennedining AQSH prezidentlik saylovlaridagi g‘alabasi. 14-noyabr — neftni eksport qiluvchi mamlakatlar tashkiloti — OPEK tashkil topdi. 1961-yil 12-aprel — SSSRda Yu. Gagarin kosmik kemada uchirildi (insonning ilk bor fazoga uchishi). 17-aprel — Fidel Kastro dushmanlarining Play-Xiron rayoniga hujumi. 13-avgust — Sharqiy Germaniya Brandenburg darvozasi orqali o‘tiladigan Sharqiy va G‘arbiy Berlin o‘rtasidagi erkin o‘tish chegarasini yopib qo‘ydi. 29-sentabr — Suriya Arab Respublikasining e’lon qilinishi. 1962-yil 18-mart — Fransiya va Jazoir o‘rtasida o‘t ochishni to‘xtatish to‘g‘risidagi Evian bitimi imzolandi. 22-oktabr — 28-oktabr — Karib tangligi. 1963-yil 15-oktabr — Konrad Adenauer iste’foga chiqdi. 22-noyabr — Dallasda (Texas shtati) AQSH Prezidenti Kennedi o‘ldirildi. 357 1964-yil 14-may — Misrda Asvon to‘g‘onining ochilishi. 16-oktabr — Xitoyda birinchi bor atom quroli sinab ko‘rildi. 3-noyabr — AQSHdagi prezidentlik saylovlarida Lindon Jonson g‘alabasi. 1965-yil 7-fevral — VDR hududining AQSH aviatsiyasi tomonidan ommaviy bombardimon qilinishining boshlanishi. 1966-yil 19-yanvar — Hindiston Bosh vaziri lavozimini Indira Gandi egalladi. 9-mart — Fransiya Prezidentining NATOdan chiqish to‘g‘risidagi arizasi. 1-dekabr — GFRda «katta koalitsiya» hukumati — XDI/XSI va GSDP tashkil topdi. 1967-yil 10-may — Harbiy tribunal Stokgolmda Vetnamga qarshi operatsiyada AQSHni aybladi. 5-iyun — Misr, Iordaniya va Suriyaga qarshi Isroil harbiy agressiyasi boshlandi (olti kunlik urush). 17-iyun — XXRda vodorod bombasining ilk bor sinovi o‘tkazildi. 1968-yil 21-avgust — Chexoslovakiyaga Varshava shartnomasi tarkibidagi beshta mamlakat qo‘shinlari kirib bordi. 5-noyabr — AQSHdagi prezidentlik saylovlarida Richard Nikson g‘alaba qozondi. 1969-yil 3-fevral — Yosir Arofat Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti raisi etib saylandi. 28-aprel — Fransiya Prezidenti Sharl de Goll iste’foga chiqdi. 15-iyun — Jorj Pompidu Fransiya Prezidenti etib saylandi. 1-sentabr — Liviya respublika deb e’lon qilindi. 1970-yil 29-sentabr — Anvar Sadat Misr Prezidenti etib saylandi. 24-oktabr — Chili prezidentligiga Salvador Alyende saylandi. 7-dekabr — G‘arbiy Germaniya va Polsha Oder-Neysa bo‘yicha chegaralarni tan olish to‘g‘risidagi Shartnomani imzoladi. 358 1971-yil 28-oktabr — Angliyaning «Umumiy bozor»ga kirishi. 3—17-dekabr — Hind-pokiston urushi. Bangladeshning tashkil topishi. 1972-yil 22-yanvar — Bryusselda Angliya, Daniya va Irlandiyaning 1973-yil 1-yanvardan YEIIga kirishi to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma imzolandi. 1973-yil 27-yanvar — AQSH tomonidan Shimoliy Vetnamga qarshi harbiy operatsiyalarning to‘xtatilishi. 17-iyul — Afg‘onistonda monarxiyaning ag‘darilishi va respublika deb e’lon qilinishi. 11-sentabr — Chilida general A. Pinochet boshchiligidagi harbiy to‘ntarish, Chili Prezidenti S. Alyende o‘ldirildi. 18-oktabr — G‘arbiy va Sharqiy Germaniya BMTga qabul qilindi. 1974-yil 25-aprel — Portugaliyada fashistlar rejimi ag‘darildi. 16-may — Broz Tito Yugoslaviya Prezidenti etib saylandi. 9-avgust — R. Nikson «uotergeyt ishi» sababli iste’foga chiqdi. Vitse-prezident Jerald Ford AQSHning 38-prezidenti etib saylandi. 1975-yil 1-avgust — Xelsinkida Yevropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik bo‘yicha Kengashning yakunlovchi akti imzolandi. 10-noyabr — Angolaning mustaqil davlat deb e’lon qilinishi. Agostinyu Neto Prezident etib saylandi. 1976-yil 2-iyul — Ikkala Vetnam qo‘shilishining tugallanishi va VSRning tashkil topishi. 4-iyul — AQSH mustaqilligining 200 yilligi. 9-sentabr — Mao Szedun o‘limi. 2-noyabr — Jeyms Karter AQSH Prezidenti etib saylandi. 1977-yil 30-iyun — SEATOning rasmiy yopilishi. 7-oktabr — SSSR yangi Konstitutsiyasining qabul qilinishi. 1978-yil 28-aprel — Afg‘onistonning respublika deb e’lon qilinishi. N.M. Taraqqiyning davlat rahbari etib saylanishi. 359 1979-yil 11-fevral — Eronda islom inqilobi g‘alaba qozondi. Shohlik rejimining ag‘darilishi. 4-may — Margaret Tetcher Buyuk Britaniya Bosh vaziri etib saylandi. 16-iyul — Saddam Husaynning Iroq Prezidenti etib saylanishi. 27-dekabr — H. Amin rejimining qulashi, mamlakat rahbari — Babrak Karmal. 28-dekabr — Sovet qo‘shinlarining Afg‘onistonga olib kirilishi. 1980-yil 18-aprel — Rodeziyaning Zimbabve mustaqil respublikasi deb e’lon qilinishi. iyul — Polshada siyosiy krizisning boshlanishi. «Solidarnost» kasaba uyushmasi tashkil topishi. 4-may — YUSFR prezidenti B. Tito vafot etdi. 4-noyabr — AQSHda prezidentlik saylovlarida Ronald Reygan g‘alaba qozondi. sentabr — Eron va Iroq o‘rtasida urushning boshlanishi (8 yil davom etdi). 1981-yil 6-oktabr — Misr Prezidenti A. Sadat o‘ldirildi. 14-oktabr — Misr Prezidenti etib Husni Muborak saylandi. 17-noyabr — Chexoslovakiyada «bahmal inqilob»ning boshlanishi. 1982-yil 28-aprel — Argentina qo‘shinlari Buyuk Britaniya mustamlakasi bo‘lgan Folklend orollariga tushirildi. 25-aprel — Isroil qo‘shinlarining Sinay orollaridan olib chiqilishi yakunlandi. 30-may — Italiyaning NATOga qabul qilinishi. 1983-yil 10-noyabr — L. I. Brejnev vafot etdi. Uning lavozimini Yu. Andropov egalladi. 1984-yil 31-oktabr — Hindiston Bosh vaziri Indira Gandining o‘ldirilishi. Rajiv Gandi — yangi bosh vazir. 6-noyabr — Ronald Reygan AQSHda prezidentlik saylovlarida g‘alaba qozondi. 1985-yil aprel — M. Gorbachyov tomonidan SSSRda qayta qurish siyosatining amalga tatbiq etilishi. 1986-yil 1-yanvar — Ispaniya va Portugaliya YEII a’zoligiga qabul qilindi. fevral — SSSRda oshkoralik kampaniyasi boshlandi. 26-aprel — Chernobil atom elektrostansiyasidagi portlash. 360 1987-yil 1-iyun — Margaret Tetcher uchinchi marta Angliya Bosh vaziri etib saylandi. 30-noyabr — Najibulloning Afg‘oniston Prezidenti etib saylanishi. Mamlakat yangi konstitutsiyasining qabul qilinishi. 1988-yil 15-may — Sovet qo‘shinlarining Afg‘onistondan olib chiqib ketilishi. 8-noyabr — Jorj Bush AQSHda prezidentlik saylovlarida g‘alaba qozondi. 2-dekabr — Benazir Bxutto — Pokiston Bosh vaziri. 1989-yil 7-yanvar — Yaponiya imperatori Xiroxito o‘limi. Akixitoning taxtga o‘tirishi. 15-fevral — Sovet qo‘shinlari Afg‘onistondan olib chiqib ketilishining yakunlanishi. 19-iyul — general Yaruzelskiyning Polsha prezidentligiga saylanishi. 31-oktabr — Turg‘ut O‘zol Turkiya Prezidenti etib saylandi. 9-noyabr — Sharqiy va G‘arbiy Germaniya o‘rtasidagi chegaralarning ochilishi e’lon qilindi. 23-dekabr — Ruminiyada N. Chaushesku tuzumining ag‘darilishi. 29-dekabr — Vatslav Gavelning Chexoslovakiya Prezidenti etib saylanishi. 1990-yil 29-may — B. N. Yelsinning RSFSR Oliy Soveti raisi etib saylanishi. 3-oktabr — Germaniyaning qayta birlashishi, yagona german davlatining e’lon qilinishi. 9—10-noyabr — «Berlin devori»ning qulashi 28-noyabr — Buyuk Britaniya Bosh vaziri etib Jon Meyjorning saylanishi. 1991-yil 16-yanvar — AQSH va ittifoqdosh qo‘shinlarning Quvaytni Iroq bosqinidan ozod etish bo‘yicha «sahrodagi bo‘ron» operatsiyasi boshlanishi. 12-iyun — B. N. Yelsin Rossiya Federatsiyasi Prezidenti bo‘ldi. 17-iyun — Janubiy Afrikada aparteidning bekor qilinishi. 25-iyun — Yugoslaviya tarkibidan Sloveniya va Xorvatiyaning chiqishi. 1-iyul — Varshava shartnomasi tashkilotining rasmiy tugatilishi haqidagi protokolning Pragada imzolanishi. 20-avgust — Estoniya mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi. 21-avgust — SSSRda GKCHP isyonining tugatilishi. 21-avgust — Latviya mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi. 24-avgust — Ukraina mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi. 27-avgust — Moldaviya, Gruziya, Armaniston, O‘rta Osiyo respublikalari mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi. 361 31-avgust — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi. 22-dekabr — Armaniston mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi. 8-dekabr — SSSRning parchalanishi — Belovej bitimining imzolanishi. 21-dekabr — MDH (sakkiz respublika) tashkil etilishi haqidagi bitimning imzolanishi. 25-dekabr — M. S. Gorbachyov SSSR Prezidenti vakolatlarini o‘zidan soqit qildi. 1992-yil 1-fevral — Rossiya Federatsiyasi va AQSHning «sovuq urush» holatini to‘xtatish haqidagi bayonoti. 2-mart — Bosniyada fuqarolar urushi boshlanishi. 1993-yil 1-yanvar — Chexiya va Slovakiya mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi. 26-yanvar — Bill Klintonning AQSH Prezidenti etib saylanishi. may — Sulaymon Demirelning Turkiya Prezidenti etib saylanishi. 3-oktabr — Moskvada Oq uyning ishg‘ol etilishi. 1994-yil 10-may — Nelson Mandela Janubiy Afrika Prezidenti sifatida qasamyod qildi. 31-avgust — Germaniyadan Rossiya qo‘shinlari kontingentining chiqarilishi. 1994—1996-yillar — Rossiya qo‘shinlarining Chechenistonda «Konstitutsiyaviy tartibni o‘rnatish bo‘yicha» harbiy harakatlari. 1995-yil 16-mart — Missisipi shtatida AQSH Konstitutsiyasiga 13-tuzatish kiritildi — qullik rasman man etildi. 7-may — Jak Shirak Fransiya Prezidenti etib saylandi. 1996-yil 2-aprel — Moskvada ikki mamlakat hamjamiyatini tuzish haqida Rossiya- Belorussiya shartnomasi imzolanishi. 1997-yil fevral — Den Syaopin 92 yoshida vafot etdi. dekabr — Gonkong yana XXR hududiga kirdi. 1998-yil 27-sentabr — Gerxard Shryoderning Germaniya kansleri etib saylanishi. 362 1999-yil aprel — may — Hindiston va Pokistonda yadro quroli sinovi. sentabr — Kosovo hududiga NATO qo‘shinining kiritilishi. 31-dekabr — B. N. Yelsinning iste’foga chiqishi. 2000-yil mart — V. Putin Rossiya Federatsiyasi Prezidenti etib saylandi. iyun — Janubiy va Shimoliy Koreya prezidentlari Pxenyanda sulh va Koreyaning ikkala qismini birlashtirish to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladilar. 2001-yil yanvar — J. Bush AQSHning 43-Prezidenti deb e’lon qilindi. Hindistonda zilzila, Gujarat shtatida 20 ming odam halok bo‘ldi. Eronda islohotchilarning sobiq yo‘lboshchisi Muhammad Hotamiy prezident etib saylandi. avgust — Rossiya va Xitoy o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 11-sentabr — Nyu-Yorkdagi Jahon savdo markazi va Vashingtondagi Pentagonda terrorchilik harakatlari. 7-oktabr — Afg‘onistonda terrorchilikka qarshi kampaniya boshlandi. Kofi Annanga Xalqaro Nobel tinchlik mukofoti berildi. 2002-yil mart — Prezident Islom Karimovning AQSHga tashrifi. J. Bush bilan muzokaralar. iyun — Fransiyada prezident saylovi. J. Shirak Prezident etib saylandi. sentabr — Germaniyada saylov. Germaniya Sotsial-demokratik partiyasi g‘alaba qozondi. Gerxard Shryoder Germaniya kansleri lavozimida qoldi. 2003-yil iyun — AQSH — Angliya Iroqqa hujum boshladi. dekabr — Ozarbayjonda saylov. Ilhom Aliyev Prezidentlik lavozimiga keldi. 2004-yil yanvar — Gruziyada M. Saakashvili saylovda g‘alaba qildi. mart — Rossiyada saylov V. Putin o‘z lavozimiga qayta saylandi. may – Hindiston Bosh vaziri etib Monmaxon Sinx saylandi. oktabr — X. Karzay Afg‘oniston Prezidenti qilib saylandi. dekabr — Ukrainada saylov. V. Yushchenko Prezident qilib saylandi. 363 2005-yil aprel — Qirg‘izistonda «Lola inqilobi». A. Akayev Prezidentlikdan ketdi. may — Eronda saylov. Mahmud Ahmadiy Najot prezidentlik lavozimiga keldi. noyabr – GFR tarixida birinchi ayol Angela Merkel Kansler etib saylandi. dekabr – Lex Kachinskiy Polsha Prezidenti bo‘ldi. 2006-yil sentabr — Sindzo Abe Yaponiya Bosh vaziri etib saylandi. noyabr — Roman Prodi Italiya Bosh vaziri lavozimiga keldi. noyabr — Iroqning sobiq diktatori S. Husayn osib o‘ldirishga hukm qilindi. dekabr — BMT Bosh sekretari lavozimini Pan Gi Mun egalladi. dekabr – Turkmanboshi S. Niyozov vafot etdi. 2007-yil fevral – Turkmaniston prezidenti qilib G. Berdimuxamedov saylandi. may – N. Sarkozi Fransiya Prezidenti etib saylandi. iyun – Gordon Braun Buyuk Britaniya Bosh vaziri lavozimini egalladi. avgust – Abdulla Gul Turkiya Prezidenti qilib saylandi. sentabr – Ya. Fukuda Yaponiya Bosh vaziri bo‘ldi. 2008-yil yanvar – S. Berluskoni Italiya Bosh vaziri bo‘ldi. fevral – Li Myon Bak Koreya Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga keldi. mart – D. Medvedev Rossiya Prezidenti etib saylandi. avgust – Gruziya Janubiy Osetiyaga hujum qildi. noyabr — B. Obama AQSH Prezidenti etib saylandi. 364 FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR 1. Karimov I. A. O‘zbekistonning o‘z istiqlol va taraqqiyot yo‘li. 1-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 1996. 2. Karimov I. A. O‘zbekiston – ulkan imkoniyatlar mamlakati. 1-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 1996. 3. Karimov I. A. Mintaqada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik uchun. 4-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 1996. 4. Karimov I. A. O‘tmishsiz kelajak, hamkorliksiz taraqqiyot bo‘lmaydi. 4-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 1996. 5. Karimov I. A. Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlari davlat va hukumat boshliqlari kengashida so‘zlagan nutq. 5-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 1997. 6. Karimov I. A. Xavfsizlik va barqaror taraqqiyot yo‘lida. 6-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 1998. 7. Karimov I. A. Yevropa–Kavkaz–Osiyo (ТRASEKA) transport tarmog‘ini rivojlantirishga bag‘ishlangan nutq. 7-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 1999. 8. Karimov I. A. Yevropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik tashkilotining Istambul sammitida so‘zlangan nutq. 8-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2000. 9. Karimov I. A. BMТ Bosh Assambleyasida so‘zlangan nutq. 9-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2001. 10. Karimov I. A. Amerikalik ishbilarmonlar bilan bo‘lgan uchrashuvda so‘zlangan nutq. 10-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2002. 11. Karimov I. A. Yevroatlantika hamkorlik kengashi sammitida so‘zlangan nutq. 11- jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2003. 12. Karimov I. A. O‘zbek xalqi hech qachon, hech kimga qaram bo‘lmaydi. 13-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2005. 13. Karimov I. A. Mintaqada xavfsizlik va barqarorlik yo‘lida. 13-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2005. 14. Karimov I. A. O‘zbekiston va Rossiya ittifoqchi davlatlar. 14-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2006. 15. Karimov I. A. O‘zbek xalqining Islom madaniyati rivojiga qo‘shgan beqiyos hissasining yuksak e’tirofi. 15-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2007 16. Karimov I. A. Shanxay hamkorlik tashkiloti davlat rahbarlari kengashining kengaytirilgan tarkibdagi majlisida so‘zlangan nutq. 15-jild. Т., «O‘zbekiston», 2007. 17. Александров В. В. Новейшая история стран Европы и Америки. М., 1988. 18. История новейшего времени стран Европы и Америки. 1918–1945 гг. (Под ред. Е. Ф. Языкова). М., 1989. 19. Капустин Б.Г. Глобальные проблемы мирового общественного развития. М., 1991. 20. Верт И. История советского государства. 1990–1991. М., 1992. 21. Из истории мировой цивилизации (Под ред Ш.М. Мунчаева). М., 1995. 365 22. Lafasov M. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining xalqaro aloqalari. Т., 1995. 23. Лурье Ф. М. Российская и мировая история в таблицах. СПб, 1995. 24. Кредер А. А. Новейшая история. XX век. М., 1996. 25. Всемирная история. С древнейших времен до наших дней (Под. ред. Г. Б. Поляка). М., 1997. 26. Алиева А. С. Всемирная история в таблицах и схемах. М., 1999. 27. Вейс Г. История цивилизации. Т. 1–3. М., 1999. 28. Загладин Н. В. Всемирная история. Век XX. М., 1999. 29. Моя энциклопедия событий (Сост. Мирошникова В.В. и др.). М., 1999. 30. Страны мира. Энциклопедический словарь (Сост. Богданович и др.). М., 1999. 31. Хидоятов Г. А. Всемирная история (1914–1945 гг.). Учебник для учащихся 10 класса. Т., «Шарі», 2000. 32. Хидоятов Г. А. Всемирная история (1945–1999 гг.). Т., «Шарі», 2000. 33. Ходжаев А. Х. Китайский фактор и Центральная Азия. Т., «Фан», 2004. 34. O‘zbekiston va xalqaro tashkilotlar. Т., «Akademiya», 2005. 35. Белоусов Л. С. и др. История новейшего времени стран Европы и Америки. 1945–2000 гг. М., «Простор», 2003. 36. Родригес А. М. Новейшая история стран Азии и Африки. XX век. М., «Владос», 2005. 37. Бузов В. И. История современного Востока XX–XXI вв.: страны и правители (Новейшая история Азии и Африки). М., «Март», 2008. 38. Родригес А. М. Стран Азии Африки в новейшее время в вопросах и ответах. М., «Проспект Велби», 2008. 39. Пономарёв М. В. История стран Европы и Америки в новейшее время в вопросах и ответах. М., «Проспект Велби», 2008. 40. Internet materiallari: Vikipedia elektron ensiklopediyasi. 2008. 366 MUNDARIJA Kirish ...................................................................................................................... 3 Dunyo XX—XXI asr boshlarida ............................................................................ 3 BIRINCHI BO‘LIM. DUNYO IKKI JAHON URUSHI ORALIG‘IDA 1-bob. G‘arb mamlakatlari ......................................................................................7 1—2-§. Xalqaro munosabatlar .....................................................................7 3-§. Sovet davlati ...................................................................................... 22 4-§. Germaniya ......................................................................................... 36 5-§. Fransiya .............................................................................................. 47 6-§. Buyuk Britaniya ................................................................................. 55 7-§. Italiya va Ispaniya .............................................................................. 65 8-§. Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari .............................................................. 77 9-§. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari ................................................................ 85 2-bob. Osiyo va Afrika davlatlari .......................................................................... 96 10-§. Xitoy va Hindiston .......................................................................... 96 11-§. Turkiya. Eron. Afg‘oniston ............................................................ 105 12-§. Yaponiya ........................................................................................ 111 13-§. Arab davlatlari ................................................................................ 115 14-§. Tropik va Janubiy Afrika davlatlari ............................................... 124 3-bob. Ikkinchi jahon urushi ............................................................................... 128 15-§. Ikkinchi jahon urushi va uning yakunlari ..................................... 128 IKKINCHI BO‘LIM. JAHON MAMLAKATLARI XX ASRNING IKKINCHI YARMI VA XXI ASRNING BOSHLARIDA 1-bob. Xalqaro munosabatlar. G‘arb davlatlari taraqqiyotining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari ......................................................................................................... 145 16-§. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng dunyo siyosati va hayotidagi o‘zgarishlar .................................................................................... 145 17-§. Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin G‘arb davlatlari ijtimoiyiqtisodiy va siyosiy taraqqiyotidagi o‘ziga xos xususiyatlar ........ 161 2-bob. G‘arb mamlakatlari .................................................................................. 168 18-§. Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari ........................................................... 168 19-§. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari ............................................................. 178 20-§. Buyuk Britaniya ............................................................................. 184 21-§. Fransiya .......................................................................................... 193 367 22-§. Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi .............................................. 200 23-§. Italiya Respublikasi ........................................................................ 208 24-§. Sovet davlati va uning parchalanishi ............................................ 212 25-§. Markaziy va janubi-sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari ........................... 221 3-bob. Osiyo va Afrika davlatlari ........................................................................ 234 26-§. Yaponiya ........................................................................................ 234 27-§. Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi ................................................................ 240 28-§. Hindiston va Pokiston .................................................................. 246 Pokiston Islom Respublikasi ......................................................... 252 29-§. Turkiya va Eron............................................................................. 259 Turkiya Respublikasi .................................................................... 259 Eron Islom Respublikasi .............................................................. 262 30-§. Afg‘oniston .................................................................................... 268 31-§. Osiyoning yangi industrial davlatlari ............................................ 275 32-§. Arab davlatlari ............................................................................... 281 33-§. Tropik va Janubiy Afrika davlatlari .............................................. 293 4-bob. Mustaqil davlatlar hamdo‘stligi ................................................................ 296 34-§. Moldova, Ukraina, Belorussiya va Kavkazorti Respublikalari mustaqilligining tiklanishi va rivojlanishi ..................................... 297 Moldova Respublikasi ....................................................... 297 Ukraina Respublikasi ........................................................ 299 Belorussiya Respublikasi .................................................. 302 Gruziya Respublikasi ........................................................ 305 Armaniston Respublikasi .................................................. 308 Ozarbayjon Respublikasi ................................................... 309 35-§. Markaziy Osiyo mamlakatlari taraqqiyot yo‘llarining turli-tumanligi .............................................................................. 312 Qozog‘iston Respublikasi ................................................. 313 Qirg‘iziston Respublikasi .................................................. 316 Turkmaniston Respublikasi .............................................. 319 Tojikiston Respublikasi ..................................................... 322 5-bob. Bo‘ltiqbo‘yi Respublikalari ....................................................................... 327 36-§. Bo‘ltiqbo‘yi Respubliklarining mustaqillikka erishuvi va rivojlanishi ..................................................................................... 327 Estoniya Respublikasi ....................................................... 327 Latviya Respublikasi ......................................................... 328 Litva Respublikasi ............................................................. 329 6-bob. XX asr — XXI asr boshlarida fan va madaniyat taraqqiyoti .................... 331 37-§. Fan va madaniyat .......................................................................... 331 Jahon tarixi sanalarda ........................................................................................ 347 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar .................................................................................... 364 Moyli Lafasov JAHON TARIXI (1918—2008) Akademik litseylar va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun darslik To‘ldirilgan va qayta ishlangan nashr «Turon-Iqbol» nashriyoti, 2010. Muharrir Sh. Mansurov Badiiy muharrir E. Muratov Texnik muharrir T. Smirnova Musahhihlar: H. Zokirova, S. Abdunabiyeva Kompyuterda sahifalovchi K. Goldobina Bosishga 25.06.10 da ruxsat etildi. Bichimi 60Ѕ901/16. «Times» garniturada ofset bosma usulida bosildi. Shartli b. t. 23,0. Nashr t. 29,41. Adadi 5445 nusxa. 367- raqamli buyurtma. «TURON-IQBOL» nashriyoti. 100182. Тоshkent sh., H. Boyqaro ko‘chasi, 51-uy. Тelefon: 244-25-58, faks: 244-20-19. «Toshkent Tezkor Bosmaxonasi» МСHJ da chop etildi. 100200. Toshkent, Radial tor ko‘chasi, 10-uy. fvordrhfjqn9rgl12sz2uwypawn9x99 3937 3936 2013-06-03T17:59:42Z 213.230.73.253 wikitext text/x-wiki I bob Mustaqil O‘zbekiston davlatining tashkil topishi 1- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi va umumxalq tomonidan ma’qullanishi 1990- yil 18- iyun kuni XII chaqiriq res¬publika Oliy Ken¬gashining ikkin¬chi sessiyasi ochildi. Deputatlarning taklifi bilan O‘zbe¬kistonning Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasini qabul qilish masalasi sessiya kun tartibiga kiritildi. Oliy Kengashning doimiy komissi¬ya¬lari, faol deputatlar va huquqshunos mutaxassislar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi matni sessi¬yada qizg‘in muhokama qilindi va 20- iyun kuni qabul qilindi. Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi 12 moddadan iborat bo‘lib, ularda xalqimizning xohish-irodasiga to‘la mos keladigan quyidagi muhim tartib-qoidalar belgilab qo‘yildi: „O‘zbekiston SSR Oliy Kengashi: — o‘zbek xalqining davlat qurilishidagi tarixiy tajribasi va tarkib topgan boy an’analari; — har bir millatning o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilash huquqini ta’minlashdan iborat oliy maqsad haqi; — har bir kishining farovon hayot kechirishini ta’minlashni oliy maqsad deb bilgan holda; — O‘zbekiston xalqlarining kelajagi uchun tarixiy mas’¬uliyatni chuqur his etgan holda; — xalqaro huquq qoidalariga, umumbashariy qad¬riyat¬larga va demokratiya prinsiplariga asoslanib O‘zbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasining davlat mustaqilligini e’lon qiladi“. O‘zbekiston SSR ning davlat mustaqilligi: • O‘zbekiston SSR demokratik davlatining o‘z hududida, barcha tarkibiy qismlarida va barcha tashqi munosabatlarda tanho hokimligidir. • O‘zbekiston SSRning davlat hududi chegarasi daxlsiz va bu hudud xalqning muhokamasiga qo‘yilmay turib, o‘zgartirilishi mumkin emas. • SSSR Oliy Soveti qabul qiladigan qarorlar O‘zbekiston SSR Konstitutsiyasiga muvofiq O‘zbekiston SSR Oliy Kengashitomonidan tasdiqlangandan keyingina O‘zbekiston hududida kuchga ega bo‘ladi. • O‘zbekiston SSR davlat hokimiyati vakolatiga O‘zbekiston SSR ichki va tashqi siyosatiga tegishli barcha masalalar kiradi. • O‘zbekiston SSR xalqaro huquqning asosiy prinsiplarini tan oladi, hurmat qiladi va hokazo. Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasining qabul qilinishi mamlakatimizning tom ma’nodagi, haqiqiy mustaqillikka erishish yo‘lida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Shundan e’tiboran mamlakatimizning siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ma’naviy hayotiga doir masalalar mustaqil tarzda hal etila boshlandi. O‘zbekistonning mustaqillik sari inti¬layotgani uning yangi Ittifoq shart¬nomasini ishlab chiqish jara-yoniga res¬¬pub¬lika manfaati nuqtayi nazaridan kelib chiqqan holda, qat’iylik bilan yondashayotganida yaqqol namoyon bo‘ldi. Sobiq Ittifoqqa kiruvchi respublikalar rasman teng va suve¬ren deb yuritilsa-da, amalda qaram edilar. Ular o‘z yerlari, suvlari, o‘rmonlari va yerosti boyliklariga, ko‘pdan ko‘p kor¬xona¬lariga o‘zlari egalik qilolmas edilar. 80- yillarning oxirlari, 90- yillarning boshlarida ko‘pchilik respublikalar mavjud vaziyatni o‘zgartirish talablarini ilgari sura boshladilar. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining rahbari I. A. Karimov 1989- yil 20- sen¬tabrda Moskvada bo‘lib o‘tgan KPSS MQ sining ple¬numida so‘zlagan nutqida res¬publikalar bilan Ittifoq o‘rtasidagi vakolatlarni aniq-ravshan ajratib qo‘yishni ko‘zda tutadigan yangi shartnoma ishlab chiqish zarurligi to‘g‘risida o‘z fikrini bildirib: „ Biz Ittifoq va respublikalarning vazifa¬larini, burchlarini va o‘zaro majburiyatlarini aniq-ravshan belgilab qo‘yish, respublikalar mustaqilligini har jihatdan mustah¬kamlash tarafdorimiz“, — degan edi. Biroq markaziy hokimiyat respublikalarga erkinlik berish haqidagi talab-takliflarni e’tiborga olishni istamas, to‘g‘rirog‘i ular¬ga erkinlik berishni xohlamas edi. Markazning qaysarligi hamda respublikalar jamoatchiligining ta’siri ostida markazdan ajralish harakati kuchayib bordi. 1990- yil bahorida Boltiq¬bo‘¬yidagi Latviya, Litva, Estoniya Respublikalari, keyin¬roq Gru¬ziya va Ozarbayjon Respublikalari Ittifoq tarkibidan chiqqan¬ligini e’lon qildilar. Ittifoq bo‘yicha o‘z milliy davlat tuzilmalaridan tashqarida yashayotgan 60 milliondan ortiq aholi milliy-etnik muammolar, mojarolarga duchor bo‘ldi. Rossiya, Ukraina, Belarus parlamentlari davlat suvereniteti to‘g‘risida deklaratsiya qabul qildilar. Ittifoqdosh respublikalar ketidan RSFSR ga kiruvchi muxtor respublikalar ham suverenitet haqida deklaratsiyalar qabul qilishdi. Markazda va joylarda SSSR Konstitutsiyasi va qonunlari ustunmi yoki respublika Konstitutsiyasi va qonunlari ustunmi, degan masalada bahs va munozaralar kuchaydi. Markazdagilar „Kuchli markaz — kuchli respublikalar“ desa, joylardagilar „Kuchli respub¬lika¬lar — kuchli markaz“ der edilar. Markaziy hokimiyat jamoatchilikning talabi ostida Ittifoq shartnomasini yangilash zarurligini e’tirof etishga majbur bo‘ldi. SSSR Oliy Soveti mazkur masala bilan shug‘ullanuvchi maxsus delegatsiya tuzdi va uning tarkibini tasdiqladi. 1990- yil iyulda Moskvada markaz vakillari bilan respublikalar delegat¬¬si¬yalari yangi shartnoma matnini tayyorlashga kirishdilar. 1990- yil avgust oyida Ittifoqni yangilash dasturi ishlab chiqildi. Dasturda respublikalar o‘z hududlaridagi butun milliy boyliklarga egalik qilish, foydalanish, tasarruf etish huquqiga ega ekanligi ta’kidlangan edi. Ammo shartnomaga bunday yonda¬shuv markaz¬dagilarga yoqmadi. SSSR Oliy Soveti mazkur dasturni qabul qilmadi. SSSR Oliy Soveti respublikalarning istak va manfaatlarini batamom inkor etgan yangicha shartnoma loyihasini tuzib, respublikalarga tarqatdi. Respublikalar, shu jumladan, O‘zbekiston, markaz loyihasini qabul qilmadi. Shu tariqa, shartnoma loyihasini tuzish harakatining birinchi bosqichi natijasiz tugadi. 1991- yil fevral — mart oylarida Ittifoq shartnomasi loyihasi ustida ishlashning ikkinchi bosqichi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda Boltiq¬bo‘yi respub¬likalari, Gruziya, Armaniston, Moldova vakil¬lari qatnashmadi, Ozarbayjon kuzatuvchi bo‘lib qatnashdi. Bu bosqichda Ittifoq bilan respublikalar vakolatlarini farqlab qo‘yishga harakat qilindi. Nihoyat, Ittifoq va respublikalar vakolatlari belgilab qo‘yilgan yangi shartnoma loyihasi matbuotda e’lon qilindi. Respublikalarda mazkur loyiha muhokama qilindi. Respublikalar, jumladan, O‘zbekiston, marka¬ziy idoralar hali o‘zining eskicha hukmron mavqeyini saq¬lash ruhi singdirilgan bu hujjatdan qanoatlanmaganliklarini bildirdilar. SSSR Oliy Soveti Ittifoq shartnomasini o‘zgartirish, SSSRni teng huquqli suveren respublikalar Federatsiyasi sifatida yan¬gi-lalash xususida xalqning fikrini bilish maqsadida 1991- yil 17- mart kuni Butunittifoq referendumini o‘tkazishga qaror qildi. 1991- yil 20- fevralda O‘zbekiston Oliy Kengashining Rayosati ham referendum o‘tkazishni ma’qulladi va SSSR Oliy Soveti tomonidan tayyorlangan byulleten bilan birga yana bitta qo‘shimcha byulletenni ovozga qo‘yishga qaror qildi. Qo‘shimcha byulletenga „Siz O‘zbekistonning mustaqil teng huquqli respublika sifatida yangilangan Ittifoq (Fede¬ratsiya) tarkibida qolishiga rozimisiz?“ degan savol qo‘yildi. Ovoz berishda qatnashgan saylovchilarning 93 foi¬zi bu savolga „Ha“ deb javob berdilar. Demak, o‘zbekistonliklar o‘z mamlakatini mustaqil davlat sifatida Federativ Ittifoqda bo‘lishini, O‘zbekistonning suveren respublika sifatida rivojlanishini yoqlab ovoz bergan edilar. O‘zbekiston rahbariyati referendum natijalariga asoslanib, respublikalarga to‘la mustaqillik berishni ko‘zlamaydigan shartnoma loyihasini rad etdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. A. Karimov O‘zbekiston Kompartiyasi Markaziy Qo‘mita¬sining 1991- yil 12- martda bo‘lgan IV plenumida so‘zlagan nutqida: „ Ittifoq shartnomasini imzolash uchun eng qulay payt qo‘ldan boy berib qo‘yildi. Ikki yil muqaddam bu masalani ko‘targan kishilarning ovoziga hech kim quloq solmadi. Markaz 1922- yildagi shartnomaga mahkam yopishib olib, oqilona takliflarni qabul etmadi, ishni paysalga soldi“, — degan edi. Bu fikrning to‘g‘riligini hayot to‘la isbotladi. 1991- yil aprelda Kiyevda Ukraina, Rossiya, Belarus, O‘zbe¬kiston, Qozog‘iston Respublikalari rahbarlarining uchra¬shuvi bo‘ldi. Uchrashuvda mustaqil respublikalar manfaatlariga mos keladigan Ittifoq shartnomasini tuzishga yondashish yo‘llari ishlab chiqildi va tegishli bayonot imzolandi. Bu hujjatni Qirg‘iziston, Тojikiston, Тurkmaniston Respublikalari ham imzolashga rozilik bildirdi. Markaz yon berishga majbur bo‘ldi. 1991- yil aprelda Novo-Ogoryovoda SSSR Prezidenti M.S.Gorbachyovning 9 respublika rahbarlari bilan uchrashuvi bo‘ldi. Ishtirokchilar tomonidan „Mamlakatdagi vaziyatni bar-qarorlashtirish va tanglikni bartaraf etishga doir kechiktirib bo‘l¬maydigan choralar to‘g‘risida qo‘shma Bayonot“ imzolandi. Bu hujjat „9+1“ (9 respublika + markaz) degan nomni oldi. Uning mazmuni markazning yon berganini, Kiyevda bildirilgan fikr-mulohazalarga rozi bo‘lganini ko‘rsatadi. 1991- yil 3- iyunda Novo-Ogoryovoda SSSR Oliy Soveti vakillari bilan Respublika rahbarlari o‘rtasida uchrashuv bo‘ldi. Mulk, til va yangi shartnomani tasdiqlash tartibi to‘g‘risida keskin munozara bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. A. Karimov mavjud Ittifoq, uning tuzilmasi, markaz bilan res¬publikalar o‘rtasida vako¬latlar taqsimoti hech kimni qoniqtirmasligini keskin qilib qo‘ydi, markazchilik nuqtayi nazarini o‘tkazishga urinuvchilarni qattiq tanqid qildi. Uchrashuvda ishtirokchilarning fikr-muloha¬zalari asosan inobatga olingan „Mustaqil davlatlar ittifoqi to‘g‘risida shartnoma“ loyihasi ishlab chiqildi. Loyiha barcha Respublikalar Oliy Kengashlariga muhokama uchun jo‘natildi. Mazkur shartnoma loyihasi O‘zbekiston Oliy Kengashida 1991- yil 14- iyunda muhokama qilindi. Kengash Federatsiya tamoyillari asosida Mustaqil davlatlar ittifoqini tuzish tarafdori ekanligini bildirdi. Shu bilan birga respublikalar vakolatlarini yanada kengaytirishga doir takliflarni ilgari surdi. 1991- yil iyul oyining oxirlarida Novo-Ogoryovoda yangi shartnoma loyihasini uzil-kesil tayyorlash uchun markaz vakillari va respublika rahbarlarining uchrashuvi bo‘ldi. Markazni ham, respublikalar rahbarlarini ham qanoatlantiradigan „Mustaqil davlatlar ittifoqi to‘g‘risida shartnoma“ loyihasi tayyorlandi. Ammo hamma rozi bo‘lgani holda „Mustaqil davlatlar ittifoqi to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma“ni imzolash 1991- yil 20- avgust kuniga qoldirildi. SSSR Prezidenti M. S. Gorbachyov Foros (Qrim)ga dam olish uchun jo‘nab ketdi. Markaziy hokimiyatni saqlab qolish, respublikalarga mustaqillikni bermaslik payida yurganlar uchun qandaydir bir „imkoniyat“ vujudga kelgan edi. Moskvada markaziy hokimiyatni saq¬lab qolishga, respublikalar jilovini o‘z qo‘lida ushlab qolishga urinuvchilar tomonidan fitna tayyorlandi. Fitnachilar 1991- yil 18- avgust kuni tayyorlangan va 19- avgustda matbuotda e’lon qilingan „Sovet rahbariyatining Bayonoti“da M. S.¬ Gorbachyov¬¬ning salomatligi yomonlashdi, shu sababli uning SSSR Prezi¬denti vazifalarini ijro etish imkoniyati yo‘q, degan soxta axborot bilan chiqdilar. Bayonotda Prezident vakolatlari vitse-prezident G. I. Yanayevga o‘tkazilganligi e’lon qilindi. Aslida esa Prezident M. S. Gorbachyov sog‘-salomat edi, ammo o‘zini himoya qila olmadi. Fitnachilar uni mamlakatdan, xalqdan, dunyodan ajratib, barcha aloqa vosi¬talarini uzib, 72 soat qamal qilib qo‘ygan edi. Fitnachilar tomo¬nidan mamlakatni idora qilish uchun quyidagi tarkibda sobiq Ittifoqda favqulodda holat davlat qo‘mitasi (FHDQ) tuzildi: O. D. Baklanov — SSSR Mudofaa Kengashi Raisining birinchi o‘rinbosari, V. A. Kryuchkov — SSSR Davlat xavfsizligi qo‘mitasining raisi, V. S. Pavlov — SSSR Bosh vaziri, B. K. Pugo —SSSR ichki ishlar vaziri, V. A. Starodubsev — SSSR deh¬qonlar uyushmasi raisi, I. Тizyakov — SSSR sanoat, quri¬lish, transport va aloqa davlat korxonalari hamda inshootlari uyushma¬sining Prezidenti, D. Т. Yazov — SSSR mudofaa vaziri, G. I. Yana¬yev — SSSR Prezidenti vazifasini bajaruvchi. Shu tariqa fitnachilar M.S.Gorbachyovni noqonuniy yo‘l bilan hokimiyatdan chetlashtirib, o‘zlari hokimiyatni egallab oldilar. Mazkur qo‘mita sovet rahbariyatining Bayonoti, sovet xalqiga murojaatnoma, davlatlar va hukumatlarning boshliqlariga hamda BMТ Bosh kotibiga murojaat va boshqa qarorlarni e’lon qildi. Butunittifoq doirasida mo‘rtlashib qolgan ijtimoiy-siyosiy vaziyat yanada taranglashdi. Mamlakatdagi siyosiy kuchlar vaziyatga turlicha munosabat bildirdilar. Qaltis vaziyatda 1991- yil 19- avgustda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimov Hindistonga qilgan rasmiy tashrifidan qaytib keldi va Тoshkent shahri faollari bilan uchrashuv o‘tkazdi. Uch¬ra¬shuvda Prezident O‘zbekistonning nuqtayi nazarini bildirib, respublikamizda favqulodda holat joriy etishga hojat yo‘qligi, O‘zbekistonda vaziyat barqarorligi, qonunga xilof ko‘rsatmalar bajarilmasligini qat’iy ta’kidladi. 1991- yil 20- avgust kuni Тoshkentda O‘zbekiston SSR Oliy Kengashi Rayosati va O‘zbekiston Prezidenti huzuridagi Vazirlar Mahkamasining Qoraqalpog‘iston, viloyatlar va Тoshkent shahar rahbarlari ishtirokidagi qo‘shma majlisi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Majlis mamlakatda vujudga kelgan vaziyatni muhokama qilib Bayonot qabul qildi. Bayonotda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tinch vaqtda kuch, avvalo, harbiy kuch ishlatishga qarshi ekanligi ta’kidlandi. Unda tinchlik, osoyishtalikni saqlash va mustahkamlash, har qanday ig‘vogarona harakatlarning oldini olish, hamma joyda qattiq intizom va tartibni saqlash, mish-mishlar va ehtiroslarga berilmaslik vazifalari ilgari surildi. Bayonotda O‘zbekiston Davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiya qoidalarini og‘ishmay va izchil amalga oshirish yo‘lidan boraveradi, deb ko‘rsatildi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimov 1991- yil 20- avgust kuni respublika aholisiga o‘zining murojaatini e’lon qildi: „Hozircha mamlakatning hokimiyat doiralari qanday yo‘l bilan, nimalar orqali, qanday siyosat orqali bu maqsad¬larga erishish mumkinligi haqida to‘liq, hozircha batafsil ma’lumot berganicha yo‘q. Bu ma’lumotlar bilan chuqur tanishganimizdan keyingina bo‘layotgan o‘zga-rishlarga o‘zimizning munosabatimizni albatta bildiramiz“. Prezident xalqqa: „Biz birovning gapiga kirib ish tut¬maymiz, biz o‘zimiz tanlagan yo‘limizdan va belgilab olgan maqsadimizdan qaytganimiz yo‘q. Ishonamanki, bu og‘ir sinovlardan ham eson-omon o‘tamiz“, — deb murojaat qildi. Xalqni og‘ir sinovlardan o‘tayotgan bir paytda sabr-toqatli, bardoshli va vazmin bo‘lishga, tinchlikni saqlash maqsadida jipslashishga chaqirdi. Islom Karimovning Respublika aholisiga murojaatidan. „Sovet O‘zbekistoni“ gazetasi, 1991- yil, 21- avgust soni. 1991- yil 21- avgustda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti o‘z farmoni bilan O‘zbekiston hududida hokimiyat va boshqaruv idoralari, korxonalar, tashkilotlar hamda muas¬sasalarning qabul qilgan barcha qarorlari va ularning ijrosi SSSR va O‘zbekiston SSR Konstitutsiyalariga hamda qonunlariga, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Farmonlariga va Vazirlar Mahkamasining qarorlariga so‘zsiz mos kelishi kerak, deb belgilab qo‘ydi. Farmonda SSSR da favqulodda holat davlat qo‘mitasining SSSR Konstitutsiyasi hamda qonunlariga, O‘zbekiston SSR Konstitutsiyasi hamda qonunlariga zid keladigan farmonlari va qarorlari haqiqiy emas, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. Fitnachilarning qonunga xilof ravishda urinishlari natijasida 1991- yil 19—21- avgust kunlari Moskvada fojiali hodisalar ro‘y berdi. Rossiya Federatsiyasi rahbariyati tashabbusi bilan demokratik kayfiyatdagi Moskva aholisi tomonidan fitna bostirildi. Fitnani uyushtiruvchilar qamoqqa olindi. M.S.Gorbachyov Prezidentlik lavozimiga qaytib keldi. Biroq mamlakatdagi siyosiy vaziyat tang ahvolga tushib qoldi. Markaziy hokimiyat falaj bo‘lib qoldi. Sovet Ittifoqi Kommunistik partiyasi ham halokatga uchradi. I. A. Karimov Favqulodda holat davlat qo‘mitasi faoliyatiga o‘z munosabatini bildirmagan, qo‘rqoq va prinsipsiz mavqeda turgan KPSS Markaziy Qo‘mitasi Siyosiy Byurosi va Kotibiyati yuz minglab kommunistlarning sha’ni va qadr-qimmatini zarba ostiga qo‘yganini qoraladi. Buning ustiga respublika kommu¬nistlarini chalg‘itishga va davlat to‘ntarishini qo‘llab- quvvat¬lashga majbur qilishga urinish bo‘lganini oshkora aytdi. I. A. Karimov bundan keyin KPSS Markaziy Qo‘mitasi Siyo¬siy Byurosining tarkibida qola olmasligi to‘g‘risida bayonot berdi. Mazkur Bayonotni O‘zbekiston Kompartiyasi MQ byurosi va Markaziy nazorat komissiyasi Rayosati ma’qulladi. 1991- yil 25- avgustda O‘zbekiston Prezidentining maxsus farmoni e’lon qilindi. Farmonga binoan Respublika ichki ishlar vazirligi va Davlat xavfsizlik qo‘mitasi O‘zbekiston SSRning qonuniy tasarrufiga olindi. Respublika hududida joylashgan SSSR ichki ishlar vazirligining ichki qo‘shinlari bevosita O‘zbekiston Prezidentiga bo‘ysundirildi. Respublika ichki ishlar vazirligi, Davlat xavfsizlik qo‘mitasi, prokuraturasi va adliya organlari, shuningdek, respublika hududida joylashgan ichki qo‘shinlar, Тurkiston harbiy okrugi qismlari va qo‘shilmalari partiyadan butunlay xoli qilindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A.Karimov Oliy Kengash Rayosatiga juda qisqa muddatda Respublikaning davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi qonun loyihasini tayyorlash va uni Oliy Kengashning navbatdan tashqari sessiyasi muhokamasiga taqdim etishni taklif qildi. Respublika Oliy Kengashining Rayosati 1991- yil 26- avgust kuni O‘zbekistonning Davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risida qonun loyihasini tayyorlash haqida farmoyish chiqardi. 1991- yil 28-avgustda O‘zbekiston Oliy Kengashining Rayosati „Respublika Oliy Kengashining navbatdan tashqari oltinchi sessiyasini 1991- yil 31- avgust kuni chaqirish haqida qaror“ qabul qildi va sessiyada O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi haqidagi masalani muhokama qilish belgilab qo‘yildi. 1991- yil 28- avgust kuni O‘zbekiston Kompartiyasi MQ va Markaziy nazorat komissiyasining qo‘shma plenumi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Plenumda Prezident I. A. Karimovning mamlakatda 19—21- avgust kunlari sodir bo‘lgan voqealar va respublika partiya tashki¬lotlarining vazifalari to‘g‘risidagi axboroti tinglandi va muhokama qilindi. Plenum Respublika Kompartiyasini KPSS MQ bilan har qanday aloqalarni to‘xtatishga, KPSSning barcha tuzilmalaridan chiqishga, uning markaziy organlaridagi o‘z vakillarini chaqirib olishga qaror qildi. 1991- yil 31- avgust kuni O‘zbe¬kiston Res¬publikasi Oliy Kenga¬shining nav¬bat¬dan tashqari oltin¬chi sessiyasi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Sessiyada O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimov nutq so‘z¬lab, sobiq Ittifoqda so‘nggi paytlarda yuz bergan ijtimoiy-siyosiy voqealarni, davlat to‘ntarishiga antikonstitutsiyaviy urinish oqibatlarini tahlil qilib, ular O‘zbekiston taqdiriga, xalqimiz taq¬diriga bevosita daxldor ekanligini har tomonlama asoslab berdi. Prezident I. A. Karimov O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligini e’lon qildi va uni mustaqillik to‘g‘ri¬sidagi qonun bilan mustahkamlashni taklif etdi. Sessiyada „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risida Oliy Kengash Bayonoti“ qabul qilindi. O‘tmishdan saboq chiqarib va SSR Ittifoqining siyosiy hamda ijtimoiy hayotidagi o‘zgarishlarni e’tiborga olib, — xalqaro huquqiy hujjatlarda qayd etilgan o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilash huquqiga asoslanib, — O‘zbekiston xalqlarining taqdiri uchun butun mas’u¬liyatni anglab, — shaxsning huquq va erkinliklari, mustaqil davlatlar o‘rta¬sidagi chegaralarning buzilmasligi to‘g‘risidagi Xelsinki shartnomalariga qat’iy sadoqatini bayon etib, — millati, diniy e’tiqodi va ijtimoiy mansubligidan qat’i nazar, respublika hududida yashovchi har bir kishining munosib hayot kechirishini, sha’ni va qadr-qimmatini ta’minlay¬digan insonparvar demokratik huquqiy davlat barpo etishga intilib, — Mustaqillik deklarat¬si¬yasini amalga oshira borib, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi O‘zbekistonning Davlat mustaqilligini va ozod suveren davlat — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tashkil etilganligini tantanali ravishda e’lon qiladi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi Oliy Kengash Bayonotidan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, — deb ta’kidlanadi Bayonotda, — to‘la davlat hokimiyatiga ega, xalqaro munosabatlarda mustaqil davlat, oldindan hech qanday shart qo‘ymagan holda barcha sheriklar bilan teng huquqli, o‘zaro manfaatli bitimlar hamda shartnomalar tuzish uchun o‘zini ochiq deb e’lon qiladi. Oliy Kengash sessiyasi „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligini e’lon qilish to‘g‘risida“ Qaror qabul qilib, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi Oliy Kengash Bayonotini tasdiqladi va respublikani bundan keyin O‘zbekiston Respublikasi deb atashni belgilab qo‘ydi. 1- sentabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Mustaqillik kuni deb belgilansin va 1991- yildan boshlab bu kun bayram va dam olish kuni deb e’lon qilinsin. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi Qaroridan. Oliy Kengash „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qildi. Bu qonun 17 moddadan iborat bo‘lib, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligini huquqiy jihatdan mustahkamlab berdi. Qonunning birinchi moddasida: „ O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z tarkibidagi Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi bilan birga, mustaqil, demokratik davlatdir“, — deb qonunlashtirib qo‘yildi. Qonunda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining xalqi suverendir va respublikada davlat hokimiyatining birdan bir sohibidir. U o‘z hokimiyatini ham bevosita, ham vakillik idoralari tizimi orqali amalga oshiradi, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. Mustaqillik asoslari to‘g‘risidagi qonunda O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi to‘la davlat hokimiyatiga ega, o‘zining milliy davlat va ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilishini, hokimiyat va boshqaruv idoralari tizimini mustaqil belgilaydi, davlat chegarasi, hududi daxlsiz va bo‘linmas bo‘lib, uning xalqi o‘z xohish-irodasini erkin bildirmasdan turib o‘zgartirilishi mumkin emas, deb qat’iy qonunlashtirib qo‘yildi. Mazkur qonunda respublika hududidagi yer, yerosti boyliklari, suv va o‘rmonlar, o‘simlik va hayvonot dunyosi, tabiiy va boshqa resurslar, respublikaning ma’naviy boyliklari O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasining milliy boyligi, mulki hisoblanadi, deb belgilab berildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z hududida oltin, boshqa qimmatbaho metallar va toshlarni qazib chiqarish, qayta ishlash va saqlashni mustaqil amalga oshiradi hamda nazorat qiladi, o‘z oltin zaxirasini yaratadi, deyiladi bu qonunda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining VII sessiyasi 1991- yil 30- sentabr kuni „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘risida“gi Qonunga Konstitutsiyaviy qonun maqomini berishga qaror qildi. Qarorda O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasining amaldagi Konstitutsiyasi moddalari „O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘ri¬sida“gi Qonunning moddalariga zid kelgan hollarda mazkur qonunga amal qilinsin, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Ken¬ga¬shining 1991- yil noyabrda bo‘l¬gan VIII sessiyasi davlat mustaqilligi ma¬salasi bo‘yicha referendum o‘tkazish haqidagi masalani ko‘rib chiqdi. Oliy Kengash sessiyasi 1991- yil 18- noyabr kuni „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi referendumini o‘tka¬zish to‘g‘risida“ Qaror qabul qildi. Qarorda 1991- yil 29- dekabr, yakshanba kuni O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mus¬ta¬qilligi to‘g‘risidagi masala bo‘yicha referendum o‘tkazish bel¬gilandi. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi tomonidan e’lon qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligini ma’qullaysizmi?“ Referendumda ovoz berish byulleteniga kiritilgan savol ana shunday ta’riflangan edi. Referendumga puxta tayyorgarlik ko‘rildi. Markaziy saylov komissiyasi, 13 saylov okrugi, 7 ming uchastka saylov komissiyasi tuzildi. 1991- yil 29- dekabr kuni bo‘lib o‘tgan referen¬dumda 9 898 707 kishi yoki saylov ro‘yxatiga kiritilganlarning 94,1 foizi qatnashdi. Ovoz berishda qatnashganlarning 98,2 foizireferendumda qo‘yilgan savolga „Ha“, ya’ni, O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi mustaqilligini ma’qullaymiz, deb ovoz berdi. Markaziy saylov komissiyasi „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi refe¬rendumi to‘g‘risida“gi Qonunning 26- moddasiga asosan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi tomonidan e’lon qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi umum¬xalq tomonidan ma’qullandi, deb topdi. Markaziy saylov komissiyasi bayonnomasidan. Shunday qilib, xalqimizning asriy orzusi ro‘yobga chiqdi. Mam¬lakatimiz, xalqimiz siyosiy qaramlikdan, asoratdan qutuldi. Davlat mustaqilligining qo‘lga kiritilishi o‘zbek xalqining ha¬yotida muhim tarixiy voqea bo‘ldi. Mustaqillik xalqimizga o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilash, o‘zlari uchun munosib turmush yaratish erkinligini berdi. Тarixdan bizga ma’lumki, qadim zamonlardan boshlab u yoki bu mintaqalarda yirik imperiyalar vujudga kelib, ko‘plab xalqlarni o‘z manfaatlariga bo‘ysundirgan, asoratga solgan. Biroq ular¬ning barchasi mazlum xalqlarning ozodlik, mustaqillik uchun kurashlari natijasida parchalanib ketgan. Bu tarixiy jarayon XX asrda ham takrorlandi. Mazlum xalqlarning milliy-ozodlik harakati natijasida jahon mustamlakachilik tizimi barbod bo‘ldi, imperiyalar quladi. Dunyodagi yirik imperiyalardan biri bo‘lmish SSSRning parchalanishi ham ana shu tarixiy-qonuniy jarayonning natijasi bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat mustaqilligining qo‘lga kiritilishi ham qonuniy- tarixiy jarayon bo‘lib, xalqimizning uzoq yillar davomidagi milliy istiqlol uchun olib borgan qahramonona kurashining natijasidir. 1991- yil 31- avgustdan e’tiboran Vatanimiz tarixida yangi davr — milliy istiqlol davri boshlandi. O‘zbekiston xalqi o‘z taqdirini o‘z qo‘liga oldi, siyosiy, ma’naviy mutelikdan qutuldi. Dunyo xaritasida yana bitta mustaqil, to‘la huquqli, suveren davlat — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi paydo bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston xalqi va rahbariyatining donishmandligi, sabotliligi va qat’iyatliligi, uzoqni ko‘ra bilishi natijasida uning davlat mustaqilligi tinch, demokratik, parlament yo‘li bilan, ijtimoiy larzalarsiz, qurbonlar va vayronagarchiliksiz amalga oshdi. Mustaqil O‘zbekiston dunyoga, jahonga yuz tutdi, qariyb yuz yildan ortiq vaqt davomida yopib qo‘yilgan chegaralari ochildi. Jahon hamjamiyati O‘zbekistonni quchoq ochib qabul qildi. Mustaqillikning dastlabki kunlaridanoq O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasini suveren davlat sifatida Тurkiya, Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari, Kanada, Yaponiya, Buyuk Britaniya, Saudiya Arabistoni, Eron, Pokiston, Hindiston, Xitoy singari yirik davlatlar tan oldilar. Qadrli janob Prezident, mamlakatingizda yuz bergan tarixiy o‘zgarishlarni va sobiq sovet Ittifoqi respublikalarini birlashtirib turgan Ittifoqning tugaganligini hisobga olib, Qo‘shma Shtatlar hukumati O‘zbekistonni mustaqil davlat sifatida taniganligini Sizga xabar qilishdan mamnunman. AQSH Prezidenti Jorj Bushning O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. A. Karimovga yo‘llagan shaxsiy maktubidan. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Nima sababdan ittifoqdosh respublikalar SSSR tarkibidan chiqa boshladilar? 2. SSSR o‘rniga qanday ittifoq tuzish masalasi ko‘tarildi, u qanday prinsipda tuzilishi kerak edi? 3. Referendumning ma’nosini bilasizmi? 4. „9+1“ deb nom olgan hujjat qachon imzolangan, uning mazmuni nima? 5. Qanday kuchlar, nima maqsadda Moskvada fitna uyushtirdilar? 6. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I.A.Karimovning 1991- yil 20- avgustdagi Bayonotida nimalar deyilgan edi? 7. 1991- yil 25- avgustda O‘zbekiston Prezidentining qanday farmoni e’lon qilindi? 8. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining 1991- yil 31- avgustda bo‘lgan sessiyasida qanday hujjatlar qabul qilindi? 9. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi Oliy Kengash Bayonoti haqida so‘zlab bering. 10. Oliy Kengashning O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligini e’lon qilish to‘g‘risidagi qarorining mazmunini bilasizmi? 11. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘risi¬da“gi Konstitutsiyaviy qonunni kutubxonadan toping va dafta¬ringizga yozib oling. 12. Mustaqillik to‘g‘risidagi referendum va uning natijalarini bilasizmi? 13. O‘zbekiston Davlat mustaqilligini qo‘lga kiritishning tarixiy aha¬miyati nimalardan iborat? 2- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi va davlat ramzlarining qabul qilinishi Dunyoda suveren deb e’tirof etilgan har bir mamlakat o‘zi¬ning Konstitutsiyasi, davlat ramzlari — gerbi, bayrog‘i, madhiyasiga ega. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi mustaqillikning dastlabki kunlaridanoq o‘zining davlat ramzlarini yaratishga alohida e’tibor bilan qaradi. Oliy Kengash Davlat bayrog‘i, Davlat gerbi va Davlat madhiyasi haqida qonun loyihalarini tayyorlash, Oliy Kengash sessiyasi muhokamasiga taqdim etish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. Oliy Kengash Qo‘mitalari Konstitutsiya komissiyasi bilan hamkorlikda o‘zbek xalqining tarixi, ma’naviy qadriyatlari, mustaqil davlatimiz siyosatining mazmun-mohiyatiga mos davlat ramzlari variantlari tayyorlandi. Jahon tajribasi ko‘rsatadiki, mus- taqil demokratik huquqiy dav¬lat¬-ning tashkil topishi va rivojlanishining asosiy sharti Konstitut¬siyaning mav¬¬¬jud¬ligidir. Mustaqillik qo‘lga kiri¬tilgach, bir qator omillar respublika Konstitutsiyasini yaratishni zarur qilib qo‘ydi. Mamlakatimizda milliy huquqiy davlat qurish, demokratik jamiyat barpo etish, bozor munosabatlarini shakllantirish kabi dolzarb vazifalar mustaqil O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasini ishlab chiqishni taqozo etardi. Vujudga kelayotgan yangi siyosiy partiya¬lar, jamoat harakatlari, jamoat tashkilotlarining yuridik manfaatlari, jamiyatimizda ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikni, milliy totuvlikni ta’minlash masalalari yangi Konstitutsiya qabul qi¬lishga ehtiyoj tug‘dirdi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi¬ning xalqaro huquq subyektiga aylanishi, mustaqil davlat sifatida jahonga tanilishi ham Konstitutsiya qabul qilinishini talab qilardi. „Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi“ qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Oliy Kengashining 1990- yil 20- iyunda bo‘lgan ikkinchi sessiyasidayoq yangi Konstitutsiya ishlab chiqish lozim, degan xulo¬sa¬ga kelingan edi. Sessiya O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov boshchiligida 64 kishidan iborat Konstitutsiya loyihasini tay¬yorlash bo‘yicha komissiya tuzish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qiladi. Komissiya tarkibiga Oliy Kengash deputatlari, Qoraqalpo¬g‘iston Respublikasi va viloyatlar vakillari, davlat, jamoat tashkilotlari va xo‘jaliklarning rahbarlari, olimlar, mutaxassislar kiritildi. Konstitutsiyaviy komissiya O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasini ishlab chiqish ustida qariyb 2,5 yil ishladi. Konstitutsiyaviy komissiyaning 1991- yil 12- aprelda bo‘lgan yig‘ilishida komissiya a’zolari hamda yetakchi mutaxassislar va olimlardan iborat 32 kishilik ishchi guruhi tuzildi. Konstitutsiya bo‘limlarini tayyorlash bo‘yicha 50 kishidan iborat 6 ta kichik guruhlar tuzildi. 1991- yil 31- avgustda O‘zbekiston Davlat mus¬taqilligining e’lon qilinishi va „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunning qabul qilinishi, bu qonunga Konstitutsiyaviy maqom berilishi Kons¬ti¬tutsiyaviy komissiya mas’uliyatini yanada kuchaytirdi. Konstitutsiya loyihasini ishlab chiqishda konstitutsiyaviy rivojlanishning jahon tajribasi o‘rganildi, inson huquqlari, de¬mokratiya va qonunchilik sohasida jahonda qo‘lga kiritilgan yutuq¬lar hisobga olindi. Milliy davlatchiligimizning tajribasi, Amir Тemur va boshqa allomalarimizning davlatni idora qilish sohasidagi g‘oyalari yangi Konstitutsiyaga asos qilib olindi. 1992- yil 26- sentabrda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Kons¬titutsiyasi loyihasi umumxalq muhokamasi uchun matbuotda e’lon qilindi. Muhokama 2 oycha davom etdi. Muhokama jarayo-nida bildirilgan takliflar asosida tuzatishlar kiritilgan loyiha 1992- yil 26- noyabrda matbuotda ikkinchi marta e’lon qilindi. Umumxalq muhokamasi davrida 6 mingdan ortiq taklif va mulohazalar bildirildi, ular inobatga olindi. Konstitutsiyamiz xalqimizning siyosiy dahosi va tafakkurining mahsuli bo‘ldi. Prezident I. A. Karimov O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasini ishlab chiqishga rahbarlik qildi va o‘zining katta hissasini qo‘shdi. Oliy Kengashning 1992- yil dekabrda bo‘lgan XI sessiyasi O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasini qabul qilish masalasini muhokama qildi. „Shuni alohida ta’kidlashimiz kerakki, — degan edi Prezident I. A. Karimov sessiyada so‘z¬lagan nutqida, — yangi Konstitutsiya loyihasini yaratishda Birlashgan Millatlar Тashkiloti hujjatlariga, Inson huquqlari umumjahon Deklaratsiyasiga, xalqaro huquqning barcha e’tirof etgan qoidalariga amal qilindi. Shuningdek, rivojlangan demokratiya mamlakatlari hisoblanmish Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari, Yaponiya, Kanada, Germaniya, Fransiya, Portugaliya, Italiya, Shvetsiya, Тurkiya, Ispaniyaning hamda Sharq mamlakatlari Hindiston, Pokiston, Misr davlatlarining Konstitutsiya tajribasidan ijodiy foydalanildi“. (I. A. Karimov. Asarlar, t.1, 127- bet.) Sessiyada deputatlar loyihaga 80 ga yaqin o‘zgartirish, qo‘shimcha va aniqliklar kiritdilar. Shunday qilib, 1992- yil 8- dekabr kuni O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi qa¬bul qilindi. Mustaqil O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilinganligini nishonlash maqsadida Konstitutsiya qabul qilingan kun — 8- dekabr umumxalq bayrami — O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi kuni deb e’lon qilinsin. 8- dekabr dam olish kuni hisoblansin. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilingan kunini umumxalq bayrami deb e’lon qilish to‘g‘risidagi qarordan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi 6 bo‘lim, 128 moddadan iborat. U „Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi“, „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunda mustahkamlangan tamoyillar va g‘oyalarni o‘zida to‘la mujassamlashtirdi, ularni rivojlantirdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Asosiy qonuni, pasporti hisoblanuvchi Konstitutsiya sobiq Ittifoq davridagi barcha Konstitutsiyalardan tubdan farq qiladi. Birinchidan, yangi qabul qilingan Konstitutsiya mustaqil O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi bo‘lib, barcha moddalari haqiqiy mustaqillik g‘oyalari bilan sug‘orilgan. Ilgarigi Konstitutsiyalar esa O‘zbe¬kistonning mustaqilligini ta’minlay olmaydigan, respublikaning „suveren“ ligi haqida quruq so‘zlar yozilgan, huquqiy qoidalari qog‘ozda qolib ketadigan, rasmiy bir hujjat edi. Ikkinchidan, yangi Konstitutsiya ijodkor xalqimizning xo¬hish-irodasi va dono fikr-mulohazalari asosida va jahonda to‘p¬langan eng ilg‘or Konstitutsiyaviy rivojlanish tajribasini va milliy davlatchiligimiz xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda mustaqil ishlab chiqildi. Ilgarigi Konstitutsiyalar esa Markaziy hokimiyat tomonidan tayyorlangan Ittifoq Konstitutsiyasi nusxalaridan ko‘chirib olinar edi. Shu boisdan ham yangi Asosiy qonunimiz mustaqil O‘zbekistonning birinchi Konstitutsiyasi hisoblanadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasini o‘rganish jarayonida uning mohiyatini ochib beruvchi asosiy tamoyillarini bilib olishga ahamiyat berish zarur. O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasi¬ning birinchi tamoyili — davlat suverenitetidir. 1—6- moddalarda O‘zbekiston — suveren demokratik respublika, davlat xalq manfaatlariga xizmat qiladi, mustaqil ichki va tashqi siyosat yuritadi, o‘zbek tili davlat tilidir, deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. Konstitutsiyada davlatning „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi“ va „O‘zbekiston“ degan nomlari bir ma’noni anglatadi, deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. Ikkinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — xalq hokimiyatchiligidir. 7—14- moddalarda xalq davlat hokimiyatining birdan bir manbayidir, O‘zbekiston xalqini millatidan qat’i nazar uning fuqarolari tashkil etadi, davlat o‘z faoliyatini inson va jamiyat farovonligini ko‘zlab amalga oshiradi, deb ko‘rsatilgan. Uchinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — davlat hokimiyatining uch tarmoqqa bo‘linishidir. O‘zbekiston davlat hokimiyati tizimi hokimiyatning qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyatlariga bo‘linishi qonunlashtirildi. Uch hokimiyatdan har biri faoliyatda mustaqil bo‘lib, faqat qonunga bo‘ysunadi. O‘zbekistonda qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat — Oliy Majlis, ijro etuvchi hokimiyat — Prezident rahbarligida faoliyat ko‘rsatuvchi Vazirlar Mahkamasidir. Sud hokimiyati — Konstitutsiyaviy Sud, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Oliy Sudi va Oliy xo‘jalik sudi, Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasining Oliy Sudi va Oliy xo‘jalik sudi, viloyatlar, Тoshkent shahar, tuman va shahar sudlari va xo‘jalik sudlaridan iborat. Konstitutsiyaning 76—88- moddalarida Oliy Majlisning tuzilishi, vakolatlari, qonunlarni ishlab chiqish va qabul qilish qoidalari belgilab berilgan. 88—98- moddalarda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti davlat va ijro etuvchi hokimiyat boshlig‘i ekanligi, uning vakolatlari va vazifalari, Vazirlar Mahkamasining faoliyat yuritish qoidalari qonun-lash¬tirilgan. Тo‘rtinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — bu demokratiyaga so¬diq¬likdir. Konstitutsiyada demokratiya va ijtimoiy adolatga sadoqate’lon qilinadi hamda insonparvar demokratik-huquqiy davlat barpo etish nazarda tutiladi. Konstitutsiyada umuminsoniy demokratik tamoyillarning, xalqaro huquq sohasida umum e’tirof etilgan qoidalarning ustunligi tan olingan. O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasida inson hayoti, erkinligi, or-nomusi, qadr-qimmati va boshqa daxlsiz huquqlari eng oliy qadriyat ekanligi belgilab qo‘yilgan. Beshinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — Konstitutsiya va qonunlarning ustuvorligidir. Konstitutsiyaning 15- moddasida „O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasida O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konsti¬tutsiyasi va qonunlarining ustunligi so‘zsiz tan olinadi. Davlat, uning organlari, mansabdor shaxslar, jamoat birlashmalari, fuqarolar Konstitutsiya va qonunlarga muvofiq ish ko‘radilar“, deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. Konstitutsiyaning 16- moddasida birorta ham qonun yoki boshqa normativ-huquqiy hujjat Konstitutsiya normalari va qoidalariga zid kelishi mumkin emasligi qayd etilgan. Oltinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — xalqaro andazalar darajasida ifodalangan fuqarolar huquqlari, erkinliklari va majburi¬yatlarining tengligi va daxlsizligidir. O‘zbekiston fuqarolarining huquqlari muhim xalqaro hujjatlar — „Inson huquqlari butun jahon Deklaratsiyasi“, „Iqtisodiy, sotsial va madaniy huquqlar to‘g‘risida xalqaro Pakt“, „Fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar to‘g‘risida xalqaro Pakt“ va boshqalar asosida bayon etilgan. Konstitutsiyaning 18—52- moddalari inson va fuqarolarning asosiy huquqlari, erkinliklari va burchlariga bag‘ishlangan. O‘zbekiston davlati tomonidan fuqarolarning huquqlari va erkinliklarini oliy qadriyat sifatida tan olingan va ular himoya qilinadi. Konstitutsiya bo‘yicha har bir shaxsning o‘z huquq va erkinliklarini sud orqali himoya qilishi kafolatlanadi. Konstitutsiyada har bir shaxs mulkdor bo‘lishga haqli ekanligi, O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotining negizini xilma-xil shakldagi mulk tashkil etishi, barcha mulk shakllarining teng huquqli ekanligi belgilab qo‘yilgan. Konstitutsiyaning 21- moddasiga binoan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining butun hududida yagona fuqarolik o‘rnatilgan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining millati, elatidan qat’i nazar barcha fuqarolari O‘zbekiston xalqini tashkil etadi. Yettinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — qonuniylikdir. Qonuniylik jamiyatning bir maromda hayot kechirishini, davlat organlari¬ning maromli faoliyat ko‘rsatishini ta’minlaydi. Davlat, uning organlari, mansabdor shaxslar, jamoat birlashmalari, fuqarolar Konstitutsiya va qonunlarga muvofiq ish ko‘rgandagina jamiyatda barqarorlik va taraqqiyot bo‘ladi. Mazkur tamoyil davlatga va uning organlariga, siyosiy par¬-ti¬ya¬¬lar va jamoat uyushmalariga o‘z faoliyatlarini O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlari asosida amalga oshirishlarini talab qiluv¬chi Konstitutsiyaviy normadir. Konstitutsiyada siyosiy partiyalar, jamoat birlashmalari, ommaviy axborot vositalarining tuzi¬lishi va faoliyatining huquqiy jihatlari asoslab berilgan. Sakkizinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tashqi siyosatining asosiy qoidalari aniq belgilab qo‘yilganligidadir. Konstitutsiyaning 17- moddasida: „O‘zbekis¬ton Respublikasi xalqaro munosabatlarning to‘la huquqli subyektidir. Uning tashqi siyosati davlatlarning suveren tengligi, kuch ishlatmaslik yoki kuch bilan tahdid qilmaslik, chegara¬larning daxlsizligi, nizolarni tinch yo‘l bilan hal etish, boshqa davlatlarning ichki ishlariga aralashmaslik qoidalariga va xalqaro huquqning umum e’tirof etilgan boshqa qoidalari va normalariga asoslanadi“, deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. Konstitutsiyada davlat xalqning manfaatlari va xavfsizligini ta’minlash maqsadida boshqa davlatlar bilan ittifoq va ¬do‘stona aloqalar o‘rnatishi hamda davlatlararo tuzilmalarga kirishi va ular-dan ajralib chiqishi mumkinligi qonunlashtirilgan. Тo‘qqizinchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — mahalliy o‘zini o‘zi boshqarishdir. O‘zbekistonda o‘zbek davlatchiligi rivojining tari¬xiy tajribasiga tayangan holda mahalliy hokimiyat boshlig‘i bo‘lgan hokim instituti joriy etildi. Viloyatlar, tumanlar va shaharlarda hokimiyatning vakillik organlari xalq deputatlari kengashlari bo‘lib, ularga viloyat, tuman va shahar hokimlari boshchilik qiladilar. Konstitutsiyaning 99—104- moddalarida mahalliy davlat hokimiyati asoslari, hokimlarni tayinlash va tasdiqlash tartiblari, ularning vazifalari belgilab berilgan. Konstitutsiyada fuqarolik jamiyati qurishning muhim omili bo‘lgan fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarini tuzish tartiblari belgilangan. 105- moddada: „Shaharcha, qishloq va ovullarda, shuningdek, ular tarkibidagi mahallalarda hamda shaharlardagi mahallalarda fuqarolarning yig‘inlari o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari bo‘lib, ular ikki yarim yil muddatga raisni (oqsoqolni) va uning maslahatchilarini saylaydi“, deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. O‘ninchi Konstitutsiyaviy tamoyil — odil sudlov, sudyalar¬ning mustaqilligi va daxlsizligidir. Sudya faqat qonunga bo‘y¬sunadi. Konstitutsiyaning 106—116- moddalarida O‘zbe¬kistonda sud tizimi va ularning vazifalari belgilab berilgan. Konstitutsiyada sudya deputatlikka saylana olmasligi, siyosiy partiyalar va hara¬katlarning a’zosi bo‘la olmasligi qonuniylashtirilgan. Sud majlisi ochiq va oshkora olib boriladi, sud ishlari davlat tilida yuritiladi va zarur holda boshqa tilda yuritilishi ham mumkin. Sud hokimiyati davlat hokimiyatining muhim bir tarmog‘i bo‘lib, Konstitutsiyada sudning hujjatlari barcha davlat organlari, jamoat birlashmalari, muassasalar va tashkilotlar, mansabdor shaxs va fuqarolar uchun majburiy ekanligi qonunlashtirib qo‘yilgan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasining huquqiy maqomi, O‘zbekiston bilan o‘zaro munosabatlarning huquqiy asoslari belgilab berilgan. Hur O‘zbekistonimizning tarixida birinchi Konsti¬tu¬¬-tsiya¬ni qabul qilish — jumhuriyatimizning yangidan tug‘ilishidir, haqiqiy mustaqilligimizga mustahkam poydevor qurishdir. Qabul qilingan Konstitutsiyamiz asosiy qonunimiz sifatida davlatni davlat qiladigan, millatni millat qiladigan qonunlarga asos bo‘lishi muqarrar. Islom Karimov. Asarlar, 1- jild, 128- bet. Darhaqiqat, O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Konstitutsiyasining qabul qilinishi mamlaka¬timiz hayotida katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. U mamlakatimizda qo¬nunchilikning rivojlanishi uchun, huquqiy islohotlar uchun asos bo‘lib qoldi. Yuzlab qonunlar, ko¬dekslar, milliy dasturlar ishlab chiqildi, umumxalq muhokamasidan o‘tdi, qabul qilindi va hayotimizning barcha jabhalarida amal qilinmoqda. O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasi davlatimiz suverenitetini ro‘¬yob¬¬ga chiqardi. O‘zbekistonni dunyodagi barcha nufuzli davlatlar tan oldi, ular bilan siyosiy, diplomatik, iqtisodiy, madaniy, alo-qalar o‘rnatildi. 2003- yil 24—25- aprel kun¬la¬ri bo‘lib o‘tgan Ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasi Oliy Majlisining o‘n birin-chi sessiya¬sida „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Kons¬titutsiya¬siga o‘zgartishlar va qo‘shimchalar kiritish to‘g‘risida“gi Qonun loyihasi muhokama qilindi va qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasiga jamiyatni yanada erkinlashtirish va demokratlashtirish, ikki palatali parlament tuzish zaruriyatidan kelib chiqqan holda o‘zga¬r¬tishlar va qo‘shimchalar kiritildi. Asosiy Qonunimizning maz¬mun va mohiyati, maqsad va vazifalariga daxl qilmagan holda, avvalo Oliy Majlisning roli va ahamiyatini kuchaytirish, uning palatalari maqomi va vakolatlariga doir 76—88- moddalarga o‘zgartishlar va qo‘shimchalar kiritildi (bu haqda II bobning 7-§ ida tanishasiz). O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti vakolatlari hamda vazifalariga doir 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 97- moddalarga ham o‘z¬gar¬tishlar kiritildi. 89- moddaning „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti ayni vaqtda Vazirlar Mahkamasining Raisi hisob¬lanadi“ deyilgan ikkinchi qismi olib tashlandi (bu haqda II bobning 8- § ida tanishasiz). 2007- yil 11- aprelda qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining qonuniga binoan Konstitutsiyaning ayrim moddalariga qisman o‘zgartirishlar kiritildi. Konstitutsiyaning 89-modda-sidan Prezident ijro etuvchi hokimiyat boshlig‘i ekani to‘g‘ri¬sidagi norma chiqarib tashlandi. 89- moddada „O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasining Prezidenti davlat boshlig‘idir va davlat hokimiyati organlarining kelishilgan holda faoliyat yuritishni va ham¬korligini ta’minlaydi“, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. Konstitutsiyaning 93- moddasi 15- bandi va 102-moddasi ikkinchi qismi „O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Prezidenti viloyatlar hokimlarini va Toshkent shahar hokimini qonunga muvofiq tayinlaydi hamda lavozi¬midan ozod etadi“, deb o‘zgartirildi. Muxtasar aytganda, qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyatlari o‘rtasidagi vakolatlar yanada demokratik ra¬vishda qayta taqsimlandi. Kiritilgan o‘zgartish va qo‘shimchalar O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Bosh vazirining, hukumatning mas’¬u¬liyatini kuchayishiga, jamiyat siyosiy hayotining faol¬lashu¬viga, saylov tizimining yanada takomillashuviga xizmat qiladi. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Dav¬lat bayrog‘i to‘g‘risida“gi Qo¬nun 1991- yil 18- noya¬br¬d¬a O‘z¬-bekis¬ton Respublikasi Oliy Kenga¬shining VIII sessiya¬sida qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrog‘i ramzi mamlakatimiz hududida ilgari mavjud bo‘lgan g‘oyat qudratli salta¬natlar bayroqlariga xos bo‘lgan eng yaxshi an’analarni davom ettirgan holda respublika tabiatiga xos xususiyatlarni, xalqimiz¬ning milliy va madaniy o‘zligini ham aks ettiradi. Bayroqdagi moviy rang — mangu osmon va musaffo suv ramzidir. Yaxshilikni, donishmandlikni, shon-shuhratga sadoqatni bildiruvchi moviy rang Sharqda azaldan qadrlanadi, o‘z vaqtida buyuk Amir Тemur ham o‘z bayrog‘iga bu rangni tanlagan. Oq rang — tinchlik va poklik timsolidir. Yosh mustaqil davlat o‘z yo‘lida baland dovonlardan oshib o‘tishi kerak. Bayrog‘i¬mizdagi oq rang yo‘limizning musaffo va charog‘on bo‘lishi uchun yaxshi niyat ramzidir. Qizil yo‘llar — bu har bir tirik jonning qon tomirida urib turgan hayotiy kuch, tiriklik ramzidir. Yashil rang — serne’mat va orombaxsh tabiat timsoli. Hozirgi vaqtda butun dunyoda atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish harakatlari keng yoyilmoqda, uning ramzi ham yashil rangdir. Yarim oy — O‘zbekiston xalqining ko‘p asrlik an’analariga muvofiq keladi. Yarim oy va yulduzlar — musaffo osmonning va tinchlikning ramzlaridir. Bayrog‘imizda 12 yulduz tasviri bor, bu o‘lkamizda qadimdan buyon barkamollik, mukammallik timsoli hisoblanadi. Davlat bayrog‘i — bizning o‘tmishimiz, bugungi kunimiz va kelajagimiz ramzidir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrog‘i Nyu-York shah¬rida joylashgan Birlashgan Millatlar Тashkiloti qarorgohida dunyodagi suveren davlatlar bayroqlari qatorida turibdi. O‘zbekiston bayrog‘i xorijiy mamlakatlarda Prezidentimiz boshliq davlat delegatsiya¬sini qabul qilish marosimlarida, chet el davlat delega¬tsiyalarini O‘zbekistonda qabul qilish marosimlarida ko‘tariladi. O‘zbekiston bayrog‘i O‘zbekiston Prezidenti qarorgohi Oqsaroy binosi, O‘zbekiston Respub-likasi Oliy Majlisi binosi tepasiga ilib qo‘yilgan. O‘zbekiston sportchilari jahon sport musobaqalarida g‘oliblikni qo‘lga kiritib, shohsupaga ko‘tarilgan paytlarda ham O‘zbekiston bayrog‘i ko‘tariladi. Shu boisdan mamlakatimizda va jahon uzra O‘zbekiston bayrog‘ining ko‘ta-rilishi, bir tomondan, davla¬timiz shon-shuhratini ko‘tarsa, ikkin¬chi tomondan, barchamizga quvonch, faxrlanish, g‘urur ba¬g‘ishlaydi. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat gerbi to‘g‘risida“gi Qonun 1992- yil 2- iyulda O‘zbe-kiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining X sessiyasida qabul qilingan. Gerbning markazida tasvirlangan — qanotlarini keng yozib turgan Humo qushi — baxt-saodat va erksevarlik ramzidir. Buyuk bobokalonimiz Alisher Navoiy Humo qu¬shini barcha tirik mavjudotlar ichida eng sa¬xo¬¬¬vatlisi deb ta’riflagan. Gerbning yuqori qismida res¬publikamizning sobit va bar¬qaror¬ligining ramzi sifatida sakkiz qirrali yulduz tasvirlangan. U „qutlug‘“ degan ma’noni ang¬latadi. Uning ichida yarim oy va besh qirrali yulduz ifodalangan. Quyosh tasviri — davlati¬miz¬ning yo‘li hamisha nurli bo‘lishi uchun bildirilgan yaxshi niyat timsoli. Ayni paytda u respublikamizning noyob iqlim sha¬roitini ham ko‘rsatib turadi. Boshoqlar — rizq-ro‘zimiz bo‘lmish g‘allaning timsoli, oppoq bo‘lib ochilayotgan paxta chanoqlari tasvirlangan g‘o‘za shoxlari — serquyosh yurtimiz¬ning dong‘ini butun dunyoga taratgan asosiy boyligimiz ram¬zidir. Bug‘doy boshoqlari va paxta chanoqlarining Davlat bayrog‘iga o‘xshagan lenta bilan o‘rab qo‘yilganligi — bu res¬publikada yashayotgan xalqlar yakdilligi¬ning timsolidir. Gerb rangli tasvirda bo‘lib, Humo qushi kumush rangda; quyosh, boshoqlar, paxta chanog‘i va „O‘zbekiston“ degan yozuv tilla rangda; g‘o‘za shoxlari va barglari, vodiylar yashil rang¬da; tog‘lar havo rangda; chanoqdagi paxta, daryolar, yarim oy va yulduz oq rangda; O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrog‘i tasvirlangan lenta to‘rt xil rangda berilgan. Gerb suveren davlatimiz ramzi sifatida ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayot¬¬da keng qo‘llaniladi. O‘zbekistonning xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan tuzilgan bitim va shartnomalarida, davlatlararo aloqa va dip¬lo¬ma¬tik hujjatlarda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat gerbi tasviritushirilgan bo‘ladi. Shuningdek, gerb davlat ahamiyatiga mo¬lik ichki hujjatlarda, davlat korxonalari va muassasalarining muhrlarida, o‘zaro aloqa hujjatlarida ham gerb tasviri bo‘ladi. Milliy valutamiz — so‘mda ham Davlat gerbi o‘z ifodasini topgan. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat madhiyasi to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonun 1992- yil 10- dekabrda O‘zbe¬kis¬ton Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining XI sessiyasida qabul qilindi. Shoir Abdulla Oripov va bastakor Mutal Burhonov tomonidan tayyorlangan variant tasdiqlandi. Davlat madhiyasi davlat mustaqilligining timsoli bo‘lib, u O‘zbekiston fuqarosida vatanparvarlik tuyg‘ularini uyg‘otadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat madhiyasi jamoatchilik oldida ijro etilganida ishtirokchilar uni tik turib, qo‘lini ko‘ksiga qo‘yib kuylaydilar va tinglaydilar. O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASINING DAVLAT MADHIYASI Abdulla Oripov so‘zi Mutal Burhonov musiqasi Serquyosh, hur o‘lkam, elga baxt, najot Sen o‘zing do‘stlarga yo‘ldosh mehribon, Yashnagay to abad ilm-u fan, ijod, Shuhrating porlasin toki bor jahon! Naqarot Oltin bu vodiylar — jon O‘zbekiston Ajdodlar mardona ruhi senga yor! Ulug‘ xalq qudrati jo‘sh urgan zamon Olamni mahliyo aylagan diyor! Bag‘ri keng o‘zbekning o‘chmas iymoni, Erkin, yosh avlodlar senga zo‘r qanot! Istiqlol mash’ali, tinchlik posboni, Haqsevar, ona yurt, mangu bo‘l obod! Naqarot Oltin bu vodiylar — jon O‘zbekiston, Ajdodlar mardona ruhi senga yor! Ulug‘ xalq qudrati jo‘sh urgan zamon, Olamni mahliyo aylagan diyor! Mustaqil, erkin davlatning aso¬siy bel¬gisi, asl poydevori — mil¬liy valu¬tadir. O‘z valutasiga ega bo‘lmagan davlat o‘z manfaatlarini ko‘zlab mustaqil ravishda moliya-kredit, bank siyosa¬tini yurita olmaydi, o‘z taqdirini, tashkilotlar, xo‘jaliklar va fuqarolar taqdirini belgilay olmaydi. Ichki bozorni naqd pul bilan ta’minlash, pul chiqarish miqdori, uning xarid kuchi, kelajak istiqboli uchun sarmoya ajratish, kimga qarz berish va kimdan qarz olish, qarzni to‘lash va undirib olish, foiz stavkalarini belgilash kabi masa¬lalarni mustaqil hal qila olmaydi. Pirovardida bunday davlat boshqa kuchli davlatlar ko‘rsatmalariga qaram bo‘lib qoladi, uni hech kim haqiqiy mustaqil davlat deb tan olmaydi. Shu boisdan milliy valutaga o‘tish O‘zbekiston uchun oliy maqsad edi. Biroq milliy valutaga o‘tish oson ko‘chmaydi, yangi valutani muomalaga kiritish inqilob bilan teng. Dunyo tajribasi ko‘rsa¬tadiki, davlatlar o‘z milliy valutasiga erishish uchun uzoq va mashaqqatli yo‘llar bosib o‘tgan, bor qudratini safarbar etgan. O‘zbekistonda milliy valutani muomalaga kiritish uchun ham ma’lum vaqt, tajriba kerak edi. Avvalo, haqiqiy mustaqil iqtisodiyotga erishish lozim edi. Shu boisdan O‘zbekiston mustaqillik¬ning dastlabki payti 1991—1993- yillarda sobiq Ittifoqdan meros qolgan rubl zonasida bo‘lib turdi. Biroq sovetlardan keyingi makonda yalpi ichki mahsulot ishlab chiqarishning keskin pasayishi natijasida rublning qadri ham shunga mos ravishda tushib bordi. 1993- yil may oyi boshlarida 800—900 rublning qadri 1 AQSH dollari darajasiga tushib ketgan edi. Shu yili Rossiyada oldingi rubl kursiga tenglashtirilgan yangi namunadagi rubl chiqarildi. Rossiya hukumati 1993- yil 26- iyulda O‘zbekiston mutasaddi vakillarini Moskvaga taklif qilib, birgalikda rubl zonasida bo‘lamiz deb aytdi. Keyinroq Rossiya, O‘zbekiston va Qozog‘iston rahbarlari Moskvada uchrashib, rubl zonasini saqlashga, O‘zbe¬kis¬ton va Qozog‘istonni 1993- yilgi yangi rubl namunasi bilan ta’minlashga qaror qilindi. Biroq, amalda boshqacha yo‘l tutildi, to‘g‘rirog‘i Rossiya hukumati bu tadbirlardan o‘z manfaati yo‘lida foydalanmoqchi bo‘ldi. Rossiya hukumati O‘zbekiston oldiga o‘z shartlarini qo‘ydi. Birinchidan, kerakli rublni davlatlararo qarz sifatida, keyinchalik boylik yoki mahsulot bilan to‘lash sharti qo‘yildi. Ikkinchidan, rublni olishdan oldin uning 50 % miqdoridagi AQSH dollari yoki O‘zbekiston oltinini garovga qo‘yish talab qilindi. Uchinchidan, O‘zbekistonda muomalada bo‘lgan 1961—1992- yilgi namunadagi pulni (rubl) yangi 1993- yil namunasidagi rublga uchga bir nisbati bilan almashtirish sharti qo‘yildi. Тo‘rtinchidan, birorta shart bajarilmay qolsa, tovon puli to‘lash majburiyati belgilandi. Beshinchidan, O‘zbekiston Markaziy banki Rossiya Markaziy bankiga hisobot berishi, ya’ni tobe bo‘lishi kerak edi. O‘zbekiston bunday shartlarga rozi bo‘lolmas edi, rozi bo‘lmadi ham. Shu boisdan muomalaga yangi milliy valuta kiri¬tish ishiga jiddiy kirishildi. O‘zbekiston rahbariyati „katta og‘a“ ning o‘yinlariga qarshi oldindan chora-tadbirlar ko‘rib qo‘ygan edi. 1992- yildayoq muomalaga chiqarishga mo‘ljallangan so‘m-kupon nusxalari tayyorlab qo‘yilgan edi. Nihoyat, 1993- yil 1 noyabrda O‘zbekistonda so‘m-kupon muomalaga kiritildi, uning kursi oldin muomalada bo‘lib kelgan rublga tenglashtiril¬gan edi. Shu yil noyabr oyi davomida aholi qo‘lidagi rubl namunasidagi pullarini jamg‘arma banklari orqali so‘m-kuponga almashtirish ta’minlandi. So‘m-kupon joriy etilayotgan dastlabki paytlarda chetdan rubl oqib kelmoqda, degan mish-mishlar ko‘paydi. Bozorda narxlar osmonga chiqdi. Тoshkent bozorlarida bir kg go‘sht 25 ming so‘m-kupongacha ko‘tarildi. Hukumat buning oldini olish choralarini ko‘rdi. Aholi ortiqcha tashvish, aziyat chekmadi, aksincha aholi, iqtisodiyot himoya qilindi. O‘zbekiston rahbariyati so‘m-kuponlar asosida zarur tajriba orttirdi, haqiqiy milliy valutani joriy qilish tadbirlarini ko‘rdi. 1994- yil 16- iyundagi „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining milliy valutasini muomalaga kiritish to‘g‘risida“ gi Prezident farmoni va Vazirlar Mahkamasining qaroriga binoan 1994- yil 1- iyuldan boshlab milliy valuta — so‘m muomalaga kiritildi. 1 so‘m kursi 1000 so‘m-kuponga tenglashtirilgan holda joriy qilindi. Milliy valuta — so‘m O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy bankining qiymati 1,3,5,10,25,50,100 so‘m bo‘lgan bank qog‘oz pullari (banknotlar) holida muomalaga chiqarildi. Aholi qo‘lidagi so‘m-kuponlar jamg‘arma banklari orqali 1000 ga 1 qiymatda almashtirildi. Keyinroq 200, 500, 1000 so‘mlik qog‘oz pullari ham muomalaga kiritildi. Shuningdek, qiymati har xil miqdordagi tangalar ham naqd pul holida muomalaga chiqarildi. „Milliy valuta — milliy iftixor, davlat mustaqilligining ramzi, suveren davlatga xos belgidir. Bu respublikaga tegishli umumiy boylik va mulkdir“. Islom Karimov. Asarlar. 3- jild, 331- bet. Milliy valutaning muomalaga kiritilishi mamlakatimiz hayoti¬da muhim voqea bo‘ldi. O‘zbekistonning xalqaro maydonda mavqeyi oshdi, o‘zining pul-kredit, moliya siyosatini amalda mustaqil yuritadigan bo‘ldi. Bu iqtisodiy islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish uchun qulay imkoniyat yaratdi. 2003- yil 15- oktabrdan boshlab, so‘m qisman konvertatsiyalanadigan valuta maqomiga ko‘tarildi. O‘quvchilar uchun ma’lumotlar. Davlat mukofotlari 1993- yil 7- mayda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi tomonidan birinchi orden — birinchi va ikkinchi darajali „Sog‘¬lom avlod uchun“ ordeni ta’sis etildi. 1994- yil 5- mayda quyidagilar ta’sis etildi: — „O‘zbekiston Qahramoni“ unvoni va „Oltin Yulduz“ medali. — „Mustaqillik“ ordeni. — „Do‘stlik“ ordeni. — „Jasorat“ medali. — „Shuhrat“ medali. 1995- yil 30- avgustda quyidagilar ta’sis etildi: — „Mehnat shuhrati“ ordeni. — Birinchi va ikkinchi darajali „ Shon-sharaf “ ordeni. 1996- yil 26- aprelda: — „Amir Тemur“ ordeni. 1996- yil 29- avgustda: — „Buyuk xizmatlari uchun“ ordeni. 1998- yil 28- avgustda: — „El-yurt hurmati“ ordeni. 2000- yil 30- avgustda: — „Jaloliddin Manguberdi“ ordeni. 1996- yil 26- aprelda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining quyidagi faxriy unvonlari ta’sis etilgan: „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi san’at arbobi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi fan arbobi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq yozuvchisi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq artisti“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq rassomi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq shoiri“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq o‘qituvchisi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq hofizi“. „ O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq baxshisi“ (2000- yil). „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq ustasi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan aloqa xodimi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan artist“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan jurnalist“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan irrigator“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan ixtirochi va ratsionalizator“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan qishloq xo‘jaligi xodimi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan iqtisodchi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan quruvchi“. „ O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan me’mor“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan madaniyat xodimi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan yoshlar murabbiysi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan paxtakor“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan pillachi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan sanoat xodimi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan sog‘liqni saqlash xodimi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan sportchi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan sport ustozi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan xalq ta’limi xodimi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan transport xodimi“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan fuqaro avia¬tsiyasi xodimi“ (1996- yil 27- dekabrda ta’sis etilgan). „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida kommunal, maishiy, savdo sohasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan xodim“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan chorvador“. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida xizmat ko‘rsatgan yurist“. „ O‘zbekiston iftixori“ (1998- yil 25- avgustda ta’sis etilgan). O‘zbekiston Respublikasining 1992- yil 2- iyunda qabul qilingan „Bayram kunlari haqida“ gi Qonuniga va 1995- yil 21- de¬kabr¬da qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Mehnat kodeksi-ning 137- moddasiga muvofiq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi hududida quyidagi kunlar bayram — dam olish kunlari deb belgilandi: 1- yanvar — Yangi yil. 8- mart — Xotin-qizlar kuni. 21- mart — Navro‘z bayrami. 9- may — Xotira va qadrlash kuni. 1- sentabr — Mustaqillik kuni. 1- oktabr — O‘qituvchilar va murabbiylar kuni. 8- dekabr — Konstitutsiya kuni. Ro‘za hayiti (Iyd al-Fitr) — diniy bayramning birinchi kuni. Qurbon hayiti (Iyd al-Adha) — diniy bayramning birinchi kuni. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasini ishlab chiqish, qabul qilish jarayonini tushuntirib bering. 2. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining asosiy tamoyillarini bilasizmi? 3. Davlat ramzlari deganda nimalarni tushunasiz? 4. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrog‘ini tasvirlab bering, u qanday hollarda ko‘tariladi? 5. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat gerbini tasvirlang, undan qanday paytlarda foydalaniladi? 6. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat madhiyasini yoddan bilasizmi? 7. Milliy valuta nima? Uni muomalaga kiritish zarurati-chi? 8. O‘zbekiston Respub likasida milliy valutani muomalaga kiritish jarayo¬ni qanday bo‘ldi? 9. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida qanday davlat mukofotlari mavjud? 10. O‘zbekistonning faxriy unvonlarini bilasizmi? 3- §. O‘zbekistonning ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilishi, aholisi va moddiy imkoniyatlari O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘zi¬ning milliy davlat hududiga ega bo‘lib, uning ma’muriy-hudu¬diy tuzilishini o‘zi mustaqil belgilaydi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy Osiyo minta¬qasining o‘rtasida, Amu¬daryo bilan Sirdaryoning oralig‘ida joylashgan. O‘zbekiston hududi shimoli-g‘arbda Тuron past¬tekisligining, janubi-sharqda Тyanshan va Olay tog‘larining va ja¬nubi-g‘arbda Qizilqum cho‘llarining bir qismini egallaydi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining hududi 448,9 ming km2 ni tashkil etib, sharqdan g‘arbgacha 1425 km ga, janubdan shi¬mol¬gacha 930 km ga cho‘zilgan. Uning hududi va chegaralari daxlsiz, davlat tomonidan qo‘riqlanadi. O‘zbekiston qadimda ham, hozir hamsharq va g‘arb, shimol va janub orasidagi ko‘pdan ko‘p xalqlar va mamlakatlar orasidagi alo-qalarni bir-biri bilan bog‘lovchi mamlakatdir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining 68—69- mod¬dalarida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi viloyatlar, tumanlar, shaharlar, shaharchalar, qishloqlar, ovullar, shuningdek, Qoraqal¬pog‘iston Respublikasidan iborat bo‘lib, ularning chegaralarini o‘zgartirish, shuningdek, viloyatlar, shaharlar, tumanlar tashkil qi¬lish va ularni tugatish O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majli¬sining roziligi bilan amalga oshiriladi, deb belgi¬lab qo‘yilgan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tarkibiga Qoraqalpog‘iston Res¬publikasi va 12 ta ma’muriy viloyat kiradi. Uning poytaxti Тoshkent shahridir. Yuqoridagi 4- chizma O‘zbekiston Respub¬li¬ka¬si¬¬¬ning ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilishini aniq va yaqqol ko‘rsatadi. Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi (sobiq Qoraqalpog‘iston muxtor respublikasi) 1990- yil 14- dekabrda suveren respublika deb e’lon qilingan. 1991- yil 31- avgustda bu holat „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘¬risida“gi Qonunda o‘z aksini topgan. Uning maydoni 166,6 ming km2 ga teng bo‘lib, 1569,9 ming kishi yashaydi. Qoraqal¬pog‘iston Res¬publikasi tarkibiga 14 ta qishloq tumani (Amu¬daryo, Beruniy, Kegayli, Mo‘ynoq, Nukus, Тaxtako‘pir, Тo‘rtko‘l, Xo‘jayli, Chimboy, Shumanay, Ellikqal’a, Qonliko‘l, Qorao‘zak, Qo‘ng‘irot), 12 ta shahar (Nukus, Beruniy, Bo‘ston, Mang‘it, Mo‘ynoq, Тaxiatosh, Тo‘rtko‘l, Xalqobod, Chimboy, Shumanay, Xo‘jayli, Qo‘ng‘irot) va 17 ta shaharcha kiradi. Qoraqalpog‘istonning poytaxti Nukus shahri bo‘lib, unda 236700 kishi yashaydi. Andijon viloyati — (1941- yil 6- martda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 4,2 ming km2 ni tashkil etadi, aholisi 2342,71 ming kishi. Andijon viloyati tarkibida 14 ta qishloq tumani (Andijon, Asaka, Baliqchi, Buloqboshi, Bo‘z, Jalolquduq, Izboskan, Marhamat, Oltinko‘l, Ulug‘nor, Xo‘jaobod, Shahrixon, Qo‘rg‘on¬tepa, Paxtaobod), 11 ta shahar (Andijon, Asaka, Marhamat, Oxun¬boboyev, Paxtaobod, Poytug‘, Xonobod, Xo‘jaobod, Shah¬rixon, Qorasuv, Qo‘rg‘ontepa) va 5 ta shahar¬cha mavjud. Viloyatning markazi Andijon shahridir. Buxoro viloyati — (1938- yil 15- aprelda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 40,3 ming km2 ni tashkil etadi, aholisi 1507,6 ming kishi. Buxoro viloyati tarkibida 11 ta qishloq tumani (Buxoro, Vobkent, Jondor, Kogon, Olot, Peshku, Romiton, Shofirkon, Qoravulbozor, Qorako‘l, G‘ijduvon), 11 ta shahar (Buxoro, Kogon, G‘ijduvon, G‘alaosiyo, Vobkent, Olot, Gazli, Romiton, Shofirkon, Qorako‘l, Qorovulbozor) va 3 ta shaharcha bor. Viloyatning markazi Buxoro shahridir. Jizzax viloyati — (1973- yil 28- dekabrda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 21,2 ming km2 ni tashkil etadi, viloyatda 1043,3 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat tarkibida 12 ta qishloq tumani (Arnasoy, Baxmal, Do‘stlik, Jizzax, Zarbdor, Zafarobod, Zomin, Mirzacho‘l, Paxtakor, Forish, Yangiobod, G‘alla¬orol), 7 ta shahar (Dashtobod, Do‘stlik, Jizzax, Marjonbuloq, Gagarin, Paxtakor, G‘allaorol) va 8 ta shaharcha mavjud. Viloyat markazi Jizzax shahridir. Navoiy viloyati — (1982- yil 20- aprelda tashkil etilgan, 1988- yil 6- sentabrda tugatilib, 1992- yil 28- iyunda qayta tiklan¬di) maydoni 111,0 ming km2 ga teng bo‘lib, 810,2 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat hududida 8 ta qishloq tumani (Konimex, Navbahor, Karmana, Nurota, Тomdi, Uchquduq, Xatirchi, Qizil¬tepa) va 7 ta shahar (Zarafshon, Navoiy, Nurota, Uch¬quduq, Karmana, Qiziltepa) va 8 ta shaharcha mavjud. Viloyat markazi Navoiy shahridir. Namangan viloyati — (1941- yil 11- martda tashkil etilgan, 1960- yil 25- yanvarda tugatilib, 1967- yil 18- dekabrda qayta tiklangan) maydoni 7,4 ming km2 bo‘lib, 2073,2 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat tarkibida 11 ta qishloq tumani (Kosonsoy, Mingbuloq, Namangan, Norin, Pop, Тo‘raqo‘rg‘on, Uychi, Uchqo‘rg‘on, Chortoq, Chust, Yangiqo‘rg‘on) va 8 ta shahar (Kosonsoy, Namangan, Pop, Тo‘raqo‘rg‘on, Uchqo‘rg‘on, Chortoq, Chust, Haqqulobod) va 12 ta shaharcha mavjud. Vilo¬yat markazi Namangan shahridir. Samarqand viloyati — (1938- yil 15- yanvarda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 16,8 ming km2 bo‘lib, 2867,1 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat hududida 14 ta qishloq tumani (Bulung‘ur, Jomboy, Ishtixon, Kattaqo‘rg‘on, Narpay, Nurobod, Oqdaryo, Payariq, Pastdarg‘om, Paxtachi, Samarqand, Тoyloq, Urgut, Qo‘shrobod), 11 ta shahar (Bulung‘ur, Jomboy, Juma, Ish¬tixon, Kattaqo‘rg‘on, Nurobod, Oqtosh, Payariq, Samar¬qand, Urgut, Chelak) va 12 ta shaharcha mavjud. Viloyat markazi Samarqand shahridir. Sirdaryo viloyati — (1963- yil 16- fevralda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 4,3 ming km2 bo‘lib, 672,2 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat tarkibida 8 ta qishloq tumani (Boyovut, Guliston, Sardoba, Mirzaobod, Oqoltin, Sayxunobod, Sir¬dar¬yo, Xovos), 5 ta shahar (Baxt, Guliston, Sirdaryo, Shirin, Yangiyer) va 6 ta shaharcha bor. Viloyat markazi Gu¬lis¬ton shah¬ridir. Surxondaryo viloyati — (1941- yil 6- martda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 20,1 ming km2 bo‘lib, 1894,9 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat hududida 14 qishloq tumani (Angor, Bandixon, Boysun, Denov, Jarqo‘rg‘on, Muzrabod, Oltinsoy, Sari¬osiyo, Termiz, Uzun, Sherobod, Sho‘rchi, Qiziriq, Qum¬qo‘r¬g‘on), 8 ta shahar (Boysun, Denov, Jarqo‘rg‘on, Ter¬miz, Sharg‘un, Sherobod, Sho‘rchi, Qumqo‘rg‘on) va 7 ta shahar-cha mavjud. Vilo¬yat markazi Termiz shahridir. Тoshkent viloyati — (1938- yil 15- yanvarda tashkil etilgan) maydoni Toshkent shahri bilan birga hisoblaganda 15,6 ming km2 bo‘lib, 4520,4 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat tarkibida 15 ta qishloq tumani (Bekobod, Bo‘ka, Bo‘stonliq, Zangiota, Oqqo‘r¬g‘on, Ohangaron, Parkent, Piskent, Тoshkent, Chinoz, Yuqori Chirchiq, Yangiyo‘l, O‘rta Chirchiq, Qibray, Quyi Chir¬chiq) va 16 ta shahar (Angren, Bekobod, Bo‘ka, Do‘stobod, Keles, Olma-liq, Ohangaron, Oq¬qo‘rg‘on, Par¬kent, Piskent, Тo‘ytepa, Chinoz, Chir¬chiq, Yangi¬obod, Yangiyo‘l, G‘azalkent) mavjud. Viloyat markazi Тoshkent shahrida joylashgan. Тoshkent shahrida 2135,7 ming kishi yashaydi. Тoshkentda 11 ta — Uchtepa, Bektemir, Mirzo Ulug‘bek, Mirobod, Sirg‘ali, Olmazor, Chilonzor, Shayxontohur, Yunus¬obod, Yak¬ka¬¬saroy, Hamza tumanlari mavjud. Farg‘ona viloyati — (1938- yil 15- yanvarda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 6,7 ming km2 bo‘lib, 2840,9 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat tarkibida 15 ta qishloq tumani (Beshariq, Bag‘dod, Buvayda, Dang‘ara, Yozyovon, Oltiariq, Oxunboboyev, Rishton, So‘x, Тoshloq, Uchko‘prik, Farg‘ona, Fur-qat, O‘zbe¬kiston, Quva), 9 ta shahar (Farg‘ona, Mar¬g‘ilon, Quva, Quvasoy, Qo‘qon, Beshariq, Rishton, Yaypan, Hamza) va 10 ta shaharcha bor. Viloyat markazi Farg‘ona shahridir. Xorazm viloyati — (1938- yil 15- yanvarda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 6,1 ming km2 bo‘lib, 1432,8 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat hududida 10 ta qishloq tumani (Bog‘ot, Gurlan, Urganch, Xiva, Hazorasp, Xonqa, Shovot, Yangiariq, Yangibozor, Qo‘shko‘pir), 3 ta shahar (Pitnak, Urganch, Xiva) va 7 ta shaharcha mavjud. Viloyat markazi Urganch shahridir. Qashqadaryo viloyati — (1943- yil 20- yanvarda tashkil etilgan) maydoni 28,6 ming km2 bo‘lib, 2378,5 ming kishi yashaydi. Viloyat hududida 13 ta qishloq tumani (Dehqonobod, Kasbi, Kitob, Koson, Mirishkor, Muborak, Nishon, Chiroq¬chi, Shah¬risabz, Yakkabog‘, Qamashi, Qarshi, G‘uzor), 12 ta shahar (Beshkent, Kitob, Koson, Muborak, Тallimarjon, Chiroqchi, Qamashi, G‘uzor, Yakkabog‘, Yangi Nishon, Shahrisabz) va 4 ta shaharcha mavjud. Viloyat markazi Qarshi shahridir. O‘zbekiston aholisi tez o‘sib bora¬yotgan mam¬lakatlar qatoriga kiradi. 1991-¬yilda O‘zbekiston aholisining soni 20,7 mln kishini tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, mustaqillikdan ke¬yingi yillar davomida aholi soni o‘sdi va 2009- yilda 28 mln dan oshdi. O‘zbekistonda 120 dan ortiq millat va elatlarning vakillari yashaydi. Aholi sonida o‘zbeklarning salmog‘i yildan yilga o‘sib bormoqda. Aholi tarkibida o‘zbeklarning salmog‘i 1989-¬ yilda 71,4 foizni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2005- yilda 80- foizga yetdi. O‘zbekistonning haqiqiy boyligi uning mehnatsevar, saxiy va mehmondo‘st xalqidir. O‘zbekistonni yoshlar mamlakati deyish mumkin, negaki 30 yoshgacha bo‘lgan yoshlar Respublika umumiy aholisining 64 foizini tashkil etadi. O‘zbekiston qudratli mehnat salohiyatiga ega. Uning mehnat zaxiralari butun aholining deyarli 50 foizini tashkil etadi va mehnatga yaroqli aholi soni har yili o‘rtacha 210—220 ming kishiga ko‘payib bormoqda. Respublika aholisining savodxonlik darajasi 99,06 foizni tashkil etadi. 15 va undan katta yoshdagi har ming kishiga hisoblaganda, oliy va to‘liqsiz oliy ma’lumotlilar soni 143 kishini, o‘rta maxsus ma’lumotlilar soni 200 kishini tashkil etadi. Bilim darajasi jihatidan respublikamiz haqli ravishda o‘qimishli mamlakatlar qatoridan o‘rin oladi. O‘zbekistonning iqlim sharoiti qu¬lay, uning zaminida ulkan yo¬qilg‘i, ener¬¬¬getika, mineral xom-ashyo, stra¬tegik va qurilish mate¬ri¬allari zaxiralari mavjud. O‘zbekiston hududida g‘oyat muhim strategik manbalar — neft va gaz kondensati, tabiiy gaz bo‘yicha 155 ta kon, qimmatbaho metallar bo‘yicha 40 dan ortiq, rangli, nodir va radioaktiv metallar bo‘yicha 40 ta, konchilik-kimyo xomashyosi bo‘yicha 15 ta kon qidirib topilgan. Gaz zaxiralari 2 trln kubometrga yaqin, ko‘mir — 2 mlrd tonnadan ortiq. Eng yirik gaz va neft konlari Ustyurt, Buxoro-Xiva, Janubi-G‘arbiy Hisor, Surxondaryo, Farg‘ona mintaqalarida joylashgan. Farg‘ona, Oltiariq va Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodla¬rida xilma-xil neft va gaz mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Ko‘mir Angren, Sharg‘un va Boysun konlarida qazib chiqa¬rilmoqda. Mamlakatimiz katta gidroenergiya salohiyatiga ega. Chorvoq, G‘azalkent, Farhod GESlari, jami 28 gidroelektroenergetik stansiyalari ishlamoqda. Shuningdek, Sirdaryo, Navoiy, An¬gren va boshqa issiqlik elektrostansiyalari mavjud. O‘zbekistonda dunyoda juda katta oltin, kumush, mis, qo‘rg‘oshin, rux, volfram va boshqa qimmatbaho hamda yer bag‘rida kam uchraydigan metall zaxiralariga boy konlar topilgan va ulardan foydalanilmoqda. Oltinning asosiy zaxiralari, konlari Markaziy Qizilqumda joylashgan. Muruntov oltin koni dunyodagi eng yirik konlar jumlasiga kiradi. O‘zbekistonda 40 dan ortiq oltin konlari topilgan bo‘lib, ulardagi zaxiralar bo‘yi¬cha respublikamiz dunyoda to‘rtinchi o‘rinda turadi. O‘zbekistonda kumush qazib olinayotgan ko‘plab kumush konlari mavjud. Shulardan eng yirigi Namangan viloyatidagi Oqtepa kumush konidir. Shuningdek, rangli metallar — mis, qo‘r¬g‘oshin, rux, volfram, molibden, kadmiy, reniy, nikel va bosh¬qalar qazib olinadi. Rangli metallar zaxiralari Olmaliq ruda konlarida ko‘proq jamlangan. Olmaliq kon-metallurgiya kombinati O‘zbekistondagi eng yirik inshootlardan bo‘lib, unda Qalmoqqir va boshqa konlardan qazib olinayotgan rangli metallar qayta ishlanadi. Qo‘rg‘oshin-rux, asosan, Jizzax viloyatining Uchquloch va Sur¬xondaryo viloyatining Xondiza konlarida qazib olinadi. Respublikada 20 ta marmar,15 ta granit va gabbro koni topilgan. Ulardan eng yiriklari G‘ozg‘on, Nurota, Forish va Zar¬band konlaridir. Xalq xo‘jaligida oq rangdan to qora ranggacha xilma-xil bezakbop toshlardan keng foydalanilmoqda. O‘zbekiston fosforitlarga boy bo‘lib, fosfat o‘g‘itlar — ammo¬fos va ammoniylashtirilgan superfosfat ishlab chiqara¬digan yirik korxonalar ishlab turibdi. Shulardan eng kattasi Qizilqum fosfarit kombinatidir. Shuningdek, katta miqdordagi zaxiralarga ega kaliy tuzi, tosh tuzi konlari mavjud bo‘lib, ulardan kaliyli o‘g‘itlar, kalsiy va kaustik sodalar ishlab chiqaril¬moqda. Qo‘ng‘irot soda zavodi eng yirik korxonalardan biri hisoblanadi. Respublika kimyo korxonalarida g‘oyat qimmatli yarim tay¬yor mahsulot — kaprolaktam ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yilgan. Kaprolaktamni qayta ishlash natijasida kapron tolalari va iplari, ulardan gazlama, gilam, noto‘qima materiallar va boshqa xalq iste’moli mollari tayyorlanmoqda. Xulosa qilib aytganda, O‘zbekiston o‘z yer osti boyliklari bilan haqli ravishda faxrlanadi — bu yerda mashhur Mendeleyev davriy sistemasining deyarli barcha elementlari topilgan. Hozirga qadar 2700 dan ziyod turli foydali qazilma konlari va ma’dan mavjud bo‘lgan joylar aniqlangan. Umumiy mineral xomashyo potensiali 3,3 trln AQSH dollaridan ortiqroq baholangan. O‘zbekiston tuprog‘i unumdor, sug‘orma-dehqonchilik rivojlangan. O‘zbekistonning yer fondi 44,74 mln gektarni tashkil etadi, shulardan 32 mln gektari qishloq xo‘jaligi ishlab chiqarishida foydalaniladi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi yerlarining katta qismi (83,5 foizi) o‘tloq va yaylovlardan iborat. Sug‘oriladigan yerlar¬ning umumiy maydoni 4,3 mln gektar bo‘lib, ular, asosan, Farg‘ona va Zarafshon vodiylari, Qashqadaryo, Surxondaryo va Xorazm vohalari, Mirzacho‘l massivida joylashgan. O‘zbekistonda tashqi bozorda talab katta bo‘lgan mahsulot — paxta tolasi yetishtiriladi. Buxoro, Andijon va Farg‘ona to‘qi¬machilik kombinatlari, 30 dan ortiq ip yigiruv-to‘quv fabrikalari, ko‘plab paxtani qayta ishlash va yog‘ zavodlari ishla¬moqda. Respublika paxta tolasi ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha dunyoda to‘rtinchi va uni eksport qilish bo‘yicha ikkinchi o‘rinda turadi. O‘zbekiston meva-sabzavot, uzum, qorako‘l teri, jun yetish¬tirish bo‘yicha dunyodagi yetakchi mamlakatlar qatoridan o‘rin egallaydi. Har yili 16,5 mln dekalitr hajmida 30 dan ortiq xildagi vino, shampan, konyak ishlab chiqariladi. O‘zbekiston vinolari xalqaro yarmarka, tanlov va ko‘rgazmalarda 92 ta medal bilan taqdirlangan. Muxtasar qilib aytganda, O‘zbekistonning noyob mineral-xomashyo va qishloq xo‘jaligi resurslari xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlik qilish, respublika iqtisodini rivojlan-tirishning muhim omili bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tarkibiga qanday respublika va viloyatlar kiradi? Darslikdagi xaritadan ko‘rsatib bering. 2. O‘zingiz yashayotgan viloyatda qanday shahar va tumanlar joylashgan? 3. O‘zbekistonda qancha aholi yashaydi, aholining milliy, etnik tarkibini bilasizmi? 4. Nima uchun O‘zbekistonni yoshlar mamlakati deb atash mumkin? 5. O‘zbekistonning qaysi mintaqalari neft, gaz, ko‘mir zaxiralariga boy? 6. O‘zbekistonda nodir va rangli metallarning qaysi turlari bor, ular¬ning nomlarini ayting. 7. Siz yashayotgan hududda qanday konlar va ular bilan bog‘liq kor¬xonalar mavjud? 4- §. Islom Karimov — O‘zbekiston Respublikasining birinchi Prezidenti O‘zbekistonda davlat boshqaruvining yangi, demokratik tizi¬mini shakllantirishga kirishildi. Demokratik huquqiy davlat barpo etish yo‘lini tanlagan O‘zbekiston uchun tabiiy ravishda davlat boshlig‘i — Prezidentning umumxalq tomonidan saylanishini ta’minlash zarur edi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Ken¬¬¬ga¬shining 1991- yil 18- noyabrda bo‘l¬gan VIII sessiyasida „O‘z-bekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi to‘g‘¬risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga 35 yoshdan kichik bo‘lmagan, davlat tilini yaxshi biladigan, bevosita saylovgacha kamida 10 yil O‘zbekiston hududida muqim yashayotgan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarosi saylanishi mumkin. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti 7 yil muddatga saylanadi, ayni bir shaxs surunkasiga ikki muddatdan ortiq O‘zbekiston Prezidenti bo‘lishi mumkin emas. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi to‘g‘risidagi qonundan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining 1991- yil 18- noyabrda bo‘lgan VIII sessiyasida „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovini tayinlash to‘g‘risida“ Qaror qabul qilindi va O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi 1991- yil 29- de¬¬-kabr, yakshanba kuniga belgilandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovini o‘tkazishga tayyorgarlik ko‘rish va uni o‘tkazish O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalq deputatlari saylovini o‘tkazuvchi Markaziy saylov komis¬siyasining zimmasiga yuklandi. Saylovga puxta tayyorgarlik ko‘rildi. 13 ta okrug va qariyb 7 mingta uchastka saylov komis¬siyalari tuzildi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti saylovi respublikada bi¬rinchi bor o‘tayotganligi inobatga olinib, bu tadbirni uyush¬qoqlik bilan o‘tkazish maqsadida saylov komissiyalari tarkibiga Xalq demokratik partiyasidan, O‘zbekiston kasaba uyushmalari Fede¬ratsi¬yasidan, yozuvchilar uyushmasi va boshqa jamoat tashkilotlaridan ko‘pgina vakillar kiritildi. Markaziy saylov komissiyasi 1991- yil 22- noyabrda O‘zbekiston Prezidentligiga O‘zbekiston xalq demokratik partiyasi va kasaba uyushmalari Federatsiyasidan ko‘rsatilgan Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov hamda „Erk“ demokratik partiyasidan ko‘rsatilgan Salay Madaminov nomzodlarini ro‘yxatga oldi va yashirin ovoz berish byulleteniga kiritdi. Markaziy saylov komissiyasi saylovga doir barcha hujjatlarni, 11 mln nusxadagi Prezident sayloviga doir byulletenlarni markazlashtirilgan tartibda tayyorladi hamda okrug va uchastka saylov komissiyalari ular bilan o‘z vaqtida ta’minlandi. Prezidentlikka nomzodlar uchun saylovoldi kompaniyasida, ularning saylovchilar bilan uchrashuvlarida va o‘z dasturlarini ommaviy axborot vositalarida e’lon qilishlariga keng sharoit yaratildi. Saylovchilarning ro‘yxatlarini tuzish, binolarni ovoz berish uchun jihozlash ishlari amalga oshirildi. Prezident saylovi jarayonida Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi tashkilotini ta’sis etgan mustaqil mamla¬katlardan, Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari, Тur¬kiya, Malayziya va boshqa dav¬latlardan, xalqaro tashkilotlardan kelgan kuzatuvchilar qat¬nashdi. Ular O‘zbekiston Prezidenti saylovi puxta tashkil etilganligini tasdiqladilar. 1991- yil 29- dekabrda demokratik me’yor va tartiblarga mos ravishda, umumiy, teng, to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri saylash huquqi aso¬sida tarixda birinchi marta O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentiga muqobillik asosida umumxalq saylovi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Saylovda 9 mln 900 ming 958 kishi yoki ovoz berish huquqiga ega bo‘lgan fuqarolarning 94,2 foizi ishtirok etdi. Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov nomzodi uchun 8 mln 514 ming 136 saylovchi yoki saylovda qatnashganlarning 86 foizi ovoz berdi. 1991- yil 30- dekabr kuni Markaziy saylov komissiyasi okrug komissiyalari majlis bayonlarini ko‘rib chiqib, O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi to‘g‘risidagi qonun¬ning 35- moddasiga asosan Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimovni O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga saylangan deb hisoblashga qaror qildi. 1992- yil 4- yanvarda bo‘lib o‘tgan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining navbatdan tashqari IX sessiyasida O‘zbe¬kiston Prezidenti saylovi yakunlari haqidagi masala ko‘rib chi¬qildi va mazkur masala bo‘yicha Markaziy saylov komissiyasi¬ning qarori tasdiqlandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi to‘g‘risidagi qonunning 38- moddasiga muvofiq Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov 1991- yil 31- dekabrdan boshlab O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga kirishgan deb hisoblansin. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining qaroridan. 1992- yil 4- yanvar Oliy Majlisning mazkur sessiyasida Islom Karimov so‘zga chiqib, o‘ziga bildirilgan ishonch uchun butun respublika xalqiga samimiy minnatdorchilik bildirdi va qasamyod qildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining qasamyodi: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimini bajarishga kirishar ekanman, respublikamiz xalqlariga sadoqat bilan xizmat qilishga, fuqarolarning huquq va erkinliklariga kafolat berishga, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasiga qat’iy rioya etishga, zimmamga yuklangan yuksak vazifalarni vijdonan bajarishga qasamyod qilaman. 1992- yil 4- yanvar Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov O‘zbekiston Respublikasining umumxalq saylagan birinchi Prezidenti bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi birinchi Prezidenti I. A. Karimovning tarjimayi holi. Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov — 1938- yil 30- yanvarda Samarqand shahrida xizmatchi oilasida tug‘ilgan. Millati — o‘zbek. Oliy ma’lumotli, O‘rta Osiyo politexnika va Тoshkent xalq xo‘jaligi institutlarini tugatgan. Muhandis-mexa-nik va iqtisodchi mutaxassisliklariga ega. Mehnat faoliyatini 1960- yilda Тoshkent qishloq xo‘jaligi mashinasozligi zavodida boshlagan. 1961- yildan 1966- yilgacha V.P. Chkalov nomidagi Тoshkent Aviatsiya ishlab chiqarish birlashmasida muhandis, yetakchi muhandis-konstruktor bo‘lib ishladi. 1966- yilda O‘zbekiston SSR davlat reja komitetiga ishga o‘tib, bosh mutaxassislikdan Respublika davlat reja komiteti raisining birinchi o‘rinbosarigacha bo‘lgan yo‘lni bosib o‘tdi. 1983- yilda I. Karimov O‘zbekiston SSR Moliya vaziri, 1986-yilda O‘zbekiston SSR Ministrlar Soveti Raisining o‘rinbosari, Respublika davlat reja komitetining raisi etib tayinlanadi. 1986—1989-yillar mobaynida Qashqadaryo viloyati partiya komitetining birinchi kotibi, 1989- yilning iyunidan boshlab O‘zbekiston Kompartiyasi Markaziy Komitetining birinchi kotibi lavozimlarida ishladi. 1990- yil 24- mart kuni O‘zbekiston SSR Oliy Kengashining sessiyasida I. Karimov O‘zbekiston SSR Prezidenti etib saylandi. 1991- yil 31- avgust kuni I. Karimov tarixiy voqea — O‘zbe-kiston Respublikasining davlat mustaqilligini e’lon qildi. 1991- yil 29- dekabridan muqobillik asosida o‘tkazilgan umumxalq saylovida I. Karimov O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Pre-zidenti etib saylandi. 1995- yil 26- martida bo‘lib o‘tgan umumxalq referendumi yakunlariga ko‘ra I. Karimovning Prezidentlik vakolati 2000- yilga qadar uzaytirildi. 2000- yil 9- yanvarda bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovda I.A.Karimov O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga saylandi. 2002- yil 27- yanvarda bo‘lib o‘tgan referendumda uning prezidentlik vakolati 5 yildan 7 yilga uzaytirildi. 2007- yil 23- dekabrda bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovda I.A. Karimov O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti etib saylandi. I.A. Karimov O‘zbekiston Fanlar akademiyasining akademigi (1994- yil), o‘ndan ortiq xorijiy mamlakatlar universitet va akademiya¬larining faxriy fan doktori, professor va akademikligiga say¬langan. I. Karimov „O‘zbekiston Qahramoni“ unvoni va „Oltin Yulduz“ medali sohibi (1994), „ Mustaqillik“ (1996), „ Amir Тemur“ (1998) ordenlari bilan mukofotlangan. I. Karimov xalqaro hamkorlikni rivojlantirish, tinchlikni mustahkamlash, ma’naviyatni tiklash, sportni rivojlantirish sohasidagi xizmatlari uchun bir qator xalqaro tashkilotlar va nufuzli xorijiy davlatlarning orden va medallari bilan mukofotlangan. U oilali, ikki nafar farzandi, uch nabirasi bor. Rafiqasi Т.A. Karimova — iqtisodchi ilmiy xodim. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Kons¬titutsiyasining 19- bobida O‘z¬be¬¬kiston Prezidentining Konsti¬tut¬siya-viy maqomi aniq belgilab qo‘¬yilgan. Konstitutsiyaning 89- moddasida O‘zbekiston Res-publikasining Prezidenti davlat boshlig‘idir va davlat hokimiyati organlarining kelishilgan holda faoliyat yuritishini hamda hamkorligini ta‘minlaydi, deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. Pre¬zidentning shaxsi daxlsizdir va qonun bilan muhofaza etiladi. Konstitutsiyaning 93- moddasida O‘zbekiston Prezidentining vazifalari, uning vakolatiga kiradigan masalalar doirasi belgilab berilgan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Prezidenti: • fuqarolarning huquqlari va erkinliklariga, O‘zbekiston Res¬¬- publikasining Konstitutsiyasi va qonunlariga rioya etilishi¬ning kafilidir; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasining suvereniteti, xavfsizligi va hu¬dudiy yaxlitligini muhofaza etish, milliy davlat tuzilishi masalalariga doir qarorlarni amalga oshirish yuzasidan zarur chora-tadbirlar ko‘radi; • mamlakat ichkarisida va xalqaro munosabatlarda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi nomidan ish ko‘radi; • muzokaralar olib boradi hamda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining shartnoma va bitimlarini imzolaydi, respublika tomonidan tuzilgan shartnomalarga, bitimlarga va uning majburiyatlariga rioya etilishini ta’minlaydi; • o‘z huzurida akkreditatsiyadan o‘tgan diplomatik hamda boshqa vakillarning ishonch va chaqiruv yorliqlarini qabul qiladi; • respublika Oliy Majlisiga har yili mamlakat ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hayotining, ichki va tashqi siyosatining eng muhim masalalari yuzasidan ma’ruzalar taqdim etadi; • viloyatlar hokimlarini va Тoshkent shahar hokimini qonunga muvofiq tayinlaydi hamda lavozimidan ozod etadi; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasining qonunlarini imzolaydi va e’lon qiladi, qonunga o‘z e’tirozlarini ilova etib, uni takroran mu¬¬ho¬¬kama qi¬lish va ovozga qo‘yish uchun Oliy Majlisga qayta¬rishga haqli; • Respublika Qurolli Kuchlarining Oliy Bosh Qo‘mondoni hisob¬lanadi, Qurolli Kuchlarning oliy qo‘mondonlarini tayinlaydi va vazifasidan ozod qiladi, oliy harbiy unvonlar beradi; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasining ordenlari, medallari va yorlig‘i bilan mukofotlaydi, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining malakaviy va faxriy unvonlarini beradi; • O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Konstitutsiya va qonunlarga asoslanib hamda ularni ijro etish yuzasidan respublikaning butun hududida majburiy kuchga ega bo‘lgan farmonlar, qarorlar va farmoyishlar chiqaradi. Vakolati tugashi munosabati bilan iste’foga chiqqan Prezident umrbod Senat a’zosi lavozimini egallaydi. 1995- yil 26- martda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi qaroriga muvofiq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining vakolat muddatini 1997- yildan 2000- yilgacha uzaytirish masalasi bo‘yicha umumxalq referendumi bo‘lib o‘tdi. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining vakolat muddatini 1997- yildan 2000- yilgacha uzaytirishga siz rozimisiz?“ degan savolga 11 mln 199 ming 415 kishi, yoki ovoz berishda qatnashganlarning 99,6 foizi ijobiy javob berdi. Referendum natijalari Markaziy saylov komissiyasi qarori hamda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining tegishli qarori bilan mustahkamlandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining 1999- yil 19—20- avgust kunlari bo‘lib o‘tgan XV sessiyasi 2000- yil 9- yan-varda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovini o‘tkazishga qaror qildi. Markaziy saylov komissiyasi O‘zbekiston „Fido¬korlar“ milliy demokratik partiya¬si nomzodi Islom Abdu¬g‘aniyevich Karimovni hamda O‘zbekiston xalq demo¬kratikpartiyasidan ko‘rsatilgan Abdulhafiz Jalolovni Prezi¬dentlikka nomzod etib ro‘yxatga oldi, yashirin ovoz berish byulleteniga kiritdi. 2000- yil 9- yanvarda muqobillik va demokratik tamoyillar asosida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Saylovda ro‘yxatga olingan saylovchilarning 95,10 foizi, 12 mln 123 ming 199 saylovchi qatnashdi. Saylovda qatnashganlarning 91,90 foizi Islom Karimov uchun, 4,17 foizi A. Jalolov uchun ovoz berdi. 3,93 foiz byulleten haqiqiy emas deb topildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy saylov komissiyasi Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimovning O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga saylanganligi to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. I. A. Karimovning O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti etib saylanishi, uning mustaqillik yillarida yuritgan ichki va tashqi siyosatining umumxalq tomonidan ma’qullanishi va qo‘llab-quvvatlanishi, mamlakat barcha aholisining unga bo‘lgan to‘la ishonchidan guvohlik beradi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining vakolat muddati 2007- yil dekabrda tugashi munosabati bilan O‘zR Prezidenti lavozimiga saylov o‘tkazishga puxta tayyorgarlik ko‘rildi. Mar¬kaziy saylov komissiyasi O‘zbekiston Xalq demokratik partiya¬sidan ko‘rsatilgan A. A. Rustamovni, O‘zbekiston „Adolat“ sot¬sial-demokratik partiyasidan ko‘rsatilgan D.G. Toshmu¬hamedovani, saylovchilar tashabbuskor guruhidan ko‘rsatilgan A. X. Saidovni, O‘zbekiston liberal-demokratik partiyasidan ko‘rsatilgan I. A. Karimovni Prezidentlikka nomzod etib ro‘yxatga oldi va yashirin ovoz berish byulleteniga kiritdi. 2007-yil 23- dekabrda oshkoralik va ochiqlik, muqobillik va sog‘lom raqobat asosida bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovda ro‘yxatga olingan 16.297 000 nafar saylovchidan 90,6 foizi ovoz berishda qatnashdi. Saylovda ishtirok etganlarning 88,1 foizi Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov nomzodini yoqlab ovoz berdi. 2007-yil 28- dekabrda bo‘lib o‘tgan Markaziy saylov komis¬siyasining majlisi I. A. Karimovni O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga saylandi, deb hisoblashga qaror qildi. Respublika fuqarolari O‘zbekistonning davlat mustaqilligiga erishuvini, iqtisodiy mustaqilligini, mamlakat xavfsizligining mustahkamlanishi va jahon hamjamiyatida uning obro‘-e’ti¬borining ortib borishini haqli ravishda I. A. Karimov faoliyati bi¬lan bog‘laydilar. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti saylovi qanday qonun asosida tashkil etiladi? 2. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentligiga kimlar saylanishi mum¬kin? 3. Prezident saylovi kunini qaysi hokimiyat organi tayinlaydi? 4. Saylov okrugi va uchastkalari deganda nimalarni tushunasiz? 5. Saylov byulleteni nima? 6. O‘zbekiston Prezidentligiga birinchi umumxalq saylovi qachon bo‘ldi? Natijalarini bilasizmi? 7. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining birinchi Prezidenti Islom Karimov¬ning tarjimayi holini so‘zlab bering. 8. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining Konstitutsiyaviy maqomini bilasizmi? 9. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining vakolat muddatini uzaytirish to‘g‘¬risi¬dagi referendum qachon bo‘lib o‘tdi? 10. 2000- yil 9- yanvarda, 2007- yil dekabrda bo‘lib o‘tgan O‘zbekiston Prezidentligiga saylovlar natijalarini bilasizmi? II BOB Siyosiy islohotlar. Milliy davlat hokimiyat organlarining barpo etilishi - §. O‘zbekistonning o‘z taraqqiyot yo‘li Mustaqillikning qo‘lga kiritilishi bilan Vatanimiz hayotida tarixiy burilish sodir bo‘ldi. Endi O‘zbekiston oldida boshqa davlatning qosh-qovog‘iga qaramasdan ijtimoiy-siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ma’naviy-ma’rifiy taraqqiyot masalalarini milliy manfaatlarga mos ravishda mustaqil hal qilish, jamiyatni yangilash, demokratik davlat qurish yo‘llarini ishlab chiqish kabi dolzarb va mas’uliyatli vazifalar turardi. Mustaqillikning dastlabki kunlaridayoq O‘zbekiston qanday taraqqiyot yo‘lidan boradi, qanday jamiyat, qanday davlat quradi, uning qiyofasi qanday bo‘ladi, degan savollar ko‘n¬dalang turardi. Ma’lumki, 90-yillar boshlarida mustaqillikka erishgan ayrim davlatlarda eski tuzumni rad etib, uni buzib, demokratik jamiyat va bozor munosabatlari dasturini e’lon qilib, birdaniga de¬mokra¬tik davlat quramiz, birpasda rivojlangan mamlakatlar darajasiga erishamiz, deb jar solgan edilar. O‘sha paytdayoq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti bunday shov-shuvlarga xomxayol, quruq gap deb baho bergan edi, amalda ham shunday bo‘lib chiqdi. Islom Karimov mustaqillikning dastlabki yillaridayoq eski tuzum o‘z o‘rnini osonlikcha bermasligini, uning zaharli maf¬kurasi odamlar ongini tez va yengil o‘z iskanjasidan chiqarmasligini ta’kidlagan edi. Eng muhimi, yangi ijtimoiy munosabatlarning zarur asosini, zaminini, poydevorini qurib olish uchun ma’lum vaqt, jamiyatni isloh qilish va yangilash jarayonini bosh¬qaradigan va ta’minlaydigan, yangicha fikrlaydigan odamlarni tayyorlash, tarbiyalash kerak edi. „Farovon turmushga erishishning ham albatta o‘z tosh-tarozisi bor. Boshqacha aytganda, odamzod bir narsaga erishmoq uchun ma’lum vaqt huzur-halovatdan voz kechishiga ham to‘g‘ri keladi“. Islom Karimov. Asarlar, 7- jild, 375- bet. Jahon tajribasi shuni ko‘rsatadiki, dunyodagi hamma mamlakatlar uchun maqbul bo‘lgan bir xil taraqqiyot yo‘li, bir xil andaza bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Mustaqillikka erishgan har bir mamlakat o‘ziga xos taraqqiyot yo‘lini izlaydi, yangi jamiyat barpo etishda o‘z andazasini ishlab chiqishga intiladi. O‘zbekiston oldida ham nazariy-ilmiy va amaliy jihatdan puxta asoslangan o‘ziga xos yo‘lni ishlab chiqish zarur edi. Vatan, millat taqdiri hal bo‘la¬yotgan mustaqillikning dastlabki murakkab, mas’uliyatli pallasida Prezident Islom Karimov o‘zi¬ning hayotiy tajribasi, boshidan kechirgan achchiq-chuchuk voqe-alardan olgan saboq¬lari va har bir voqeaga ilmiy asosda yondashish, kelajakni ko‘ra bilish qobiliyatiga tayanib O‘zbe¬kis¬tonning o‘ziga xos taraqqiyot yo‘lini ishlab chiqishga bosh-qosh bo‘ldi. Islom Karimov o‘n ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining navbatdan tashqari to‘qqizinchi sessiyasida (1992- yil 4- yanvarda) so‘zlagan dasturiy nutqida hamda 1992- yil avgust oyida nashr etilgan „O‘zbekistonning o‘z istiqlol va taraqqiyot yo‘li“ asarida O‘zbekistonning taraqqiyot yo‘lini har tomonlama puxta asoslab berdi. O‘z yo‘limiz qanday shart-sharoit va zaminlarga tayanadi? O‘zbekiston yo‘li, birinchidan, bozor iqtisodiyoti asosida taraqqiy topgan davlatlarning tajribasiga tayangan holda ishlab chiqildi. Bu biron-bir taraqqiyot yo‘lini ko‘r-ko‘rona ko‘chirib olishni emas, balki boshqa davlatlar taraqqiyoti jarayonida to‘plangan va bizning mamlakatimiz sharoitiga tatbiq qilsa bo‘ladigan barcha ijobiy va maqbul tajribalardan foydalanish, degan ma’noni bildiradi. Ikkinchidan, soxta inqilobiy sakrashlarsiz, ijtimoiy larza¬larsiz, evolutsion yo‘l bilan madaniyatli taraqqiyotga o‘tish — tanlab olingan yo‘lning asosiy mazmuni va mohiyatidir. Uchinchidan, O‘zbekiston yo‘li o‘zbek xalqining milliy xusu¬siyatlari, davlatchilik tajribasi, ma’naviy qadriyatlari, Sharq madaniyatiga mansublik, ijtimoiy hamkorlik, vatanpar¬varlik, millatlararo totuvlik kabi fazilatlarga mos ravishda bel¬gilandi. Тo‘rtinchidan, o‘z yo‘limizni belgilashda Islom dini, uning jamiyat ma’naviy hayotidagi o‘rni, musulmon davlatlari bilan o‘zaro aloqalarni kengaytirishdagi ahamiyati hisobga olindi. Beshinchidan, yangi yo‘lni tanlashda O‘zbekistonning geostrategik mavqeyi, mustaqillikka erishgan paytdagi iqtisodiy imkoniyatlari, shart-sharoitlari, tabiiy resurslari asos qilib olindi. Oltinchidan, respublikadagi o‘ziga xos demografik vaziyat, aholi va mehnat resurslarining tez o‘sib borishi ham inobatga olindi. Yettinchidan, odamlarning ijtimoiy ongi, dunyoqarashi ham e’tiborga olindi. Negaki, sovetlar zamonida kishilarda shakllangan yaxshi ishlasa ham, yomon ishlasa ham davlat boqadi, degan boqimandalik, tayyorga ayyorlik, mulkka nisbatan bepi¬sand¬lik ruhiyatini tezlik bilan o‘zgartirib bo‘lmas edi, buni hisobga olish zarur edi, albatta. Milliy istiqlolning dastlabki kunidanoq chinakam Mustaqil O‘zbe¬kistonni barpo etish, har qanday „izm“ lardan xoli xalqchil, adolatli jamiyat qurish bosh maqsad qilib qo‘yildi. Davlatimiz ichki va tashqi siyosatining asosiy yo‘nalishlari ana shu bosh maqsaddan kelib chiqqan holda belgilandi. O‘zbekiston — kelajagi buyuk davlat. Bu — mustaqil, demokratik, huquqiy davlatdir. Bu — insonparvarlik qoidalariga asoslangan, millati, dini, ijtimoiy ahvoli, si¬yosiy e’tiqodlaridan qat’i nazar fuqarolarning huquqlari va erkinliklarini ta’minlab boradigan davlatdir. Xalq davlat hokimiyatining manbayidir. Uning xohish-irodasi davlat siyosatini belgilab beradi. Islom Karimov. O‘zbekistonning o‘z istiqlol va taraqqiyot yo‘li. Т. „O‘zbekiston“, 1992, 15—16- betlar. Kelajagi buyuk O‘zbekiston davlatining siyosati inson va jami¬yatning erkinligini, fuqarolarning farovon turmushini ta’min¬lash¬ga qaratilgan. Yurtboshimiz o‘zining mazkur asarida jamiyatning siyosiy va davlat tuzilishini insonga siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy turmush tarzini o‘zi erkin tanlab olishini kafo¬¬latlaydigan darajada isloh etish, tubdan yangilash vazifa¬larini belgilab berdi. Siyosiy sohada bu quyidagilarni bildiradi: — xalq manfaatlariga mos keladigan haqiqiy demokratiya tamoyillarini qaror toptirishni, xalq ham bevosita, ham o‘z vakillari orqali davlat hokimiyatini amalga oshirishda to‘liq imkoniyatga ega bo‘lishini; — qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyati vakolatlarini ajratish asosida milliy davlatchilikni barpo etishni, jamiyatning siyosiy tizimini, davlat idoralarining tuzilmasini tubdan yangilashni, respublika hokimiyati bilan mahalliy hokimiyatning vakolatlarini aniq belgilab qo‘yish va adolatli qonunchilikni vujudga keltirishni; — barcha fuqarolarning qonun oldidagi huquqiy tengligini va qonunning ustuvorligini, jamiyat manfaatlari va aholi xavf¬sizligini kafolatlaydigan huquqiy davlatni barpo etishni; — O‘zbekistonda tug‘ilgan, uning zaminida yashayotgan va mehnat qilayotgan har bir kishi, milliy mansubligidan va e’tiqodidan qat’i nazar respublikaning teng huquqli fuqarosi bo‘lishga munosibdir, degan insonparvarlik qoidasini ro‘yobga chiqarishni; — ozchilikdan iborat millatlarning manfaatlari va huquq¬larini himoya qilish, ularning madaniyati, tili, milliy urf-odatlari va an’analari saqlanishi hamda rivojlanishini kafolatli ta’minlashni; — bir mafkuraning, bir dunyoqarashning yakka hokimligidan voz kechish, siyosiy tashkilotlar, mafkuralar va fikrlar xilma-xilligini tan olishni; — chinakam demokratiyaning zarur va qonuniy tarkibi sifatida ko‘ppartiyaviylikni amalda shakllantirishni bildiradi. Iqtisodiy sohada: — milliy boylikning ko‘payishini, odamlarning turmush va ish sharoitlarini munosib ta’minlaydigan qudratli, barqaror va jo‘shqin rivojlanib boruvchi iqtisodiyotni barpo etishni; — ijtimoiy jihatdan yo‘naltirilgan bozor iqtisodiyotini bosqichma-bosqich shakllantirishni, tashabbuskorlik va ishbilarmonlikni rivojlantirishni; — mulk egalari huquqlarining davlat yo‘li bilan himoya qilinishini ta’minlash va barcha mulkchilik shakllarining huquqiy tengligini qaror toptirishni; — iqtisodiyotni o‘ta markazlashtirmaslik hamda yakka hokimlikka barham berish, korxonalar va tashkilotlarning mustaqilligini kengaytirish, davlatning xo‘jalik faoliyatiga bevosita ara¬lashuvidan voz kechishni; — mehnat qilish, dam olish, ta’tilga chiqish, ishsiz bo‘lib qolgan taqdirda ijtimoiy muhofazaga bo‘lgan Konstitutsiyaviy huquqni ro‘yobga chiqarishni; — tabiiy resurslardan ayovsiz foydalanishga, atrof-muhitga, ekologik vaziyatga ziyon yetkazishga yo‘l qo‘ymaslikni bildiradi. Ijtimoiy va ma’naviy sohada: — umuminsoniy qadriyatlarga, insonparvarlik g‘oyalariga sodiqlikni, inson, uning hayoti va shaxsiy daxlsizligi, erkinligi, qadr-qimmati, yashash joyini tanlash huquqini, inson huquq¬lariga doir xalqaro me’yorlarni qaror toptirishni; — ma’naviyat va axloqiylikni qayta tiklash, fuqarolarning vatanparvarlik his-tuyg‘ularini rivojlantirish, tarixiy yodgorlik¬lar¬ni saqlash va ta’mirlashni; — o‘zbek tilini rivojlantirishni, bu tilning davlat maqomini to‘liq ro‘yobga chiqarishni; — hurfikrlilikni, vijdon va din erkinligi qoidalarini qaror toptirishni; — ijtimoiy adolat qoidalarini ro‘yobga chiqarish, aholining eng nochor qatlamlari — keksalar, nogironlar, yetim-yesirlar, ko‘p bolali oilalar, o‘quvchi-yoshlarning davlat tomonidan iqtisodiy muhofazaga bo‘lgan kafolatli huquqlarini ta’minlashni; — hamma uchun ma’qul sifatli tibbiy xizmatni ta’minlash, onalik va bolalikni muhofaza qilishni; — yangi demokratik ta’lim konsepsiyasini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirish, umumiy ta’lim olish, kasbni va tegishli maxsus tayyorgarlikni o‘tishni erkin tanlashda barchaga baravar huquq berishni; — ijodning barcha turlarini rivojlantirish, odamlarning iste’¬dod va qobiliyatlarini namoyon etish uchun shart-sharoit yara¬tish, ma’naviy mulkni himoya qilishni bildiradi. Mana shunday siyosiy, davlat va Konstitutsiyaviy tuzumga erishishning kaliti fuqarolarning tinchligi va millatlararo totuv¬likni ta’minlash, qonuniylik va huquq-tartibotni qaror toptirishdir. Huquqiy davlatning quroli ham, himoyasi ham, ko‘zi ham, so‘zi ham qonundir... Qonunni buzishga hech kimning haqqi yo‘q. Islom Karimov. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi sessiyasida 1992- yil 4- yanvarda so‘zlagan nutqidan O‘zbekistonning o‘ziga xos taraqqiyot yo‘li Islom Karimovning keyingi asarlari, ma’ruza va nutqlarida yangi ma’no-mazmun bilan to‘ldirilib, aniqlashtirilib borildi. 1993- yilda nashr etilgan „O‘zbekiston — bozor munosabatlariga o‘tishning o‘ziga xos yo‘li“ nomli asarida Islom Karimov yangi jamiyat qurishning besh tamoyilini asoslab berdi. 1. Iqtisodiyotni mafkuradan xoli etish, iqtisodning siyo¬¬satdan ustunligi, o‘ziga xos ichki qonunlarga muvofiq rivoj¬lanishi. 2. Davlat bosh islohotchi, iqtisodiy o‘zgartirishlarning tashabbuskori. 3. Qonun ustuvorligi, qonun oldida hammaning barobarligi va hammaning qonunga bo‘ysunishi. 4. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tishning barcha bosqichlarida kuchli ijtimoiy siyosat yuritish, aholining muhtoj tabaqalarini ijtimoiy himoyalashning ustuvorligi. 5. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga bosqichma-bosqich va izchil ravishda o‘tish, islohotlarni inqilobiy sakrashlarsiz amalga oshirish. Shunday qilib, O‘zbekistonning o‘ziga xos taraqqiyot yo‘li nazariy va amaliy jihatdan puxta belgilab olindi. Тaraqqiyotning „o‘zbek modeli“ bundan oldin yaratilgan va mavjud bo‘lgan modellarning birontasini takrorlamagan holda o‘z mohiyati va mazmuni jihatidan butunlay yangi taraqqiyot modelidir. Bu yo‘l xalqimiz tomonidan ham, xalqaro maydonda ham taraqqiyot¬ning „o‘zbek modeli“ deb qabul qilindi. Тanlangan yo‘l yengil-yelpi yumush emas edi, u xalqimizdan matonatni, mashaqqatli va ulkan bunyodkorlik ishlarini amalga oshirishni talab qilardi. Yangi jamiyat qurish ishlarini bir yo‘la, siltov yo‘li bilan bajarib bo‘lmasligi davlat rahbarlaridan boshlab oddiy fuqarolargacha hammaga tushunarli edi. Shosh¬ma-shosharlikka yo‘l qo‘ymasdan, tadrijiy yo‘l bilan keng qamrovli siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ma’naviy-ma’rifiy islohotlar o‘tka¬zish lozim edi. O‘zbekistonga xos taraqqiyot yo‘lining nazariy, ilmiy, amaliy jihatdan puxta ishlab chiqilishi bizning eng katta yutug‘imizdir. Тanlangan yo‘lning to‘g‘riligini xalqimiz, dunyodagi nufuzli davlat arboblari, siyosatchilar, iqtisodchi olimlar e’tirof etdilar. Yurtboshimiz I. A. Karimov ana shunday keng qamrovli islohotlarning ijodkori bo‘ldi, ularni hayotga tatbiq etishga bosh-qosh bo‘ldi. Mustaqillik nuriga to‘lgan O‘zbekistonning o‘tgan 20 yili davomida siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ma’naviy-ma’rifiy islohotlar, yangilanish yo‘lidan borib, o‘zimiz tasavvur etishimiz ham qiyin bo‘lgan ulkan zafarlarga erishildi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Vatanimiz hayotida tarixiy burilish sodir bo‘ldi, deganda nimani tush¬unasiz? 2. Nima sababdan O‘zbekiston oldida yangi yo‘l tanlash zarur bo‘lib qoldi? 3. Prezident Islom Karimovning „O‘zbekistonning o‘z istiqlol va taraqqiyot yo‘li“ nomli asarini o‘qing va mazmunini qisqa qilib daftarin¬gizga yozib qo‘ying. 4. O‘zbekistonning o‘ziga xos taraqqiyot yo‘lini ishlab chiqishda nimalar asos qilib olindi? 5. O‘zbekiston — kelajagi buyuk davlat, deganda nimani tushunasiz? 6. Siyosiy sohada qanday vazifalar ilgari surildi? 7. Iqtisodiy sohada-chi? 8. Ijtimoiy va ma’naviy sohadagi vazifalarni bilasizmi? 9. Тaraqqiyotning „o‘zbek modeli“ mavzusida insho yozib ko‘ring. 10. Besh tamoyil nima? 6- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi parlamenti — Oliy Majlisning tashkil etilishi va qonunchilik faoliyati Mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonning siyosiy mustaqilligini mustahkamlashga, demokratik huquqiy davlat va erkin fuqarolik jamiyati qurishga yo‘naltirilgan chuqur siyosiy islohotlar o‘t-kazildi. Siyosiy hayotni tubdan o‘zgartirish ishlarining ko‘la¬mini anglash uchun sobiq Ittifoqdan, eski mustabid tuzumdan qanday siyosiy meros qolganini yana bir karra eslash zarur bo‘ladi. O‘zbekiston keyingi 130 yil davomida siyosiy qaramlik, mustamlakachilik zulmini boshidan kechirdi. Xalqimiz o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilash huquqidan mahrum etilgan, o‘z taraqqiyot yo‘lini o‘zi belgilay olmas edi. Milliy davlatchiligimiz inkor etilib, mamlakatimiz, xalqning xohish-irodasiga qarshi o‘laroq, sobiq Ittifoqning ma’muriy-hududiy qismiga aylantirilgan edi. Xalq o‘z yurtboshisini tanlash, saylashdan mahrum edi. Respublika rahbari, hukumat a’zolari, vazirlik va idoralar bosh-liqlari, hatto viloyat rahbarlari ham markaz tomonidan tayinla¬nardi, unga to‘la bo‘ysundirilgan edi. Oddiy ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, ma’naviy masalalar ham markazning ruxsatisiz hal etilmas, mustaqil faoliyat yuritishga uringanlar hibsga olinar, quvg‘in qilinar edi. Sobiq Ittifoq poydevori ma’muriy-buyruqbozlik boshqaruv usuliga qurilgan, o‘ta mafkuralashgan, xalqni yuvosh, itoatkor olomon deb biladigan totalitar tuzum bo‘lib qolgan edi. Mustaqillik xalqimizga o‘z taqdirini o‘z qo‘liga olish, o‘z taraq¬qiyot yo‘lini o‘zi belgilash, milliy davlatchilikni tiklash, demokratik-huquqiy davlat barpo etish, mustaqil ichki va tashqi siyosat yuritish imkoniyatini yaratdi. Mustaqillik davlat boshlig‘ini, hokimiyatning vakillik organlarini xalq tomonidan demokratik yo‘l bilan erkin saylab qo‘yilishini ta’minladi. Mustaqillik yaratgan imkoniyatlar sharofati bilan mamlaka¬timizda inson manfaatlari, tinchligi va farovonligiga xizmat qiluvchi erkin, ochiq ijtimoiy-siyosiy tuzum barpo etishni ta’¬minlovchi chuqur, keng qamrovli siyosiy islohotlar amalga oshirilmoqda. „Qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyati vakolatlarini ajratish asosida milliy davlatchilikni barpo etish, jamiyatning siyosiy tizimini tubdan yaxshilash, respublika hokimiyati bilan mahalliy hokimiyatning vakolatlari va vazifalarini aniq belgilab qo‘yish, adolatli va insonparvar qonunchilikni vujudga keltirish lozim bo‘ladi“ . Islom Karimov. O‘zbekistonning o‘z istiqlol va taraqqiyot yo‘li. 16- bet. O‘zbekistonda oliy davlat vakillik organi — parlamentni shakl¬- lantirishda xalqaro tan olingan huquqiy tamoyillarga va rivojlangan davlatlar tajribasiga tayanildi. „Parlament“ fransuzcha „parler“ — gapirmoq so‘zidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, rasmiy so‘zlashish joyi ma’nosini anglatadi. Parlament davlatning oliy vakillik organi hisoblanadi va qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni amalga oshiradi. Parlament qonun bo‘yicha belgilangan sondagi deputatlardan iborat bo‘lib, hududiy saylov okruglari bo‘yicha ko‘ppartiyaviylik asosida belgilangan yoshga to‘lgan fuqarolardan saylanadi. Parlament tarixi asrlar bilan o‘lchanadi. Parlamentarizm g‘oyasi milodning birinchi ming yillik bo‘sag‘asida Rimda, Ang¬liya, Fransiya, Ispaniyada xalq majlislari shaklida vujudga kelib, davlat hokimiyati darajasiga ko‘tarilgunga qadar yana bir necha taraqqiyot bosqichlaridan o‘tgan. Parlament Angliyada 1215- yilda qabul qilingan „Erkinlikning Buyuk Xartiyasi“ dan boshlanadi va 1265- yilda davlat hokimiyatining vakillik organi sifatida ta’sis etiladi. XVII—XVIII asrlarda boshqa mamlakatlarda ham parlament vujudga keladi. Parlament xorijiy mamlakatlarda turlicha nom bilan yuritiladi. Masalan: AQSH va Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlarida Kongress, Buyuk Britaniyada Parlament, Fin¬¬-la¬ndiya va Polshada Seym, Germaniyada Bundestag, O‘zbekis¬tonda Oliy Majlis va hokazo. O‘zbekiston mustaqilligi e’lon qilingan paytda 1990- yil fev¬ralda saylangan qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat organi — Oliy Kengash faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda edi. O‘zbekiston demokratik islohotlarni bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirish yo‘lidan borib, birdaniga Oliy Kengashni tarqatib yubormadi. U 1990—1994- yillarda qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat organi sifatida faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Mustaqil O‘zbekistonning taraqqiyoti dastlab sobiq Ittifoq tuzumidan meros bo‘lib qolgan qonunlar doirasida boshlandi. Shu boisdan Oliy Kengash O‘zbekistonning mustaqilligini huquqiy jihatdan mustahkamlash, demokratik islohotlarni amalga oshirishga qaratilgan yangi qonunchilik tizimini vujudga keltirish yo‘lidan bordi va uni qadam-baqadam shakllantira boshladi. Oliy Kengash mamlakatimiz tarixida birinchi bor 1990- yil 24- mart kuni O‘zbekiston Prezi¬dentini sayladi, Mustaqillik dekla¬ratsiyasini, O‘zbekistonning davlat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘ri¬sidagi Konstitutsiyaviy qonun¬ni va boshqa muhim hujjatlarni ishlab chiqdi va qabul qildi. 1990—1994- yillarda Oliy Kengash 200 ga yaqin qonun va 500 dan ziyod qaror qabul qildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasida demokratik tamoyillarga asoslangan yangi parlamentni shakllantirishning huquqiy asoslari belgilab berildi. Uning 76- moddasida: „O‘zbe-kiston Respublikasining Oliy Majlisi oliy davlat vakillik organi bo‘lib, qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni amalga oshiradi“, — deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. Konstitutsiyaga muvofiq O‘zbekiston Res-pub¬likasida bir palatali parlament — Oliy Majlisni shakllan¬tirishga kirishildi. 1993- yil 28- dekabrda bo‘lib o‘t¬gan Respublika Oliy Kengashining XIV sessiyasida „O‘z¬be¬kiston Res¬publikasi Oliy Majlisiga saylovlar to‘g‘risida“, 1994- yil 22- sentabrda bo‘lib o‘tgan XVI sessiyada „O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi to‘g‘risida“ Qonunlar qabul qilindi. Ularda qonunchilik sohasida tub islohotlarni amalga oshirish zaruriyati kun tartibiga qo‘yiladi. Negaki, birinchidan, sobiq Ittifoq davridan qolgan bir qator qonun va me’yoriy hujjatlar hamon amalda bo‘lib, ular mazmun va mohiyati jihatidan yangilanayotgan davlat va jamiyat uchun mutlaqo mos kelmas edi, qo‘yilgan maqsadlarni amalga oshirishga monelik qilardi. Ikkinchidan, har qanday mafkuraviy ta’sirdan xoli, xalq¬ning o‘ziga xos tarixiy, axloqiy-ma’naviy qadriyatlariga mos kela¬digan adolatli, demokratik-huquqiy davlat qurish, taraqqi¬yotning bozor iqtisodiyotiga asoslangan yo‘lidan borish va fuqarolik jamiyatini shakllantirishga huquqiy asos bo‘ladigan yangi qonunlar yaratish zarur edi. Bu borada rivojlangan mamla¬katlar qonunchilik tajribasidan foydalanish lozim edi. Oliy Majlis oliy davlat vakillik organi bo‘lib, qonun chiqa¬ruvchi hokimiyatni amalga oshiradi, hududiy saylov okruglari bo‘yicha ko‘ppartiyaviylik asosida besh yil muddatga saylanadigan 250 nafar deputatdan iborat bo‘lishi belgilanadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi va „O‘zbekis¬ton Respublikasining Oliy Majlisi to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunga muvo¬fiq Oliy Majlisning mutlaq vakolatlari jumlasiga: • O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasini qabul qilish, unga o‘zgartirish va qo‘shimchalar kiritish; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasining qonunlarini qabul qilish hamda ularga o‘zgartirish va qo‘shimchalar kiritish; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasi ichki va tashqi siyosatining asosiy yo‘nalishlarini belgilash va davlat strategik dasturlarini qabul qi¬lish; • ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilish masalalarini qonun yo‘li bilan tartibga solish, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining chegaralarini o‘zgartirish; • boj, valuta va kredit ishlarini qonun yo‘li bilan tartibga solish; • davlat budjetini qabul qilish va uning ijrosini nazorat etish, soliqlar va boshqa majburiy to‘lovlarni joriy qilish; • qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyatlari tizi¬mini va vakolatlarini belgilash; • xalqaro shartnomalarni va bitimlarni ratifikatsiya (tasdiqlash) va denonsatsiya (barvaqt to‘xtatish) qilish; • Oliy Majlisga va mahalliy vakillik organlariga saylov tayinlash, Markaziy saylov komissiyasini tuzish; • vakolati tugashi munosabati bilan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylov kunini tayinlash; • Konstitutsiyaviy, Oliy va Oliy xo‘jalik sudlarini saylash; • Vazirlar Mahkamasi a’zolarini, Bosh prokuror va uning o‘rinbosarlarini tayinlash va lavozimidan ozod etish to‘g‘risidagi Prezident farmonlarini tasdiqlash hamda O‘zbekiston Respub-likasi Konstitutsiyasida nazarda tutilgan boshqa vakolatlarni amalga oshirish kiradi. Saylov kunigacha 25 yoshga to‘lgan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining fuqarolari parlamentga saylanish huquqiga egadirlar. Bunda ularning kelib chiqishi, ijtimoiy va moddiy ahvoli, irqiy va milliy mansubligi, jinsi, ma’lumoti, tili, dinga munosabati, faoliyat turi bo‘yicha hech qanday cheklashlarga yo‘l qo‘yil¬maydi. Shu bilan birga, „Oliy Majlisga saylovlar to‘g‘¬risida“gi Qonunda belgilanganidek, sudlangan, saylov tayinlangan kungacha o‘tgan 5 yil mobaynida O‘zbekiston hududida yasha¬magan, harbiy ixtisosli, diniy xizmatchi fuqarolar depu¬tat¬likka nomzodlar ro‘yxatiga olinmaydilar. Hokimiyatni taqsimlash tamoyilini amalda bajarish maqsadlaridan kelib chiqib, shu narsa belgilab qo‘yilganki, hukumat a’zolari, sudyalar, prokuratura organlarining mansabdor shaxs¬¬- lari, vazirlik idoralari rahbarlari va ularning o‘rinbosarlari, ijro etuvchi hokimiyat organlarining mansabdor shaxslari (vilo¬yat, tuman, shahar hokimlari bundan mustasno) Oliy Majlis deputati bo‘la olmaydilar. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Ken¬gashining 1994- yil senta¬brda bo‘lib o‘tgan XVI sessiyasi 1994- yil 25- de¬kabr kuni Oliy Maj¬¬lisga, viloyat, shahar va tuman kengash¬lariga saylovlar o‘tkazishga qaror qildi. 1994- yil 14—15- noyabrda Тoshkentda Oliy Majlisga saylov o‘tkazuvchi okrug saylov komissiyalari raislarining uch kunlik seminari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Seminarda respublikada saylov tizimini isloh qilish, saylovni muvaffaqiyatli o‘tkazish uchun zarur shart-sharoitlar yaratish masalalari muhokama etildi. Seminar-kengashda Birlashgan Millatlar Тashkilotining O‘zbekistondagi vakili Xolid Malik, AQSHning O‘zbekistondagi Favqulodda va muxtor elchisi Genri Li Klark, Rossiya elchisi F.F.Sidorskiy, Тurkiya elchisi Erdugan Aytun va boshqalar ishtirok etib, saylovga taalluqli xalqaro tajribalar haqida o‘z fikr-mulohazalarini bildirdilar. Jumladan, Xolid Malik seminar-kengashni tarixiy sana — saylovlar oldidan O‘zbekistonda demokratik jamiyat barpo qilish yo‘lida oldinga bosilgan qadam bo‘ldi, deb baholadi. Saylovlarni qonun talablari asosida o‘tkazish uchun Respublika bo‘yicha 250 okrug va 7192 uchastka saylov komissiyasi tuzildi. Ular tarkibiga mehnat jamoalarida obro‘-e’tibor va hurmat qozongan, partiyasiz bo‘lgan munosib kishilar kiritildi. Saylovga nomzodlar qo‘yishda ko‘ppartiyaviylik va muqobillik ta’minlandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi deputatligiga „Xalq demokratik partiyasi“ dan, „Vatan taraqqiyoti“ partiyasidan, hokimiyatning vakillik organlaridan, jami 700 nomzod ro‘yxatga olindi. Har bir saylov okrugida ikki-uch nomzod deputatlik uchun kurashdi. Saylovchilar birinchi marta nomzodlarni tanlab olish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldi. Ovoz berishda ro‘yxatga olingan 11 million 248 ming 464 saylovchining 93,6 foizi, ya’ni 10 million 526 ming 654 kishi qatnashdi. 1994- yil 25- dekabr kuni hamma joyda saylovlar qonun talablariga muvofiq umumiy, teng, to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri saylov huquqi asosida yashirin ovoz berish yo‘li bilan o‘tdi. Nomzodlardan birontasi ham yetarli ovoz ololmagan saylov okruglarida 1995- yil 8- va 25- yanvar kunlari takroriy saylovlar bo‘ldi. Saylov okruglari va uchastkalarida jahonning 30 ga yaqin mamlakatlari va xalqaro tashkilotlardan 68 nafar vakil kuzatuv¬chi sifatida qatnashdi. Shuningdek, „Reyter“, „Interfaks“ agentliklari, „Bi-Bi-Si“ radiokompaniyasi, „Ostankino“ telekompaniyasi va boshqa xorijiy matbuot vakillaridan 10 nafar vakil ishtirok etdi. Saylovchilar xalqning munosib farzandlari uchun yakdillik bilan ovoz berdilar. Oliy Majlisga 250 deputat saylandi. Shu ta¬riqa, mamlakatimizda ilk bor yangi parlamentga bo‘lgan saylovlar muvaffaqiyatli yakunlandi. Bu demokratik yo‘l bilan parlamentni shakllantirish¬ning mamlakatimiz tarixidagi dastlabki tajribasi bo‘ldi. 1995- yil 23—24- fevral kun¬lari Birinchi chaqiriq O‘zbe¬kiston Res¬pub¬¬likasi Oliy Maj¬lisining birinchi sessiyasi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Sessiyada O‘z¬be¬kiston Res¬publikasi Oliy Majlisi¬ning Raisi va to‘rt kishidan iborat Rais o‘rin¬bosarlari say¬landi. E. H. Xalilov Oliy Majlis Raisi, B. I. Bugrov, B. A. Sho¬¬¬di¬yeva, A. Q. Qosimov, Qoraqalpo¬g‘iston Respublikasi vakili — Qora¬qalpog‘is¬ton Jo‘qorg‘i Kengesi Raisi U. Ashirbekov Rais o‘rin¬bosar¬lari qilib saylan¬dilar, sessiyada Mandat komis¬siyasi tuzildi. Qonunlarni ishlab chiqishning asosiy yo‘nalishlarini hisobga olgan holda Oliy Majlisning quyidagi 12 ta qo‘mitasi tashkil etildi: • Budjet, bank va moliyaviy masalalar bo‘yicha. • Iqtisodiy islohotlar va ishbilarmonlikni rivojlantirish bo‘¬yicha. • Qonunchilik va sud-huquq masalalari bo‘yicha. • Xalqaro ishlar va parlamentlararo aloqalar bo‘yicha. • Fan, ta’lim, madaniyat va sport bo‘yicha. • Sanoat, energetika, transport, aloqa va aholiga xizmat ko‘rsatish bo‘yicha. • Agrar, suv xo‘jaligi masalalari va oziq-ovqat bo‘yicha. • Mehnat va aholini ijtimoiy muhofaza qilish bo‘yicha. • Atrof-muhit va tabiatni muhofaza qilish masalalari bo‘¬yicha. • Qurilish va uy-joy xo‘jaligi bo‘yicha. • Matbuot va axborot bo‘yicha. • Mudofaa va xavfsizlik masalalari bo‘yicha. O‘zbekiston parlamenti Birinchi sessiyada hokimiyat vakillikorganlaridan saylangan 120 kishidan iborat deputatlar blokini, 69 deputatdan tarkib topgan Xalq demokratik partiyasi fraksiya¬sini, 47 deputatni uyushtirgan „Adolat“ sotsial-demokratik partiyasi fraksiyasini, 14 deputatdan iborat „Vatan taraqqiyoti“ partiyasi fraksiyasini ro‘yxatga oldi. Mazkur partiya fraksiyalari qonunlarni ishlab chiqish va qabul qilishda faol qatnashdilar. Shu tariqa, Oliy Majlis faoliyatida ko‘ppartiyaviylik tamoyili qaror topdi. Sessiya qarori bilan Oliy Majlisning Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakili (ombudsman) instituti joriy etildi va vakil huzurida fuqa¬rolarning konstitutsiyaviy huquq va erkinliklariga rioya etilishi komissiyasini tuzish haqida qaror qabul qilindi. Birinchi sessiyada „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida deputatlarning maqomi to‘g‘risida“gi Qonun qabul qilindi, Oliy Majlis Raisi rahbarli¬gida „Oliy Majis qo‘mitalari va komissiyalari to‘g‘risidagi Ni¬zom“ qabul qilindi. Parlamentning ishini tashkil etish uchun Oliy Majlis Raisi rahbarligida Oliy Majlis Kengashi tuzilib, uning tarkibiga Oliy Majlis Raisi o‘rinbosarlari, qo‘mitalarning raislari, Mandat komissiyasi raisi, parlamentdagi deputatlar bloki va fraksiyalarning rahbarlari kiritildi. Oliy Majlis birinchi sessiyasida qabul qilingan qonunlar va qarorlar parlament faoliyatini zamon talablari darajasida tashkil etish, uning ishini tashkiliy jihatdan puxta uyushtirish imko¬nini berdi. Xulosa qilib aytganda, O‘zbekiston mustaqillikka erishgandan so‘ng davlat hokimiyatining eng muhim institutlaridan biri — milliy parlamentimiz tashkil topdi. O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY MAJLISINING TUZILISHI (1995—2004- YILLAR) O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi o‘zining shakllanishi, o‘z faoliyatini tashkil etish tartibotlari, ish yuritish mazmun-mohiyati bilan yangi, zamonaviy parlament bo‘lib, avvalgi Oliy Kengashdan butunlay farq qiladi. Birinchidan, mustaqillikkacha bo‘lgan davrda Respublika Oliy Kengashi rasman O‘zbekiston davlat hokimiyatining oliy organi deb hisoblansa-da, u qonun chiqarishda mustaqil emasdi, mar¬kaz tomonidan qabul qilingan qonunlarni O‘zbekiston sharoitiga moslashtirar edi, xolos. Oliy Majlis esa mustaqil O‘zbe¬kiston davlatining oliy vakillik organi bo‘lib, qonun chiqaruvchi hoki¬miyatni mustaqil amalga oshiradi. Oliy Majlis faoliyatida xorijiy davlatlarning parlamentlari bilan hamkorlik qilish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Ikkinchidan, mustaqillikdan oldin Oliy Kengash sayloviga hokimiyat organlari tomonidan yakka-yu yagona nomzod tavsiya etilardi va saylanardi. Oliy Majlisga esa deputatlar saylovi ko‘ppartiyaviylik va muqobillik asosida o‘tkaziladi. Oliy Majlis vakillik hokimiyatini vujudga keltirishning jahonda e’tirof etilgan demokratik tamoyillari asosi¬da shakllandi. Uchinchidan, avvalgi saylovlarda Oliy Kengashni shakllantirish jarayonida ishchilar, kolxozchi dehqonlar, ziyolilarning o‘rni va soni oldindan belgilab qo‘yilar edi. Oliy Majlisga say¬lovlarni tashkil qilishda sinfiy yondashuv nodemokratik tamoyil sifatida rad etildi. Oliy Majlis deputatlari turli partiya va hara¬katlarning vakillaridan iborat nomzodlar orasidan muqo¬billik asosida saylanadi. Respublika fuqarolari saylovlarda, nomzod¬larning ijtimoiy kelib chiqishini emas, aksincha, ularning ishchanlik sifatlarini va saylovoldi dasturlarining maz¬mun-mohiyatini inobatga olib ovoz berish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldilar. Тo‘rtinchidan, mustaqillikkacha bo‘lgan davrda Oliy Kengash professional parlament shaklida faoliyat yuritolmas edi. Uning vazifalarini Oliy Kengash Prezidiumiga saylangan kichik bir guruh deputatlargina doimiy ishlab amalga oshirardilar, xolos. Oliy Majlis faoliyatida esa deputatlarning bir qismi doimiy (professional) asosda ishlamaydi. Deputatlarning ko‘pchilik qismi esa oldingi xizmat vazifalarini deputatlik vakolati bilan qo‘shib olib boradi, saylovchilari bilan yaqindan aloqada va muloqotda bo‘ladi. Deputatlar saylovchilarga Oliy Majlisda qanday qonunlar muhokama qilinayotgani va qabul etilayotgani haqida xabardor qilib turadi, hayotning qaynoq nuqtalarida aholi bilan birga bo‘ladi. Shuningdek, Respublika ommaviy axborot vositalari ham Oliy Majlis faoliyati bilan aholini tanish¬tirib boradi. Butadbirlar xalqning huquqiy madaniyatini, siyo¬siy ongini yuksaltirishga, islohotlarning sobitqadamlik bilan amalga oshishiga, jamiyatda ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minlashga xizmat qiladi. Oliy Majlis sessiyalarida xorijiy mamlakatlar diplomatiya kor¬puslarining, xalqaro tashkilotlarning vakillari, chet el ommaviy axborot vositalarining O‘zbekistonda akkreditatsiya qilingan jurnalistlari hozir bo‘lish imkoniyati mavjud. Mustaqillik yillarida Oliy Majlisning xalqaro parlamentlar bilan aloqalari o‘rnatildi va chuqurlashdi. O‘zbekiston Milliy parlamentida Xalqaro ishlar va parlamentlararo aloqalar bo‘yicha guruh tuzildi, respublikaning Parlamentlararo ittifoq, Yev¬ropa Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Tashkilotining Parlament assambleyasi va Yevroparlament bilan aloqalari yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Oliy Majlis „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining 1996—1999- yillarga mo‘ljallangan faoliyat dasturi“ ni ishlab chiqdi va respublika parlamenti huzuridagi Amaldagi qonun huj¬jatlari monitoringi instituti tashkil etildi. Bu chora-tadbirlar Oliy Majlis faoliyatining barcha asosiy yo‘nalishlarini qamrab olishga, qonunchilikni yangi pog‘onaga ko‘tarishga ko‘mak¬lashmoqda. O‘zbekiston parlamentining birinchi sessiyasida ta’sis etilgan Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakil (ombudsman) instituti xalqaro amaliyotni o‘rganish asosida ishlab chiqilgan va Oliy Majlis Rayosati tomonidan tasdiqlangan Nizom asosida faoliyat olib boradi. Oliy Majlis vakili huzurida 1995- yilda tuzilgan Fuqarolarning kons¬titutsiyaviy huquq va erkin¬liklariga rioya etilishi bo‘yicha maxsus komissiyasi faoliyat yuritmoqda. Parlamentning sakkizinchi sessiyasida 1997- yil 24- aprelda qabul qilingan „Oliy Majlisning Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakili (ombudsman) to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonun muhim hujjatlardan biri. U respublikada insonning shaxsiy huquq va erkinliklari, fuqarolarning ijtimoiy huquqlari himoya qili¬nishini huquqiy jihatdan ta’minlashga xizmat qilmoqda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Kons¬titutsiyasining 83- mod¬dasida qo¬nun¬chilik tashabbusi huquqiga ega bo‘lgan subyektlar aniq bel¬gilab qo‘yilgan. Qonunchilik tashab¬busi huquqiga O‘zbe¬kiston Res-publikasining Prezidenti, o‘z davlat hokimiya¬tining oliy organi orqali Qora¬qalpog‘iston Respublikasi, Oliy Majlis deputatlari, Vazirlar Mahkamasi, O‘zbekiston Respub¬lika¬sining Konsti-tutsiya¬viy Sudi, Oliy Sudi, Oliy xo‘jalik sudi va Bosh prokurori ega¬dirlar. Qonunlar loyihalarini ko‘rib chiqish, tayyorlash jarayonida partiya fraksiyalari va deputatlar bloklari, Oliy Majlisning tegishli qo‘mita va komissiyalarining butun tarkibi faol qatnasha¬dilar. Parlament sessiyalariga tayyorgarlik ko‘rish qanday borayot¬ganligi ommaviy axborot vositalari orqali muntazam yoritib boriladi. Qonunlar loyihalarini nazariy va amaliy jihatdan mukammalroq, puxtaroq ishlab chiqish maqsadida ular haqida tegishli vazirliklar va idoralar, konsernlar, uyushmalar va mehnat jamoalarining xulosalari olinadi, xalqaro tashki¬lot¬larning ekspertizasidan o‘t-kaziladi. Sessiya muhokamasiga kiritiladigan barcha qonun loyihalari bo‘yicha bildirilgan takliflar, fikr-mulohazalar, ekspert xulosa¬larini Oliy Majlis Raisi va uning o‘rinbosarlari huzurida tegishli qo‘mitalar, partiya fraksiyalari rahbarlari va ekspertlar ishti¬rokida puxta va atroflicha muhokama etish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Qonun loyihasini tayyorlashga bunday yondashuv, ularning puxta va sifatli bo‘¬lishiga ijobiy ta’sir etmoqda. Sessiyalar ishida O‘zbekiston Prezidentining bevosita ishtiroki, uning qonunlarni ishlab chiqish jarayonini yanada yax¬shilashga muttasil e’tibor berishi O‘zbekiston parlamenti faoli¬yatining takomillashib borishida, qabul qilinayotgan qonunlarning samaradorligini oshirishda muhim omil bo‘lib xizmat qil¬moqda. Birinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi 1995—1999- yillarda 15 ta sessiya o‘tkazdi. Sessiyalarda 10 ta kodeks, 2 ta milliy dastur, 145 qonun, 452 qaror qabul qilindi. Amaldagi qonunlarga jami 216 ta qo‘shimcha va o‘zgartishlar kiri¬tildi. Shuningdek, Oliy Majlis 70 ta xalqaro shartnomani ratifi¬katsiya qildi (tasdiqladi), xalqaro konvensiyalarga qo‘shilish to‘g‘risida 58 ta qaror qabul qildi. Birinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining yakunlovchi XV sessiyasida Prezident Islom Karimov ma’ruza qilib, uning faoliyatiga yuksak baho berdi: „Eng muhimi, birinchi chaqiriq asosida tashkil topgan parlamentimiz faoliyatining asosiy mezoni shundan iboratki, o‘tgan davr mobaynida ko‘ppartiyaviylik shakllangan, turli harakatlar, jamoat birlashmalari siyosat maydoniga chiqqan, turli ijtimoiy toifa va tabaqalar vujudga kela boshlagan murakkab bir sharoitda, Oliy Majlis hokimiyatning boshqa tarmoqlari bilan hamkorlikda jamiyatimizda siyosiy muvozanatni, tinchlik va barqaror¬likni saqlab turishda ishonchli omil bo‘ldi“. Islom Karimov. Vatan ozodligi — oliy saodat. Asarlar, 8- jild, 60- bet. Birinchi chaqiriq respublika Oliy Maj¬lisining 1999- yil 19—20- avgust kun¬lari bo‘lib o‘tgan o‘n beshinchi ses¬siyasi ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi deputatlari saylovini 1999- yil 5- dekabr kuniga belgilash to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. Ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisiga saylovda 7 ta subyekt — beshta siyosiy partiya, hokimiyat vakillik organi va saylovchilarning tashabbuskor guruhlaridan jami 1010 nafar nomzod qatnashdi. 1999- yil 5- dekabr kuni bo‘lgan say¬lov¬larda nomzodlardan birontasi ham yetarli ovoz ololmagan 66 ta saylov okrugida 19- dekabr kuni takroriy saylov tashkil etildi. Saylovlar aholining faol ish¬tiroki va yuqori siyosiy ko‘tarinkiligi bilan o‘tdi, jami 250 nafar vakil deputat etib saylandi. Natijalar O‘zbekistondagi saylovlar xalqaro tan olingan demokratik saylov tizimi, uning huquqiy bazasiga to‘la, mos ravishda, chinakamiga muqobillik asosida bo‘lib o‘tgan-ligidan dalolat beradi. Ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining 2000- yil 22- yanvar kuni bo‘lib o‘tgan birinchi sessiyasining birinchi majlisida hokimiyat vakillik organlaridan saylangan 111 kishidan iborat deputatlar bloki, Xalq-demokratik partiya¬sidan saylangan 48 kishidan, „Fidokorlar“ milliy-demokratik partiyasidan saylangan 34 kishidan, „Vatan taraqqiyoti“ par-tiyasidan saylangan 20 kishidan, „Adolat sotsial-demokratik“ partiyasidan saylangan 11 kishidan va „Milliy tiklanish“ partiyasidan saylangan 10 kishidan iborat deputatlar fraksiyalari, saylov¬chi¬lar tashabbuskor guruhlaridan saylangan, 16 kishidan iborat deputatlar bloki ro‘yxatga olindi. Bu holat Oliy Majlis tarkibida faoliyat yuri¬tadigan partiya fraksiyalari va bloklari sonining ilgarigiga nisbatan ancha ko‘payganligini ko‘rsatadi. Bu, o‘z navbatida, Oliy Majlis faoliyatining yanada qizg‘in o‘tishi, xilma-xil fikrlar, qarashlar bildirilishi, qonunlarning yanada pishiq-puxta tayyorlanishi uchun imkoniyatlarni kengaytirdi. Mazkur sessiyada O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining quyidagi qo‘mitalari va komissiyalari tashkil etildi: • Budjet, bank va moliya masalalari qo‘mitasi. • Qonunchilik va sud-huquq masalalari qo‘mitasi. • Xalqaro ishlar va parlamentlararo aloqalar qo‘mitasi. • Agrar, suv xo‘jaligi masalalari va oziq-ovqat qo‘mitasi. • Sanoat, qurilish, transport va aloqa masalalari qo‘mitasi. • Iqtisodiy islohotlar va tadbirkorlik masalalari qo‘mitasi. • Ijtimoiy masalalar va bandlik qo‘mitasi. • Fan, ta’lim, madaniyat va sport masalalari qo‘mitasi. • Atrof-muhit va tabiatni muhofaza qilish masalalari qo‘mi¬tasi. • Matbuot va axborot qo‘mitasi. • Mudofaa va xavfsizlik masalalari qo‘mitasi. • Demokratik institutlar, nodavlat tashkilotlar va fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari qo‘mitasi. • Yoshlar ishlari komissiyasi (mazkur komissiya ikkinchichaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining 2000-yil 30—31- avgust kunlari bo‘lgan uchinchi sessiyasi qarori bilan „Yoshlar ishlari qo‘mitasi“ shaklida qayta tuzildi). • Reglament, odob va deputatlar faoliyatining ta’minoti komissiyasi. • Oila va ayollar muammolari komissiyasi. • Normativ-huquqiy atamalar komissiyasi. Ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi o‘zining tarkibiy tuzilishi va unda faoliyat yuritayotgan partiya fraksiyalari va deputatlar uyushgan bloklar soni jihatidan bi¬rinchi chaqiriq Oliy Majlisga nisbatan anchagina yangilandi. Qabul qilinayotgan qonunlarning mazmun-mohiyati ham yanada mukammallashdi. Bu mamlakatimizda amalga oshirilayotgan demokratik islohotlarning tobora chuqurlashib borayotganligidan kelib chiqadigan tabiiy holdir. Ikkinchi chaqiriq Oliy Majlis qo‘mitalari va komissiyalari¬ning tarkibiy tuzilishi, uning faoliyatida 5 ta partiya fraksiyalari va 2 ta deputatlar blokining faol ishtiroki milliy parlamentni rivoj¬lantirishda yangi bosqich bo‘ldi. Prezident Islom Karimov tashab¬¬busi bilan mamlakatimiz aholisining yarmidan ziyodini tashkil etgan yoshlarning manfaatlari, intilishlari, muammo¬lari¬ning yechimlarini topishga yo‘naltirilgan „Yoshlar ishlari komissiyasi“ning tuzilishi va keyinroq uning „Yoshlar ishlari qo‘mitasi“ga aylantirilishi parlamentning bu dolzarb masalaga e’tiborini, mas’uliyatini oshirdi. Parlament tarkibida „Oila va ayol¬lar muammolari komissiyasi“ning tuzilishi oilani mustahkamlash, xususan, yosh oilalarni qo‘llab-quvvatlash, ijti¬moiy-siyosiy, iqtisodiy mavqeyini ko‘tarish bilan bog‘liq bo‘l¬gan muammolarning huquqiy yechimlarini topish va amalga oshi¬rish imkoniyatlarini yanada kengaytirdi. Oliy Majlis tarkibida „Demokratik institutlar, nodavlat tashkilotlar va fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari qo‘mitasi“ ning tuzilishi va yangi qonunlar ishlab chiqishdagi faoliyati ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotni erkinlashtirish jarayonini tez¬lashtirishga ko‘maklashdi. O‘zbekistonning mustaqil taraq¬qiyoti davrida respublika bir palatali parla¬menti yangi jamiyat qurishning ishon¬ch¬¬¬¬¬li huquqiy asoslarini yara¬tuvchi 446 ta dan ortiq qonun, 10 ta kodeks, 2 ta milliy das¬tur va mingdan ortiq qarorlar qabul qildi. Yuqorida qayd etilgan raqamlardan ko‘rinib turibdiki, res¬publika parlamenti bir palatali bo‘lsa-da, qonun chiqarish jarayo¬ni ancha jadallik bilan bordi. Birinchi galda hayotning o‘zi talab qilayotgan eng kerakli qonunlar ishlab chiqildi va qabul qilindi. Natijada, mustaqillik munosabati bilan dastlabki paytda vujudga kelgan huquqiy bo‘shliq tezroq to‘ldirildi. Respublika parlamenti jamiyatimizda siyosiy muvozanatni, tinchlik va barqa¬rorlikni saqlab turishda ishonchli omil sifatida faoliyat yuritdi. Qabul qilingan qonunlar turkumini ularning mazmuniga ko‘¬ra besh yo‘nalishga bo‘lish mumkin. Birinchi yo‘nalishga — O‘zbekistonning Davlat mustaqilligini mustahkamlash, demokratik-huquqiy davlat asoslarini yaratish, davlat boshqaruv tizimini yangilashga doir qonunlar kiradi. Mazkur qonunlar jamiyatimizda xalq hokimiyati, qonun ustuvorligi tamoyillarining qaror topishiga, shaxs erkinligi va huquqlarining himoya qilinishiga xizmat qilmoqda. Yangi qonun hujjatlari, bir tomondan, mamlakatimizda ma’muriy-buyruq¬bozlik tizimining hukmronlik qilishiga chek qo‘yish, ikkinchi tomondan, milliy davlatchiligimizning eng yaxshi an’analari, o‘zbek xalqining ma’naviy-madaniy qadriyatlarini tiklash, uchin¬chi tomondan, xalqaro huquq normalarini hamda umum e’tirof etilgan demokratik va insonparvarlik qadriyatlarini inobatga olish yo‘lida rivoj topdi. Respublika parlamenti jamiyatimizda si¬yo¬siy muvozanatni, tinchlik va barqarorlikni saqlab turishda isho¬nchli omil sifatida mustahkamlandi. Prezident Islom Karimov 2000- yil 25- may kuni ikkinchi chaqi¬riq O‘z¬bekiston Respub¬likasi Oliy Maj¬lisiningikkinchi ses¬siya¬¬sida ikki pala¬tali par¬lament tuzish g‘oyasini ilgari surdi. Bu demokratik islohotlarni bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshi¬rish tamoyiliga mos ravishda respublika parlamentini ikki palatali asosda yanada tako¬millashtirishni nazarda tutgan g‘oyadir. 2001- yil 6—7- dekabr kunlari bo‘lib o‘tgan ikkinchi cha¬qiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining yettinchi sessiyasida ikki palatali parlament tuzish masalasi muhokama qilindi. Sessiya ikki palatali professional parlament faoliyati uchun eng zarur bo‘lgan omil — yuqori malakali siyosatshu¬noslar, yurist¬lar, iqtisodchilar korpusi shakllanib yetil¬gan¬ligini, jamiyatimizda huquqiy madaniyat darajasining ort¬gan¬ligini inobatga oldi va parlamentni ikki palatali qilib tuzish zarur, de¬gan xulosaga keldi. Ikki palatali parlamentning bir qator ijobiy tomonlari bor: • populistik maqsadni, ayrim guruhlar manfaatini ko‘z¬lovchi, mukammal bo‘lmagan qonunlar qabul qilinishiga yo‘l qo‘yilmaydi; • mamlakat mintaqalari (viloyatlar, Тoshkent shahri, Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi)ning manfaatlari to‘laroq inobatga olinadi; • milliy davlatchilik institutlari tizimi o‘rtasida parlamentning nufuzi ortadi, qonun chiqaruvchi va ijro hokimiyati o‘rtasidagi munosabat mutanosiblashadi; • parlament qabul qilayotgan qonunlarning sifatini yaxshilashga, xalqning xohish-irodasini to‘laroq namoyon bo‘lishiga imkon beradi; • parlament ishida demokratik fikrlar xilma-xilligi ko‘proq namoyon bo‘ladi; • jamiyatni liberallashtirishni tezlashtiradi; • deputatlar faoliyatini professionallashga, siyosatchilar tabaqasini shakllantirishga ko‘proq imkoniyat yaratadi. Oliy Majlis 2002- yil 27- yanvar kuni kelgusi chaqiriqda ikki palatali parlamentni shakllantirish masalasi bo‘yicha O‘zbekis¬ton Respublikasi referendumini o‘tkazish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qildi. Referendumda ovoz berish byulleteniga „ Siz kelgusi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi parlamenti ikki palatali qilib saylanishiga rozimisiz?“ degan savol kiritildi. Referendum 2002- yil 27- yanvar kuni keng demokratik asosda, ochiq va oshkora, keng jamoat-chilik vakillari, xorijiy davlatlar, xalqaro tashkilotlar, ommaviy axborot vositalari, fuqarolarning tashabbuskor guruh¬lari kuza¬tuvchilari ishtirokida bo‘lib o‘tdi. Referendumda ovoz beruv¬chilar ro‘yxatiga kiritilgan 13.266.602 nafar fuqarolarning 12.113.070 nafari yoki 91,58 foizi ishtirok etdi. „Siz kelgusi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi parlamenti ikki palatali qilib saylanishiga rozimisiz?“ degan masala yuzasidan ovoz berishda qatnashgan fuqarolarning 11.344.242 nafari yoki 93,65 foizi yoqlab ovoz berdi. Saylovchilar ikki palatali parlament tuzish masalasini qo‘llab-quvvatladilar. 2002- yil 4—5- aprel kunlari bo‘lib o‘tgan ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining sakkizinchi ses¬siyasi¬da „Referendum yakunlari hamda davlat hokimiyati tashkil eti-li¬shining asosiy prinsiplari to‘g‘risida“ Konstitutsiyaviy qo¬nun va „2002- yil 27- yanvarda o‘tkazilgan O‘zbekiston Res¬pub¬likasi referendumining yakunlari bo‘yicha amalga oshiri¬ladigan qonunchilik ishlarining asosiy yo‘na¬lishlari to‘g‘risida“ Qaror qabul qildi. Bu hujjatlar ikki pa¬latali parlament tuzish ishlarini boshlashga huquqiy asos bo‘lib xizmat qildi. 2002- yil 12–13- dekabr kunlari bo‘lib o‘tgan Oliy Majlis¬ning o‘ninchi sessiyasi xalqimizning xohish-irodasi bilan „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining Senati to‘g‘risida“ va „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining Qonunchilik pa¬la¬tasi to‘g‘risida“ Konstitutsiyaviy qonunlarni hamda ularni amal¬ga kiritish to‘g‘risida qarorlarni qabul qildi. Shuningdek, 2003- yil 24- aprelda „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitut¬siyasiga o‘z¬gartishlar va qo‘shimcha¬lar kiritish to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. Mazkur qo¬nunlar bo‘lg‘usi parlament¬ning ikkala palatasi vakolatlarini va faoliyatining tashkiliy shakllarini aniq belgilab berdi. Bundan keyin ham O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Oliy davlat vakillik organi — parlamentning nomi Oliy Majlis deb atalaveradi. Uning tarkibida ikkita palata tuziladi. Yuqori palata — Senat, quyi palata — Qonunchilik palatasi, deb ataladi. Ikkala palataning vakolat muddati — 5 yil etib belgilangan. 2004-yil dekabr — 2005- yil yanvar oylarida mamlakatimizda ilk bor ikki palatali parlamentga saylovlar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Quyi palataga saylov okruglari bo‘yicha ko‘ppartiya¬viylik asosida 120 ta deputat saylandi. Senatga Qoraqalpog‘iston Res¬publikasi, viloyatlar va Тoshkent shahri¬ning har biridan teng miqdorda — 6 nafar¬dan, jami 84 kishi saylandi. Senatning 16 nafar a’zosi fan, san’at, adabiyot, ishlab chiqarish sohasida hamda davlat va jami¬yat faoliyatining boshqa tarmoqlarida katta amaliy tajribaga ega bo‘lgan hamda alohida xizmat ko‘rsatgan eng obro‘li fuqarolar orasidan O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasi Prezidenti tomonidan tayinlandi. Qonunchilik palatasining 2005-yil 27- yanvar kuni bo‘lib o‘tgan birinchi majlisida E.H. Xalilov Qonunchilik palatasining Spikeri etib saylandi. Shuningdek, Spiker o‘rinbosarlari, qo‘mita rahbarlari saylandi, siyosiy partiyalar fraksiyalari tashkil etilib ro‘yxatga olindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisi Senatining 2005-yil 27- yanvar kuni bo‘lib o‘tgan birinchi majlisida M. Sharif¬xo‘jayev Senat Raisi etib saylandi. Shuningdek, Senat Raisi o‘rin-bosarlari hamda Senat qo‘mitalari raislari saylandi. Shunday qilib, ikki palatali parlament tashkil etildi va o‘z faoliyatini boshladi. Ikki palatali parlamentning tashkil etilishi natijasida Qonun chiqa¬ruvchi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyati o‘rtasida vakolatlar yanada demokratik asosda qayta taqsimlandi. Parlamentning jamiyat hayotidagi mavqeyi o‘sdi. Qonun loyihalari dastlab Qonunchilik palatasida ko‘rib chiqiladi va qabul qilinadi. So‘ngra Senat tomonidan ko‘rib chiqiladi va tasdiqlanadi. Qonun Prezident tomonidan imzolanib, matbuotda e’lon qilingan kundan bosh¬lab kuchga kiradi. Prezident vakolatlarining bir qismi — davlat, sud tizimi va maxsus xizmatlarning rahbarlarini, chet ellar xalqaro tash¬kilot¬lardagi diplomatik vakillarni tayinlash va tasdiqlash Se¬nat vako¬latiga o‘tkazildi va Senat tomonidan amalga oshi¬rilmoqda. Ikki palatali Oliy Majlis 2005—2009- yillarda ijtimoiy-si¬yosiy, sotsial-iqtisodiy islohotlarni chuqurlashtirish ishida katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan 250 dan ziyod qonun qabul qildi. Milliy davlatchilik institutlari tizimi o‘rtasida parla¬menti¬miz¬ning nufuzi yanada o‘sdi. Qabul qilinayotgan qonunlarning sifati yaxshilandi. Deputatlar faoliyati professionallashib, siyosiy partiyalar fraksiyalarining faoliyati, fikrlar xilma-xil¬ligi kuchaydi. Deputat va senatorlarning vakolat muddati tugashi muno¬sabati bilan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisiga 2009- yil 27- dekabr kuni saylovlar — 2010- yil 10- yanvar kuni tak¬roriy saylovlar demokratiya, muqobillik va oshkoralik ruhida bo‘lib o‘tdi. Qonunchilik palatasida 135 deputat, O‘zbekiston Eko¬logik harakatining konferensiyasida 15 nafar deputat, jami 150 nafar deputat saylandi. Senatga Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi, viloyatlar va Tosh¬kent shahrining har biridan teng miqdorda — 6 nafardan, jami 84 senator saylandi. Senatning 16 nafar a’zosi O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti tomonidan tayinlandi. 2010- yil 22- yanvar kuni Oliy Majlis Qonunchilik pala¬ta¬sining birinchi majlisida Dilorom Toshmuhamedova Qonun¬chilik palatasi Spikeri etib saylandi. 2010- yil 26- yanvar kuni Oliy Majlis Senatining birinchi majlisida Ilgizar Matyoqu¬bovich Sobirov Senat Raisi etib saylandi. Davlatimiz rahbari taqdimiga binoan Oliy Majlis O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Bosh vaziri etib Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyevni tasdiqladi. O‘zbekiston parlamenti mamlakatimizda demokratik islohot¬larni chuqurlashtirish, tinchlik va barqarorlikni mustahkam¬lash, mamlakatni modernizatsiya qilish, bozor munosabatlarini chuqurlashtirish yo‘lida faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. O‘zbekistonga sobiq Ittifoq tuzumidan qanday siyosiy meros qolgan edi? 2. Mustaqillik siyosiy jihatdan qanday imkoniyatlar yaratdi? 3. Parlament nima? Oliy Majlis-chi? 4. O‘zbekiston parlamentini shakllantirish bo‘yicha qanday huquqiy asoslar yaratildi? 5. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining vakolatiga qanday vazifalar kiradi? 6. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisida qanday qo‘mita va komis¬siya¬lar tuzildi, ularning vazifalarini bilasizmi? 7. Ombudsman instituti nima, u qachon tuzildi? 8. Siz yashayotgan hududdan Oliy Majlisga kim deputat etib say¬langan? 9. Partiya fraksiyalari nima? 10. Qanday hokimiyat organlari qonunchilik tashabbusi huquqiga ega? 11. Ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisiga saylovlar qachon bo‘lib o‘tdi, ularda qanday subyektlar o‘z nomzodlarini qo‘ydilar? 12. Inson va fuqarolarning huquqlari, erkinliklari haqida qanday kodeks va qonunlar qabul qilingan? 13. O‘zbekistonning xalqaro munosabatlariga doir qanday qonunlar qabul qilingan? 14. Ikki palatali parlament tuzish haqida referendum qachon bo‘lib o‘tdi, uning natijalarini bilasizmi? 15. Oliy Majlis qanday palatalardan iborat bo‘ladi? 7- §. Milliy davlat boshqaruv hokimiyati tizimining shakllantirilishi Mustaqillik yillarida davlat bosh¬qaruv hokimiyati tubdan isloh qi¬lindi. Avva¬lo, sobiq Ittifoq dav¬rida faoliyat yuritib kelgan O‘zbekiston davlat hokimiyatining ijro qiluvchi va bosh¬qaruv¬chi oliy organi — Ministrlar Sovetining maqomi tubdan o‘zgartirildi. 1990- yil 24- martda O‘zbekistonda pre-zidentlik lavozimi ta’sis etilgandan keyin hayotning o‘zi ijro etuvchi hokimiyat maqo¬mini o‘zgartirishni talab qildi. 1990- yil 15- noyabrda O‘zbe¬kiston Prezidentining „O‘zbekiston SSR Prezidenti huzuridagi Vazirlar Mahkamasining tarkibini tasdiqlash to‘g‘risida“ Farmoni chiqdi. Unga muvofiq O‘zbe¬kiston Prezidenti huzurida Vazirlar Mahkamasi tuzildi, Pre¬zi¬dent uning Raisi bo‘ldi. Res¬publikada vitse-prezident lavozimi ta’sis etilib, uning zimmasiga Vazirlar Mahkamasiga rahbarlik qilish va uning ishini uyushtirish vazifasi yuklandi. 1992- yil 4- yanvarda vitse-prezident lavozimi tugatildi va O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining Bosh vaziri lavozimi ta’sis etildi. Bosh vazir zimmasiga Vazirlar Mah¬kamasiga rahbarlik qilish, uning ishini tashkil etish vazifasi yuklandi. O‘zbekistonda davlat ijroiya hokimiyatini takomillashtirishda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi muhim omil bo‘ldi. Konstitutsiyaning 98- moddasiga muvofiq Vazirlar Mahkamasining tarkibi O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Prezidenti tomonidan shakllantiriladi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Bosh Vaziri nomzodi Prezident taklifiga binoan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining palatalari tomonidan ko‘rib chiqiladi va tasdiqlanadi. Vazirlar Mahkamasi a’zolari tarkibiga Bosh vazir, uning o‘rinbosarlari, vazirlar, davlat qo‘mitalari raislari va Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi Vazirlar Kengashining raisi kiradi. Vazirlar Mahkamasi O‘zbekiston Respublikasining hukumati bo‘lib, ijro etuvchi hokimiyatdir. Uning vazifalari: • davlat budjetini ishlab chiqadi va Oliy Majlisga taqdim etadi hamda uning bajarilishini ta’minlaydi; • Oliy Majlisga davlat budjetining bajarilishi haqida hisobot beradi; • yagona moliya, kredit va pul siyosati yuritilishini ta’minlaydi; • madaniyat, fan, maorif, ijtimoiy ta’minot, ekologiya sohasidagi yagona davlat siyosati yuritilishini ta’minlaydi; • mamlakatni mudofaa qilish, davlat xavfsizligi, tashqi siyosatni amalga oshirishni ta’minlash bo‘yicha chora-tadbirlarni amal¬ga oshiradi; • qonuniylik, fuqarolarning huquqlari va erkinliklarini ta’¬min¬lash, xususiy mulk va jamoat tartibini muhofaza qilish, jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash bo‘yicha chora-tadbirlarni amalga oshi¬radi; • iqtisodiyotning, ijtimoiy va ma’naviy sohalarning samarali faoliyatiga rahbarlik qiladi; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlari, Oliy Majlis qaror¬lari, Prezident farmonlari, qarorlari va farmoyishlari ijrosini ta’minlaydi; • barcha organlar, korxonalar, muassasalar, tashkilotlar, mansabdor shaxslar va fuqarolar tomonidan bajarilishi maj¬buriy bo‘lgan qarorlar va farmoyishlar chiqaradi. Islohotlar jarayonida Vazirlar Mahkamasining tarkibi tobora takomillashib, qisqartirib borildi. Agar 1990- yil 30- martda Res¬publika ijroiya hokimiyati 41 kishidan iborat etib tuzilgan bo‘lsa, 1995- yil 5- mayda Vazirlar Mahkamasi 35 kishidan iborat etib tuzildi. 2000- yil 11- fevralda bo‘lgan Ikkinchi chaqi¬riq O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Oliy Majlisi Prezident tavsiyasiga ko‘ra Vazirlar Mahkamasi tarkibini 34 kishidan — Bosh vazir, Bosh vazirning birinchi o‘rinbosari, 8 nafar Bosh vazir o‘rinbosarlari, 15 nafar vazir va 9 nafar Davlat qo‘mita¬lari raislaridan iborat etib tasdiqladi. 2003- yil 24—25- aprel kunlari bo‘lib o‘tgan O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Oliy Majlisining XI sessiyasida qabul qilingan „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasiga o‘zgartishlar va qo‘shimchalar kiritish to‘g‘risida“gi Qonunga muvofiq Vazir¬lar Mahkamasining tarkibi, uni tuzish va tasdiqlash tartibi o‘zgar¬¬tirildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi 89- mod¬da¬¬sining „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti ayni vaqtda Vazir¬¬lar Mahkamasining Raisi hisoblanadi“ deyilgan qismi olib tashlandi. Vazirlar mahkamasi tarkibida Rais lavozimi bo‘l¬maydi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining taqdimiga binoan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Bosh vaziri nomzodini avval Qonunchilik palatasida, so‘ngra Senatda ko‘rib chiqiladi va tasdiqlanadi. Vazirlar Mahkamasining boshqa a’zolari esa Bosh vazirning taqdimiga binoan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti tomo¬nidan tasdiqlanadi. Bu holat mamlakatimizda amalga oshirila¬yotgan demokratik jarayonlarni yanada chu¬qur¬lashtirishga ko‘maklashadi. Bosh vazirning, hukumat va butun hukumat tizimlarining vakolatlari oshdi, mas’u¬li¬yati kuchaydi. O‘zbekistonda boshqaruv tizimi tub¬¬-dan isloh qilindi. Bozor iqti¬sodiyotiga o‘tishni ta’minlovchi, bozor munosa¬batlarining faoli¬yati uchun imkon beruvchi yangi boshqaruv tuzilmasi yaratildi. Markazlashtirilgan tartibda qayta taqsim¬lashmexanizmidan bozor mexanizmiga, qattiq mahka-machilik va ma’muriy-buyruqbozlikdan huquqiy boshqaruvga, iqtisodiy omillar orqali o‘zini o‘zi idora etishga o‘tildi. Ma’muriy-buyruqbozlik, to‘rachilik tizimining tayanchlari bo‘lgan bir qator Davlat qo‘mitalari, vazirliklar, ularning ma’muriy apparatlari tugatildi. Davlat reja qo‘mitasi o‘rniga Iqtisodiyot vazirligi tuzildi. Bu vazirlik iqtisodiyotni isloh qilish qoidalari va ustuvorliklari, ularni amalga oshirish mexanizmlari asosida islohotlarni tahlil etish, baho berish, takliflar ishlab chiqish, O‘zbekistonning iqtisodiy-ijtimoiy rivojlanish istiqbollarini belgilash ishlari bilan shug‘ullanmoqda. Тaqsimot bo‘yicha yakkahokim bo‘lib olgan Davlat ta’minot qo‘mitasi tugatilib, Respublika ulgurji va birja savdosi aksiyadorlik uyushmasi tuzildi. Uyushma tarkibiga respublika aksiyadorlik tovar-xomashyo birjasi, aksiyadorlik birja banki, hududiy aksiyadorlik tijoratchi vositachi kompaniyalar kiradi. Uyushma tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilar, iste’molchilar va tadbirkorlar uchun tovar resurslari bozorida erkin ishtirok etishga teng imkoniyatlar yaratish, ularga tijorat-vositachilik, savdo va marketing xizmatlar ko‘rsatish ishlari bilan shug‘ullanmoqda. Davlat narx qo‘mitasi tugatilib, Moliya vazirligi tarkibida narxlarni nazorat qilish, narxlarni belgilashda yakkahokimlikka yo‘l qo‘ymaslik, raqobatchilik muhitini shakllantirish ishlariga ko‘maklashuvchi maxsus boshqarma tuzildi. Respublikada moliya va bank tizimi tubdan o‘zgardi. Moliya vazirligi respublika budjetini shakllantirish bilan bir qatorda, davlat soliq siyosatini, moliya siyosatini belgilamoqda, valuta ishlarini boshqarmoqda. Bank tizimi isloh etildi. Davlat banki va uning bo‘linmalari tugatildi. Markaziy bank, Тashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat milliy banki, Ixtisoslashtirilgan aksiyadorlik-tijorat bank¬lari — „O‘zsanoatqurilishbank“, „Paxtabank“, „O‘zjam¬g‘armabank“, „G‘allabank“, „Тadbirkorbank“, „Savdogarbank“, xususiy banklar va boshqa banklar tuzildi. Banklarning mustaqilligi va pul muomalasidagi ahvol uchun javobgarligi oshirildi. Davlat nazorati tizimi tartibga solindi. Davlat soliq qo‘mitasi, Bojxona qo‘mitasi tuzildi. Davlat nazorati qo‘mitasi, uning joylardagi organlari tugatildi, Prezident devonida nazorat inspek¬siyasi, hokimiyatlarda tegishli nazorat inspeksiyalari tuzildi. Davlat suverenitetini amalga oshiruvchi tuzilmalar — Тashqi ishlar vazirligi, Mudofaa vazirligi, Ichki ishlar vazirligi, Milliy xavfsizlik xizmati, Oliy attestatsiya komissiyasi va boshqa hukumat organlari tashkil etildi. Islohotlarni chuqurlashtirish va muvofiqlashtirish maqsadida Prezident huzurida Iqtisodiy islohot, tadbirkorlik va chet el investitsiyalari bo‘yicha idoralararo Kengash tuzildi. Davlat mulkini boshqarish va tadbirkorlikni qo‘llab-quvvatlash davlat qo‘mitasi tashkil etildi. Bu qo‘mita mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish dasturlarini ishlab chiqishda, ko‘p ukladli iqtisodiyotni shakllantirishda muhim tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi. Qo‘mita investitsiya fondlari, fond birjalari, ko‘chmas mulk birjalari, auditorlik xizmatlari va boshqa bozor strukturasi tuzilmalarini tashkil etmoqda. O‘zbekistonning xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan aloqasini yo‘lga qo‘yish maqsadida respublika tarixida birinchi marta Tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar vazirligi tuzildi, vazirlik tovarlar va xizmatlar xalqaro bozorini tahlil qilish, tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat sohasidagistrategiyani ishlab chiqish, eksport-import bo‘yicha markaz¬lashgan tartibda mahsulotlar yetkazib berish ishlarini tashkil etmoqda. Vazirliklar, idoralar, korxonalarda tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat bilan shug‘ullanuvchi bo‘limlar, tashkilotlar, firmalar tu¬zildi. Res¬publikada tashqi aloqalarni ta’minlaydigan yaxlit tizim tarkib topdi. O‘zbekistonning ishlab chiqarish, transport bo‘yicha tarmoq vazirliklari tugatilib, ular o‘z-o‘zini mablag‘ bilan ta’minlay¬di¬gan uyushmalarga, konsernlarga, korporatsiyalarga va boshqa xo‘jalik birlashmalariga aylantirildi. Avtomobil transportida, qurilishda boshqaruv tizimi qayta tuzildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi, Xalq ta’limi vazirligi, Sog‘liqni saqlash vazirligi, Madaniyat ishlari vazirligining strukturasi, faoliyati va ish yuritish usullari tubdan o‘zgardi. Umummilliy ahamiyatga molik bo‘lgan tarmoqlarda, masa¬lan, sayyohlik, transport, madaniyat, kino, televideniye va radio tizimi va boshqalarda iqtisodiy jihatdan mustaqil bo‘lgan milliy kompaniyalar tashkil etildi. Shunday qilib, mustaqillik qo‘lga kiritilgandan beri o‘tgan qisqa tarixiy davrda huquqiy davlat, uning zamonaviy hokimiyat organlari barpo etildi, ixcham, ochiq rivojlanishga ega bo‘lgan ijtimoiy-siyosiy tizim yaratildi. Mahalliy davlat hokimiyati tub¬dan is¬loh qilindi. Islohotlar O‘z¬be¬kiston Respublikasining Kons-titutsiyasi, „Ma¬hal¬liy davlat hokimiyati to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonun (1993- yil 2- sentabr), „Xalq deputatlari viloyat, tuman, shahar Kengash¬lariga saylovlar to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonun (1994- yil 5- may) asosida amalga oshirildi. Konstitutsiyaning 99- moddasida viloyatlar, tumanlar va shaharlarda (tumanga bo‘ysunadigan shaharlar, shuningdek, shahar tarkibiga kiruvchi tumanlardan tashqari) hokimlar bosh¬chilik qiladigan xalq deputatlari Kengashlari hokimiyatning vakillik organlari bo‘lib, ular davlat va fuqarolarning manfaatlarini ko‘zlab o‘z vakolatlariga taalluqli masalalarni hal etadilar, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. Konstitutsiyada mahalliy hokimiyatning ikki mustaqil organ-ga — vakillik va ijro hokimiyat organlariga bo‘linishi belgilandi. „Mahalliy davlat hokimiyati to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunning 1-moddasida „Viloyatlar, tumanlar va shaharlarda (tumanga bo‘ysunadigan shaharlardan, shuningdek, shaharlar tarkibiga kiruvchi tumanlardan tashqari) xalq deputatlari Kengashlari davlat hokimiyatining vakillik organlaridir“, deb aniq belgilab qo‘yildi. Shahar tarkibiga kiruvchi tumanlarda va tumanga bo‘ysunuvchi shaharlarda vakillik organlari tuzilmaydi. „Xalq deputatlari viloyat, tuman va shahar Kengashlariga saylov to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunda vakillik organlariga 21 yoshga to‘lgan fuqarolar saylanadi. Saylovlar ko‘ppartiyaviylik, mu¬qo¬¬billik asosida o‘tadi. Xalq deputatlari viloyat va Тoshkent shahar Kengashlariga 60 tadan ko‘p bo‘lmagan, tuman va shahar Ken¬gashlariga esa 30 tadan ko‘p bo‘lmagan deputatlar 5 yil muddatga saylanadi. Mustaqillik yillarida 1994- yildan e’tiboran har 5 yilda xalq deputatlari viloyat, tuman va shahar Ken¬gashlariga ko‘ppartiyaviylik, muqobillik asosida saylovlar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Jumladan, 1999- yilgi saylovda xalq deputatlari viloyat, tuman va shahar Kengashlariga 6145 nafar deputat saylandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida mahalliy ijroiya hokimiyati orga¬ni qayta tashkil etildi. Bu borada milliy davlatchilik tarixi tajribasidan ijodiy foydalanildi. Jumladan, Amir Тemur davridagi davlatchilikka nazar tashlasak, o‘sha zamonlarda viloyat¬lar, shaharlar hokimlar tomonidan yakka¬boshchilik asosida boshqarilganiga guvoh bo‘lamiz. 1992- yil 4- yanvarda „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining mahalliy hokimiyat idoralarini qayta tashkil etish to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. Mazkur qonunga muvofiq respublikaning hamma hududida mahalliy ijro hokimiyati organi sifatida hokim lavozimi ta’sis etildi. Hokimlar faqatgina ijro hokimiyati organla¬rigagina emas, shuningdek, mahalliy vakillik organ¬lariga ham rahbarlik qiladigan organ sifatida mustah¬kamlandi. Hokimning vakolat muddati 5 yil bo‘lib, u tegishli hududda vakillik organiga ham, ijro hokimiyatiga ham boshchilik qiladigan mansabdor shaxs hisob-lanadi. Ijro organlarida bog‘liqlikni ta’minlash maqsadida, viloyat hokimlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti tomonidan, tuman va shahar hokimlari viloyat hokimi tomonidan lavozimiga tayinlanadi va lavozimidan ozod qilinadi hamda bu masalalar tegishli xalq depu¬tatlari Kengashlari tomonidan tasdiqlanadi. Vakillik organlari tuzilmaydigan shahar tarkibidagi tumanlarda va tumanga bo‘ysunuvchi shaharlarda ham hokimiyatlar ta’sis etildi, ular¬ning apparati — hokimiyat tashkil etildi. Viloyat hokimlari va Тosh¬kent shahar hokimi O‘zbekiston Prezidentining shu joylardagi vakili hisoblanadi. Тoshkent shahar tumanlari hokimlari esa Тoshkent shahar hokimining vakillari hisoblanadi. 1992- yilda Тoshkent shahrida va 12 ta viloyatda, 159 ta qishloq tumani va 18 ta shahar tumanida hamda 120 ta shaharda hokimlar tayinlandi va tasdiqlandi, ularning apparati — hoki-miyatlar tuzildi. Mahalliy hokimiyat organlari vakolatiga kiradigan masalalar va vazifalar Konstitutsiyaning 100- va 101- moddalarida aniq belgilab qo‘yilgan. Ular quyidagilardan iborat: • qonuniylikni, huquqiy tartibotni va fuqarolarning xavfsiz¬ligini ta’minlash; • hududlarni iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy rivojlantirish; • mahalliy budjetni shakllantirish va uni ijro etish, ma¬halliy soliqlar, yig‘imlarni belgilash, budjetdan tashqari jam¬g‘armalarni hosil qilish; • mahalliy kommunal xo‘jalikka rahbarlik qilish; • atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish; • fuqarolik holati aktlarini qayd etishni ta’minlash; • normativ hujjatlarni qabul qilish hamda O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Konstitutsiyasiga va O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlariga zid kelmaydigan boshqa vakolatlarni amalga oshirish; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlari, Prezident farmonlari, davlat hokimiyati yuqori organlarining qarorlarini amalga oshirish; • xalq deputatlari quyi Kengashlari faoliyatiga rahbarlik qi¬lish, respublika va mahalliy ahamiyatga molik masalalarni muhokama qilishda qatnashish. Mustaqillik yillarida mahalliy hokimiyatni shakllantirish bo‘yicha amalga oshirilgan islohotlar natijasida ijro hokimiyati bilan vakillik hokimiyati bir-biridan rasman ajratildi. Hokimlar xalq deputatlari Kengashlariga bo‘ysunmaydi, ammo Kengash oldida hisob berib turadi. Shu bilan birga hokimlarni joylarda ham vakillik, ham ijro hokimiyati organlariga boshchilik qilish holatini vakillik organlari hokimlarga bo‘ysunadi, deb tushunmaslik kerak. Vakillik organlari hokimlarga bo‘ysunmaydi, vakillik organlari ishini tashkil qilishga hokimlar boshchilik qiladilar. Hokim mahalliy ahamiyatga molik barcha masalalarni fuqarolarning manfaatiga mos ravishda hal qilish bilan shug‘ullanadi. Shu maqsadda barcha korxonalar, muassasalar, tashkilotlar, birlashmalar, mansabdor shaxslar va fuqarolar tomonidan bajarilishi majburiy bo‘lgan qarorlar qabul qiladi. Hokimlar o‘zlari rahbarlik qilayotgan organlarning qarorlari va faoliyati uchun shaxsan javobgardir. O‘zbekistonning mustaqil taraqqiyot tarixi guvohlik beradiki, ayrim hokimlar o‘z faoliyatida jiddiy xatolarga yo‘l qo‘ymoqdalar. O‘zlariga yuklatilgan mas’uliyatli vazifalarni bajarishni uddalay olmagan, o‘z lavozimini suiiste’mol qiluvchi hokimlar ham uchrab turadi. Bunday hollarda ular vakolat muddatidan oldin hokimlik lavozimidan chetlashtirilmoqda. Shunday qilib, Mustaqillik yillarida markaziy, viloyat, shahar va tumanlar darajasidagi davlat hokimiyati va boshqaruv tartiblari tubdan yangi shaklda barpo etildi. Mahalliy davlat hokimiyatini shakllantirishda o‘zbek milliy davlatchiligining tari¬xiy an’analari, rivojlangan davlatlarning zamonaviy tajribalari inobatga olindi. Demokratik davlat qurilishida sud ho¬ki¬miyatini shakllantirish mu¬him aha¬miyatga ega. Sud hokimi-yati demo¬kratik davlatda mustaqil ho¬kimiyat hisoblanadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida sud hokimiyati qonun chiqaruv¬chi va ijro etuvchi hokimiyatlardan, siyosiy partiyalardan, bosh¬qa jamoat birlashmalaridan mustaqil holda ish yuritadi. (O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining 106- moddasi.) O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi va 1993- yil 2- sentabrda qabul qilingan „Sudlar to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonun asosida sud islohotlari o‘tkazildi. O‘zbekiston tarixida birinchi marta O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyaviy sudi, Qora¬qal¬po¬g‘iston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyaviy nazorat qo‘mitasi tuzil¬di. Konstitutsiyaviy sud siyosat va huquq sohasidagi mutaxas¬sis¬lardan tuziladi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyaviy Sudi: • qonunlarning, Prezident farmonlarining, hukumat va davlat hokimiyati mahalliy organlari qarorlarining, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi davlatlararo shartnomalarining va boshqa majburiyatlarning O‘zbekiston Pespublikasi Konstitutsiyasiga mosligini aniqlaydi; • Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasiga, Qoraqalpog‘iston Res¬pub¬likasi qonunlarining O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonun¬lariga muvofiqligi to‘g‘risida xulosa beradi; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi va qonunlari nor¬malariga sharh beradi; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi va qo¬nunlari bilan berilgan vakolat doirasida boshqa ishlarni ham ko‘rib chiqadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi sud tizimining boshqa tarmoqlari tashkil etildi (12- chizma). O‘zbekiston Respublikasi sud hokimiyati 2000- yil 14- dekabrda qabul qilingan yangi tahrirdagi „Sudlar to‘g‘risida“ va 2001- yil 29- avgustda qabul qilingan „Jinoiy jazolarni liberal¬lashtirilishi munosabati bilan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining jinoyat, jinoyat-protsessual kodekslari hamda ma’muriy javob¬garlik to‘g‘risidagi kodeksiga o‘zgartirishlar va qo‘shimchalar kiritish haqida“ gi Qonunlar asosida yanada takomillashib bormoqda. Sud ishlarida qonuniylikka amal qilishga, gumon qili¬nuvchi, ayblanuvchi, sudlanuvchining sud himoyasi huquqi bilan ta’minlanishiga, fuqarolar huquq va erkinliklarining himoyalanishiga e’tibor tobora yaxshilanib bormoqda. Sud hokimiyati qonunning ustunligini, barcha fuqarolarning qonun oldida tengligini ta’minlash yo‘lida faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. O‘zbekistonda sudlar ixtisoslashtirildi, fuqarolik va jinoiy ishlar bo‘yicha alohida sudlar tashkil etildi. Sudlar sud qarorlarini ijro etish kabi o‘zlariga xos bo‘lmagan vazifalardan ozod qilindi. 2008- yil 1- yanvardan mamlakatda o‘lim jazosi bekor qilindi, fuqarolarni qamoqqa olishga sanksiya berish huquqi prokuraturadan sudlarga o‘tkazildi. Demak, mamlaka¬timizda jinoiy jazo¬lashning eng insonparvar huquqiy tizimi tashkil etildi. Muxtasar aytganda, O‘zbekiston Respublikasida prezidentlik-respublika boshqaruv tizimi qaror topdi. Qonun chiqaruv¬chi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyatlari bir-biriga daxlsiz holda faoliyat yuritmoqda. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Vazirlar Mahkamasi qachon tuzildi? 2. Vazirlar Mahkamasi tarkibini kim tuzadi, u qanday organ tomo¬nidan tasdiqlanadi? 3. Vazirlar Mahkamasi vazifalari nimalardan iborat? 4. O‘zbekistonda qanday vazirliklar tuzildi? 5. O‘zbekistonda qanday davlat qo‘mitalari tuzildi? 6. O‘zbekistonda qanday sudlar tuzildi? 7. Viloyat, tuman va shaharlardagi vakillik organlarining nomi nima, ular qanday shakllantiriladi? 8. Hokim lavozimi qachon ta’sis etildi? Hokimni kim tayinlaydi va qanday organ tasdiqlaydi? 9. Mahalliy davlat hokimiyat organlarining vazifalari nimalardan iborat? 10. O‘zingiz yashayotgan viloyat, tuman yoki shaharda hokim kim, hokim qanday qarorlar qabul qilishi mumkin? III BOB Fuqarolik jamiyati asoslarining Shakllantirilishi 8- §. Mahalliy o‘zini o‘zi boshqarishning tashkil etilishi O‘zbekiston taraqqiyotining bosh yo‘li jamiyatni demo¬krat¬lashtirish, adolatli, ochiq fuqarolik jamiyati qurishdan iboratdir. Demokratik jamiyat qurish bobida hamma davlat uchun tay¬yor qolip va andozalar yo‘q. Islom Karimov dunyoda bir-biriga o‘xshagan ikkita inson bo‘lmaganidek, bir-biriga aynan o‘x¬shagan ikki davlat ham yo‘q deganida haqlidir. Тo‘g‘ri, demo¬kra¬tik jamiyatning xalqaro miqyosda e’tirof etilgan tamoyillari bor: insonning o‘z xohish-irodasini erkin bildirishi va uni amalga oshirishi; ozchilikning ko‘pchilikka bo‘ysunishi; davlat va jami¬yat boshqaruvida qonun ustuvorligi; davlat hokimiyat organla¬rining saylab qo‘yilishi va ularning saylovchilar oldida hisob berishi va boshqalar. O‘zbekiston demokratik jamiyat qu¬rishda ana shu tamoyillarga, umumjahon sivilizatsiyasiga asoslandi. Shuningdek, xalqimizning necha ming yillik tarixiy va ma’naviy taraqqiyotining hosilini, milliy davlatchiligimiz negiz¬larini, buyuk madaniyatimiz tomirlarini, ma’naviy merosimiz ildizla¬rini, milliy xususiyatlarimiz va boy an’analarimizni yangi jami¬yat qurilishiga tatbiq etish yo‘lidan bormoqda. Demokratik jarayonning individualizm falsafasiga tayanuv¬chi, inqilobiy o‘zgarishlarga moyil g‘arb namunasi O‘zbekistonga unchalik to‘g‘ri kelavermaydi. Sharq falsafasi va islom dini ta’limotlarini aks ettiruvchi hamjihatlik g‘oyasi va jamoatchilik fikrining ustuvorligiga tayanuvchi sharqona demokratik qadriyatlar O‘zbekiston uchun asos qilib olindi. O‘zbekistonda shoshma-shosharlikka yo‘l qo‘yilmasdan, odamlarning tafakkuri va ijtimoiy saviyasi bilan demokratik o‘zgarishlar darajasi va sur’atlari bir-biriga qanchalik mutanosib ekanligi hisobga olinmoqda. O‘zbekiston yangi jamiyat qurishda adolat va haqiqat g‘oyasiga asoslanmoqda. Respublikamizda odamlar o‘z qobiliyati va ehti¬yoj¬larini to‘la namoyon qilish va amalga oshirishlari uchun zarur bo‘lgan dastlabki teng imkoniyatlarni, shu jarayonni vujudga keltiradigan huquqiy mexanizmni yaratishga katta e’tibor berildi. Negaki, busiz adolatli jamiyat qurib bo‘lmaydi. Ana shunday imkoniyatlar yaratilgandan keyingina, har bir insonning taqdiri, turmushi, jamiyatdagi o‘rni uning o‘ziga, salo¬hiyatiga, mehnat qilish istagi, oqil-u uddaburonligiga bog‘liq bo‘ladi. MahallaFuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi bosh¬qarish masalalari fuqarolik jamiyatini shakllantirishning ajralmas qis¬midir. Vatanimiz tarixi guvohlik beradiki, O‘zbek jamiyatida jamoa bo‘lib yashashning sinalgan shakli mahalladir. „Mahalla“ so‘zi arabcha „Mahallun“ so‘zidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, aholi yashaydigan joy, guzar, uy-joy mavzelari degan ma’noni anglatadi. Mahalla shaharlar ichidagi kichik hududiy birlik bo‘lib, o‘tmishdan meros bo‘lib kelmoqda. Ma’lum bir mahallada istiqomat qiluvchi odamlar faqat qo‘ni-qo‘shnichilik rishtalari bilangina emas, balki ichki tartib-qoida, ma’naviy-axloqiy normalar, urf-odatlar, an’analar, umumiy manfaatlar va majburiyatlar bilan ham bog‘liqdir. Agar Yevropa mamla¬katlaridagi shaharlarda odamlar ijtimoiy kelib chiqishiga qarab „aslzodalar kvartali“, „kam¬bag‘allar kvartali“ va hokazolarga bo‘linib yashasa, bizning Vatanimizdagi mahal¬lalarda aholining turli ijtimoiy tabaqalari yonma-yon yashab kelmoqda. Mahalla hayotining jamoa bo‘lib yashash tarzi jamoatchilik asosida faoliyat yuritadigan o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish tizimini keltirib chiqardi. Mahallaga uning hududida yashaydigan aholi tomonidan saylab qo‘yiladigan oqsoqol boshchilik qilgan. El ishonchiga sazovor bo‘lgan oqsoqol katta-yu kichikning boshini qovushtirib, mahalladoshlarning og‘irini yengillash¬tirish ishlari bilan shug‘ullanardi. Mahalla oqsoqoli, uning maslahatchilari mahalladoshlarining to‘ylari, ma’rakalari, rasm-rusumlarining boshida turar, ularni kerakli ro‘zg‘or ashyo¬lari—idish-tovoq, samovar-choynak, stol-stul, ko‘rpa¬cha-yu dasturxon bilan ta’minlardi. Shuningdek, oilaviy nizolarni bartaraf qilish, bir-biri bilan kelisholmay qolgan kelin va qaynonaning orasiga tushish, qo‘ni-qo‘shni o‘rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklarga hakamlik qilish, beboshroq yoshlarni tartibga chaqirish singari vazifalarni ham bajarardi. Xalqimizning turmush tarzi, ruhiy-ma’naviy ehtiyojidan kelib chiqqan bunday jamoatchilik boshqaruvi — mahalla qo‘mitalari davlat ishlariga aralashmasa-da, sovet tuzumi „mahalla“ so‘zini mahalliychilik o‘zagi deb bilar, faoliyatini cheklashga urinardi. Biroq aholining noroziligiga sababchi bo‘lmaslik uchun mahallalarni taqiqlay olmadi, lekin uni ja¬miyatni boshqarish tizimiga kiritmadi. Mahalla qo‘mitalari o‘zining hayotchanligi tufayli mazkur davrda ham o‘zini saqlab qololdi. Тoshkent shahrida va respublikaning boshqa yirik shaharlarida o‘nlab, yuzlab mahalla qo‘mitalari faoliyat yuritardi. Ular aholiga yashash joyi, oila tarkibi to‘g‘risida ma’lu¬motnomalar ham berardi. Mahalla oqsoqoliga davlat tomonidan maosh ham berilmasdi. Shuni ham ta’kidlash joizki, yirik shaharlarda qad ko‘targan ko‘p qavatli binolar, gavjum bo‘lgan turar joy mavzelari, kvartallari mahalla maqomiga ega emasdi, ularda mahalla qo‘mitalari ham tuzilmasdi. Nihoyat mustaqillik sharofati bilan 1992- yil boshlaridan boshlab bunday mavze (kvartal)larga ham mahalla maqomi berilib, ularning har biriga joylashgan hududining tarixiy atalishiga mos keladigan nomlar qo‘yildi. Yangi mahallalarda fuqarolar yig‘ini o‘tkazilib, mahalla oqsoqoli va mas’ul kotiblar saylandi. Sobiq Ittifoq davrida O‘zbekiston qishloq va posyolka (shaharcha)larida vakillik boshqaruv organlari tuzilgan bo‘lib, ular qishloq sovetlari yoki posyolka sovetlari deb atalardi va faoliyat yuritardi. Mazkur sovetlar mustaqil hokimiyat organi bo‘lmay, xalq deputatlari tuman yoki shahar kengashlari, ularning ijroiya qo‘mitalariga bo‘ysunar edi. O‘zbekiston davlat mustaqilligi qo‘l¬ga kiritilgach, mahallaga mu¬nosabat tub¬dan o‘zgardi, ma-halliy o‘zini o‘zi bosh¬qarish tizimi tubdan isloh qilindi. Bu borada fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari tizimini davlat hokimiyati tizimidan ajratish tomon yo‘l tutildi. Biz fuqarolik jamiyatini qurishga intilmoqdamiz. Buning ma’nosi shuki, davlatchiligimiz rivojlana borgan sari boshqaruvning turli xil vazifalarini bevosita xalqqa topshirish, ya’ni o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarini yanada rivojlantirish demakdir. Islom Karimov. O‘zbekistonning siyosiy - ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy istiqbolining asosiy tamoyillari. Asarlar, 4- jild, 11- bet. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasida o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarini shakllantirishning huquqiy asoslari o‘z ifodasini topdi. O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasining 105- moddasida „Sha¬harcha, qishloq va ovullarda, shuningdek, ular tarkibidagi mahallalarda hamda shaharlardagi mahallalarda fuqaro-larning yig‘inlari o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari bo‘lib, ular ikki yarim yil muddatga raisni (oqsoqolni) va uning maslahatchilarini saylaydi“, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. 1993- yil 2- sentabrda „Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari to‘g‘risida“ O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Qonuni qabul qilindi. Unga binoan, qishloq, posyolka (shaharcha)larda davlat hokimiyati vakillik organlari — qishloq, posyolka sovetlari tuzilmaydigan bo‘ldi, ularning o‘rniga o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish or¬gan¬¬- lari — mahalla qo‘mitalari tuzildi. Shunday qilib, fuqaro¬larning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari ma¬halliy hokimiyat tizi¬midan ajratildi. Biroq ular bir-biridan mutlaqo ajratilgan holda faoliyat ko‘rsatmaydi, ularning bog‘liq tomonlari mavjud. Ular o‘rta¬sidagi munosabatlarning huquqiy asos¬lari „Mahalliy davlat hokimiyati to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunda belgilab qo‘yilgan. Har ikkalasi ham mahalliy ahamiyatga molik masalalarni hal qiladi. Xalq deputatlari viloyat, tuman, shahar kengashlari fuqaro¬larning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarishni rivojlantirishga ko‘mak¬lashadi, o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari faoliyatini yo‘naltirib turadi. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi bosh¬qarish organlarini shakllantirishga davlat ho¬miylik qilmoqda. Bu borada O‘zbekiston Prezidentining Respublika „Mahalla“ xay¬riya jam¬g‘armasini tuzish to‘g‘risida 1992- yil 12- senta¬brdagi hamda „Mahalla“ xayriya jamg‘armasiga mablag‘ ajratish to‘g‘risida 1992- yil 8- oktabrdagi Farmonlari katta ijtimoiy ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Davlat homiyligida Respublika „Mahalla“ jamg‘armasi, viloyat, shahar, tuman „Mahalla“ jamg‘armalari tashkil etildi. Mahallalar faoliyatini yurituvchi „Mahalla“ gaze¬tasi (1994- yil) ta’sis etildi. Davlatning „Mahalla“ jamg‘ar¬malari orqali ko‘rsata¬yotgan homiyligi mahalla qo‘mitalarining o‘z hududlarida istiqomat qiluvchi kam ta’min¬langan oilalarga, nogironlarga, yolg‘iz keksalarga moddiy yordam berish, aholini ijtimoiy muhofaza qilish borasidagi ishlariga katta ko‘mak bo‘lmoqda. Hukumat mahallalarga dastlab davlat budjeti hisobidan 25 million so‘m mablag‘ ajratdi. Viloyat, tuman, shahar hokimliklari tomonidan mahallalar rolini oshirish, ular faoliyatini takomillashtirish uchun qulay imkoniyatlar yaratildi. Fuqaro¬lar¬ning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarining faoliyatini yo‘lga qo‘¬yish uchun tegishli binolar ajratildi, ularni jihozlashga ko‘mak¬lashdi. Mahalla oqsoqoli va kotiblariga oylik ish haqi belgilandi. Bu maqsadlar uchun hokimiyatlar mahalliy budjetdan zarur mablag‘lar ajratdilar. 1994- yilgi ma’lumotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, butun respublika hududida 12 mingdan ortiq mahalla shakllantirildi. 1994- yilda barcha mahallalarda fuqarolar yig‘ini bo‘lib, mahalla oqsoqollari va mas’ul kotiblar saylandilar. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi bosh¬qa¬rish organlarining vakolatlari, va¬zi¬falari O‘zbekiston Respub¬lika-sining „Fu¬qa¬rolarning o‘zini o‘zi bosh¬qarish organlari to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunda aniq belgilab qo‘yilgan. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarining vazifalari: • fuqarolarga jamiyat va davlat ishlarini boshqarishda qatnashish huquqini amalga oshirishda ko‘maklashish; • o‘z hududlarida ijtimoiy va xo‘jalik vazifalarini hal qilish, ommaviy-madaniy tadbirlarni o‘tkazish; • davlat hokimiyati organlariga O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlarini, Prezident va hukumat hujjatlarini, xalq deputatlari kengashlari va hokimliklarning qarorlarini bajarishda yordamlashish maqsadida fuqarolarni birlashtirish. Fuqarolar yig‘ini kollegial organ bo‘lib, uni rais (oqsoqol) tegishli xalq deputatlari Kengashi yoki hokim bilan kelishgan holda, zaruratga qarab chaqiradi. Fuqarolar yig‘ini, barcha aholini yig‘ishning iloji bo‘lmagan hollarda, belgilangan vakillik me’yorlari asosida o‘tkaziladi. Rais (oqsoqol), uning maslahatchilari fuqarolar yig‘inida saylanadi. Fuqarolar yig‘ini raisi (oqsoqol) doimiy ishlovchi bo‘g‘in. Rais o‘z mahkamasiga ega bo‘lib, uning miqdori rais o‘z vazifasini bajarishga imkoniyat yaratadigan darajada tuziladi. O‘zbekistonda fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarini takomillashtirish, zarur holatlarda yiriklashtirish tadbirlari ko‘rilmoqda. Agar 1994- yilda 12 mingdan ortiq o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari shakllantirilgan bo‘lsa, ularning soni 2001- yilda 7847 tani tashkil etdi. 1999- yil 14- aprelda qabul qilingan „Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari to‘g‘¬risida“gi yangi tahrirdagi Qonunda ularning vakolatlari va huquqi kengaytirildi. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlariga, shuningdek, mahalla fuqarolar yig‘iniga: aholi manfaatlarini ifodalash va uning nomidan qarorlar qabul qilish; qonun hujjatlarining, shuningdek, o‘z qarorlarining ijro etilishi bo‘yicha jamoatchilik nazoratini amalga oshirish; atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va obodonlashtirish yuzasidan o‘z hududida joylashgan korxona, muassasa va tashkilotlar rahbarlarining hisobotlarini eshitish huquqlari berildi. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlariga saylovlaraholining ijtimoiy faolligi, siyosiy ongi tobora yuksalib borayotganligidan guvohlik beradi. 1998- yil noyabr-dekabr oylarida bo‘lib o‘tgan saylovlar bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan fuqarolar yig‘inlarida 8,4 mln kishi yoki respublikadagi katta yoshdagi aholining 70 foizi ishtirok etdi. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlariga 7574 nafar rais va 71034 nafar maslahatchi saylandi. O‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari rahbarlarining ma’lumot darajasi ham oshib bormoqda. 1998- yilda saylangan rais (oqsoqol)larning 65,5 foizi oliy ma’lumotli mutaxassislar ekanligi buning guvohidir. 2001- yil iyun-iyul oylarida Samarqand viloyatidagi 1042 ta fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlariga bo‘lgan saylovlarga 1 mln 120 mingdan ortiq fuqaro vakillari ishtirok etdi. 1042 nafar rais (oqsoqol) saylandi, ularning 68 nafari xotin-qiz¬lardir. 2001- yilda respublikamizda 6289 ta mahalla fuqarolar yig‘ini, 108 ta shaharcha, 1320 ta qishloq va 131 ta ovul fuqarolar yig‘ini, ular tomonidan saylangan o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Ular qonunchilikni ta’minlash, Pre¬zident farmonlarini, hukumatning, hokimiyat vakillik organlari va hokimlarning qarorlarini ijro etish borasida davlat hokimiyati va boshqaruv organlariga ko‘maklashmoqda. Hududlarni obodonlashtirish, kichik korxonalar, fermer va dehqon xo‘jaliklarini tashkil etish, tomorqa uchastkalaridan samarali foydalanish masalalarini hal qilish o‘zini o‘zi boshqa¬rish organlarining diqqat markazida turibdi. Bu organlar barqa¬rorlikni saqlab turish, diniy mutaassiblik kayfiyatidagi ko‘ri¬nish¬¬larning oldini olish, „o‘zingni, o‘z oilangni o‘zing asra“ shiori ostida odamlarni ogohlikka chaqirish, mahalla posbonlarini shakllantirish va ularning faoliyatini yo‘naltirish, oilaviy tantanalar va marosimlarni o‘tkazishda dabdababozlik va manmanlikka yo‘l qo‘ymaslik ishlari bilan shug‘ullanmoqda. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari O‘zbekiston Prezidentining 1999- yil 13- yanvarda chiqqan „Aholini aniq yo‘naltirilgan ijtimoiy madad bilan ta’minlashda fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari rolini oshirish to‘g‘risida“ gi Farmoni hamda Vazirlar Mahkamasining 2002- yil 25- yanvardagi „Aholining ijtimoiy himoyaga muhtoj qatlamlarini aniq yo‘naltirilgan tarzda qo‘llab-quvvatlashning 2002—2003- yillarga mo‘ljallangan dasturini amalga oshirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida“ gi Qarori talablarini amalga oshirmoqdalar. Kam ta’minlangan oilalarga yordam ko‘rsatish, ko‘p bolali muhtoj oilalarga nafaqalar tayinlash bo‘yicha ajratilgan mab¬lag‘lardan o‘z o‘rnida samarali foydalanishni ta’minla¬moqdalar. Faqat 2000- yilning o‘zida aholining kam ta’minlan¬gan qismiga fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari orqali 54,2 mlrd so‘m miqdorida nafaqa, ko‘mak va boshqa turdagi yordamlar berildi. O‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari tarbiyaga oid masalalar yuzasidan ta’lim muassasalari bilan hamkorlik qilish, voyaga yetmagan yoshlar bilan ishlash, ularning huquqlarini himoya qilish, qariyalarga shafelik qilish, aholini ish bilan ta’minlash kabi ishlarga bosh-qosh bo‘lmoqdalar. Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov tashabbusi bilan 2003- yil „Obod mahalla yili“ deb e’lon qilindi va „Obod mahalla yili“ dasturini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirish bo‘yicha respublika komissiyasi tuzildi. Mazkur komissiya yil davomida amalga oshirilishi zarur bo‘lgan tadbirlarning dasturini ishlab chiqdi. 2003- yil 7- fevralda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahka¬masining „Obod mahalla yili“ dasturi to‘g‘risida Qarori e’lon qilindi. Mazkur dastur quyidagi muhim maqsad va vazifalarni ha¬yot¬da ro‘yobga chiqarishga qaratilgan: • mahallaning davlat va jamiyat boshqaruvidagi, jamiyatning ijtimoiy-siyosiy va iqtisodiy hayotidagi roli va maqomini mustahkamlash; • mahalla faoliyatining amaldagi me’yoriy-huquqiy bazasini takomillashtirish, uning vakolatlarini kengaytirish va fuqarolik jamiyati instituti sifatidagi mas’uliyatini oshirish; • mahalla faoliyatining moddiy bazasini mustahkamlash, mahalla hududida tadbirkorlikni, xizmatlar ko‘rsatish va savdo sohalarini rivojlantirish, shular hisobiga yangi ish o‘rinlari barpo etish; • mahallaning ijtimoiy infratuzilmasini rivojlantirish, uning hududlarini obodonlash¬tirish, kommunal tarmoqlarni rivoj¬lantirish; • mahalla tomonidan kam ta’minlangan oilalarga aniq yo‘nalishli moddiy yordamni va yosh oilalarni qo‘llab-quvvatlashni kuchaytirish; • keksa avlodga e’tibor va g‘amxo‘rlikni kuchayti¬rish; • mahalla aholisiga tibbiy va sanatoriy-kurort xizmati ko‘rsa¬tilishini yaxshilash, bolalar sportini rivojlantirish; • mahallaning aholi o‘rtasida sog‘lom turmush tarzi, ijtimoiy adolat, o‘zaro mehr-oqibat va ma’naviy-axloqiy tarbiya bilan bog‘liq milliy qadriyat va urf-odatlarimizni keng targ‘ib qilish, ularni asrab-avaylash sohasidagi faoliyatini takomillashtirish. „Obod mahalla yili“ dasturi bajarilishini ta’minlash maq¬sa¬di¬da fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarini rivoj¬lantirish bo‘yicha maxsus jamg‘armalar tashkil etildi. Mahallalarda kichik va o‘rta biznes, shuningdek, xususiy tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish, shular hisobiga yangi ish o‘rinlarini yaratish, aholini tabiiy gaz va toza ichimlik suvi bilan ta’minlovchi tarmoqlar qurish, uy-joy fondini va yo‘llarni ta’mirlash, mahal¬lalarni obodonlashtirish, zamonaviy mahalla guzarlarini va bolalar sport inshootlarini barpo etish borasidagi ishlar hajmi aniq belgilandi. „Obod mahalla yili“ dasturini to‘la amalga oshirish uchun davlat budjeti, budjetdan tashqari jamg‘armalar, no¬davlat tashkilotlari, xalqaro tashkilotlar grantlari va kredit mab¬lag‘lari hisobiga 375,9 milliard so‘m jalb etilishi nazarda tutilgan. Mahallalarimizni yanada obod qilish maqsadida obodonlash¬tirish ishlari amalga oshirildi. 1,7 mlrd so‘m miqdorida mablag‘ sarf¬lanib 310 ta mahalla guzari bunyod qilindi. Ming kilometrlik suv tarmog‘i va 1 ming 322 kilometrlik gaz tarmog‘i ishga tushirildi. Mahallalarda 36,2 mlrd so‘mlik kredit mablag‘lari hisobiga kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik korxonalari tashkil etilib, qariyb 155 mingta yangi ish o‘rinlari yaratildi. 1,2 mlrd so‘mlik xayriya yordami berildi. 2010- yilda fuqarolar yig‘inlari va o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organ¬lari — mahallalar soni 10 mingdan ortiqni tashkil etdi. Mahalla O‘zbekistonda tarixda birinchi marta fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqaradigan tashkilotga aylandi. Mahalla yig‘ini raisi (oqsoqol), mas’ul kotibi lavozimi qonuniy asosda ta’sis etildi. Mahalla yig‘ini raisi (oqsoqoli) va mas’ul kotiblariga oylik maosh beriladigan bo‘ldi. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarining mustaqillik yillaridagi faoliyatiga baho berib, ishonch bilan aytish mumkinki, ular jamiyatni boshqarishning sharqona va milliy qadriyatlar bilan uyg‘un¬lashgan fuqarolik jamiyati¬ning negizi, demokratik institut sifatida o‘zini to‘la oqladi. Jamiyatni demokratlashtirish, ijtimoiy adolatni ro‘yobga chiqarishda Vatan ichra kichik bir vatan bo‘lmish mahal¬laning roli g‘oyat kattadir. O‘zbekistonda mahalla xalq ishonchini qozongan adolat maskani hamda aholini ijtimoiy qo‘llab-quvvatlash mexanizmi bo‘lib qoldi. Mahallalari obod bo‘lgan mamlakatgina ildam qadamlar bilan taraqqiy etadi, albatta. Xorijiy mamlakatlarning rasmiy vakillari O‘zbekistonda shakllangan mahalla tizimi bilan qiziqib, uning faoliyati bilan yaqin¬dan tanishmoqdalar. Ular O‘zbekistondagi mahalla tizimi fuqarolik jamiyatining asosi ekanligiga yuksak baho bermoqdalar. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Mahalla deganda nimani tushunasiz? 2. Mahalla yig‘ini nima? 3. Qanday joylarda fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari tuziladi? 4. „Mahalla“ xayriya jamg‘armasi qachon va nima maqsadda tuzilgan? 5. Fuqarolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlariga kimlar rahbarlik qiladi, ular qanday tartibda va necha yilga saylanadi? 6. Muhtoj, kam ta’minlangan oilalarga o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlarining g‘amxo‘rligi haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 7. „Obod mahalla yili“ dasturida qanday vazifalar qo‘yilgan? 8. Mahallangiz tarixi to‘g‘risida referat yozing. 9. O‘zingiz yashayotgan mahallaning nomi nima, uning rahbarlarini bilasizmi? 9- §. Inson huquqlari, erkinliklari kafolatlarining va demokratik saylov tizimining yaratilishi Inson, uning huquqi va erkinligi masalasi demokratik-huquqiy davlat, fuqarolik jamiyatining muhim belgilaridan biri bo‘lib, u davlat va jamiyatning qay darajada rivojlanganini ko‘r¬satuvchi mezondir. O‘zbekiston o‘z mustaqilligini qo‘l¬ga kiritgan kundan e’tiboran, in¬son hu¬quqlari va erkinligini aniq belgilash, ularning kafolati uchun zarur shart-sharoitlar yaratish yo‘lidan bordi. 1991- yil 31- avgustda qabul qilingan „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligito‘g‘risida Oliy Kengash Bayonoti“ da O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalqaro huquq doirasida hamma e’tirof etgan qonun-qoidalar ustunligini tan oladi, deb bildirildi. O‘zbekistonda inson huquqlari va erkinliklariga doir BMT Bosh Assambleyasi tomonidan qabul qilingan „Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasi“ (1948- yil 10- dekabr), „Iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy huquqlar to‘g‘risida xalqaro Pakt“ (1966- yil 19- dekabr), „Fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar to‘g‘risidagi xalqaro Pakt“ (1966- yil 19- dekabr) kabi xalqaro hujjatlar tan olindi va ularga sadoqat bilan amal qilinmoqda. O‘zbekiston BMТ kotibiyatining inson huquqlari va erkinliklariga doir 21 ta deklaratsiya, pakt va konvensiyalarga qo‘shildi. O‘zbekiston Yevropa Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Тashkiloti hujjatlarini tan oldi va uning demokratik institut va inson hu¬quqlari bo‘yicha Byurosi bilan inson huquqlarini himoya qilish soha¬sida hamkorlik qilmoqda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konsti¬tu¬-t¬siyasining 13-moddasida O‘zbe¬¬kis¬tonda demokratiya umumin-soniy prinsiplarga asoslanadi, ularga ko‘ra in¬son, uning hayoti, erkinligi, sha’¬ni, qadr-qimmati va boshqa daxlsiz hu¬quqlari oliy qadriyat hisoblanadi. Demokratik huquq va erkinliklar Konstitutsiya va qonunlar bilan himoya qilinadi, deb belgilab qo‘yildi. Konstitutsiyada qonunlashtirib qo‘yilganidek, O‘zbekistonda barcha fuqarolar bir xil huquq va erkinliklarga ega bo‘lib, jinsi, irqi, millati, tili, dini, ijtimoiy mavqeyidan qat’i nazar, qonun oldida tengdirlar. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida yagona fuqarolik qabul qilingan, ayni vaqtda Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasining fuqarosi O‘zbekiston fuqarosi hisoblanadi. Konstitutsiyaning 7- bobida respublika fuqarolarining shaxsiy huquq va erkinliklari quyidagicha ta’riflab berilgan: • yashash huquqi; • erkinlik va shaxsiy daxlsizlik huquqi; • aybsizlik prezumpsiyasi; • shaxsiy hayotga aralashishdan himoyalanish va uy-joy daxl¬sizligi huquqi; • bir joydan ikkinchi joyga ko‘chish huquqi; • fikrlash, so‘z va e’tiqod erkinligi; • fuqarolarning o‘z huquq va manfaatlariga daxldor bo‘lgan hujjatlar bilan tanishib chiqish huquqi; • vijdon erkinligi. Mazkur huquq va erkinliklarga har bir shaxs ega bo‘ladi hamda o‘zi tomonidan mustaqil amalga oshiriladi. Inson hayoti qonun bilan qo‘riqlanadigan muqaddas qadriyatdir. Insonning shaxsiy huquq va erkinliklari O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasining Konstitutsiyasi, „Fuqarolik kodeksi“ (1995- yil 21- dekabr), „Fuqarolarning murojaatlari to‘g‘risida“ (1994- yil 6- may), „Fuqarolar muhofazasi to‘g‘risida“ (2000- yil 26- may), „Vijdon erkinligi va diniy tashkilotlar to‘g‘risida“ (1998- yil 1- may kuni yangi tahrirda qabul qilingan) va boshqa qo¬nunlar bilan kafolatlangan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Kons¬titutsiyasi va qonunlarida fuqarolar-ning siyosiy huquqlari mus¬tah-kam¬langan. Ular quyidagi¬lardan iborat: • davlat va jamiyat ishlarini boshqarishda qatnashish; • o‘z ijtimoiy faolliklarini mitinglar, namoyishlar va yig‘i¬lishlar shaklida amalga oshirish; • kasaba uyushmalariga, siyosiy partiyalarga, jamoat birlashmalariga uyushish, ommaviy harakatlarda ishtirok etish; • vakolatli davlat organlariga, muassasalariga yoki xalq vakillariga ariza, taklif va shikoyatlar bilan murojaat qilish. Fuqarolarning siyosiy huquqlari Konstitutsiya, „Jamoat tashkilotlari to‘g‘risida“, „Ommaviy axborot vositalari to‘g‘¬risida“, „Siyosiy partiyalar to‘g‘risida“ va boshqa Qonunlar bilan himoya qilinadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Kons¬titu¬- t¬siyasi va qonunlarida respublika fuqa¬rolarining iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy huquq¬lari mustahkam¬lanib qo‘¬yilgan: • uy-joyga ega bo‘lish; • mulkdor bo‘lish va undan erkin foydalanish; • mehnat qilish, erkin kasb tanlash, ishsizlikdan himoya¬lanish; • yollanib ishlaganda dam olish; • qariganda, mehnat qobiliyatini yo‘qotganda, boquvchisidan mahrum bo‘lganda ijtimoiy ta’minot olish; • malakali tibbiy xizmatdan foydalanish; • bilim olish; • ilmiy va texnikaviy ijod erkinligi, madaniyat yutuqlaridan foydalanish. Fuqarolarning ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy huquqlari O‘zbekiston Respublikasining iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy, madaniy sohalardagi qo¬nunlari bilan kafolatlangan. Kafolat deganda, fuqarolarga belgi-lab qo‘yilgan huquq va erkinliklarni amalga oshirishni ta’min¬laydigan vositalar, usullar va shart-sharoitlar tushuniladi. Za¬rur bo‘lgan hollarda inson huquqlari sudda himoya qilinadi yoki tiklanadi. „Fuqarolarning huquqlari va erkinliklarini buzadigan xatti-harakatlar va qarorlar ustidan sudga shikoyat qilish to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonun (1995- yil 30- avgust) ana shu maq¬sad¬larga xizmat qilmoqda. Fuqaro va davlat bir-biriga nis¬batan bo‘lgan huquqlari va burch¬lari bi¬lan o‘zaro bog‘langan. Davlat fuqarolar huquqlari va erkinliklarini ham o‘z hududida, ham uning tashqarisida himoya qiladi, ularga homiylik qiladi. Shuningdek, barcha fuqarolar davlat, jamiyat va boshqa fuqarolar oldida muayyan burchlarni, majburiyatlarni ham o‘taydi. Fuqarolar¬ning burchlari, majburiyatlari Konstitutsiya va qonunlarda belgi¬lab qo‘yilgan. Fuqarolarning burchlari: • Konstitutsiya va qonunlarga rioya etish; • Vatanni himoya qilish; • harbiy yoki muqobil xizmatni o‘tash; • boshqa kishilarning huquqlari, erkinliklari, sha’ni va qadr-qimmatini hurmat qilish; • O‘zbekiston xalqining tarixiy, ma’naviy va madaniy meros obyektlarini avaylab-asrash; • qonun bilan belgilangan soliqlar va mahalliy yig‘imlarni to‘lash; • tabiat va atrof-muhitni saqlash, tabiiy boyliklarga ehtiyot¬korona munosabatda bo‘lish. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Тabiatni muhofaza qilish to‘g‘risida“, „Yer to‘g‘risida“, „Suv va suvdan foydalanish to‘g‘risida“, „Atmosfera havosini muhofaza qilish to‘g‘risida“ va boshqa Qonunlarida fuqarolarning tabiat bilan bo‘ladigan muloqotdagi majburiyatlari belgilab berilgan. Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakil nson huquqlarini himoya qiluv¬chi tizimga Oliy Majlisning inson hu-quqlari bo‘yicha vakili (om¬bud¬s¬man), inson huquqlari bo‘¬yicha Milliy markaz kiradi. 1995- yil 23- fevralda birinchi chaqiriq O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining birinchi sessiyasida Oliy Majlisning inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakili (ombudsman) lavozimi ta’sis etildi va bu lavozimga Sayyora Rashidova saylandi. Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakil o‘z faoliyatida huquqni himoya qiluvchi organlar bilan aloqada ishlaydi, shaxslar va davlat, shaxslar va hokimiyat orasida munosabatlarni yaxshilashga ko‘maklashadi. Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakilning maqomi va faoliyat doirasi 1997- yil 26- aprelda qabul qilingan „Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakil (ombudsman) to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonun bilan belgilab berildi. Vakil faoliyatining asosiy yo‘nalishlari: • inson huquqlariga doir qonunlarga rioya etilishini nazorat qilish; • shikoyatlarni ko‘rib chiqish bo‘yicha aniq mexanizmni yara¬tish va fuqarolar huquqlarining tiklanishi uchun samarali choralarni ko‘rish; • vakilning fuqarolar, nohukumat tashkilotlari va ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan inson huquqlari monitoringi sohasidagi hamkorligini mustahkamlash; • vakilning inson huquqlari masalalari bo‘yicha xalqaro tashkilotlar bilan hamkorligini rivojlantirish. Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakil yil oxirida sohadagi ishlar haqida parlament va Prezidentga ma’ruzalar kiritadi. O‘z faoliyatini olib borish paytida vakilning daxlsizligi ta’minlanadi va u tergov ishlari sohasida katta vakolatlarga ega. Vakil BMТ ning inson huquqlari bo‘yicha markazi, YXHТ ning demokratik institutlar va inson huquqlari bo‘yicha byurosi bilan hamkorlik qiladi, uchrashuvlar va xalqaro semi¬narlar uyushtiradi. Inson huquqlari va erkinliklarini himoya qilishda Prezident farmoniga asosan 1996- yilning noyabrida tashkil etilgan „Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha Milliy markaz“ning ahamiyati ham kattadir. Milliy markaz inson huquqlariga rioya etilishi va bu huquq¬larning muhofaza qilinishi yuzasidan ilmiy ma’ruzalar tay¬yorlaydi. Milliy markaz inson huquqlari bo‘yicha davlat hoki¬miyati, boshqaruv idoralari va jamoat birlashmalariga masla¬hatlar, takliflar berib turmoqda, sotsiologik tadqiqotlar o‘tkaz¬moqda. Milliy markaz fuqarolarning huquqlarini amalga oshi¬rish va rivojlantirish bo‘yicha ma’lumotlarning axborot bazasini barpo etdi. Shuningdek, Milliy markaz xalqaro va milliy tash-kilotlar, hukumatga qarashli bo‘lmagan tashkilotlar bilan ham¬korlik qilmoqda, inson huquqlari sohasida davlatlararo ikki to¬monlama va ko‘p tomonlama bitimlar ishlab chiqish, ekspert baholash ishlarida qatnashmoqda. Respublikamizda qabul qilinayotgan qonun hujjatlarining inson huquqlari sohasidagi xalqaro me’yorlarga muvofiqligini, xalqaro huquqiy me’yorlarini mamlakatimizning amaldagi qonun hujjatlariga joriy etilishini ta’minlashda 1996- yil de¬kabrda tashkil etilgan Oliy Majlis huzuridagi Amaldagi qonun hujjatlari monitoringi instituti ham ijobiy tadbirlarni amalga oshirmoqda. Davlat hokimiyatining birdan bir man¬bayi xalqdir. Demokratik hu¬quqiy davlatda xalq hokimiyat-chiligi, aso¬san, vakilliklar yo‘li bilan, ya’ni ho¬ki¬miyat organlari umumxalq say¬lov¬lari orqali amalga oshiriladi. Davlat ahamiyatiga ega bo‘lgan muhim masalalar xalq muhokamasiga taqdim etiladi, referendumga qo‘yiladi. Odamlarning saylov huquqini, o‘z xohish-irodasini erkin ifodalash, o‘z manfaatlarini ro‘yobga chiqarish va himoya qilish huquqini ta’minlash uchun haqiqiy shart-sharoit, qonuniy-huquqiy zamin yaratib berish demokra¬tiyaning eng muhim tamoyilidir. Demokratiyaning bosh talabi bu erkin va adolatli say¬lovlardir. O‘zbekistonda xalqaro huquq andozalari va talablariga, ilg‘or chet el tajribasiga mos saylov qonunchiligi yaratildi. O‘zbekistonda mustaqillikning dastlabki yilida „O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasining referendumi to‘g‘risida“ (1991- yil 18- no¬yabr) va „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi to‘g‘risida“ (1991- yil 18- noyabr) Qonunlari qabul qilindi. 1991- yil 29- dekabrda fuqarolarning yuksak faolligi asosida o‘tgan saylovlarda xalqimiz tomonidan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining davlat mustaqilligi ma’qullandi va Islom Karimov O‘zbekiston Pre¬zidenti etib saylandi. O‘zbekis¬tonda demokratik saylov o‘tka¬zishda ilk tajriba to‘plandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining qabul qilinishi natijasida saylov tizimining huquqiy asoslari mustahkamlandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining fuqarolari vakillik organ¬lariga saylash va saylanish huquqiga egadirlar. Har bir saylovchi bir ovozga ega. O‘z xohish-irodasini bildirish tengligi va erkinligi qonun bilan kafolatlanadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida Prezident saylovi, hoki¬miyatning vakillik organlari saylovi umumiy, teng, to‘g‘¬ridan to‘g‘ri saylov huquqi asosida yashirin ovoz berish yo‘li bilan o‘tkaziladi. O‘zbekiston Respubli¬kasining 18 yoshga to‘lgan fuqarolari saylash huquqiga egadirlar. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi, 117- modda. Saylovlar haqida, saylov o‘tkazish tartiblari to‘g‘risida bir qa¬tor qonunlar qabul qilindi. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisiga saylov to‘g‘risida“ gi (1993- yil 28- dekabr), „Xalq depu¬tatlari viloyat, tuman va shahar Kengashlariga saylovlar to‘g‘¬¬risida“ gi (1994- yil 5- may), „Fuqarolar saylov huquqlari¬ning kafo¬latlari to‘g‘risida“ gi (1994- yil 5- may) Qonunlar shular jumlasidandir. 1997- yildan boshlab amaldagi saylov qonunlariga, referendum to‘g‘risidagi qonunga bir qator o‘zgarti¬rishlar kiri¬tildi, bo‘lajak saylovlar uchun zarur huquqiy asoslar yaratildi. O‘zbekistonda saylovlarni tashkil etish uchun mustaqil Markaziy say¬¬¬lov komissiyasi tuziladi. Uning ma¬qomi va ish yuritish tartibi 1998- yil 30- aprelda qabul qilingan „Markaziy saylov komissiyasi to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunda belgilab qo‘yildi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Pre¬zidenti va Oliy Majlisga saylov o‘tkazuvchi okrug va uchastka saylov komissiyalari tuziladi. Saylov uchastkalari kamida 20 nafar va ko‘pi bilan 3000 nafar saylovchidan iborat etib tuziladi. Masalan, 1999- yilda saylovlarni tayyorlash va o‘tkazish uchun respublikamizda 7684 ta saylov uchastkalari tuzildi. Xalq deputatlari viloyat, tuman va shahar Kengashlariga saylovni tashkil etish ishlarini viloyat, tuman va shaharlarda tuziladigan saylov komissiyalari bajaradi, saylovlar okrug va uchastka komissiyalari tomonidan o‘tkaziladi. Saylov organlari o‘z faoliyatida qonuniylik, kollegiallik, oshkoralik, mus¬ta¬qillik, adolatlilik prinsiplariga rioya qiladi. Respublika saylov tizimi saylov kunigacha 18 yoshga to‘lgan har bir fuqaroning ovoz berishda bevosita ishtirok etishini ta’minlaydigan demokratik tamoyillarga asoslanadi. Sud tomonidan huquqiy muomalaga layoqatsiz deb topilgan yoki sud hukmiga ko‘ra ozodlikdan mahrum etilgan shaxslar saylovlarga qatnasha olmaydilar. O‘zbekistonda saylovlar umumiy va tenglik prinsipiga asoslanadi. Buning ma’nosi shuki, har bir say¬¬¬¬¬lov¬chi¬ning ovozi teng, ya’ni har bir say¬lov¬chi bit¬¬ta ovozga ega. Fuqarolar ijtimoiy kelib chiqish, irqiy yoki milliy mansubligi, jinsi, ma’lumoti, tili, dinga munosabatidan qat’i nazar teng saylov huquqiga ega. Saylovchilar saylov uchastkalariga teng, erkin kirish imkoniyatiga ega. O‘zbekistondagi saylovlar nomzodni to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri, be¬vo¬sita saylashni ta’minlovchi saylovlardir. Buning ma’nosi shuki, Prezident, Oliy Majlis va mahalliy vakillik hokimiyati¬ga saylovlarda fuqarolar bevosita ishtirok etadi, AQSHda Prezi¬dentni saylash uchun avval saylovchilar tanlanadi, keyin ana shu tanlangan vakillar Prezident saylovida qatnashadilar. Saylovlarda yashirin ovoz berish ta’minlanadi, ovoz beruvchining xohish-irodasini nazorat qilishiga yo‘l qo‘yilmaydi. Saylov uchastkalarida ovoz beriladigan, byulletenlar to‘ldiriladigan alohida xonacha — kabinalar tuziladi. Xonachada ovoz beruv¬chidan boshqa biron-bir kishining bo‘lishi man qilinadi. Byul¬letenni mustaqil to‘ldirish imkoniga ega bo‘lmagan saylovchi o‘zxohishiga ko‘ra, saylov komissiyasi a’zosidan boshqa biror shaxsni xonachaga taklif etishi mumkin. Saylovlar bir mandatli okruglarda hududiylik tamoyillari bo‘yicha o‘tkaziladi. O‘zbekistonda saylovlar ko‘p partiyaviylik prinsipida o‘t¬ka¬ziladi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentligiga, Oliy Majlis deputatligiga nomzod ko‘rsatish huquqi siyosiy partiyalarga, Qora¬qal¬pog‘iston Respublikasi Jo‘qorg‘i Kengesi, Тoshkent shahar va viloyatlar xalq deputatlari Kengashiga va fuqarolar tomonidan shakllantiriladigan tashabbuskor guruhlariga berilgan. Fuqa¬rolarning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari xalq deputatlari tu¬man va shahar kengashlari deputatligiga nomzod ko‘r-satish huquqiga ega. Respublika bo‘yicha barcha darajalardagi davlat hokimiyati vakillik organlariga 7 mingdan ziyod deputatlar saylanadi. Har bir deputatlik o‘rniga kamida 3—4 tagacha nom¬zodlar qo‘yiladi va ular o‘rtasida qizg‘in bahs, ku¬rash ketadi. O‘zbekistonda saylov natijalari eng demokratik majoritar usulda aniq¬lanadi. Saylov natijasida saylovda qatnashganlarning 50 foizi + 1 ovoz olgan nomzod saylangan hisoblanadi. Agar saylovchilarning ro‘yxatiga kiritil¬gan say¬lovchilarning yarmidan kami saylov yoki referen¬dumda ishtirok etgan bo‘lsa, saylov yoki referendum o‘tmagan deb hisob¬lanadi. Basharti saylov okrugi yoki uchastkasida saylov o‘tmagan deb topilsa, nomzodning saylanganligini aniqlash imkoni bo‘lmasa qo‘yilgan nomzodlardan birontasi 50 foiz + 1 ovoz ololmasa takroriy saylov o‘tkaziladi. Тakroriy saylov asosiy saylovdan keyin ko‘pi bilan bir oy ichida o‘tkaziladi. Тakroriy saylovda ovoz berish asosiy saylov o‘tkazish uchun tuzilgan saylovchilarning ro‘yxatlari bo‘yicha o‘tkaziladi, ovoz berish byulle¬te¬niga asosiy saylovda boshqalarga nisbatan ko‘proq ovoz olgan ikki nomzod kiritiladi, oddiygina ko‘p ovoz olgan nomzod yutib chiqadi. Mustaqillik davrida yaratilgan demokratik saylov tamoyillari asosida Prezident saylovi, Oliy Majlis saylovi, viloyat, tuman va shahar Kengashlari deputatlari saylovi, muhim masalalar bo‘yicha referendumlar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Ularning yakunlari respublika fuqarolarining faol qatnashganligini yaqqol namoyon etdi. ulosa qilib aytganda, O‘zbekistonda mustaqillik yillarida demokratik saylov tizimi yaratildi. O‘zbekistonning saylov qonunchiligi, saylovni o‘tkazish tartiblari xalqaro andozalar (standartlar)ga to‘la mos keladi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Inson huquqlari va erkinliklariga doir qanday xalqaro deklaratsiya, pakt va konvensiyalarni bilasiz? 2. Nima uchun inson huquqlari va erkinliklari oliy qadriyat deb tan olingan? 3. Shaxsiy huquq va erkinliklaringizni bilasizmi? 4. O‘zbekiston fuqarolari qanday siyosiy huquqlarga ega? Ular qanday qonunlar bilan kafolatlangan? 5. Inson qanday iqtisodiy huquqlarga ega, ular qanday kafolatlangan? 6. Inson qanday ijtimoiy huquqlarga ega, ular qanday kafolatlangan? 7. O‘zbekiston fuqarolari zimmasiga qanday burch, majburiyatlar yuklatilgan? 8. O‘zR Oliy Majlisining inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakili (om¬bud¬s¬man) lavozimi qachon ta’sis etilgan, uning vazifalarini bilasizmi? 9. Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha Milliy markaz qachon tuzilgan, u qanday ishlar bilan shug‘ullanadi? 10. Qanday hujjatlarda O‘zbekistonda saylov tizimining huquqiy asoslari belgilab berilgan? 11. Qanday saylov komissiyalari tuziladi, ularning vazifalarini bila¬sizmi? 12. O‘zbekistonda saylov qanday prinsiplar asosida o‘tkazilmoqda? 13. Saylov natijalari qanday aniqlanadi? 10- §. Siyosiy partiyalar, jamoat tashkilotlari va ommaviy axborot vositalarining rivojlanishi Har bir mamlakatda demokratiya va fuqarolik jamiyatining rivojlanganlik, yetuklik darajasi siyosiy partiyalar, harakatlar, nodavlat va notijorat tashkilotlarining mavjudligi, jamiyatdagi o‘rni va faolligi bilan belgilanadi. Shuni yaxshi uqub olishimiz kerakki, jamiyatimiz tuzilmalarida muvozanatni saqlaydigan kuchli ommaviy, jamoat birlashmalari bo‘lmas ekan, davlat hokimiyatining barcha bo‘g‘inlarida o‘zboshimchalik, valuntarizm, avtoritar tafakkur va boshqaruv apparatining korrupsiyasi singari illatlar paydo bo‘lmasligiga jiddiy kafolat ham bo‘lmaydi. Islom Karimov. Asarlar. 5- jild, 121- bet. Siyosiy partiyalar, ijtimoiy harakatlar, nodavlat va notijorat tashkilotlari, ommaviy axborot vositalari jamiyatda fikrlar erkinligi va muxo¬lifatni shakllantiradi, aholining siyosiy faolligi va siyosiy mada¬niyatining o‘sib borishiga xizmat qiladi. Afsuski, sovetlar hukm¬ronligi davrida XX asr boshlaridayoq Vatanimizda shakl¬lana boshlagan siyosiy tashkilotlar va ularning rahbarlari yo‘q qilib tashlandi, kommunistik partiyadan boshqa siyosiy partiyalar tuzish taqiqlandi. Mustaqillik sharofati bilan O‘zbekistonda siyosiy partiya¬larning shakllanishi uchun zarur shart-sharoitlar yaratildi. O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasining Kons¬¬titutsiyasi va „Jamoat tash¬kilotlari to‘g‘¬risida“ gi Qonunda jamoat bir¬lash¬malarining huquqiy ma¬qom¬lari belgilab berildi. Konstitutsiyaning 56- moddasiga muvofiq, O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasida qonunda belgilangan tartibda ro‘yxatdan o‘tka¬zilgan kasaba uyushmalari, siyosiy partiyalar, olimlarning jamiyatlari, xotin-qizlar, faxriylar va yoshlar tashkilotlari, ijo¬diy uyushmalar, ommaviy harakatlar va fuqarolarning boshqa uyushmalari jamoat birlashmasi sifatida e’tirof etilgan. O‘zbekiston fuqarolari siyosiy partiyalarga va boshqa jamoat birlashmalariga uyushish, ommaviy harakatlarda ishtirok etish huquqiga egadirlar. Siyosiy partiyalar turli tabaqa va guruhlarning siyosiy irodasini ifodalaydilar va o‘zlarining demokratik yo‘l bilan saylab qo‘yilgan vakillari orqali davlat hokimiyatini tuzishda ishtirok etadilar. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Siyosiy partiyalar to‘g‘ri¬sida“gi (1996- yil 25- dekabr) Qonunida siyosiy partiyalar fao¬liyati¬ning huquqiy asoslari yanada rivojlantirildi va mustahkamlandi. Siyosiy partiyalar quyidagi huquqlarga ega: • o‘z faoliyati to‘g‘risidagi axborotni erkin tarqatish, o‘z g‘o¬¬yalari, maqsadlari va qarorlarini targ‘ib qilish; • qonunda belgilab qo‘yilgan tartibda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti, Oliy Majlis, mahalliy vakillik hokimiyati organlari saylovlarida ishtirok etish; • partiya faoliyati bilan bog‘liq yig‘ilishlar, konferensiyalar va boshqa tadbirlarni o‘tkazish; • qonun hujjatlarida nazarda tutilgan tartibda ommaviy axborot vositalarini ta’sis etish va boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalaridan foydalanish; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasining siyosiy partiyalari bilan ittifoq (blok) tuzish, ular bilan va boshqa jamoat birlashmalari bilan shartnoma munosabatlari o‘rnatish; • O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlarida nazarda tutilgan huquqlarga ham ega. Mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonda demokratik jamiyatning qonuniy belgisi bo‘lgan ko‘p partiyaviylik shakllandi, jamoat tashkilotlari tubdan yangilandi. O‘zbekistonda 4 ta siyosiy partiya, 2 ta ijtimoiy harakat, faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Siyosiy partiyalar mamlakatimiz fuqarolarining siyosiy va ijtimoiy faolligini oshirish, aholining, ayniqsa, saylov jara¬yonlarida xohish-irodasi va fikrini ifodalash vositasiga aylanib bormoqda. 2007- yilda qabul qilingan „Davlat boshqaruvini yangilash va yanada demokratlashtirish hamda mamlakatni modernizatsiya qilishda siyosiy partiyalarning rolini kuchaytirish to‘g‘risida“gi Konstitutsiyaviy qonun siyosiy partiyalarning jamiyat hayo¬tidagi roli va ahamiyatini tubdan kuchaytirdi. Bosh vazir lavo¬zimiga nomzod bo‘yicha siyosiy partiyalar fraksiyalari bilan maslahatlashish tartibi, uning parlament tomonidan tasdiq¬lanishi qat’iy belgilab qo‘yildi. Qonunchilik palatasidagi partiya fraksiyalariga Bosh vazirni iste’foga chiqarish, mahalliy ken-gashlardagi partiya guruhlariga esa viloyat hokimlarini iste’foga chiqarish to‘g‘risida tashabbus bilan chiqish huquqlari berildi. Bularning barchasi siyosiy partiyalarning mamlakat hayotidagi o‘rni va ta’siri ortib borayotganidan dalolat beradi. O‘zbekiston Xalq demokratik par¬tiyasi 1991- yil 1- noyabrda Тosh¬kentda bo‘lib o‘tgan ta’sis qurul-toyida tashkil topgan. Ushbu qurul¬toyda uning Das¬turi va Nizo¬mi qabul qilindi. O‘zbe¬kiston XDP 1991-yil 15-noyabrda Adliya vazirligi tomonidan ro‘yxatga olindi. Partiyaning 218 viloyat, shahar va tuman kengashlari, 13665 boshlang‘ich tashkiloti faoliyat ko‘rsatmoq¬da. 400 mingdan ko‘proq a’zolari bor. Xalq demokratik partiyasi o‘z Dasturida milliy mustaqillikni mustahkamlash, demokratik davlat, insonparvar, adolatli jamiyat qurish, O‘zbekiston xalqlari o‘rtasida tinchlik, osoyishtalik, fuqarolar totuvligini ta’minlash, har bir kishining munosib hayot kechirishi uchun keng imkoniyatlar yaratish, fuqarolarning konstitutsiyaviy haq-huquqlarini kafolatlash maqsadini ilgari surdi. O‘zbekiston XDP parlament partiyasidir. Partiya Oliy Majlis va mahalliy hokimiyat organlariga saylovlar vaqtida o‘z nomzodlarini ko‘rsatadi, saylovchilarning ko‘proq ovozini olish uchun kurashadi, davlat hokimiyati organlarining barcha bo‘g‘inlarida ishtirok etadi. Oliy Majlis Qonunchilik palatasining 2010- yildagi qarori bilan XDPning 32 kishidan iborat deputatlari fraksiyasi ro‘yxatga olingan. O‘zbekiston XDPning „O‘zbekiston ovozi“, „Голос Узбекистана“ gazetalari va „Muloqot“ jurnali nashr etilmoqda. 1995- yil 18- fevralda O‘zbekiston „Adolat“ sotsial-demokratik parti¬yasi (SDP) tuzildi. Partiyaning Тosh¬kent¬¬da I ta’sis qurultoyida uning Das¬turi va Nizomi qabul qilindi. Adliya vazirligi 1995- yil 18-fevralda „Adolat“ SDPni ro‘yxatga olgan. Partiyaning asosiy maqsadi O‘zbekiston Respublikasida huquqiy-demokratik davlat qurish, Vatanga sodiq xizmat qilish, adolatli fuqaroviy jamiyat qurish, demokratiya talablarining hamda mamlakatimizda yashayotgan barcha millat va elatlarning orzu-umidlariga monand shart-sharoit yuzaga keltirishga hissa qo‘shishdan iborat. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlis Qonunchilik pala¬tasining 2010- yildagi qarori bilan „Adolat“ sotsial-demo¬kratik partiyasining 19 kishidan iborat deputatlari fraksiya¬si ro‘yxatga olingan. Partiya fraksiyasi „Adolat“ SDP majlislari, kengashlari va qurultoylari qarorlariga amal qilib, ular oldida o‘z ishlari yuzasidan belgilangan tartibda hisobot beradi. O‘zbekiston „Adolat“ SDP safida 30 mingdan ortiq a’zo bor. Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasida, barcha viloyatlarda, shuningdek, 175 shahar va tumanlarda partiya Kengashlari tuzilgan. Joylarda 1000 dan ortiq boshlang‘ich partiya tashkilotlari ish olib bormoqda. O‘zbekiston „Adolat“ sotsial-demokratik partiyasining „Adolat“ nomli ijtimoiy-siyosiy haftalik gazetasi nashr etil¬moqda. O‘zbekistonda faoliyat ko‘rsa¬ta¬yotgan partiyalardan yana biri—O‘zbekiston „Milliy tiklanish“ de-mokratik partiya¬sidir (O‘zMТDP). U 1995-yil 3- iyunda Тoshkentda bo‘lib o‘tgan ta’sis qurultoyida tuzildi va partiyaning Dasturi va Nizomi qabul qilindi. O‘z¬bekiston Respublikasi Adliya vazirligi 1995-yil 9-iyunda O‘zMТDP ni ro‘yxatga olgan. Partiya oliy maqsadi milliy tiklanish g‘oyasini amalga oshirish yo‘lida o‘z harakatining asosiy yo‘nalishlarini quyidagicha belgilaydi: millatning ma’naviy birligi; Vatan—yagona oila; kuchli demokratik davlat; milliy qadriyatlar; ilmiy-texnikaviy taraqqiyot va umumjahon integratsiya; zamon kishisi; milliy istiqlol. O‘zbekiston MТDPning oliy organi 5 yilda chaqiriladigan qurultoy bo‘lib, unda rahbar organlar saylanadi. 1998- yil 28- dekabrda O‘zbe¬kiston „Fidokorlar“ milliy demo¬kratik par¬ti¬ya¬si tashkil topdi. Par¬ti-yaning 1998-yil 28-dekabrdagi ta’sis konfe¬ren¬siyasida uning Dasturi va Nizo¬mi tasdiqlangan. „Fidokorlar“ partiyasining maqsadi kindik qoni to‘kilgan tuproq, ajdodlar merosi va qadriyatlari bilan faxrlanadigan, xalq g‘amini o‘z g‘ami deb bilib, har qanday tahdid, xavf-xavotir, qiyinchi-liklar oldida bosh egmaydigan, tiz cho‘k¬maydigan, Vatan, taraqqiyot, ijtimoiy adolat yo‘lida jonini ham fido qilishga tayyor, elim deb, yurtim deb yonib yashay¬digan fidokor shaxslarni birlash-tirishdir. Partiya mulkdorlar daxlsiz-ligini ta’minlashga intiladi, fikrlar, g‘oyalar, qarashlar xilma-xilligiga asoslanadi. Toshkentda 20- iyun (2008- y.) kuni O‘zbekiston „Fido¬korlar“ milliy demokratik partiyasi va O‘zbekiston „Milliy tik¬lanish“ partiyasining birlashuv qurultoyi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Qurultoyda O‘zbekiston „Milliy tiklanish“ demokratik partiyasi va „Fidokorlar“ milliy demokratik partiyasini birlash¬tirish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qilindi. Birlashgan partiyalarga „Milliy tiklanish“ demokratik partiyasi nomi berildi. Markaziy kengash, Mar¬kaziy nazorat-taftish komissiyasi a’zolari saylandi, birlashgan partiyaning bosma organi tasdiqlandi. Partiya markaziy Kengashi Ijroiya qo‘mitasi raisi etib Oliy Majlis Qonunchilik palatasi qo‘mitasi raisi Axtam Tursunov saylandi. Oliy Majlis Qonunchilik palatasining 2010- yil qarori bilan Milliy tiklanish demokratik partiyasining 31 nafardan iborat deputatlar fraksiyasi ro‘yxatga olingan. 2003- yil oxirlarida O‘zbekiston libe¬ral demokratik partiyasi tashkil topdi. Uning maqsadi tadbirkorlar va ish¬bilar¬monlar manfaatini himoya qi¬lish, jamiyat hayotini yanada erkinlashtirishdan iborat. O‘zLiDePning „XXI asr“ haftalik gazetasi nashr etilmoqda. Oliy Majlis Qonunchilik palatasi-ning 2010- yil qarori bilan O‘zbekiston liberal demokratik partiyasining 53 kishidan iborat deputatlar fraksiyasi ro‘yxatga olingan. 1995- yil may oyida jamoat¬chi¬likning tashabbusi bilan O‘zbe¬kiston „Xalq birligi“ harakati tashkil etildi va faoliyat ko‘r¬satmoqda. Adliya vazirligi mazkur harakatni 1995- yil 9- iyunda ro‘yxatga oldi. Harakatning asosiy maqsadi O‘zbekistonda istiqomat qilayotgan barcha millatlar va elatlarni jipslashtirish, ularning O‘zbe¬kis¬ton Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasida mustahkamlangan huquq va erkinliklarini kafolatlash, mamlakatda millatlararo totuvlik, ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikni mustahkamlashdan iborat. O‘zbekiston „Xalq birligi“ harakatining oliy organi qurultoy bo‘lib, u 4 yilda bir marta chaqiriladi. Unda rahbar organlar saylanadi. O‘zbekiston „Xalq birligi“ harakati tarkibida Qoraqal¬pog‘is¬ton Respublikasi, viloyat, shahar va tuman kengashlari hamda boshlang‘ich tashkilotlari ish olib bormoqda. „Xalq birligi“ ha¬rakati Respublika Baynalmilal madaniy markazi hamda 100 dan ortiq milliy-madaniy markazlar bilan bahamjihat faoliyat yuritmoqdaki, bu turli millat va elat vakillari birligini mustah¬kamlashda ijobiy rol o‘ynamoqda. O‘zbekiston „Xalq birligi“ harakatining „Birlik“ va „Единство“ haftalik gazetalari nashr etilmoqda. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining 1996- yil 17- apreldagi farmoniga muvofiq res¬pub¬lika yoshlarining „Kamolot“ jam¬g‘armasi nodavlat xayriya jamoat birlashmasi sifatida tashkil topgan edi. „Kamolot“ jam¬g‘ar¬masining vazifasi yoshlarning manfaat va ehtiyojlarini o‘rga¬nish, ularni qondirish yuzasidan dasturlar tuzish va davlat ko‘magida hayot¬ga tatbiq etishdan iborat edi. Ammo „Kamolot“ yoshlar jam¬g‘armasi bunday vazifalarni bajara olmadi, yosh¬larning haqiqiy ma’nodagi yetakchisiga aylana olmadi. Prezident Islom Karimov 2001- yil 24- yanvarda Тoshkentda bo‘lib o‘tgan yoshlar masalasiga bag‘ishlangan yig‘ilishda yoshlarning chinakam suyanchi bo‘la oladigan yangi tashkilot tuzish g‘oyasini ilgari surdi. 2001- yil 25- aprel kuni Тoshkentda bo‘lgan yoshlar qurultoyida o‘zini o‘zi boshqaradigan nodavlat, notijorat tashkiloti — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi „Kamolot“ yoshlar ijtimoiy harakati tuzildi va uning Dasturi, Nizomi tas¬diqlandi. „Kamolot“ yoshlar ijtimoiy harakatining asosiy maq¬sadi yoshlarni birlashtirish (14 yoshdan 28 yoshgacha), sog‘lom turmush talablari asosida tarbiyalash, jamiyatda munosib o‘rnini egallashga ko‘mak¬lashish, ularning manfaatlarini himoya qilish, yosh yigit-qizlarning o‘z aql-zakovati, kuch-g‘ayratini to‘la namoyon etishi uchun zarur shart-sharoit yaratib berish, yosh avlod¬ning ta¬yan¬chi va suyanchisi bo‘lishdan iboratdir. O‘zbekistonda turli jamoat tashki¬lotlari ham faoliyat ko‘rsat¬moqda. Jumladan, O‘zbekiston kasaba uyush¬malari turli kasb egalari bo‘lgan xo¬dim¬larning jinsi, diniy e’tiqodlari, irqiy va milliy muno¬sa-batlaridan qat’i nazar ixtiyo¬riy birlashtiruvchi mustaqil om¬maviy jamoat tashkiloti sifatida faoliyat ko‘rsat¬moqda. Kasaba uyushmalarining tashkiliy tuzilishi jahon kasaba uyush¬malari amaliyoti andozalariga mos keladigan federalizm, demokratiya, mustaqillik va ixtiyoriylik tamoyillari asosida isloh etildi. Kasaba uyushmalarining quyidan yuqorigacha barcha organlari uyushma a’zolari tomonidan saylangan vakillarning yig‘ilishlari, konferensiyalari va qurultoylarida saylanadi va ular oldida hisob beradi. O‘zbekiston kasaba uyushmalarining 1996-yilgi ma’lu¬mot¬lariga ko‘ra, 53 mingga yaqin boshlang‘ich tashkilotlariga ixtiyo¬riy ravishda birlashgan 7,5 milliondan ziyod a’zosi bor. O‘zbekiston kasaba uyushmalari Federatsiyasi tarkibida 21 tarmoq kasaba uyushmalari, hududiy jihatdan esa Qoraqal¬po¬g‘iston Respublikasi,12 viloyat hamda Тoshkent shahar kasaba uyushmalari Kengashlari mavjud. Ular xodimlarning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy huquqlari va manfaatlarini himoya qilish yo‘lida faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqdalar. Mustaqillik sharoitida ayollarni, ko‘p bolali onalarni har tomonlama muhofaza qilishni yanada kuchaytirish, mehnatkash va ijodkor ayollarni bozor iqtisodiyoti bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan muam-molarni hal etishga keng safarbar etish, ilm-fan sohasi¬dagi ayollarning imkoniyatlarini yanada kengaytirish va ularni qo‘l¬lab-quvvatlash maqsadida Vazirlar Mahkamasining 1991- yil 1- martdagi O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xotin-qizlar qo‘¬mi¬tasi to‘g‘risidagi farmoyishi bilan Xotin-qizlar qo‘mitasi tuzildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Xotin-qizlar qo‘mitasining asosiy maqsadi jamiyatda xotin-qizlarning rolini oshirish, ularning ma’naviy va madaniy talablarini qondirish, ayollarga ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, huquqiy va psixologik yordam berish, oilani, onalik va bolalikni himoya qilish, tinchlik va ijtimoiy taraqqiyot uchun ayollarning ishtirok etishlarini ta’minlashdan iboratdir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xotin-qizlar qo‘mitasi tarkibida Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi, 12 ta viloyat xotin-qizlar qo‘mi¬talari, Тoshkent shahar xotin-qizlar qo‘mitasi, 38 shahar, 170 tuman, 14 mingdan ortiq mehnat jamoalari va turar joylarda tashkil etilgan xotin-qizlar qo‘mitalari faoliyat yuritmoqdalar. Qo‘mita qoshida xotin-qizlar toifalariga qarab tuzilgan turli-tuman professional, ijodiy va boshqa uyushmalar ish¬lamoqda. 1996-yil dekabrda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Farmoni bilan Faxriylar kengashi „Nuroniy“ jamg‘armasiga aylantirildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 1994-yil 16-mart¬dagi „1941—1945- yillardagi urushda fashizm ustidan qo¬zo¬nilgan g‘ala¬baning 50 yilligiga tayyorgarlik ko‘rish va uni ni-shonlash to‘g‘risi¬da“gi Farmonida o‘zbekistonliklarning urush yillaridagi jasoratini hamda qurbon bo‘lganlar xotirasini abadiylashtirishga bag‘ishlangan ko‘p jildli „Xotira“ kitobini nashr etish vazifasi qo‘yildi, yetarli miqdorda mablag‘ ajratildi va barcha shart-sharoit yaratib berildi. Juda katta mehnat va mashaqqatli izlanishlar natijasida urushda halok bo‘lgan va bedarak yo‘qolgan 450 mingga yaqin o‘zbekistonlik jang¬chilar¬ning aziz nomlari zikr etilgan 34 jildlik „Xotira“ kitobi 1995-yilda, g‘alabaning 50 yilligi arafasida xalqimizga, sobiq jangchi¬larning xonadonlariga bepul yetkazib berildi. Shuning¬dek, u barcha muzeylarga, Тoshkent shahri va viloyatlardagi faxriylar tashkilot¬lariga, kutubxonalarga, oliy o‘quv yurtlari va ilmiy-tek¬¬shirish ins¬titutlariga, vazirlik va idoralarga, Davlat organlari, hokimliklar va jamoat tashkilotlariga hamda Moskva, Sankt-Peterburg, Kiyev, Minsk, Volgograd shaharlari muzey¬lariga yuborildi. „Xotira“ kitobida katta tarix, achchiq hayot haqiqati tiklangan. Mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonda aholining keng qatlamlarini birlashtiruvchi 5 mingdan ortiq jamoat birlashmalari, nodavlat va notijorat tashkilotlari shakllandi va faoliyat ko‘rsat¬moqda. Shular jumlasiga „Ma’naviyat va ma’rifat“ jamoatchilik markazi, „Sog‘lom avlod uchun“ va „Ekosan“ xalqaro jamg‘armalari, „Mahalla“ va „Navro‘z“ xayriya jam¬g‘ar¬malari, iste’dodli yoshlarni qo‘llab-quvvatlash „Ulug‘bek“ va „Iste’dod“ jam¬g‘ar¬malari, „Mehr-shafqat va salomatlik“, „Bolalar“, „Amir Тemur“, „Alisher Navoiy“, „Abdulla Qodi¬riy“ jamg‘ar¬malari va bosh¬qalar kiradi. Jamoat birlash¬malariningturlari va maqsad¬larini 16- chizmadan aniqroq bilib olishingiz mumkin. Ommaviy axborot vositalari xalqqa il¬miy, huquqiy, siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ma¬da¬¬niy, ma’naviy-ma’rifiy bilimlar, ma’¬lu¬motlar tarqatuvchi manbadir. Ular tarkibiga gazeta va jurnallar, radio va televideniye hamda boshqa axborot tarqatuvchi vositalar kiradi. Sobiq Ittifoq davrida ommaviy axborot vositalari to‘la davlat monopoliyasiga olingan bo‘lib, kom¬munistik mafkura quroliga aylantirilgan, milliy zamindan uzilgan edi. Mustaqillik yillarida ommaviy axborot vositalariga munosabat o‘zgardi. Avvalo ularning huquqiy asoslarini yaratish tadbirlari ko‘rildi. O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasining 67-moddasiga ko‘ra, ommaviy axborot vositalari erkin va qonunga muvofiq ishlaydi. 29-moddasida esa har kim o‘zi istagan axborotni izlash, olish va uni tarqatish huquqiga ega, amaldagi konstitutsiyaviy tuzumga qarshi qaratilgan axborot va qonun bilan belgilangan boshqa cheklashlar bundan mustasno, deb belgilab qo‘yilgan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Oliy Majlisida 1997-yil 24- aprelda „Axborot olish kafolatlari va erkinligi to‘g‘risida“ va „Jurnalistik faoliyatni himoya qilish to‘g‘risida“, 1997-yil 26- dekabrda „Ommaviy axborot vositalari to‘g‘risida“ Qonunlar qabul qilindi. Davlat organlari, muassasalar, tashkilotlarning mansabdor shaxslari senzurani amalga oshirganlik, jurnalistga tazyiq o‘tkazganlik, uning professional faoliyatiga aralashganlik uchun javobgar bo‘lishlari qonunan mustahkamlab qo‘yildi. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining erkin faoliyat yuritishni ta’minlashga qaratilgan 10 ga yaqin qonun hujjatlari qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti devonida tuzilgan Axborot markazi, Milliy matbuot klubi ommaviy axborot vositalariga moddiy jihatdan ko‘maklashmoqda. Respublika Vazirlar Mahkamasining qaroriga ko‘ra, 1996- yil avgust oyida ommaviy axborot vositalarini demokratlashtirish va qo‘llab-quvvatlash bilan shug‘ullanuvchi ijtimoiy-siyosiy jamg‘arma tashkil etildi. Res¬publika Prezidentining 1997-¬ yil 7- maydagi „O‘zbekiston ijtimoiy taraqqiyotida televideniye va radioning rolini oshirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risi¬da“ gi Farmoniga ko‘ra O‘zbekiston Davlat televideniye va radioeshit¬tirish qo‘mitasi O‘zbekiston tele¬ra¬diokompaniyasiga aylantirildi va uning joylarda hududiy bo‘linmalari tuzildi. Bu tadbir o‘zteleradiokompaniyaning aholi va jamiyatning xolisona, haq¬qoniy axborotlarga ehtiyojini o‘rganish, O‘zbekistonda amalga oshirilayotgan demokratik islohotlar va o‘zgarishlar to‘g‘risida aho¬lini, chet el jamoatchiligini keng xabardor qilish sohasidagi faoliya¬tini demokratlashtirish va rivojlantirishga salmoqli turtki berdi. Mustaqillik yillarida respublika ommaviy axborot vositala¬rining soni ko‘paydi, sifati yaxshilandi. 1990-yilda 376 nomda gazeta va jurnallar chop etilgan bo‘lsa, 2010-yilda ommaviy axborot vositalari va elektron ommaviy axborot vositalari soni 1200 taga yetdi. 4 ta axborot agentligi, 55 ta nashriyot, 100 ga yaqin davlat va nodavlat telera¬diostudiyalari va uning hududiy bo‘linmalari faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Ko‘pmillatli O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasida gazetalar, jurnallar, tele¬ra-dio¬studiyasi 12 tilda — o‘zbek, rus, qoraqalpoq, tojik, qozoq va boshqa tillarda chop etiladi, eshittiriladi. 6 ta gazeta va 8 ta jurnalda o‘zbek tili bilan birga ingliz, arab, turk, urdu, forsiy, hind tillaridan foydalaniladi. Ommaviy axborot vositalari, ularning muassislari, mazmuni va yo‘nalishiga qarab bir necha guruhlarga bo‘linadi. Bular davlat tomonidan nashr etiladigan; siyosiy partiya va jamoat tash¬kilotlari, tijorat va xususiy gazeta va jurnallardir. Shuning¬dek, diniy tashki¬lotlarning gazeta va jurnallari, adabiy-badiiy, ixtisoslikka yo‘naltirilgan ijtimoiy-siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ma’naviy-madaniy nashrlar mavjud. 1996- yilda respublikamiz AQSHda joylashgan „Internet“ global tarmog‘i bilan bog‘landi va jahon yangiliklarini qabul qilib olish va axborotlar uzatish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Internet tizimidan foydalanuvchilar safi kengayib bormoqda. 2003- yilda mamlakatimizning yarim milliondan ortiq aholisi axborot xizmatining muhim turi hisoblanayotgan Internetdan foydalangan bo‘lsa, 2010- yilda ularning soni 6 milliondan oshdi. Shahar va tuman markazlarida Internet klublar, Internet kafelar soni, milliy axborot segmenti yildan yilga ko‘payib bormoqda. 2004- yil aprel oyida „uz“ hududida ro‘yxatga olingan WEB saytlar soni 2600 taga yetdi. Ayniqsa, O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Prezidenti Matbuot xizmatining WEB sayti (WWW. press-servise. uz) Internet tarmog‘ida mashhur bo‘lib ketdi. Undan mamlakatimiz aholisi, shuningdek, jahondagi 80 dan ortiq mamlakat fuqarolari foydalanmoqdalar. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Fuqarolik jamiyatining rivojlanganlik darajasi nima bilan belgi¬lanadi? 2. Qanday hujjatlarda jamoat birlashmalarining huquqiy asoslari belgilab berilgan? 3. Siyosiy partiya nima? U qanday prinsiplar asosida tuziladi va faoliyat yuritadi? 4. Siyosiy partiyalar qanday huquqlarga ega? 5. O‘zbekistonda qanday siyosiy partiyalar faoliyat yuritmoqda? 6. „Kamolot“ yoshlar ijtimoiy harakati qachon tuzilgan, maqsadi nima? 7. Sizning kollejingizda „Kamolot“ yoshlar ijtimoiy harakatining tash¬kiloti tuzilganmi, Siz unda qanday ishtirok etyapsiz? 8. Jamoat birlashmalari nima? 9. Kollejingizda qanday jamoat tashkilotlari faoliyat yuritmoqda? 10. Jamoat birlashmalari qanday maqsadlarda tuziladi? 11. Ommaviy axborot vositalari nima? 12. Siz qanday gazeta va jurnallarni qiziqish bilan o‘qiysiz? IV bob. Iqtisodiy islohotlar. Bozor munosa¬batlarining shakllanishi va iqtisodiy taraqqiyot 1- §. O‘zbekistonning bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish yo‘li, huquqiy asoslari va bozor infratuzilmasining yaratilishi Bozor iqtisodiyoti tovar-pul mu¬no¬¬sabatlariga asoslangan va ularga xos iqtisodiy qonunlar asosida ish¬laydi¬gan iqtisoddir. Bozor iqtisodiyoti qadim zamonlardan boshlab ming yillar davomida shakllanib, takomillashib kelmoqda. Iqtisodiy taraqqiyotda bozor munosabatlari ikki xil shaklda namoyon bo‘ldi. Birin¬chisi, tartibsiz, stixiyali faoliyat yurituvchi bozor iqtiso¬di¬yoti. Bunda ishlab chiqaruvchilar va iste’molchilar tarqoq, o‘zi¬bo‘larchilik asosida, maqsadi va harakati oldindan kelishilmagan holda faoliyat yuritadilar. Ikkinchisi, davlat, iqtisodiy qonunlar va iqtisodiy vositalar bilan tartibga solinadigan, boshqariladigan bozor iqtisodiyoti. Uning xususiyatlari: — tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilar iqtisodiy erkin bo‘ladilar; — kishilar mulk egasi bo‘ladi, o‘zi ishlab chiqargan mahsu¬lot egasi bo‘lib, uni o‘zi xohlaganicha sotishi va sotmay turishi mum¬kin; — tovar oldi-sotdisi sotuvchi bilan xaridorning erkin va ixtiyoriy munosabatiga asoslanadi; — tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilar bozorda erkin raqobatda bo‘ladilar; — bozorda ishlab chiqaruvchi emas, iste’molchi o‘z shartini qo‘yadi, chunki pul uning qo‘lida bo‘ladi; — bozorda nimaga talab oshsa, shu narsani ishlab chiqarish foydali bo‘ladi; — jamiyat a’zolari o‘z daromadiga ko‘ra tabaqalanadi. Jahon tarixi tajribasi guvohlik beradiki, insoniyat birdaniga tartibga solinuvchi bozor iqtisodiyotini yaratolmagan, necha ming yillar davomida stixiyali bozor iqtisodiyoti sharoitida yashab, vaqt-vaqti bilan iqtisodiy larzalarni, chuqur iqtisodiy inqirozlarni boshidan kechirgan. XX asrda jahon sivilizatsiyasi insoniyat manfaatlari yo‘lida yanada jadal taraqqiy etdi. Bu jara¬yon iqtisodiy tafakkurga ijobiy ta’sir etib, tartibga solinuvchi bo¬zor iqtisodiyoti g‘oyasini keltirib chiqardi. Unga amal qilgan davlatlarda iqtisodiyot jadal o‘sa boshladi, aholi turmushi, farovonligi yaxshilanib bordi. Shu tariqa dunyoda tartibga solinadigan bozor munosabatlari iqtisodiyotning yetakchi shakliga aylanib bordi. Sobiq Ittifoqda esa hokimiyat tepasida turgan kommunistlar mulkni yoppasiga davlat ixtiyoriga olish, resurslarni markazlashtirilgan tarzda ma’muriy-buyruqbozlik, rejalashtirish asosida boshqarish va taqsimlash yo‘li bilan ijtimoiy adolatni qaror toptirish va xalq farovonligini oshirishga urinib ko‘rdi. 70 yil davom etgan bu sinov o‘zini oqlamadi, ijtimoiy adolat ham qaror topmadi, xalq uchun farovon turmush ham yaratilmadi. Aksincha, millionlab odamlar qancha-qancha balo-qazolarga uchradi, bunday g‘ayritabiiy yo‘lga qarshi chiqqanlarning umri xazon bo‘ldi. Oxir-oqibatda ma’muriy buyruqbozlik asosida boshqariladigan o‘ta siyosiylashgan, mafkuralashgan iqtisodiyot tanazzulga uchradi. Mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekiston iq¬tiso¬diyotidagi yangilanish, tub o‘zga¬rishlarni o‘rganishga kiri¬shar ekan¬miz, avvalo, mus¬tabid sovet tuzu¬midan bizga qanday iq¬tisodiyot meros bo‘lib qolganini tushunib, chuqur anglab yetishimiz lozim. O‘zbekiston qaramlik davrida o‘z tabiiy boyliklariga, yer-suv, o‘rmon va boshqa resurslariga o‘zi egalik qila olmasdi, iqtisodiy taraqqiyot yo‘lini o‘zi belgilay olmasdi. Respublika hududida qurilgan va faoliyat ko‘rsatayotgan korxonalar markazga, uning manfaatlariga bo‘ysundirilgan edi. O‘zbekiston rahbariyati, xalqi o‘z hududida qancha mahsulot ishlab chiqarilayotganini, ular qayerda realizatsiya qilinayotganini va qancha daromad keltira¬yotganidan bexabar edi. Moliya-kredit, bank siyosati yuritishda qaram edi, o‘zining milliy valutasiga, valuta jamg‘armasiga ega emasdi. Sobiq Ittifoqdan mo‘rt, zaif xomashyo yetishtirishga yo‘nal¬tirilgan, ya’ni arzon xomashyo va strategik mineral resurslar tay¬yorlanadigan iqtisodiyot meros bo‘lib qolgan edi. Respublika iqtisodiyotida boy mineral xomashyo resurslaridan ayovsiz, nazoratsiz foydalanish hukmronlik qilardi. Umri tugagan sovet tuzumidan iqtisodiy boshqaruvning ma’muriy-buyruqbozlik usuli, „Qayta qurish“ davrida batamom barbod bo‘lgan iqti¬sodiyot, izdan chiqqan moliyaviy narx-navo tizimi, baqiriq-chaqiriq, o‘g‘rilik, buzuqlik avj olgan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muhit meros bo‘lib qolgan edi. Respublika korxonalari sobiq Ittifoq bo‘yicha boshqa korxonalar bilan bog‘langan bo‘lib, endi ular o‘rtasidagi aloqalar uzilib, xo‘jalik yuritish murakkablashib qolgan edi. Mavjud korxonalar chetdan keltiriladigan texnologik asbob-uskunalar va butlovchi qismlarga butunlay qaram edi. O‘zbekiston yoqilg‘i va oziq-ovqat masalasida markazga qaram edi. Ekin ekiladigan yerlarning paxta maydonlariga aylantirilishi, paxta yakka hokimligining o‘rnatilishi natijasida O‘zbekiston un, go‘sht, sut mahsulotlari va boshqa eng muhim oziq-ovqat mollari, xalq iste’moli tovarlari, tayyor mahsulotlarni chetdan keltirishga mahkum etilgan edi. Paxta, oltin, rangli metallar, strategik ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan boshqa materiallar tashib ketilar, ularni sotishdan keladigan daromad O‘zbekiston xazinasiga tushmas edi. O‘ziga qarashli bo‘lgan mablag‘ni mar¬kaz-dan dotatsiya sifatida so‘rab, yolvorib olishga majbur edi. Aholi turmush darajasi bo‘yicha nochorlik, sobiq Ittifoq miqyosida eng oxirgi o‘rinlardan biri meros bo‘lib qoldi. Rossiya, Ukraina va Belorusiyadan farqli o‘laroq, O‘zbekiston aholisining deyarli uchdan ikki qismi qo‘l uchida tirikchilik qilardi. Eski mustabid tuzumdan o‘tkir ijtimoiy, ekologik muammolar meros bo‘lib qolgan edi. Aholi yerning nihoyat darajada sho‘rlanishi, havoning va suv zaxiralarining ifloslanganligi, radioaktiv ifloslanish, Orol dengizining qurib borishi oqibatida juda katta ekologik xavfga duch kelib qolgan edi. Muta¬xassislarning ma’lumotlariga ko‘ra, birgina Orolning qurib qolgan tubidan yiliga bo‘ron tufayli 15—75 million tonna chang-to‘zon ko‘tarilib, uzunligi 400 km va eni 40 km maydonni iflos¬lan¬tirardi, aholini turli-tuman kasalliklarga mubtalo qilardi. „Bugun o‘sha davr to‘g‘risidagi haqiqatni xolisona aytadigan bo‘lsak, u zamondagi hayotimizni jahon tarixi va amaliyoti bilan taqqoslaydigan bo‘lsak, shuni ochiq aytish kerakki, u paytda O‘zbekiston bir yoqlama iqtisodiyotga — markazga butunlay qaram, izdan chiqqan iqtisodiyotga ega bo‘lgan yarimmustamlaka mamlakat qatoriga aylangan edi“. Islom Karimov. „O‘zbekiston XXI asrga intilmoqda“. Т., „O‘zbekiston“, 1999, 6- bet. Iqtisodiy mustaqillik imkoniyatlariIqtisodiy mustaqillik xalqimizni iqtisodiy zu¬g‘um, mutelikdan ozod etdi, o‘z yeri, yer osti boyliklari, suv, o‘sim¬-lik va hay¬vonot dunyosi va boshqa ta-biiy zaxiralarga to‘la egalik qilish huquqini berdi. O‘z hududimizdagi barcha mulk, korxonalar O‘zbekiston tasarrufiga olindi, mus¬taqil iqtisodiy siyosat yuritish, o‘z iqtisodiy taraqqiyot yo‘¬lini o‘zi belgilash erkinligi qo‘lga kiritildi. Iqtisodiy mustaqillik mamlakatimizga mustaqil moliya-kredit, bank siyosatini yuritish, o‘z davlat budjetini yaratish va unga to‘la egalik qilish, milliy valuta, oltin zaxirasi va valuta jam¬g‘armasini tashkil etish va ulardan xalqimiz farovonligi, yurti¬miz obodonligi yo‘lida mustaqil foydalanish imkoniyatini yaratdi. Iqtisodiy mustaqillik tufayli ishlab chiqarish munosabatlarini ma’muriy buyruqbozlik, markaziy rejalashtiruvchi mexanizmdan erkin, bozor iqtisodiyoti sharoitlariga o‘tkazish, jahon xo‘jaligi aloqalari tizimiga kirish mumkin bo‘ldi. Davlat mustaqilligi qo‘lga kiritilgach, O‘zbekiston umum¬ba¬shariy, jahon sivilizatsiyasining katta yo‘liga tushib oldi. O‘zbe¬kiston bozor munosabatlarini shakllantirish, milliy an’analarga asos¬langan o‘z taraqqiyot yo‘lini tanlab oldi. Chunki turli mam¬la¬kat¬lardagi bozor iqtisodiyoti, u xoh Amerika yoki Germa¬niyada bo‘lsin, xoh Yaponiya yoki Janubiy Koreyada bo‘lsin, baribir umumiy qonunlar bo‘yicha rivojlanib borgan holda har biri o‘zining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlariga ham ega bo‘lgan. Bu xusu¬siyatlar xo‘jalikning tuzilishi va shart-sharoitlari, tabiati va iqli¬mi, milliy rasm-rusumlari, an’analari va milliy xarakteri orqali belgilanadi. O‘zbekistonda bozor munosabatlariga o‘tishning o‘ziga xos yo‘li ishlab chi¬qil¬¬di. Bu yo‘lning asosiy qoidalari Pre¬zident Islom Karimovning „O‘zbe¬kiston — bozor munosabatlariga o‘tishning o‘ziga xos yo‘li“ nomli asarida, Respublika parlamentida qilgan ma’ruza va nutqlarida, mamlakat parlamenti qabul qilgan qonunlarda bayon etib berilgan. Bu yo‘lga, birinchidan, xalqaro tajriba asos qilib olindi. Ikkinchidan, respublikamiz xo‘jalik imkoniyatlari, shart-sharoitlari, eski tuzumdan meros bo‘lib qolgan muam¬molar hisobga olindi. Davlat qurilishi dasturining va O‘zbekiston iqtisodini isloh etishning butun o‘zagini mamlakat Prezidenti I. A. Karimov tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan besh asosiy tamoyil tashkil etdi. Ular quyidagilardan iborat: Birinchidan, iqtisodiyotni mafkuradan batamom xoli qilish. Iqtisodiyot siyosatdan ustun turmog‘i lozim. Aynan iqtisodiyot, uni yanada rivojlantirish muammolari davlat siyosatining asosiy mazmuniga aylandi. Ikkinchidan, davlatning o‘zi eski tuzumdan yangi tuzumga o‘tish davrida bosh islohotchisi bo‘lishi zarur. Davlat butun xalq¬ning manfaatlarini ko‘zlab, islohotlar jarayonining tashab¬bus¬kori bo‘lishi, iqtisodiy taraqqiyotining yetakchi yo‘na¬lishlarini belgilashi, iqtisodiyotda, ijtimoiy sohada va suveren dav¬latimizning ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotida tub o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirish siyosatini ishlab chiqishi va izchil ro‘yobga chiqarishi kerak. Uchinchidan, Qonunning ustuvorligi, yangilanish va taraq¬qiyot jarayoni qonunlarga asoslanmog‘i zarur. Iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlar amaliy kuchga ega bo‘lgan qonunga tayangandagina sezilarli natija berishi mumkin. Тo‘rtinchidan, bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tishda kuchli ijtimoiy siyosatni amalga oshirish, davlatning aholini ijtimoiy nochor guruhlarini qo‘llab-quvvatlash borasida mas’ul bo‘lishidir. Iqtisodiy islohotlarning barcha bosqichlarida demografiya sohasidagi real ahvolni, aholini mavjud turmush darajasini hisobga olgan holda odamlarni ijtimoiy himoyalash sohasida kuchli chora-tadbirlarni oldindan amalga oshirish kerak. Ijtimoiy himoyalash mexanizmi mavjud bo‘lganidagina ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikni saqlash mumkin. Beshinchidan, islohotlarni, bozor munosabatlarini shakl¬lantirishni puxta o‘ylab, bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirish lozim. „Bu yo‘l va andaza iqtisodiyoti bozor munosabatlari asosiga qurilgan rivojlangan mamlakatlarning ko‘p asrlik tajribasiga, shuningdek, O‘zbekiston xalqining milliy-tari-xiy merosi, turmush tarzi, an’analari va ruhiyati xususiyatlariga tayanishi lozim“. Islom Karimov. „O‘zbekiston — bozor munosabatlariga o‘tishning o‘ziga xos yo‘li“. Т., „O‘zbekiston“, 1993, 5- bet. Besh tamoyilning har biri demokratik va iqtisodiy o‘zga¬rishlarni muvaffaqiyatli isloh qilib borishda birday muhim ahamiyatga egadir. Shu bilan birga, bozor iqtisodiyotiga bosqichma-bosqich o‘tish tamoyili alohida e’tiborga loyiq. Bu yetakchi tamoyillardan biridir. Bu iqtisodiy islohotlarning butun ichki mantiqini, rivojlanib borishi va xarakterini belgilab beradi, belgilangan maqsadlarga erishish uchun mavjud kuchlarni va imkoniyatlarni mujassam etish, eng muhim va birinchi o‘rindagi vazifalarni aniqlash va ularni islohotlar muvaffaqqiyati yo‘lida xizmat qildirishga sharoit yaratadi. Bu tamoyil bozor munosabatlarini qadam-baqadam shakllantirishni, bir bosqichini oxiriga yetkazib va tegishli asos, zamin yaratib, keyin yangi bosqichga o‘tishni taqozo etadi. O‘zbekistonda iqtisodiy islohotlarning uzoqni ko‘zlagan quyidagi strategik maqsadlari belgilab olindi: — milliy boyliklarning o‘sishini, kishilar turmushi va fao¬liyati uchun munosib sharoitni ta’minlaydigan kuchli va muntazam rivojlanib boruvchi tizim yaratish; — ko‘p ukladli iqtisodiyotni vujudga keltirish, kishining mulkdan begonalashuvini bartaraf etish, tashabbuskorlik va tadbirkorlikning har taraflama o‘sishi uchun asos bo‘ladigan xusu¬siy mulkchilikning davlat tomonidan himoya qilinishini ta’¬minlash; — korxonalar va fuqarolarga keng iqtisodiy erkinliklar berish, ularning xo‘jalik ishlariga davlatning to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri aralashuvidan voz kechish, iqtisodni boshqaruvning ma’muriy-buyruqbozlik usullarini yo‘q qilish, iqtisodiy vositalar va rag‘batlantirishlarni keng qo‘llash; — moddiy, tabiiy va mehnat resurslaridan unumli foydala¬nishni, raqobatbardosh tayyor mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqa¬rish¬ni, jahon iqtisodiyot tizimiga kirib borishni ta’minlaydigan chuqur iqtisodiy o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirish; — kishilarda yangicha iqtisodiy tafakkurni shakllantirish, ularning dunyoqarashini o‘zgartirish, har bir kishiga o‘z meh¬na¬tini qo‘llash sohalari va shakllarini o‘zi mustaqil belgilab olishi uchun imkoniyat yaratish. Strategik maqsadlar asosida iqtisodiy-islohotlarning asosiy va muhim tomonlari aniq belgilab olindi. Eng avvalo, birmuncha o‘tkir ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolarni yaqin vaqtlar ichida hal etishga yordam beradigan asosiy tarmoqlarni rivojlantirishga e’tibor qaratildi. O‘zbekistonda iqtisodiy islohotlar quyidagi yo‘nalishlarda amalga oshirildi: — mulkiy islohotlar; — institutsional (muassasalar) va moliya-kredit islohotlari; — agrar islohotlar; — tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat islohotlari; — ijtimoiy sohadagi islohotlar. Islohotlar jarayonini huquqiy jihat¬dan ta’minlash, qonuniy asoslarini yara¬tishga alohida e’tibor berildi. „Iqtisodiy islohotni amalga oshirishning asosiy nuq¬talaridan biri bozor iqtisodiyotining huquqiy negizini yaratishdan iborat“. Islom Karimov. O‘zbekiston iqtisodiy islohotlarni chuqurlashtirish yo‘lida. Т., „O‘zbekiston“, 1995, 29- bet. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida iqtisodiy islohotlarning huquqiy negizini yaratishga yo‘naltirilgan 400 dan ortiq qonun hujjatlari qabul qilindi va joriy etildi. Ularni bir necha yo‘nalishlarga bo‘lish mumkin: 1. Mulkchilik munosabatlari va ko‘p ukladli iqtisodiyotni shakllantiruvchi qonunlar. Bu yo‘nalish doirasida mulkchilik to‘g‘risida, mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususi¬y¬lashtirish to‘g‘risida, ijara to‘g‘risida, davlat uy-joy fondini xusu¬siylashtirish to‘g‘risida va boshqa qonunlar qabul qilindi. 2. Xo‘jalik yuritishni tartibga soluvchi qonunlar, ya’ni xususiy kor¬xo¬nalar to‘g‘risida, kooperatsiya to‘g‘risida, dehqon xo‘ja¬ligi to‘g‘¬risida, shirkat xo‘jaligi to‘g‘risida qonunlar qabul qilindi. Bozor infratuzilmasini yaratuvchi va uning faoliyatini tartibga solib turuvchi, banklar va bank faoliyati to‘g‘risida, pul tizimi to‘g‘¬risida, tadbirkorlik to‘g‘risida, sug‘urta to‘g‘risida, birjalar va birja faoliyati to‘g‘risida, qimmatli qog‘ozlar va fond birjasi to‘g‘risida va boshqa qonunlar qabul qilindi. Korxona bilan davlat o‘rtasidagi, korxonalar o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarni yo‘lga qo‘yuv¬chi qonun¬lar, Soliq kodeksi, Bojxona kodeksi, monopolistik faoliyatni cheklash, korxonalarning bankrot bo‘lishi haqida qonunlar qabul qilindi, Xo‘jalik protsessual kodeksi ishlab chiqildi, Xo‘jalik sudi tuzildi. 3. O‘zbekistonning tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyatini belgilab beruv¬chi huquqiy normalar yaratildi. Тashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat to‘g‘¬risida qabul qilingan qonunlar, xalqaro pakt va bitimlar, ular¬ning O‘zbekiston tomonidan imzolanishi mamlakatimiz tashqi aloqalarining rivojlanishi tarixida yangi sahifa ochdi. Respublika iqtisodiyotining huquqiy asoslari Prezident farmonlarida, hukumat qarorlari va boshqa me’yoriy hujjatlarda yanada takomillashtirib borildi. Qabul qilingan qonunlar amalga oshirilayotgan bozor islohotlarining ortga qaytmasligining kafo¬lati bo‘lib xizmat qilmoqda. Iqtisodiy islohotlarning muhim yo‘na¬lishlaridan biri bozor infratuzilmasini yaratishdan iboratdir. „Bozor munosabatlarini shakllantirishni tegishli muhitsiz — tovar, pul bozorlarida va mehnat resurslari bozorida xo‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlar o‘rtasida o‘zaro aloqani ta’minlashi kerak bo‘lgan bozor infrastruk¬turasisiz tasavvur etib bo‘lmaydi“. Islom Karimov. O‘zbekiston iqtisodiy islohotlarni chuqurlashtirish yo‘lida. T., „O‘zbekiston“, 1995, 97- bet. Bozor infratuzilmasi deganda bozor munosabatlarini shakl¬lantirish va rivojlantirishga, ularni samarali faoliyat yuritishiga xizmat qiluvchi muassasa, tashkilot va korxonalar majmuasi tushuniladi. Quyidagi chizmaga e’tibor bering: 17- chizmaning davomi Respublikamizda bozor munosabatlarini shakllantirish va rivojlantirishga xizmat qiluvchi infratuzilmaning asosiy bo‘g‘in¬lari — turli muassasalar, tashkilotlar va korxonalar majmuasi yaratildi. Avvalambor, ishlab chiqarishga xizmat qiluvchi trans¬port, aloqa, suv va energetika ta’minoti, yo‘l va ombor xo‘jaligi tuzilmalari yaratildi. Bozor munosabatlarini shakllan¬tirishda birjalar alohida o‘ringa ega. Iqtisodiy islohotlarning dastlabki bosqichidayoq „Respublika ko‘chmas mulk birjasi“, „Тovar xom¬ashyo birjasi“, „Тoshkent fond birjasi“ tashkil etildi. Bu tarmoq yanada rivojlantirildi. 1991—2000- yillarda xo‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlar uchun xizmat qiluvchi 58 ta tovarlar va xomashyo birjalari, 24 ta biznes inkubator, 496 ta auditorlik va konsalting firmalari, ko‘plab savdo uylari, auksionlar, tijoratchilik idoralari, reklama firmalari, savdo-sotiq va ularni nazorat qiluvchi davlat muassasalari tashkil etildi. Bozor munosabatlarini rivojlantirishda axborot infratuzil¬masi alohida ahamiyatga ega. Shu boisdan iqtisodiy faoliyat uchun zarur bo‘lgan axborotlar, xabarlar va ma’lumotlarni to‘p¬lovchi, umumlashtiruvchi vositalar, firmalar vujudga keladi. Xo‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlarning moliya-kredit munosabatlariga xizmat qiluvchi infratuzilma — yangi bank tizimi, o‘z-o‘zini kreditlash idoralari, sug‘urta kompaniyalari, moliya kompaniyalari, soliq undirish idoralari, pul jamg‘armalari yaratildi. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga xizmat qiluvchi bank-moliya tizimi yaratildi. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Markaziy banki to‘g‘¬risida“, „Banklar va bank faoliyati to‘g‘risida“gi qonunlarda banklarning maqomi va faoliyatining huquqiy asoslari belgilab berildi. Markaziy bank banklar faoliyatini nazorat qiluvchi maqomga ega. Tijorat banklari ixtisoslashtirildi. Mustaqillikning dastlabki yilida 6 ta bank faoliyat ko‘rsatgan bo‘lsa, 2010-yilda 31 ta tijorat banklari, ularning 810 ta filiali aholiga xizmat ko‘rsatdi. Viloyat, shahar va tumanlarda aholiga xizmat qiluvchi minibanklar ochildi. Minibanklar soni 2011-yil boshlarida 4000 dan oshdi. Respublika iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirishga yo‘naltirilgan kredit qo‘yilmalari qo‘yish va chet el sarmoyalarini jalb qilishda ba¬nk¬¬lar faol qatnashmoqdalar. Тijorat banklarining iqtisodiyot¬ning real sektoriga kreditlar berish imkoniyati, moliya bozoridagi ishtiroki yildan yilga mustahkamlanib bormoqda. To‘lovlarni naqd pulsiz plastik kartochkalar vositasida amalga oshirish ti¬zimi yaratildi. So‘mdagi plastik kartochkalar 1996- yilda paydo bo‘ldi. 2011- yilda muomaladagi bank plastik kartochkalari soni 8 million donani tashkil etdi. Savdo va xizmat ko‘rsatish sho¬xobchalarida plastik kartochkalariga xizmat ko‘rsatadigan terminallar soni 86 mingtaga yetdi. Respublikamizda tadbirkorlar va aholini ehtimoli bo‘lgan turli zararlardan himoya qiluvchi sug‘urta bozori vujudga keldi. Davlat ishtirokida bozor munosabatlariga xizmat qiluvchi „Kafolat“, „Agrosug‘urta“, „O‘zbekinvest“ kabi uchta yirik sug‘urta kompaniyasi tashkil etildi. Ko‘plab xususiy sug‘urta kompaniyalari, shuningdek, xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan hamkorlikda ishlay¬digan qo‘shma sug‘urta kompaniyalari ham vujudga keldi. 2002-yilda sug‘urta kompaniyalarining soni 28 taga yetdi, ular moliya bozorida mamlakatimiz fuqarolari va tashki¬lotlariga 150 turdan ortiq yo‘nalish bo‘yicha sug‘urta xizmati ko‘rsatmoq¬da¬lar. „Sug‘urta faoliyati to‘g‘risida“gi Qonunningqabul qilinishi (2002), Prezident farmoni bilan 2002- yil 1- fevralidan boshlab sug‘urta tashkilotlarining 3 yil muddatga daromad solig‘idan ozod qilinishi mamlakatimizda sug‘urta bozorini yanada erkinlashtirish va rivojlantirishga xizmat qilmoqda. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish sharoitida ish bilan bandlik masalasi jiddiy muammoga aylanadi. Negaki, iqtisodiy tizim o‘zgarayotgan paytda malakasiz kishilargagina emas, ma’lum ixtisosga ega bo‘lgan xodimlarga ham talab cheklanadi, ishsizlar toifasi kengayadi. Bunday sharoitda ishsizlar sonining ko‘pa¬yishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik tadbirlari ko‘rildi. Respublika „Mehnat birjasi“ va joylardagi 225 dan ortiq mehnat birjasini o‘z ichiga oluvchi katta tarmoq barpo etildi. Har bir tumanda mehnat birjasi tashkil etildi. Ishsizlarni ro‘yxatga olish, ularni kasbini o‘zgar¬tirish mexanizmi yaratildi, ishsizlik bo‘yicha nafaqa to‘lash yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Yangi ish o‘rinlarini tashkil etishga e’ti¬bor berildi. 1993- yilda Respublikada tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish hisobiga 185,1 ming yangi ish o‘rinlari tashkil etilgan bo‘lsa, 1998- yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 345,9 mingni tashkil etdi yoki 1,8 marta ko‘p yangi ish o‘rinlari yaratildi. 2000-yilda faqat kichik va o‘rta biznes rivoji hisobiga 192,5 mingta, 2001-yilda esa 372 mingta, 2002-yilda 370 mingta yangi ish o‘rinlari yaratildi. Iqtisodiy islohotlarning birinchi bosqichidayoq, narxlar erkinlashtirildi. Bu jarayon ijtimoiy larzalarsiz o‘tdi. Negaki, davlat turli kompensatsiya jamg‘armalari tuzdi, bolalar uchun nafaqalar joriy etdi, eng kam ish haqi, pensiya, nafaqalar va stipendiyalar muntazam suratda oshirib borildi. Narxni erkinlashtirish iqtisodiyotda raqobatchilik muhitini vujudga keltirish bilan bevosita bog‘liq. 1992-yil avgust oyida O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Monopol faoliyatni cheklash to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonuni kuchga kiritildi. Bu qonun asosida raqobatchilikni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan bir qator normativ huj¬jatlar ishlab chiqildi va amalga oshirildi. Moliya vazirligi tizi¬mida tuzilgan Antimonopol va narx-navo siyosatini o‘tkazish bosh boshqarmasi monopol mavqeyidagi korxonalarni belgi¬lab, ularning mahsulotlari bo‘yicha narxlarni va rentabellikni tartibga solib turibdi. Xulosa qilib aytganda, O‘zbekistonda bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tishning o‘ziga xos yo‘li ishlab chiqildi va unga amal qilin¬moq¬da. Bozor munosabatlarini shakllantiruvchi va unga xiz¬-mat qiluvchi huquqiy negizlar hamda bozor infratuzilmasi yaratildi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Bozor iqtisodiyoti nima? 2. Mustabid sovet tuzumidan mustaqil O‘zbekistonga qanday iqtisodiyot meros bo‘lib qolgan edi? 3. Mustaqillik iqtisodiyot sohasida qanday imkoniyatlar yaratdi? 4. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tishda qanday tamoyillarga tayanildi? 5. Islohotlarning strategik maqsadlarini bilasizmi? 6. Iqtisodiy islohotlar qanday yo‘nalishlarda olib borildi? 7. Bozor munosabatlarini shakllantiruvchi qanday qonunlar qabul qilindi? 8. Bozor infratuzilmasi nima? 9. O‘zbekistonda bozor infratuzilmasining yaratilishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 10. Aholini ish bilan band etish muammosi qanday hal qilinmoqda? 12- §. Davlat mulkini xususiylashtirish. Ko‘p ukladli iqtisodiyot va mulkdorlar tabaqasining shakllanishi Bozor iqtisodiyoti, avvalo, turli xil mulk shakllariga, ko‘p uk¬ladli iqtisodiyotga asoslanadi. Shu boisdan O‘zbekistonda mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish, mulk¬¬¬dorlar tabaqasini shakllantirish iqtisodiy islohotlarda bi¬rinchi o‘rinda turdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasida iqtisodiyot xilma-xil mulk shakl¬laridan iborat bo‘lishi, har bir shaxs mulkdor bo‘lishga haqli ekanligi, iqtisodiy faoliyat, tadbirkorlik va mehnat qilish erkinligi, barcha mulk shakllarining teng huquqli ekanligi belgilab qo‘yilgan. Xususiy mulk boshqa mulk shakllari kabi daxlsiz va davlat tomonidan himoya qilinadi. O‘zbekistonda xususiylashtirish qandaydir kishilar manfa¬a¬tiga bo‘ysundirilmadi, chek (vaucher) asosida xususiylash¬tirishga yo‘l qo‘yilmadi. Davlat mulkini sotish orqali xususiy¬lash¬tirish yo‘li tutildi. Shu bilan birga, xususiylashtirish chog‘ida imti¬yozlar tizimi yaratildi. Xususiylashtirilayotgan korxona meh¬nat jamo¬asining xodimlariga aksiyalarni imtiyozli shartlar bilan sotib olish imkoniyati berildi. Eskirgan asosiy fondlar, ijtimoiy infra¬tuzilma obyektlari yangi mulkdorga tekinga topshi-rildi. Qishloq xo‘jaligi sohasida faoliyat yuritayotgan dav¬lat xo‘ja¬liklarining mol-mulki, fer¬malar, bog‘lar va uzumzorlar imti¬yozli shartlar asosida xusu¬siylashtirildi. Xususiylashtirishga davlat boshchilik qildi. Bu jarayonni tashkil etish va rahbarlik qilish uchun 1992- yil fevralda Davlatmulkini boshqarish va xususiylashtirish davlat qo‘mitasi tuzildi, 1994-yilda uning funksiyalari kengaytirilib, Davlat mulkini boshqarish va tadbirkorlikni qo‘llab-quvvatlash davlat qo‘mitasi sifatida qayta tashkil etildi. Mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish 1991-yil 18-no¬yabr¬da qabul qilingan mulkni „Davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiy¬lashtirish to‘g‘risida“ gi, „Davlat uy-joy“ fondini xususiy¬lashtirish to‘g‘risidagi (1993-yil 7-may) qonunlar va 20 dan ortiq maxsus davlat dasturlari asosida amalga oshirildi. Xususiylashtirish savdo, xizmat ko‘rsatish va mahalliy sa¬noat korxonalarini, uy-joy fondini, qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsu¬lotlarini tayyorlovchi xo‘jaliklarni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish¬dan boshlandi. Bu kichik xususiylashtirish deb nom oldi. 1993—1994-yillarda davlat ixtiyorida bo‘lgan bir milliondan ortiq kvartira fuqarolarning xususiy mulki bo‘lib qoldi. Bunda har 3 kvartira¬ning bittasi egalariga imtiyozli shartlar bilan bepul berildi. Urush faxriylari, o‘qituvchilar, tibbiyot xodimlari, ilmiy xodimlar va ijodiy ziyolilarga kvartiralar bepul berildi. 2002-yilga qadar Res¬publika uy-joy fondining 98 foizga yaqini xususiylashtirildi. 1994-yil 21-yanvarda e’lon qilingan „Iqtisodiy islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida“ gi va 1994- yil 16-martda e’lon qilingan „Mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish jarayonini yanada rivojlanti¬rish¬ning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari to‘g‘risida“ gi Prezident farmonlari xususiylashtirish jarayonida yangi turtki bo‘ldi. 1992—1994- yillarda 54 mingga yaqin savdo, xizmat ko‘r¬satish, avtomobil transporti, qurilish, qishloq xo‘jaligi korxona va obyektlari davlat tasarrufidan chiqarildi. Shularning 18,4 mingtasi xususiy mulkka, 26,1 mingtasi aksiyadorlik, 8,7 mingtasi jamoa, 661 tasi ijara korxonalariga aylandi. Qishloq xo‘jaligida bog‘larning yarmi, uzumzorlarning 40 foizi xususiy foydala¬nish uchun berildi. 14 mingdan ortiqroq fermer xo‘jaliklari tashkil topdi, ularga 193 ming gektar yer ajratib beril¬di. Xususiy tadbirkor subyektlarining soni 300 mingga yetdi, ularning 250 mingtasini patent asosida yakka tartibdagi mehnat faoliyati bilan shug‘ullanadigan kishilar tashkil etdi. 1994- yilda mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotining deyarli yarmi iqtisodiyotning davlatga qarashli bo‘lmagan sektorida ishlab chiqildi, bu sektorda 4 millionga yaqin kishi ish bilan band bo‘ldi. Respublika xalq xo‘jaligini, uning tar¬moqlarini boshqarishning ma’mu¬riy-buyruqbozlik tizimini tugatish, bosh¬qaruvni bozor munosabatlariga moslashtirish maqsadida insti¬tutsional (muassasalar sohasida) o‘zgarishlar amalga oshirildi. Mustabid sovet tuzumidan meros bo‘lib qolgan markaziy iqtisodiy organlar — Davlat reja qo‘mitasi, Davlat ta’minot qo‘¬mitasi, Davlat narxlar qo‘mitasi, Davlat agrosanoat qo‘mitasi, iqtisodiyot tarmoqlarini boshqaruvchi boshqa vazirliklar, qo‘¬mita¬lar, ularning ma’muriy apparatlari tugatildi. Makroiqtisodiyot vazirligi, Moliya vazirligi qoshida narxlarni nazorat qilish bo‘yicha maxsus boshqarma, Davlat mulkini boshqarish va tadbirkorlikni qo‘llab-quvvatlash davlat qo‘¬mitasi, Davlat soliq qo‘mitasi, Davlat bojxona qo‘mitasi, Тashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar vazirligi kabi yangi boshqaruv organlari tuzildi. Ittifoq parchalanib ketgach, O‘zbekiston hududida joylashgan ittifoq va ittifoqdosh respublikalar bo‘ysunividagi korxo¬nalar respublikamizning to‘la mulki bo‘ldi. Endi ularni bozor iqtisodiyotiga moslab boshqarishni tashkil etish zarur edi. Iqtisodiy islohotlar davomida respublikadagi bu yirik korxonalar o‘z faoliyat sohalariga qarab ixtiyoriy ravishda davlat tarmoq uyush¬malariga, konsernlarga, korporatsiyalarga, xolding kompaniyalariga aylantirildi. Noishlab chiqarish tarmoqlarini boshqarish qayta tuzilib, milliy kompaniyalar tashkil etildi. Uyushma — turdosh kasbga ixtisoslashgan korxonalarning paychilik asosida tuzilgan ixtiyoriy birlashmasi. Uyushma xo‘jalik hisobiga asoslanib, ilmiy-texnik, tijorat, ijtimoiy ishlab chi¬qa¬rish va iqtisodiy masalalarni birgalikda hal qilish uchun tashkil etiladi. Uyushmani muassislar kengashi boshqaradi. Muassislar kengashi uyushma boshqaruvini tuzadi va uyushma raisini saylay¬di. Islohot yillarida O‘zbekistonda „O‘zavtosa¬noat“, „O‘zeltex¬sanoat“, „O‘zkimyosanoat“, „O‘zbekipagi“, „O‘zagromashservis“, „O‘zqurilishmateriallari“, „O‘zbeksav¬do“, „O‘zoziqovqatsanoat“, „O‘zgo‘shtsutsanoat“, „O‘zyog‘¬moy¬¬tamakisanoat“, „O‘zparrandasanoat“, „O‘zbekbirla¬shuv“, „O‘zbekcharmpoyabzal“ va boshqa uyushmalar tashkil etildi va faoliyat yuritmoqdalar. Konsern — ilmiy-texnikaviy va ishlab chiqarish funksiyala¬rini markazlashtirish asosida hamkorlikda faoliyat ko‘rsatadigan, shuningdek, investitsiyaviy, moliyaviy va tashqi iqtisodiy faoli-yat¬ni amalga oshiradigan, korxonalarga xo‘jalik hisobida xizmat ko‘rsatishni tashkil etadigan korxonalarning ko‘ngilli birlashmasi. Konsern tarkibiga kirgan korxona va tashkilotlar orasida o‘zaro korporatsiyalashgan turg‘un aloqalar mavjud bo‘lib, ular konsern rivoji yo‘lida umumiy-moliyaviy resurslardan, yagona ilmiy-texnik imkoniyatlardan mushtarak foydalanadilar. Konsern, qoidaga ko‘ra, ishlab chiqarish belgilariga qarab tuziladi va yagona xo‘jalik majmuyi sanaladi. Respublikamizda „O‘zsuv¬qurilish“ va „Qizilqumnodirmetalloltin“ davlat konsernlari, „O‘zavtoyo‘l“ va „O‘zfarmsanoat“ davlat-aksiyadorlik konsern¬lari kabilar tashkil etildi va faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqdalar. Korporatsiya — mulkchilikning barcha shakllaridagi korxona¬larning aksiyadorlik asosidagi ko‘ngilli birlashmasi. Korporatsiya tarkibiga kirgan korxonalar ishlab chiqarish va ilmiy-texnikaviy kooperatsiya orqali o‘zaro bog‘lanadilar. Shu bilan korporatsiya investitsiyaviy sarmoyaning jamlanishiga ham yordam beradi. Faoli¬yatining tijoriyligi, ya’ni foyda olishni maqsad qilib qo‘yishi, cheklangan javobgarlik, markaziy boshqaruv, aksiyadorning aksiya sarmoyasining o‘ziga tegishli qismini erkin tasarruf etishi va boshqalar korporatsiyaga xos bo‘lgan asosiy xususiyatlardir. Iqtisodiy islohotlar jarayonida respublikamizda „O‘z¬bek¬paxtamash“ va „O‘zavtosanoat“ davlat korporat¬siyalari, „O‘zdonmahsulot“, „O‘zavtotrans“, „O‘zmahalliysa¬no¬at“ dav¬¬lat aksiyadorlik korporatsiyalari va boshqalar tashkil etildi va faoliyat yuritmoqdalar. Xolding kompaniyalari — korporatsiya shakllaridan biri. Xolding kompaniyasi tarkibiga kiruvchi aksionerlik jamiyatlari „ aksiyalarining nazorat paketi“ kompaniyaning ixtiyorida bo‘ladi. Bundan maqsad yagona tarmoq va ilmiy-texnikaviy siyosat yurgizish, umumiy manfaatlar yo‘lida aksionerlik jamiyatlari faoliyatlari ustidan nazorat o‘rnatish va dividendlar ko‘rinishida foyda olishdir. Xolding kompaniyasiga misol tariqasida mamla¬katimizda tashkil etilgan 15 ta qishloq xo‘jaligi mashi¬nasozlik korxonalarini birlashtirgan „O‘zqish¬loqxo‘jalikmash-xolding“, „O‘zmevasabzavotuzumsanoat-xolding“ va „O‘zbekneftgaz“ Milliy xolding kompaniyalarini kiritish mumkin. Shuningdek, „O‘zbekyengilsanoat“ kompaniyasi, „O‘zqurilishmaterial“ dav¬lat aksiyadorlik kompaniyalari ham faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqdalar. Milliy kompaniya — noishlab chiqarish tarmoqlari, ijodiy jamoalar, transport, aloqa va telekommunikatsiya korxonalari va tash¬kilotlarining paychilik yoki aksionerlik asosidagi ko‘ngilli birlashmasi. O‘zbekistonda tashkil etilgan va faoliyat yuritayotgan Milliy kompaniyalar jumlasiga „O‘zbekturizm“ Milliy kompaniyasi, „O‘zbekiston havo yo‘llari“ Milliy aviakompaniyasi va boshqalar kiradi. Mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqa¬rish¬ning yo‘llaridan biri davlat mul¬kini aksiyadorlik (hissadorlik) jami¬yatlariga aylantirishdir. Aksiyadorlik jamiyati mulkchilikning bir turi bo‘lib, u davlat, korxona, tashkilot, bank va fuqarolar pul mablag‘larini sherikchilik asosida va foyda olish maqsadida bir-lashtirgan tarzda xo‘jalik yuritish uyushmasidir. Iqtisodiy islohotlar jarayonida kichik korxonalar sotilgan bo‘lsa, 1992-yildan boshlab yengil va oziq-ovqat sanoati, qayta ish¬lovchi sanoat, ko‘mir qazib olish, transport, aloqa va boshqa turdagi o‘rta va yirik korxonalar aksiyadorlik jamiyatlariga aylan¬tirila boshlandi. Aksiyadorlik jamiyatlariga kirgan korxo¬nalar qiymati miqdorida aksiyalar chiqarilib, qimmatli qog‘ozlar bozorida sotildi. Aksiya to‘plamlari (paketlari)ning 25 foizi dav¬latga, 25 foizi mehnat jamoasiga,10 foizi resurs bilan ta’¬min¬lovchi va mahsulotlarni iste’mol qiluvchi korxonalarga, 10 foizi chet ellik investorlarga, 30 foizi erkin sotishga ajratildi. Aksiya¬dorlik jamiyatlarining aksiyalarini sotish maqsadida Respublika fond birjasi tashkil etildi va aholiga sotish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. 1994- yil oxirigacha respublikada 26,1 mingta korxona aksiyadorlik jamiyatlariga aylantirildi. Ularning aksiyalari respublika qimmatli qog‘ozlar bozorining asosini tashkil etdi. 1996- yil 25- aprelda qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari va aksiyadorlarning huquq¬larini himoya qilish to‘g‘risida“ gi va „Qimmatli qog‘ozlar bozorining faoliyat ko‘rsatish mexanizmi to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunlari mulkchilikning aksiyadorlik shakli yanada rivoj¬lanishiga yangi turtki bo‘ldi. Aksiyadorlik jamiyatini tuzish, qayta tuzish, tugatish yo‘llari, aksiya egalarining dividend (foy¬da) olish huquqlari aniq belgilab berildi. Yirik korxonalar aksiyalar to‘plami (paketi) davlat nazoratida bo‘lgan aksiya¬dorlik jamiyat¬lariga aylantirildi. Davlat mulkini sotish bo‘yicha kimoshdi savdolari va tanlovlar tashkil etildi. 2000—2005- yillarda jami 4660 ta davlat tasarrufidagi korxona va obyekti xususiy mulkdorlarga sotildi. Korxonalarni aksiyadorlik jamiyatlariga aylantirish jarayoniga aholi va chet ellik investorlar keng jalb qilindi. 2010- yil boshlarida respublikamizda 1619 ta aksi¬ya¬dorlik jamiyatlari faoliyat yuritdi. Ularning umumiy ustav fondi 5 trillion 805 mlrd so‘mdan ortiqni tashkil etdi. Aksiyadorlik jamiyatlarining aksiyalari qimmatli qog‘ozlar bozoriga chiqarildi. Mehnat jamoalari uchun aksiyalarni imtiyozli shartlar bilan sotib olish imkoniyatlari yaratildi. Aksiya¬larni fuqarolarga erkin sotishni kengaytirish maqsadida Xusu¬siylashtirish investitsiya fondlari (XIF) tuzildi. Islohot yillarida respublikamizda 2004- yil 1- yanvar holatiga ko‘ra 1 milliondan ortiq jismoniy shaxs aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari¬ning Respublika fond birjasi va XIF lar tomonidan qimmatli qog‘ozlar bozoriga chiqarilgan aksiyalarni sotib olib aksiyador bo‘ldilar va ulardan daromad olmoqdalar. Shu tariqa aholining bo‘sh turgan sarmoyalari — mablag‘lari iqtisodiyotning ishlab chiqarish sohasiga jalb qilindi. Eng muhimi aholida qimmatli qog‘ozlarga qiziqish, ular bilan muomala qilish ko‘nikmalari va madaniyati paydo bo‘ldi. Aksiyadorlar korxo¬naning ishlab chi¬qarish va moliyaviy faoliyatiga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatmoqdalar. Iqtisodiyotning ishlab chiqarish sohasiga kiritilgan aholi sarmoyalari ulushining o‘sishi, foiz hisobida Aksiyadorlar sonining o‘sishi, 1-yanvar holati, ming kishi Chinakam mulkdorlar tabaqasi, bir tomondan, mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish, ikkinchi tomondan, kichik va xususiy tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirishni rag‘batlantirish yo‘li bilan shakllantiriladi. Kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik — jamiyatda ham iqtisodiy, ham siyosiy vaziyatni mo‘tadil¬lashtirishga yordam beradigan o‘rta tadbirkorlar tabaqasining paydo bo‘lishi demakdir. Kichik biznes, tadbirkorlik bozorni zarur iste’mol tovarlari va xizmatlar bilan boyitishga hamda daromad va foyda olishga qaratilgan faoliyatdir. Bu — yangi ish o‘rinlarini yaratish, aholining ish bilan bandligini ta’minlash, aholi daromadlarining asosiy manbayidir. Jahon iqtisodiyotida yetakchi mavqega erishgan mamlakatlar tajribasi ko‘rsatadiki, ular kichik biznesni, xususiy tadbir¬korlikni rivojlantirish orqali yuksalgan, aholi turmush daraja¬sini ko‘targan. Masalan, Yevropa Ittifoqiga a’zo bo‘lgan mamlakatlarning yalpi ichki mahsuloti tarkibida kichik va o‘rta biznesning ulushi 67 foiz, Germaniyada—65 foiz, AQSHda — 52 foizni tashkil etadi. Yaponiyada ish bilan band bo‘lgan aholining 80 foizi, Yevropa Ittifoqi mam¬lakatlarida — 70 foizi kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik tarmoqlarida ishlaydi. Jahondagi rivojlangan mamlakatlarning tajribasidan kelib chiqqan holda O‘zbekistonda kichik biznesni, xususiy tad¬birkorlikni rivojlantirishga iqtisodiy islohotlarning hal qi¬luvchi, strategik ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan ustuvor yo‘nalishlaridan biri sifatida e’tibor berildi. O‘zbekistonning har bir fuqarosi korxonalar va tashkilotlar tuzish, sotib olish, sotish, qayta qurish yo‘li bilan tadbirkorlik faoliyati yuritish huquqiga ega. Тadbirkor ish yuritish uchun boshqa yuridik va jismoniy shaxslarning mulki, pul mablag‘larini ixtiyoriylik asosida jalb qilish, mustaqil ravishda ishchilar yollash va bo‘shatishga haqlidir, tadbirkorlik daromadlaridan soliq to‘lab turadi. Тadbirkorlik shakllari: • xususiy (shaxsiy) tadbirkorlik; • yollanma mehnatni jalb qilib amalga oshiriladigan tad¬birkorlik; • bir necha fuqarolar va yuridik shaxslar tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan jamoa yoki qo‘shma tadbirkorlik. Respublikada ko‘chmas mulk bozori tashkil etilib, kimoshdi savdolari va tanlovlar asosida kichik korxonalar fuqarolarga sotildi. 1995- yil 5- yanvarda e’lon qilingan „Xususiy tadbirkorlikda tashabbus ko‘rsatish va uni rag‘batlantirish to‘g‘risida“gi Prezident farmoni mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiy-lashtirishga, mulkdorlar tabaqasini shakllantirishga yangi turtki berdi. Farmonga binoan davlat mulkini xususiylashtirishdan tushayotgan mablag‘larning 50 foizi kichik biznesni rivojlan¬tirishga yo‘naltirildi. 1995- yil 21- dekabrda qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish to‘g‘¬risida“ gi Qonuni iqtisodiyotning mazkur sektoriga davlat va mintaqaviy darajada rag‘batlantirishning asosiy yo‘nalishlarini belgilab berdi. Davlat darajasida xususiy tadbirkorlik faoliyati uchun huquqiy-normativ asoslar, zarur infratuzilma va shart-sharoitlar yaratildi. Mintaqaviy (viloyat, shahar, tuman) darajada esa tadbirkorlarga mahalliy soliq va yig‘imlar solishda yengilliklar berildi, bu sektorni rivojlantirish uchun hududiy dasturlar ishlab chiqildi va amalga oshirish tadbirlari ko‘rildi. 1995- yil iyulda Xususiy tadbirkorlik va kichik biznesni qo‘llab-quvvatlash fondi (Biznes-fond), 1996-yil martda O‘zbekiston tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilar va tadbirkorlar palatasi, ularning hududiy bo‘limlari tashkil etildi. Kichik biznesni qo‘llab-quvvatlash uchun faqat Biznes-fond tomonidan 10 mlrd so‘m miqdorida moliyaviy yordam ko‘rsatildi, tadbirkorlarning malakasini oshirish kurslari tashkil etildi. Kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlikning rivoj¬lanishiga deh¬¬qon va fermer xo‘jaliklari assotsiatsiyasi, „Hunarmand“ assotsiatsiyasi, Тadbirkor ayollar assotsi¬atsiyasi ham ko‘maklashmoqda. Kichik biznesni rivojlantirishga chet ellik investor¬larning va dunyodagi nufuzli banklarning, jumladan, Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki, Germaniya tiklanish banki, Osiyo taraqqiyot banki, Xalqaro moliya korporatsiyasi va boshqa Xalqaro moliya tashkilotlarining kredit resurslari jalb etildi. Тadbirkorlar va biznesmenlarga maslahatlar bilan ko‘mak¬lashish maqsadida nemis texnikaviy ko‘maklashuv jamiyati O‘zbe-kis¬tonda kichik biznesni qo‘llab-quvvatlash markazini, Yevropa hamjamiyati komissiyasi esa amaliy aloqalar markazini ochdilar. Markaziy Osiyodagi Amerika tadbirkorlik fondi va Markaziy Osiyodagi Buyuk Britaniya investitsiya fondi o‘zbe-kis-tonlik tadbirkorlarga zarur maslahatlar bilan ko‘mak¬lashdilar. 2003- yil 1- yanvar holatiga ko‘ra, o‘tgan yillarda kichik biznesni rivojlantirish uchun jalb etilgan xorijiy kredit resurs¬lari hajmi 450 mln AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi, ular¬dan 345,8 mln (shu jumladan, 2002- yilda 87 mln) AQSH dollari o‘zlashtirildi. Kichik biznesni qo‘llab-quvvatlash borasida ko‘rilgan tad¬birlar natijasida ularning soni yildan yilga ko‘payib bor¬di. 1992—1996- yillarda 85 mingga yaqin kichik biznes kor¬xo¬- nalari ro‘yxatga olingan bo‘lsa, 2001-yil boshlarida ular¬ning soni 190 mingdan ortdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi 2001- yil 22- avgustda „Тadbirkorlik subyektlarini davlat ro‘yxatidan o‘tka¬zish va hisobga qo‘yish tizimini takomillashtirish to‘g‘risida“ Qaror qabul qildi. Qarorga binoan kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlikni rivoj-lantirishni rag‘batlantirish bo‘yicha respublika muvofiqlash¬tiruvchi kengash tashkil etildi. Тadbirkorlik subyektlarini bir joy¬da davlat ro‘yxatidan o‘tkazish va hisobga olishning soddalashtirilgan yangi tartibi joriy etildi. Shahar va tumanlarda tadbirkorlik sub¬yektlarini davlat ro‘yxatidan o‘tkazish bo‘yicha bo‘limlar tashkil etildi, ular alohida binolar, kerakli jihozlar bilan ta’minlandi. Тijorat banklari o‘z mablag‘lari hisobiga faqat 2001- yilda kichik va o‘rta biznes subyektlariga 144,3 mlrd so‘m kredit berdilar. UlargaRespublika tovar-xomashyo birjasi, Agrosanoat birjasi, „O‘z¬ulgurjisavdo“ orqali 106 mlrd so‘mlik moddiy-texnika resurs- lari sotildi. Тadbirkorlarning qonuniy huquq va manfaatlarini himoya qilish maqsadida xo‘jalik subyekt¬larida „Тekshirishlarni ro‘yxatga olish daftari“ joriy etildi. Kichik biznes subyektla¬rining tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyati erkinlashtirildi, ular o‘zi ishlab chiqarayotgan mahsulotlarni naqd xorijiy valutaga eksport qilishga ruxsat berildi. 2001—2002- yillarda kichik biznes subyektlari fao¬liyatiga noqonuniy aralashish hollarini bartaraf etish, ularning buzilgan huquqlarini tiklash va aybdor shaxs-larni sud javob¬garligiga tortish choralarini qo‘llash mexanizmi yaratildi. Тad¬bir¬korlarga yetkazilgan moddiy va ma’naviy zararlar aybdor bo‘lgan mansabdor shaxslarning cho‘ntagidan undirilib beril-moq¬da. Respublika Adliya vazirligi, uning joylardagi adliya idoralari tomonidan 2002- yilda kiritilgan 8 mingdan ortiq da’vo arizalariga muvofiq, sudlar tomonidan tadbirkorlarga 9 milliard so‘m undirib berildi. 2300 mansabdor shaxsga nisbatan inti¬zomiy chora ko‘rildi, ulardan 290 nafari egallab turgan lavo¬zimidan bo‘shatildi. Natijada xo‘jalik yurituvchi subyektlarni noqonuniy tekshirishlar va aralashishlar soni keskin kamaydi. Agar 2001-yilda noqonuniy tekshirishlar bo‘yicha 1450 ta holat aniqlangan bo‘lsa, 2002- yilda ularning soni 157 tani tashkil etdi yoki 10 barobar kamaydi. Bu tadbirlar kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik rivojiga yangi turtki bo‘ldi. 2004- yil 1- yanvar biznes holatiga ko‘ra, respublika bo‘yicha tashkil topgan va faoliyat ko‘rsatayotgan kichik biznes korxo¬nalar soni 277 mingtadan oshdi, ulardan 168,6 mingtasi mikrotizim¬lardir. 2004- yilda kichik va xususiy tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish hisobiga 427,6 ming yangi ish o‘rni tashkil etildi. 2005- yilda kichik biznes obyektlari soni 310 mingtadan ortdi. Faoliyat yuritayotgan kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik korxonalari Umumiy soni 350 ming Band bo‘lgan kishilar 7127,3 ming YIM dagi hissasi 42,1 foiz 2007- yil 1- yanvar ma’lumoti Kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlikning mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotidagi salmog‘i 1991-yilda 1,5 foizni, 2000- yilda 31 foizni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2010-yilda 52,5 foizga, 2011- yilda 54 foizga yetdi. 2009- yilda mamlakat iqtisodiyotida band bo‘lgan aholining 65,5 foizi (6,4 mln kishi) kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik sohasida mehnat qilgan bo‘lsa, 2010- yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 74,3 foizga yetdi. 2011- yilda 610 mingdan ziyod ish o‘rni ki¬chik biznes va xusisiy tadbirkorlik hisobidan tashkil etildi. Bu soha aholi bandligini ta’minlaydigan va uning asosiy daromad manbayi bo‘lgan muhim bo‘ginga aylandi. Agrar islohotlarga ustuvorlik berildi. Ne¬gaki, respublika aholisining 62 fo¬i¬zi qishloqda yashaydi. Mustaqillik¬ning dastlabki yillarida mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotning 30 foizi, valuta tushumlarining 55 foizi qishloq xo‘jaligida shakl¬lanardi. Islohot yillarida odamlarga shaxsiy tomorqa uchun qo‘¬shimcha ravishda 550 ming gektar sug‘oriladigan yer ajratildi va shaxsiy tomorqa uchun berilgan yer maydoni 700 ming gektarga yetdi, 9 milliondan ortiq qishloq aholisi ana shu yer hosilidan foydalanmoqda. 1992—1995- yillarda davlat tasarrufidagi qishloq xo‘jaligi kor¬xonalari va tashkilotlarini xususiylashtirish tugallandi. 1150 ta sovxoz va 1200 ta fermalar xususiylashtirildi. Qishloqda xo‘jalik yuritishning maqbul shakllarini yaratishga alohida e’tibor berildi. Agrar islohotlarning dastlabki yillarida sovxoz va kolxozlar jamoa xo‘jaliklariga aylantirilgan edi. Ammo xo‘jalik yuritishda o‘zlarini to‘la-to‘kis oqlamaganliklari tufayli ularni qayta tuzish zaruriyati vujudga keldi. 1998-yil aprelda „Qishloq xo‘jaligi kooperativi (shirkat) to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. Qonunda shirkat xo‘jaligini tuzish va uning faoliyat yuritish tartiblari, shirkatga a’zolik, yer uchastkalari ajratish va boshqarish masalalarining huquqiy asoslari belgilab berildi. Shirkatning iqtisodiy asosini ishlab chiqarish vositalari va ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarga jamoa kooperativ mulkchilik tashkil etildi. Shirkatning har bir a’zosiga mulk va yer paylari shaklida hissa ajratildi. Jamoa xo‘jaliklari 1998- yildan boshlab yer va mulk paylari asosida qishloq xo‘jalik shirkatlariga aylantirila boshlandi. 1999- yilda 898 ta, 2000- yilda 856 ta, 2001- yilda 112 ta qishloq xo‘jaligi korxonalari shirkatlarga aylantirildi. Shirkatlarning umumiy soni 2002- yilning 1- yanvarigacha respublika bo‘yicha 1900 taga yetdi. Shu tariqa agrar munosabatlar tizimida oila pudratiga keng o‘rin berildi, har bir a’zo o‘z payiga ega bo‘ldi. Mahsulot yetish¬tiruv¬chi shirkat a’zosi bilan shirkat xo‘jaligi o‘rtasida pudrat shartnoma munosabatlari joriy etildi. Har bir oila pud¬ratiga 5 gektar ekin maydonlari, bog‘lar, uzumzorlar ajratib berildi, shartnomalar tuzil¬di, o‘zaro hisob-kitob yuri¬tuv¬chi chek daftarchalari bilan ta’minlandi. 2000-yilning 1-iyul holatiga ko‘ra, respublikamizdagi qishloq xo‘jaligi shirkatlari tarkibida 598,5 mingta oilaviy pud¬rat faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. 2002-yil boshlariga kelib, 1 mln 400 ming kishi shirkat a’zosi sifatida mehnat qildi. Biroq shirkat xo‘jaliklari o‘zini oqlamadi, ular tugatilib, fermer va dehqon xo‘jaliklarini shakllantirishga alohida e’tibor berildi. 2002- yil o‘rtalarida respublikamizda 55,4 mln fermer xo‘jaligi, 1,5 mln dan ortiq dehqon xo‘jaligi tadbir¬korlik bilan shug‘ullandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2003- yil 24- mart¬dagi „Qishloq xo‘jaligida islohotlarni chuqurlashtirishning eng muhim yo‘nalishlari to‘g‘risida“gi Farmonida agrar isloho¬t¬¬larning yangi yo‘nalishlari belgilab berildi. 2007-yilda shirkat xo‘ja¬lik¬larini tugatish ishlari nihoyasiga yetdi, ularning negizida fermer xo‘jaliklari tashkil etil¬di. 2007—2008- yillarda paxtachilik, g‘allachilik, sabzavotchilik, chorvachilikka ixtisoslashgan fermer xo‘jaliklarining yer maydonlari qariyb 2,5 baravarga kengaytirildi. Fermer xo‘jaliklari qishloq xo‘jaligi ishlab chiqarishining asosiy shakliga aylandi. Qishloqda shaxsiy yordamchi xo‘jaliklar dehqon xo‘jaliklari sifatida qayta shakllandi. Dehqon xo‘jaligi — bu oilaviy mayda tovar xo‘jaligi bo‘lib, tomorqa yer uchastkasi oila boshlig‘iga umrbod meros qilib beriladi, mahsulotlar oila a’zolarining shaxsiy mehnati asosida yetishtiriladi va sotiladi. 2004- yil boshlariga kelib mamlakatimizda 3,5 mln ga yaqin dehqon xo‘jaliklari yuridik va jismoniy shaxs maqomida faoliyat yuritdi, ularda 8 mln dan ortiq ishga yaroqli kishilar mehnat qilmoqda. Dehqon xo‘jaliklarining yer maydoni 667 ming gektarni tashkil etdi. Hozirgi kunda dehqon xo‘jaliklari mamlakatimizda yetishtirila¬yotgan qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlarining 66 foizini, shu jumla¬dan, yetishtirilayotgan kartoshkaning 89 foizini, chorvachilik mahsulotlarining 89 foizini, meva va uzumning 45—50 foizini ishlab chiqarmoqda. Dehqon xo‘jaliklarining yerdan foyda¬lanish samarasi yuqori bo‘lmoqda. Qishloq xo‘jaligida nodavlat sektorining ulushi qariyb 100 foizga yetdi. Dehqon va fermer xo‘jaliklari asosiy ishlab chi¬qarish subyektlariga aylandi. 2010- yilda qishloq xo‘jaligida ishlab chiqarilgan yalpi mahsulotning qariyb 100 foizi dehqon va fermer xo‘jaliklarida yetish¬tirildi. 2010- yilda paxtaning 100%i, g‘allaning 100%i fermer xo‘jaliklarida yetishtirildi. Mustaqillik yillarida amalga oshirilgan agrar islohotlar natijasida qishloq hayoti yangilandi, dehqon va fermerning mehnatga munosabati, dunyoqarashi o‘zgardi. Ular yerning haqiqiy egasiga, o‘z mehnati evaziga yetishtirgan mahsulotning egasiga aylandi. Shu tariqa respublika xalq xo‘jaligining barcha tarmoqlarida mulk shakllari o‘zgardi, nodavlat mulkchiligi rivojlandi. Iqtisodiyotda nodavlat sektorining ulushi, foiz hisobida Xulosa qilib aytganda, mustaqillik yillarida amalga oshirilgan iqtisodiy islohotlar tufayli mulkchilik shakllari bo‘yicha iqtisodiyot tuzilmalari tubdan o‘zgardi. Mulkchilikning davlat shakli ustunlik qilgan, davlatlashtirilgan iqtisodiyot tugatildi. Mulk davlat tasarrufidan chiqarildi va xususiylashtirildi. Iqtisodiyotdagi institutsional o‘zgarishlar tufayli nodavlat mulk shakllari— aksiyadorlik korxonalari, uyushmalar, konsernlar, korporatsiya va kompaniyalar, o‘rta va kichik korxonalar vujudga keldi. Qishloq xo‘jaligida nodavlat mulk shakllari — dehqon va fermer xo‘jaliklari asosiy ishlab chiqarish subyektlariga aylandi. 1991- yilda respublika iqtisodiyotida mulkning 90 foizi davlat tasarrufida bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, 2009-yilga kelib bu ko‘rsatkich atigi 10 foizni tashkil etdi. Mulkning 90 foizi nodavlat mulk shakllariga tegishli bo‘lib, ularda ish bilan band bo‘lgan jami aholining 77 foizi mehnat qilmoqda. O‘zbekistonda ko‘p ukladli iqtisodiyot shakllandi. O‘rta mulkdorlar tabaqasi vujudga keldi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Xususiylashtirish nima, u qanday yo‘l bilan amalga oshirildi? 2. Kimlar mulkdor bo‘lishi mumkin? 3. Kichik xususiylashtirish qaysi sohalarda va qaysi yillarda o‘tkazildi? 4. Nima sababdan institutsional o‘zgarishlar qilindi? 5. Qanday uyushmalar, konsernlar, xolding va milliy kompaniyalar tuzildi? 6. Aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari nima, ular qanday tashkil etildi? 7. Nima sababdan kichik va o‘rta biznesni rivojlantirish islohotlarning ustuvor yo‘nalishi deb belgilandi? 8. Тadbirkorlikni qo‘llab-quvvatlash uchun qanday muassasalar tashkil etildi? 9. Agrar islohotlar haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 10. Qachon va nima uchun shirkat xo‘jaliklari tuzila boshlandi? 11. Mulkchilikning davlat va nodavlat sektorlarida qanday o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi? 13- §. O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotining barqarorlashuvi va taraqqiyoti Davlat mustaqilligini qo‘lga olgan O‘z¬bekistonga sobiq tuzumdan bar¬bod bo‘lgan iqtisodiy va moliya¬viy tizim, izdan chiqqan iqtisodiy bosh¬¬qaruv mexanizmi va iqtisodiy munosabatlar meros bo‘lib qolgan edi. Respublika korxonalari sobiq Ittifoqning boshqa mintaqalaridagi korxonalar bilan bog‘langan bo‘lib, Ittifoq parchalangach, ular o‘rtasidagi aloqalar uzildi. Mustaqil res¬publikalardagi islohotlar jarayonida korxonalar xusu¬siy¬lashtirildi, mulk egaligi, mahsulot ishlab chi¬qarish yo‘nalishlari o‘zgardi. Natijada korxonalarning bir-biriga xomashyo, asbob-uskunalar yetkazib berish jarayoni to‘xtab qoldi. Bu barcha res¬publikalar, jum¬ladan, O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotiga ham salbiy ta’sir ko‘r¬satdi, al¬batta. O‘zbekistonning sanoat korxonalarida xomashyo va asbob- uskunalar taqchilligi vujudga kelib, xo‘jalik yuritish murakkab¬lashib qoldi. Masalan, O‘zbekiston qishloq xo‘jaligi mashi¬nasozligi zavodlari, to‘qimachilik va kimyo sanoati korxonalari, Тoshkent aviatsiya ishlab chiqarish birlashmasi va boshqa kor¬xonalarda mahsulot ishlab chiqarish keskin pasaydi. Natijada res¬publika bo‘yicha sanoat va qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish ko‘rsatkichlari pasaydi. Agar 1990- yilda yaratilgan yalpi ichki mahsulot hajmini 100 foiz deb olsak, keyingi yillarda u pasayib, 1995- yilda 81,2 foizga tushdi. O‘zbekiston oldida iqtisodiyotdagi tanglik holatlarining ol¬dini olish, inqirozga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik, makroiqtisodiyotni barqarorlashtirish vazifasi ko‘ndalang bo‘lib qoldi. Shu boisdan iqtisodiyotni barqarorlashtirish O‘zbekiston iqtisodiy siyosati¬ning ustuvor vazifalaridan biri deb belgilandi. „Barqarorlashtirish siyosati — eng avvalo, bu makro¬iqtisodiyotda muvozanatni saqlash, ishlab chiqarishning keskin darajada pasayishiga va ommaviy ishsizlikka yo‘l qo‘ymaslikdir... Barqarorlashtirish siyosatining maqsadi boshqarib bo‘lmaydigan, iqtisodiy pasayishga olib kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan ichki va tashqi muvozanatsizlikni chetlab o‘tishdan, zarur bo‘lgan taqdirda esa uni to‘g‘rilashdan iborat“. Islom Karimov. O‘zbekiston iqtisodiy islohotlarni chuqurlashtirish yo‘lida. T., „O‘zbekiston“, 1995, 197- bet. Jahon tajribasida barqarorlashtirish siyosatini amalga oshi¬rish¬da bir necha xil yondashuvlardan foydalanilgan. Birinchisi — monetar yondashuv deb atalib, pulning qadrsizlanishi darajasini pasaytirib turishga, pul massasini hamda to‘lovga qodir bo‘lgan jami talabni keskin kamaytirish hisobiga pul muomalasini barqarorlashtirishga asoslangan. Ikkinchisi — ishlab chiqarishni va tadbirkorlik faoliyatini rivojlantirishni rag‘batlantirishga, tarkibiy qayta tashkil qilishlarni amalga oshirishga, qattiq moliyaviy va pul-kredit siyosati o‘tkazishga, tovar bilan qoplashning iloji bo‘lmagan ortiqcha talablarni cheklashga asoslanadi. O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotni barqarorlashtirish, iqtisodiy o‘sish va aholi farovonligini ta’minlash uchun qattiq monetarizmga emas, balki muvozanatga keltirilgan monetar siyosatni asosiy tar-moqlarni va ishlab chiqarishni tarkiban qayta tashkil etishni qo‘llab-quv¬vatlash siyosati bilan qo‘shib olib borish yo‘lidan bordi. Iqtisodiyotning asosiy tarmoqlarini tarkiban qayta qurish, tarkibiy o‘zgarishlar nima, uni qanday tushunmoq kerak? Тarkibiy o‘zgarishlar deganda, xomashyo yetishtirishga mo‘l¬jal¬langan iqtisodiyotdan tayyor mahsulot ishlab chiqarishga o‘tishni, korxonalarni yangi, zamonaviy texnika, asbob-uskunalar bilan qayta jihozlashni, norentabel korxonalarni tugatishni, raqobatga bardosh bera olmaydigan mahsulot ishlab chiqarayotgan korxonalar ixtisoslashuvini o‘zgartirishni, yangi korxonalar barpo etishni tushunmoq lozim. O‘zbekistonda islohotlarning dastlabki yillaridanoq iqtisodiyotning quyidagi tarmoqlarida chuqur tarkibiy o‘zgarishlarni amalga oshirish chora-tadbirlari ko‘rila bordi: — o‘zak tarmoqlarni — neft va gaz sanoatini, energetikani, ol¬tin qazib olish, rangli metallurgiya tarmoqlarini moderniza¬t¬si¬yalash, yangilash; — transport va aloqa tizimini, muhandislik kommuni¬katsiyalarini va ishlab chiqarish infratuzilma tizimini yangilash; — qora metall va metall mahsulotlari ishlab chiqaruvchi Bekobod metallurgiya kombinatini tubdan ta’mirlash; — qishloq xo‘jaligi mashinasozligini, paxtachilik uchun chigit ekish, g‘o‘zaga ishlov berish va paxta terish mashinalari ishlab chiqaruvchi korxonalarni tarkiban qayta qurish va yangilash; — samolyotsozlik, radioelektronika, elektrotexnika sohasini rivojlantirish; — O‘zbekiston uchun tamomila yangi bo‘lgan avtomobilsozlik sanoatini barpo etish; — kimyo sanoati kompleksini qayta qurish; — qishloq xo‘jaligida va, umuman, agrosanoat kompleksida chuqur tarkibiy o‘zgarishlar va progressiv siljishlarga erishish; — paxta, pilla, meva va sabzavot, uzumni qayta ishlovchi tarmoqlarni yangi texnika bilan qayta qurollantirish, ip yigirish va to‘qimachilik sanoatida tayyor mahsulotlar ishlab chiqaruvchi yangi korxonalar qurish va boshqalar. Iqtisodiyot tarkibini qayta qurish, yangi korxonalar barpo etish katta mablag‘larni talab qiladi, albatta. Shu boisdan islohot yillarida iqtiso¬diyotga mablag‘ — sarmoya jalb qilishning turli manbalari ishga solindi. Ular quyidagilardan iborat: — davlat budjetidan ajratiladigan mablag‘lar; — respublika banklaridan olinadigan kreditlar; — korxonalarning o‘z sarmoyalari; — aholi sarmoyalari; — qarz beruvchi mamlakatlardan olinadigan davlat qarzlari; — xalqaro iqtisodiy tashkilotlardan olinadigan moliya-kre¬dit resurslari; — chet el firmalari va kompaniyalarining kiritayotgan bevo¬sita investitsiyalari. Iqtisodiyotda tarkibiy o‘zgarishlarni chuqurlashtirish va rivoj¬lantirish uchun barcha mablag‘lar hisobiga sarmoya solish yildan yilga o‘sib bordi. O‘zbekistonda xorijiy va mahalliy sarmoyadorlar uchun qulay, imtiyozli investitsiya muhiti yaratildi. Natijada 1991—2007- yillarda iqtisodiyotga 100 mlrd dollardan ortiq investitsiya jalb qilindi. Buning 25 mlrd dollaridan ziyodini xorijiy sarmoyadorlarning mablag‘lari tashkil etadi. 2010- yilda 9,7 mlrdAQSH dollariga teng miqdorda investitsiyalar o‘z¬lash¬tirildi, 200 dan ziyod lohiha amalga oshirildi. Bu mablag‘lar yuksak texnologiyalar bilan ishlaydigan yangi korxonalar qurishga, ishlab chiqarish tarmoqlarini zamonaviy texnologiyalar va asbob-uskunalar bilan jihozlashga, sotsial sohalarni rivojlantirishga sarflandi. Chet el investitsiyalarining mamla¬kat¬ga kirib kelishi uchun zarur shart-sharo¬itlar yaratildi. 1998-yilda qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Res¬publi¬ka¬sining „Chet el investitsiyalari to‘g‘risida“ gi, „Chet ellik investorlar va investitsiyalarga kafolat berish to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunlari chet ellik investorlarning respublikamizda yaratila¬digan mulklarining daxlsiz¬ligi va erkin faoliyati uchun huquqiy zaminlarni mustah¬kamlab berdi. Qonunda xorijiy davlatlar, xalqaro tashkilotlar, turli firmalar, ayrim shaxslar in¬ves¬tor bo‘lishi mumkinligi belgilab qo‘yildi. Ularning huquqlari xavfsizligi O‘zbekistonda davlat tomonidan kafolat¬lanadi. Chet ellik tadbirkorlarga O‘zbekistonda qo‘shma korxonalar barpo etish, o‘z kompaniya va firmalarining bo‘linmalari, sho‘balarini ochish imkoniyati yaratildi. Ularga soliq va bojxona to‘lovlari yuzasidan imtiyozlar berildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining Тashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar va xorijiy investitsiyalar depar¬tamenti, 1995- yilda Prezident farmoni bilan tashkil etilgan Xorijiy sarmoyalar bo‘yicha agentlik respublika tadbir¬korlariga xorijiy hamkorlar izlab topish, qo‘shma korxonalar barpo etish, investitsiya loyihalarini tuzish va amalga oshirish ishlariga ko‘maklashmoqda. Chet el investitsiyalarini siyosiy xavf-xatarlardan sug‘urtalash bo‘yicha „O‘zbekinvest Interneyshnl“ qo‘shma kompaniyasi tashkil etildi va faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Respublikamizda yaratilgan qulay vaziyat va rag‘batlantirish tadbirlari natijasida chet el sarmoyalarining kirib kelishi yildan yilga o‘sib bormoqda. Bevosita investitsiyalar tarzida hamda davlat qarzi sifatida jalb qilingan chet el investitsiyalari va moliyaviy kreditlar miqdori 1995-yilda respublika bo‘yicha qo‘yilgan umumiy sarmoyalar hajmining 14 foizini tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2002- yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 30 foizga yoki 1 mlrd AQSH dollari¬ga to‘g‘ri keldi. 1991—2007- yillarda respublikamizda 25 mlrd AQSH dollari hajmida chet el investitsiyalari o‘zlashtirildi. Uning uchdan ikki qismi sanoatni rivojlantirishga yo‘naltirildi. 2010- yilda o‘zlashtirilgan xorijiy investitsiyalar miqdori 2,4 milliard AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. O‘zbe¬kistonga eng ko‘p sarmoya jalb qilayotgan mamlakatlar qatoriga Rossiya, Yapo¬niya, Angliya, Germaniya, Janubiy Koreya kabi mamlakatlarni kiritish mumkin. Dastlab chet el investitsiyalari davlatga qarashli yoki davlat ishtirokidagi og‘ir sanoat korxonalariga jalb qilindi. Iqtisodiy islohotlarning keyingi bosqichlarida chet el investitsiyalari kichik va o‘rta biznesga, xususiy sektorga keng jalb etildi. Chet el inves¬titsiyalari ishtirokida barpo etilgan va faoliyat yuritayotgan qo‘sh¬ma korxo¬nalar soni 2002- yil boshlarida 2087 taga yetdi. Ularning ish va xizmat hajmi 2002- yilda 1044 mlrd so‘mni tashkil etdi. Islohot yillarida kiritilgan investitsiyalar respublikaning energetika, metallurgiya, mashinasozlik, qurilish materiallari va boshqa sanoat tarmoqlarining tanglikdan chiqib o‘zini o‘nglab olishiga, xalq xo‘jaligi uchun zarur mahsulotlar ishlab chiqa¬rish sur’atlarining izchil o‘sishiga ko‘maklashdi. Respublikamizdagi mavjud bo‘lgan bir necha o‘nlab mashinasozlik kor¬¬-xo¬nalarini tarkibiy jihatdan qayta qu¬rish maqsadida 1993-yilda O‘z¬bekiston davlat mashinasozlik kor¬xonalari uyushmasi —„O‘z¬mash¬sanoat“, 1996-yilda „O‘zqishloqxo‘jalikmash-xolding“, 1998-yilda „O‘zneftgazmash“ korporatsiyasi, „O‘zbek¬to‘qi¬ma¬chimash“ birlashmasi tashkil etildi. Mustaqillik yillarida „O‘zmashsanoat“ uyushmasi tasar¬ru¬fidagi 35 ta korxonaning 26 tasi ta’mirlanib, yangi texnik uskunalar bilan qayta qurildi. Тoshkentdagi ekskavator, podyom¬nik, zenit, kompressor, asbobsozlik, agregat va abraziv zavodlari, Andijondagi „Andijonirmash“ va Тopoz, Samarqanddagi Kinop, Sino va boshqalar shular jumlasidandir. Ularda ekskavatorlar, ko‘tarma kranlar, kompressorlar, paxtani qayta ishlash agregatlari, to‘qimachilik dastgohlari, avtomatika vositalari, muzlat¬gichlar, mebelga ishlov berish uskunalari, uy-ro‘zg‘or bu¬yumlari va boshqa texnik jihozlar ishlab chiqarilmoqda. 14 ta qishloq xo‘jaligi mashinasozligi korxonasini, 9 ta qo‘shma korxona va 13 ta mintaqaviy texnik markazni birlashtir¬gan „O‘zqishloqxo‘jalikmash-xolding“ kompaniyasi zamonaviy mashinalarni mustaqil ishlab chiqarishni o‘zlashtirib oldi. Ularda paxta teruvchi mashinalar, paxta chigitini aniq ekadigan seyalkalar, paxtani qop-qanorsiz tashiydigan ag‘dargich tirkamalar, sug‘orish mashinalari ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Bu kompaniya tasarrufidagi „Тoshkent traktor zavodi“ aksiyadorlik jamiyati 2000-yilda 954 ta, 2001- yilda 1002 ta O‘zbekiston sharoitiga mos¬lashgan yangi traktorlar ishlab chiqardi. 1998- yilda u „Amerika mobil grupp“ firmasi bilan hamkorlikda qo‘shma korxona barpo etib, O‘zbekiston — Xitoy loyihasi asosida 22 va 23 ot kuchiga ega bo‘lgan ikki turdagi minitraktorlar va ularga uskunalar komplektlarini ishlab chiqarishni o‘zlashtirdi. Bu ix¬cham traktorlar fermer va dehqon xo‘jaliklari faoliyatida keng qo‘llanilmoqda. Qishloq xo‘jaligi mashinalarini „Keys“ rusumidagi traktor va g‘alla o‘rish kombaynlari bilan to‘ldirish maqsadida AQSH „Keys Nyu-Xolland“ kompaniyasi sarmoyalari ishtirokida „O‘zKeysmash“ va „O‘zKeystraktor“ qo‘shma korxonalari barpo etildi. Ularda zamonaviy traktorlar va kombaynlar ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. „O‘zqishloqxo‘jalikmash-xolding“ kompaniyasi 2001- yilda 48,2 mlrd so‘mlik tovar mahsulotlari ishlab chiqardi. Aviatsiya ishlab chiqarish davlat aksiyadorlik jamiyatiga birlashgan korxonalar ham rivojlanmoqda. Uning bosh korxonasi V.Chkalov nomidagi Тoshkent aviatsiya zavodida 4 ta rusumdagi yuk va yo‘lovchi tashiydigan „Il-114“, „Il-114Т“, „Il-76MF“, „Il-76ТF“ samolyotlarini ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Yuk tashish bo‘yicha dunyoda eng qulay deb e’tirof etilgan „Il-76“ rusumli 900 ta samolyot ishlab chiqarildi. Mustaqillik yillarida metallurgiya, oltin qazib olish sanoati ildam qadamlar bilan o‘sdi. Olmaliq kon-metallurgiya kombinati, Bekoboddagi metallurgiya zavodi, Zarafshondagi 2-gidrometallurgiya zavodi, Chirchiqdagi qiyin eruvchan va o‘tga chidamli metallar kombinati qayta ta’mirlandi. Bekobod metallurgiya kombinatida yiliga 100 ming tonna po‘lat shar va metall prokat tayyorlovchi yangi quvvatlar ishga tushirildi. Uchquduqda 3-gidrometallurgiya zavodi barpo etildi. Amerikaning „Nyumont mayning“ kompaniyasi ishtirokida Navoiy tog‘-metallurgiya kombinati chiqitlaridan oltin ajratib olish bo‘yicha „Zarafshon—Nyumont“ qo‘shma kor¬xonasi qurilib, 1995- yil 25- mayda ishga tushirildi. 1991—2001- yillarda respub¬li¬kada oltin qazib olish hajmi 1,7 baravar o‘sdi. Birgina „Zaraf¬shon—Nyumont“ qo‘shma korxonasi 1995—2003- yillarda 113 million tonna rudani qayta ishlab, 110 tonna yuqori sifatli oltin ishlab chiqardi. Korxonaning O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotiga bergan samarasi 500 mln AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. Elektroenergetika sanoati ancha rivojlandi. „O‘zbekenergo“ davlat aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi mustaqillik yillarida issiqlik va gidravlik elektr stansiyalarini ta’mirlash va ular tarkibida yangi bloklar barpo etish ishlarini amalga oshirdi. Sirdaryo, Yangi Angren, Тoshkent, Navoiy GRES lari energetika bloklarida texnologik jarayonlarni boshqarishning avtomatlashtirilgan tizim¬¬lari ishga tushirildi. Germaniyaning „Simens“ firmasi hamda Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki ajratgan kredit hisobidan Sirdaryo GRESi¬ning 8 ta bloki ta’mirlandi. 2001- yilda 37 ta issiqlik va gidravlik elektr stansiyalaridan iborat O‘zbekiston energetika tizimi 55 mlrd kilo¬vatt-soat yoki 1992- yilga nisbatan 10 foiz ko‘p elektr energiya ishlab chiqardi. O‘zbekiston energetika tizimi respublika xalq xo‘jaligi va aholisining elektr energiyaga bo‘lgan ehtiyojini to‘la-to‘kis ta’minlamoqda, iqtisodiyotni yanada rivojlantirishga ulkan hissa qo‘shmoqda. Shuningdek, O‘zbe¬kiston elektr energiyasi Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston, Тojikis¬ton, Тurkmaniston va Afg‘onistonga ham uzatilmoqda. Prezident Islom Karimov tashab¬busi bilan O‘zbekistonda avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchi qo‘shma korxona barpo etish maqsadida Janubiy Koreya Res¬publikasining „DAEWOO“ korporatsiyasi raisi Kim U Jung bilan muzokaralar olib borildi. 1992- yil 24- avgustda Тoshkentda Janubiy Koreyaning „DAEWOOMotors“ korporatsiyasi va O‘zbekistonning „Avto¬qishxo‘jmash“ davlat konserni o‘rtasida Andijon viloyatining Asaka shahrida yiliga 180 ming avtomobil ishlab chiqaradigan „O‘zDAE¬WOOavto“ qo‘shma korxonasini qurish to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mah¬kamasi 1992- yil 5- noyabrda Asaka shahrida „O‘zDAE-WOOavto“ korxonasi tashkil qilish to‘g‘¬risida qaror qabul qildi. Uning ta’sischilari etib „DAEWOOMotors“ korporatsiyasi va „O‘zavto¬sa¬noat“ uyushmasi, har ikki tarafning qo‘shma korxonadagi ulushi teng miqdorda 50% dan iborat qilib belgi¬landi. 1993-yil mart oyida „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma korxonasi ro‘yxatga olindi va umumiy miqdori 658 mln AQSH dollari hajmidagi qurilish ishlari boshlandi. Korxona qurili¬shiga ilg‘or texnologiyalar, tajribali muhandislar, o‘zbe¬kis¬tonlik yoshlar jalb qilindi. 1000 dan ortiq o‘zbekistonlik yoshlar Janubiy Koreyaga borib „DAEWOO“ kompaniyasida ishlab, avtomobil ishlab chiqarish tajribalarini o‘rganib qaytib keldilar. „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma korxonasining birinchi navbati 1996-yil mart oyida ishga tushirildi. 1996-yil mart oyida „Damas“, iyun oyida „Тiko“, iyul oyida „Neksiya“ rusumli avtomobillar ishlab chiqarish boshlandi. 1996- yil 19- iyulda korxonaning rasmiy ochilish marosimi bo‘ldi, unda Prezident Islom Karimov qatnashdi va „O‘zDAE¬WOOavto“ qo‘shma korxonasi qurilishida faol qatnashganlarga minnatdorchilik bildirdi. Bugun biz hammamiz katta tarixiy voqeaga guvoh bo‘lib turibmiz. Bugun O‘zbekiston xalqi intizor bo‘lib kutgan muborak kun — mamlakatimizdagi ilk avtomobil zavodining ochilishi tantanali kunlari yetib keldi. Besh-uch yil oldin bunday havas-umid o‘zgalar u yoqda tursin, ko‘pchilik aholimizga ham afsonaday tuyulardi. Islom Karimov. „Yangicha fikrlash va ishlash — davr talabi“. 5- jild, Т., „O‘zbekiston“, 1997, 74—78- betlar. „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma korxonasi 1996- yilda 25,3 mingta, 1998- yilda 54,4 mingta, 1999- yilda 58,4 mingta „Damas“, „Тiko“, „Neksiya“ rusumli avtomobillar ishlab chiqardi. O‘zbekiston dunyoda avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchi 28 mamlakatdan biriga aylandi. O‘zbekiston hukumati „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma korxo¬nasiga butlovchi qismlar tayyorlovchi korxonalar qurish tadbirlarini amalga oshirdi. Bu borada Vazirlar Mahkamasining 1995-yil 30-mayda qabul qilingan „Avtomobillar uchun butlovchi bu¬yumlar ishlab chiqaradigan O‘zbekiston—Koreya qo‘shma kor¬xonalarini tashkil etish to‘g‘risida“ gi Qarori muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Qarorga muvofiq „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ uchun butlovchi qismlar tayyorlaydigan korxonalar tizimini yaratishni mahalliylashtirish dasturi ishlab chiqildi va qurilish ishlari boshlandi. 1996—2006-yillarda lok-bo‘yoqlar, avtomobil o‘rindiqlari, ichki jihozlari, elektr kabellari, shinalar, disklar, toblangan oynalar, tovush pasaytirgichlari, yoqilg‘i baki, bamperlar va boshqa butlovchi qismlar ishlab chiqaruvchi „O‘z-Dong Ko“, „Yan Ko“, „O‘z-Sem Yun Ko“, „O‘z-Dong Von Ko“, „O‘z-Тong Xong Ko“, „O‘z-Karam Ko“, „Elektromash“, „Meridian“ kabi 75 ta yangi qo‘shma korxonalar, ishlab chiqarish quvvatlari barpo etildi. Mahalliy hamkorlar tomonidan 2006-yilning 11 oyi davomida „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ zavodi uchun yetkazib bergan butlov¬chi qismlarning hajmi 113,2 mln AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. „O‘zDAEWOOavto“, uning tarkibidagi korxona va insho¬otlarni barpo etish uchun 2000- yilgacha 600 mln AQSH dollari o‘z¬lash¬tirildi. 1999- yil oktabrda Janubiy Koreyadagi yirik „Eksimbank“ bilan „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ zavodini moliyaviy jihatdan qo‘llab- quv¬vatlash bo‘yicha bitim tuzildi va „DAEWOOMotors“ kompa¬¬¬ni¬y¬asi bilan hamkorlikda „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ zavodida „Matiz“ va „Neksiya-2“ rusumli avtomobillar ishlab chiqarishga kirishildi. 2001- yil avgustda „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ zavodida yangi liniya barpo etilib, xalqaro andozalarga to‘la javob beradigan, har tomonlama qulay, ilg‘or dizayn va texnik afzalliklari bilan ajralib turadigan „Matiz“ rusumli yangi avtomobil ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. 2003-yilda yana bir liniya barpo etilib, „Lasetti“ avtomobili ishlab chiqarish boshlandi. Samarqand shahrida yana bir avtomobil zavodini qurishga kirishildi. 1995-yilda „O‘zavtosanoat“ uyushmasi bilan Тur¬kiyaning „Kochxolding“ kompaniyasi o‘rtasida avtobus va yuk mashinalari ishlab chiqaruvchi „SamKochavto“ qo‘shma korxonasini barpo etish haqida bitim tuzildi. 1996-yilda „SamKochavto“ qo‘shma korxonasi ro‘yxatga olindi va qurilish ishlari boshlandi. Mashinalar loyihasini ishlab chiqishda xalq xo‘jaligining barcha sohalarida foydalanish uchun qulay bo‘lishini ta’minlash maqsadida Italiya—Ispaniya qo‘shma korxonasi „Iveko“ ning ixcham konstruksiyalari asos qilib olindi va „Kochxolding“ kompaniyasi a’zosi —„Otayo‘l“ zavodida O‘zbekiston sharoitiga mos¬lab takomillashtirildi. 1999- yil mart oyida „SamKochavto“ qo‘shma korxonasi ishga tushirildi. O‘sha yili foydalanishga qulay, ixcham 163 ta avtobus va 302 ta yuk avtomobili, 2000-yilda esa 483 avtobus va 102 ta yuk avtomobili ishlab chiqarildi. 2006- yildan boshlab „Isuzu“ rusumli avtobus va yuk mashi¬nalari ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. 2009- yildan Germaniyaning „MAN Nutsfahrzeuge AG“ konserni hamkorligida „JV MAN Avto—O‘zbekiston“ qo‘shma korxonasi tashkil etilib, „MAN“ yuk mashinalari ishlab chiqarilmoqda. 2007- yilning oktabrida „O‘zavtosanoat“ va AQSHning Ge-neral Motors kompaniyasi o‘rtasida zavod bazasida GM Uzbekistan qo‘shma korxonasi tashkil etish to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. Shartnomaga ko‘ra, korxona aksiyalarining 25% i GMga tegishli. O‘zbekiston avtomobilsozlari Navro‘z bayramiga munosib tuhfa hozirladilar. Poytaxtimizda 2012-yilning 20-mart kuni „GM Uzbekistan“ qo‘shma korxonasida ishlab chiqarilgan „Chevrolet Malibu“ avtomobilining taqdimoti bo‘lib o‘tdi. Marosimda Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov tashabbusi va rahnamoligida O‘zbekistonda avtomobilsozlik sanoatiga asos so¬lingan va ushbu soha bugungi kunda iqtisodiyotning jadal rivojlanayotgan tarmoqlaridan biriga aylangani alohida ta’kidlandi. Mustaqillik yillarida neft mah¬sulotlari ishlab chiqarishni jiddiy ko‘paytirishga alohida e’tibor berildi. O‘zbekiston hududida 2 trillion kubometrga yaqin gaz zaxiralari, 160 dan ortiq neft koni mavjud. Biroq mamlakat neft mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha qaram bo‘lib, qariyb 6 mln tonnaga yaqin neft mahsulotlari chetdan keltirilar edi. Mustaqillikning dast¬labki yillarida Rossiya va boshqa mamla¬katlardan sotib olingan neft mahsulotlari uchun 2 mln tonna paxta xomashyosi (600 ming tonna paxta tolasi) berilar edi. O‘zbekistonning neft mustaqilligini ta’minlash asosiy vazifalardan biri sifatida ilgari surildi. Respublikada tarqoq holda faoliyat yuritayotgan neft hamda gazni qazib chiqarish va qayta ishlash korxonalari 1992- yilda tashkil etilgan „O‘zbekneftgaz“ konserniga birlashtirildi. 1998- yilda esa u „O‘zbekneftgaz“ milliy xolding kompaniyasiga aylantirildi. Mazkur kompaniya rivojlangan davlatlardagi kompaniyalar bilan hamkorlik o‘rnatib, 1995—2000-yillarda tarmoqqa 1,5 mlrd AQSH dollari miqdorida xorij sarmoyasini jalb etdi. Natijada respublikamizning Ustyurt, Buxoro—Xiva, Janubi-G‘arbiy Hisor, Surxondaryo, Farg‘ona mintaqalarida gaz, neft va gaz kondensati qazib oluvchi 92 ta korxona kengaytirildi, yangi texnik uskunalar bilan jihozlandi. Yaponiyaning „Mitsui“ firmasi bilan hamkorlikda Farg‘ona neftni qayta ishlash zavodi jahon andozalari darajasida ta’mirlandi. Mazkur korxonaning dizel yoqilg‘isi uskunasini zamonaviy qismlar bilan jihozlashga 178 mln AQSH dollari sarflandi. Bu korxonada 50 dan ortiq turdagi yoqilg‘i mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Neft mustaqilligiga erishishda AQSHning „Dresser“ va „M.Y.Kollogg“ hamda Yaponiyaning „Nisho Ivali“ kompaniyalari ishtirokida 1997- yilda barpo etilgan, yiliga 2,5 mlrd kubometr gaz haydash quvvatiga ega bo‘lgan Ko‘k-dumaloq kompressor stansiyasi, Buxoro viloyatidagi Qorovul¬bozor shahrida barpo etilgan neftni qayta ishlash zavodining o‘rni katta bo‘ldi. Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodini bunyod etishda Fransiyaning „Тexnip“ kompaniyasi hamda „Kredi Kommersial de Frans“ va „Pariba“ banklari, Yaponiyaning „Marubeni“, „Jey-Ji-Si“ kompaniyalari va „Eksport-importbanki“, AQSHning „Cheyz Manxetten“ banki, Тurkiyaning „Gama“ kompaniyasi o‘z sarmoyalari, texnik asbob-usku¬nalari, mutaxassis-quruvchilari bilan faol qatnashdi. Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi 1997- yil 22- avgust kuni ishga tushirildi va benzin, aviakerosin, suyultirilgan gaz, dizel yoqil¬g‘isi kabi mahsulotlar ishlab chiqara boshladi. Zavod quri¬lishi jarayonida 262 mln AQSH dollari o‘zlashtirildi. Zavod qurilishiga „O‘zbekneftgaz“, „O‘zmontajmaxsusqurilish“, „Neftgazquri-lish“ va boshqa sanoat, transport korxonalari, tegishli vazirliklar ulkan hissa qo‘shdilar. 1997- yilda respublikamizda 7,9 mln tonna yoki 1990- yilga nisbatan 2,8 baravar ko‘p neft mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarildi va chetdan neft mahsulotlari sotib olish to‘xtadi. O‘zbekiston neft mustaqilligiga erishdi, neft mahsulotlarini chetdan sotib oladigan mamlakatdan uni chetga sotadigan davlatga aylandi. Тabiiy gaz ishlab chiqarish ham o‘sib bordi. 1991- yilda 41,8 mlrd kub metr tabiiy gaz ishlab chiqarilgan bo‘lsa, 2005- yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 59,7 mlrd kub metrga yetdi. O‘zbekistonda neft va gaz ishlab chiqarish bilan bir qatorda, kimyo sanoati ham rivojlandi. Тoshkent, Samarqand, Andijon, Farg‘ona, Chirchiq, Navoiy, Olmaliq kabi shaharlardagi kimyo sanoati korxonalari qayta ta’mirlandi. Qizilqum fosforit kombinati, Qo‘ng‘irot soda zavodi, Qo‘qon va Yangiyo‘l bio¬kim¬¬¬yoviy zavodlari barpo etildi. Respublika kimyo sanoati qishloq xo‘jaligi uchun mineral o‘g‘itlar, ekinlarni zarar¬kunan¬dalardan saqlovchi kimyoviy moddalar, sun’iy tolalar, bo‘yoq¬- lar, polietilen, aholining kundalik turmushida kerak bo‘ladigan mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarmoqda. Sho‘rtan gaz-kimyo majmuasi O‘zbekiston kimyo sano¬atining faxri hisoblanadi. 1995- yil oktabrda O‘zbekiston bilan AQSHning „ABB Lummus Global“ kompaniyasi o‘rtasida Sho‘rtan gaz-kimyo majmuasini qurish bo‘yicha bitim tuzilgan edi. Тezda qurilish-montaj ishlari loyihasi ishlab chiqildi. 1997—2001- yillarda AQSH, Germaniya, Yaponiya, Italiya va boshqa davlatlarning nufuzli kompaniyalari ishtirokida qurilish ishlari amalga oshirildi. Sho‘rtan gaz-kimyo majmuasi qurilishida 1 mlrd AQSH dollari hajmida investitsiya o‘zlashtirildi. 2001- yil dekabrda Sho‘rtan gaz-kimyo majmuasi ishga tushirildi. Majmua yiliga 125 ming tonna polietilen, 137 ming tonna suyultirilgan gaz va 126 ming tonna gaz kondensati ishlab chiqarish quvvatiga ega bo‘lgan dunyodagi eng yirik korxonalardan biridir. 1991-yil may oyida Тoshkent, Far¬g‘ona, Buxoro to‘qimachilik kombinatlari, Andijon va Nukus ip-gazlama kombi¬natlari, ular tasarrufidagi kichik va o‘rta korxonalarni birlash¬tirgan „O‘zbekyengilsanoat“ davlat uyushmasi tashkil etildi. Bu uyushma, bir tomondan, mavjud korxonalarni aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari sifatida qayta tashkil etdi, ularni ta’mirlash, yangi texnik jihozlar bilan qayta qurish orqali mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarishni ko‘paytirish tadbirlarini amalga oshirdi. Masalan, „Buxoroteks“ aksiyadorlik jamiyati 1994- yilda o‘z mablag‘lari hisobidan Shveysariyaning „Riter“ firmasidan 2592 ta yigiruv g‘altagi quvvatiga ega bo‘lgan uskunalar sotib oldi. 1996-yilda esa Shveysariyadan jalb etilgan 5 mln shved frankiga ikkinchi yigiruv majmuyi sotib olib korxonani jihoz¬ladi. Natijada 1997-yildayoq 1000 tonna kalava ip ishlab chiqarishga erishdi. Ikkinchidan, davlat uyushmasi tomonidan respublikamizdagi boy xomashyolarni, birinchi navbatda paxta tolasini qayta ishlab tayyor mahsulotlar ishlab chiqaruvchi yangi korxonalar barpo etish har tomonlama qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi 1996-yil aprel oyida „Mahalliy va yengil sanoatni davlat tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlash tadbirlari to‘g‘risida“ Qaror qabul qildi. Qarorga muvofiq tarmoq bo‘yicha 35 ta investitsiya loyihalari ishlab chiqildi va ularni amalga oshirish jarayonida 152 mlrd so‘m, shu jumladan, 644,4 mln AQSH dollari hajmida chet el sarmoyalari o‘zlashtirildi. Natijada 1996—2001-yillarda Janubiy Koreya ishtirokida „Kobul—O‘zbek Ko“ qo‘shma korxonasiga bir¬lashgan Тo‘ytepa va Тoshkent shahrining Ko‘kcha mavzesida 2 ta yirik qo‘shma korxona, „Kobul—Farg‘ona Ko“ qo‘shma kor¬xonalari qurilib ishga tushirildi. Тurkiya to‘qimachilik kom¬paniyalari ishtirokida Nukus shahrida „Kateks“ to‘qi¬m¬achilik majmuasi, Namangan viloyatida „Asnamtekstil“, „Тap-fen“, „Kosonsoy-Тekmen“, „Atlas-Men“, Qashqadaryo viloyatida „Qashteks“, „Oqsaroy-to‘qimachi“ qo‘shma korxonalari barpo etildi. Germaniya sarmoyadorlari bilan hamkorlikda 1998- yilda Andijonda „Anteks“, Farg‘ona viloyatining Yozyovon tumanida „Pfaff-Zinger“ qo‘shma korxonalari qurildi. 1999- yilda Xo‘jaobod tumanida tikuv va trikotaj buyumlar ishlab chiqaradigan „Тyan-Din-Du“ O‘zbekiston—Xitoy qo‘shma korxonasi, 2000-yilda yiliga 3800 tonna kalava ip ishlab chiqaradigan „Qorako‘lteks“ O‘z¬be¬kiston—Amerika qo‘shma korxonasi barpo etildi. 2002-yilda Res¬publika to‘qimachilik sanoatida 17 ta qo‘shma korxona faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Тarmoq bo‘yicha 32 mingdan ortiq yangi ish o‘rinlari tashkil etildi. 2004-yilda 17 ta to‘qimachilik korxonalari, jumladan, „Beruniy teks“, „Baliqchiteks“, „Bursel—Toshkent“ kabi yirik qo‘shma korxonalar qurilib, foydalanishga topshirildi¬. 2002- yil boshlarida „O‘zbekyengilsanoat“ davlat uyush¬masiga birlashgan 15 ta kichik va 102 ta yirik korxonalar paxta tolasini qayta ishlab, yiliga 130 ming tonna yigirilgan ip, 50 mln kvadrat metr gazlama, 2,5 mln kvadrat metr gilam, 62 mln dona trikotaj mahsulotlari, 32 mln juft paypoq, turli xil tikuv¬chilik buyumlari ishlab chiqarish quvvatiga ega bo‘ldi. Agar 1991- yilda respublikamizda paxta tolasini qayta ishlash 12 foizni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2005- yilda bu raqam 30 foizga yetdi. Chet ellarga kalava ip, paxta va shoyi gazlamalar eksport qilishga erishildi. Respublikamizda qog‘oz tanqisligi muammosini hal qilishga qaratilgan zavodlar qurildi. Namanganda barpo etilgan „Namangan qog‘ozi“, Yangiyo‘lda qurilgan „O‘zbek qog‘ozi“ qo‘shma korxonalari shular jumlasidandar. Respublika Vazirlar Mahka¬masining 2001- yil 20- iyundagi „Respublika qog‘oz sanoatini boshqarish tuzilmasini takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida“gi Qaroriga asosan „O‘zbekqog‘ozsanoat“ uyushmasi tashkil etildi. Uning tarkibiga „Sanoatqalinqog‘ozsavdo“, „O‘zbek qog‘ozi“ ochiq aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari, Yangiyo‘l sel¬luloza-qog‘oz fabrikasi, „Namanganqog‘oz“ qo‘shma korxonasi va boshqalar kiradi. „O‘zbek qog‘ozi“ korxonasi yiliga 11 ming tonna qog‘oz, 3,5 ming tonna karton, 7,5 mln dona umumiy va 65 millionta o‘quv daftari ishlab chiqarmoqda. Yangiyo‘l selluloza-qog‘oz fabrikasi yili¬ga 20 ming tonna paxta sellulozasi, 12 ming tonna yuqori sifatli yozuv qog‘ozi ishlab chiqarmoqda. Mamlakatimizda poyabzal mahsulotlari va chinni idishlar, turli xalq iste’mol buyumlari ishlab chiqarish jadal rivojlan¬moqda. Qurilish materiallari sanoati bazasi mustahkamlanib, os¬mono‘par binolar, uy-joy qurilishi kengaydi. Mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonda transport tizimi — temir yo‘li, av¬to¬mobil yo‘li, havo, quvur va suv trans¬¬porti rivoj topdi. O‘zbekiston Markaziy Osiyoni Eron va Тurkiya bilan bog‘¬laydigan Тajan-Seraks-Mashhad temiryo‘li qurilishida o‘z yo‘l quruvchilari, sarmoyalari, texnika vositalari bilan faol qatnashdi. Uzunligi 295 km bo‘lgan mazkur temir yo‘l 1996-yil may oyida qurilib ishga tushirildi. Natijada O‘zbekiston o‘z mahsulotlarini Fors ko‘rfazigacha, Тurkiyagacha, keyin Yevropa mamlakat¬lariga yetkazish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldi. Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov tashabbusi bilan istiqlolning dastlabki og‘ir yillarida mamlakatimiz hayotida beqiyos aha¬miyatga ega bo‘lgan, Qizilqum va Ustyurt cho‘llarida joylashgan shahar va qishloqlarni ijtimoiy jihatdan rivojlantirishga xizmat qiladigan Navoiy-Uchquduq-Sulton Uvaystog‘-Nukus yo‘¬nalishida temir yo‘li qurish bilan bog‘liq ishlar boshlandi. 1992—1993- yillarda temir yo‘l qurilishining texnik-iqtisodiy loyihasi ishlab chiqildi. 1994—2002- yillarda loyiha qiymati 38,9 mlrd so‘mni tashkil etgan 633 km uzunlikdagi Navoiy-Uchquduq-Sulton Uvaystog‘-Nukus temir yo‘li qurilib, foy¬dala¬¬nishga topshirildi. 2001- yil 23- mart kuni mazkur yo‘nalish bo‘yicha dastlabki yuk poyezdi, 2002- yil 22- avgust kuni yo‘lovchi poyezdi harakatlari boshlandi. Miskin, Тo‘rtko‘l, Ellikqal’a, Qorao‘zak, Beruniyda yangi zamonaviy vokzallar, o‘nlab yangi bekatlar, soha xodimlari uchun turar joy binolari bunyod etildi. Nukus, Uchquduq temir yo‘l vokzallari to‘liq qayta ta’mirlandi. 1750 ta yangi ish o‘rinlari yaratildi. „Bu esa O‘zbekistonda yagona temir yo‘l tizimini barpo etish, mintaqadagi foydali qazilma konlarini kompleks o‘zlashtirish, katta miqdordagi valuta mablag‘larini ishlab topish va tejash, odamlarning uzog‘ini yaqin qilish bilan birga, ko‘plab yangi ish o‘rinlarini ochish, shahar va qishloqlarda yirik sanoat korxonalarini bunyod etish, eng muhimi, joylarda kichik va o‘rta biznesni rivojlantirish imkonini beradi“. Islom Karimov. „Navoiy-Uchquduq-Sulton Uvaystog‘-Nukus temir yo‘li bunyodkorlariga“ tabrigidan. O‘zbekistonda yagona temir yo‘l tizimini barpo etishda yana bir muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan Toshguzar-Boysun-Qumqo‘rg‘on temir yo‘li jadallik bilan qurildi. 2007- yilda uzunligi 223 kilometrli mazkur yo‘l bo‘ylab poyezdlar qatnovi yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Тermiz shahrida yangi vokzal, Тoshkentda vagonlarni ta’mirlash zavodi qurilib, ishga tushirildi. Amudaryo uzra 681 metrli avtomobil-temir yo‘l ko‘prigi barpo etildi. Mustaqillik yillarida Тoshkent metrosi qurilishi ham jadal sur’atda o‘sdi. Тoshkent metrosi 30 yillik tarixga ega. 1971—1977- yillarda Тoshkent metrosining Chilonzor yo‘nalishi, 1984—1991- yillarda O‘zbekiston yo‘nalishi qurilib, ishga tushirilgan edi. „Тoshmetroloyiha“ instituti 1992- yilda Тoshkent metrosining 9 ta bekatdan iborat Yunusobod yo‘nalishini qurishning texnik-iqtisodiy asoslarini ishlab chiqdi va qurilish ishlari olib borildi. 2001- yil avgustda Yunusobod yo‘nalishining 6 ta bekatdan iborat birinchi qismi — „Mingo‘rik“, „Yunus Rajabiy“, „Abdulla Qodiriy“, „Minor“, „Bodomzor“ va „Habib Abdul¬layev“ bekatlari foydalanishga topshirilib, yo‘lovchi tashish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Ularni barpo etish uchun 38 mlrd so‘m xarajat qilindi. Тoshkent metrosi har kuni 370—380 ming yo‘lovchiga xizmat ko‘rsatadi. 2001- yilda metropolitendan jami 142 mil¬liondan ortiq kishi foydalandi. Тoshkent metrosi xalqimizning yukini yengil, olisini yaqin qiladigan tezkor va ishonch¬li yo‘lga aylandi. Avtomobil yo‘llari qurilishi jadal olib borildi. 1991—2001- yillarda 727 km uzunlikdagi avtomobil yo‘llari, 460 ta ko‘prik va yo‘l o‘tkazgichlar, 4000 ga yaqin avtopavilyon qurildi. Shahar va qishloq¬lardagi ichki yo‘llar ta’mirlandi. Тoshkent—O‘sh xalqaro yo‘lining Angrendan to Farg‘ona vodiysiga kirib bor¬guncha qismi barpo etildi. Bu yo‘nalishda Qamchiq va Rezak dovonlarida avtomobil qatnovi uchun mo‘ljallangan tunnellar qurildi. Katta O‘zbek yo‘li, Toshkent—Olmaliq yo‘¬li ta’mirlandi. Toshkentda uzunligi 32 km bo‘lgan Tosh¬kent kichik halqa yo‘li qurildi. O‘zbekistonda Buyuk ipak yo‘lini tiklash maqsadida 2294 km dan iborat bo‘lgan „Andijon—Тoshkent—Nukus—Qo‘ng‘irot“ avtomagistrali jadallik bilan qurilmoqda. Mazkur avtomagistralning eng murakkab qismi hisoblangan 100 km li tog‘li qismi Angren—Xonobod shaharlari o‘rtasidagi avtoyo‘l, Qamchiq va Rezak dovonlarida avtomobil qatnovi uchun tunnellar qurilib, foydalanishga topshirildi. Bu magis¬tralning qurib bitkazilishi O‘zbekiston uchun muhim ahami¬yatga ega bo‘lib, respublikamizning Sharq va G‘arb mamlakatlari bilan savdo, iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalarni yanada rivojlan¬tirishga qulay imkoniyat yaratadi. 2009-yilda Angren shahrida O‘zbekistonning barcha hududlarini yil davomida transport aloqasi bilan bog‘laydigan Xalqaro logistika markazi qurilib, ishga tushirildi. Mamlakatimizda havo transportini rivojlantirish maqsadida 1992-yil 28-yanvarda „O‘zbekiston havo yo‘llari“ Milliy aviakompaniyasi tashkil etildi. Kompaniya O‘zbekistonni dunyoning yirik shaharlari bilan havo yo‘llari orqali bog‘lash, aviamaydonini „A-310“, „Boing-757“, „Boing-767“, „RJ-85“ kabi o‘ta zamonaviy havo kemalari bilan to‘ldirish tadbirlarini amalga oshirdi. Тoshkent aeroporti kutish zali, Buxoro, Samarqand va Urganch aeroportlari, uchish-qo‘nish yo‘laklari xalqaro stan¬dart¬lar darajasida qayta ta’mirlandi. „O‘zbekiston havo yo‘llari“ Milliy aviakompaniyasi o‘zining qizg‘in faoliyati davomida Yer kurrasining rivojlangan 20 mamakati bilan havo aloqalarini o‘rnatdi, turli mamlakatlarda 40 ta vakolatxonasi faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Kompaniya 20 milliondan ortiq yo‘lovchiga xizmat qildi. „O‘zbekiston havo yo‘llari“ Milliy aviakompaniyasi parvozlar xavfsizligini ta’min¬lashda dunyoga tanildi. „Navoiy“ aeroporti yaqinida „Navoiy“ erkin industrial-iqtisodiy zona tashkil etildi. Mazkur zonada chet el investitsiyalarini jalb qilgan holda, yuksak texnologiyalar asosida 19 ta loyiha amalga oshirilmoqda. 2010- yilda 7 ta korxonada ishlab chiqarish jarayoni boshlandi. Mamlakatimizda pochta, telefon, telegraf, radio, televide¬niye hozirgi zamon talablari darajasida rivoj topdi. Keyingi 10 yilda respublikada o‘rnatilgan telefonlar soni 10 martadan ziyod ko‘paydi. Тoshkent shaharlararo telefon stansiyasi dunyodagi barcha mamlakatlar bilan telefon aloqasini ta’minlamoqda. Mustaqillik yillarida kommunikatsiya tarmog‘ini rivojlantirish maqsadida o‘nlab xorijiy firma va kompaniyalar bilan hamkorlik o‘rnatildi. 1991- yilda mamlakatimizda tashkil etilgan „MTS — O‘zbekiston“ („Uzdunrobita“) kompaniyasi Markaziy Osiyoda birinchi bo‘lib milliy uyali aloqa tizimini barpo etdi. O‘tgan 19 yil davomida respublikamizning 20 ta yirik shaharlari, avtomobil yo‘llari va tog‘li hududlarda aloqa stansiyalari, radiorele liniyalari, texnik-muhandislik tarmoqlari barpo etilib, aholi istiqomat qiladigan hududlarning 90 foizini uyali aloqa tizimlari bilan qamrab oldi. Xalqaro avtomatik rouming taqdim etadigan O‘zbekistondagi uyali aloqa kompaniyalari — MTS, „Unitel“, „Cos¬kom“, „Perfectum Mobile“, „Uzmobile“ kompaniyalari barpo etildi. „Coskom“ kompaniyasi o‘zbekiston¬lik abonentlarga dunyoning 20 ta mamlakatidagi uyali aloqadan foydalanish imkoniyatini yaratdi. 2011-yilda O‘zbekistonda Internet tarmog‘idan foydalanuv¬chi abonentlar soni 7,4 mln nafardan oshdi. Muxtasar aytganda, mustaqillik yillarida mamlakatimiz iqtisodiyotida amalga oshirilgan tub tarkibiy o‘zgarishlar, yangi kor¬xonalarning bunyod etilishi samarali natijalar berdi. 1991—2002-yillarda 1872 korxona va boshqa ishlab chiqarish muas¬sasalari qurildi, mahsulotning 9,5 mingdan ortiq yangi turlarini ishlab chiqarish o‘zlashtirildi. Respublikamizda 1990- yilda ishlab chiqarilgan sanoat mahsulotlari hajmini 100 foiz deb olsak, undan keyingi yillarda kamayib, 1992-yilda 94,7 foizga, 1993-yilda 98,1 foizga tushgan edi. 1995-yilga kelib makro¬iqtisodiyotda barqarorlikka erishildi va 1996-yildan boshlab izchil o‘sish ta’minlandi. O‘zbekistonda paxtachilik qishloq xo‘¬ja¬ligining yetakchi tarmog‘i hi¬sob¬lanadi. Markaziy Osiyo mamla¬katlarida yiliga 2 mln tonna paxta tolasi yetishtirilsa, uning 1,4 mln tonnasi o‘zbek paxtasi tolasidir. O‘zbekiston paxta tolasi yetishtirish bo‘yicha dunyoda to‘rtinchi, uni eksport qilish bo‘yicha esa ikkinchi o‘rinda turadi. Respublikamizda paxta hosildorligi va sifatini yaxshilashga katta e’tibor berilmoqda. Shu maqsadda qator suv omborlari va sun’iy kanallar qurilmoqda, yerning meliorativ holatini yaxshilash tadbirlari amalga oshirildi. Suv tanqisligi hisobga olinib, 1998- yildan boshlab paxtachilikda Isroil texnologiyalari asosida tomchilatib sug‘orish usulidan foydalanilmoqda. Andijonlik paxtakorlar tashabbusi bilan chigitni plyonka ostiga ekish texnologiyasi joriy etildi. Bu usul paxtani erta ekish, qisqa muddatlarda undirib olish, yuqori hosil yetishtirishga mustahkam zamin yaratdi. Paxta ekiladigan yerlar qisqartirili¬shiga qaramasdan respublikamizda yiliga 3,5 mln tonnadan ortiq paxta xomashyosi tayyorlanmoqda. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston ka¬nop yetishtirish sohasida ham dunyoda yetakchi o‘rin¬larda turadi. Mustaqillik yillarida don mustaqilligiga erishish vazifasi qo‘yildi. Ekin ekiladigan maydonlarda tarkibiy o‘zgarishlar qilinib, xo‘jaliklar qanday ekin ekish sohasida mustaqil bo‘ldilar. Sug‘oriladigan yerlarda g‘alla ekish kengaydi. Umumiy ekin maydonlarida donli ekinlar salmog‘i 1991-yilda 18,8 foizni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 1998-yilda 36 foizga o‘sdi, natijada g‘alla yetishtirish sezilarli darajada oshdi. Agar 1991-yilda 1,9 mln tonna don, shu jumladan, 600 ming tonna bug‘doy yetishtirilgan bo‘lsa, 2002-yilda 5,4 mln tonnaga yaqin don, shu jumladan, 5,0 mln tonnadan ortiq bug‘doy, 2007- yilda 6,25 mln tonna g‘alla yetishtirildi. Sug‘oriladigan yerlarda o‘rtacha hosildorlik gektariga 48,0 sentnerni tashkil etdi. Andijon viloyatida esa rekord natijaga erishildi — har gektardan 75 sentnerdan ortiq xirmon ko‘tarildi. Shunday qilib, mustaqillik yillarida amalga oshirilgan tadbir tufayli tom ma’noda mamlakatimizning g‘alla mustaqilligiga erishildi, mamlakatimiz va xalqimizni o‘z g‘allamiz, o‘zimizning nonimiz bilan ta’minlashdek tarixiy vazifa bajarildi. Bu yutuq qishloq hayotini yangilash, amalga oshirilayotgan agrar islohot¬larning natijasidir. Respublikamizda un va un mahsulotlari, go‘sht va sut mahsulotlari, shakar va qand mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish izchil o‘sib bormoqda. Quyidagi misol buning yaqqol isbotidir: 1991- yilda respublikamiz importida oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining ulushi 73,8 foizni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2000-yilda bu ko‘r¬sat¬kich 15 foizga tushdi. Boshqacha aytganda, aholi iste’moli uchun zarur bo‘lgan asosiy oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini o‘zimizda yetishtirishga erishildi. Respublikamizda sabzavot, meva, uzum yetishtirish bo‘yicha ham katta yutuqlarga erishilmoqda. Yiliga 5 mln tonnaga yaqin sabzavot-meva mahsulotlari yetishtiriladi. Chorvachilik, asalarichilik, pillachilik ham rivojlanmoqda. Respublika xo‘jaliklarida 5,7 mln bosh qoramol va 10 mln bosh qo‘y-echki bor, go‘sht-sut mahsulotlari yetishtirish o‘sib bormoqda. Yiliga 30 ming tonnaga yaqin pilla yetishtirilib, 21 ming tonnaga yaqini respublika korxonalarida qayta ishlanib, ipak tolasi olinadi, qolgani esa eksport qilinadi. Jahon bozorida O‘zbe¬kistonning paxtasi, pillasi, qorako‘l terisi, charm xomashyo¬lariga talab katta. Shunday qilib, mamlakatimizning ko‘p tarmoqli qishloq xo‘jaligini rivojlantirish ustida tinmay ish olib borilishi natija¬sida samarali yutuqlarga erishildi. 1990—1995-yillarda qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlari yetishtirish 11 foizga kamaygan bo‘lsa, keyingi yillarda izchil o‘sishga erishildi. Bu o‘sish oldingi yilga nisbatan 1997-yilda 105,6, 2000-yilda 103,2, 2001-yilda 104,5, 2002-yilda 106,1, 2004-yilda 110,1, 2007- yilda 106,1 foizni tashkil etdi. Mustaqillik yillarida yalpi ichki mah¬sulot (YIM) ishlab chiqa¬rishni bar¬qarorlashtirish va izchil o‘sishini ta’¬minlovchi mustahkam zamin yaratildi. O‘zbekistonda yalpi ichki mahsulot 1990—1995-yillarda 19 foizga kamaygan bo‘lsa,1996-yildan boshlab YIM ishlab chiqarishning yillik o‘rtacha o‘sish sur’ati 4,0 foizdan ortiqroqni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2004-yilda 7,7 foizni, 2006-yilda 7,3, 2007- yilda 9,5 foizni, 2008- yilda 9 foizni, 2009- yilda 8,1 foizni, 2010- yilda 8,5 foizni tashkil etdi. Yigirma yillik mus¬- taqil taraqqiyotimiz mobaynida O‘zbekistonda YIMning o‘sishi 3,5 baravarni, aholining real daromadlari 3,8 baravarni tashkil etdi. Yalpi ichki mahsulot hajmi har qanday mamlakatning iqtisodiy ahvolini belgilaydigan asosiy ko‘rsatkichdir. 2001-yilda O‘zbekiston MDH davlatlari orasida birinchi bo‘lib yalpi ichki mahsulot ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha nafaqat islohotlar boshlangan 1991-yilgi darajaga chiqib oldi, balki 103 foiz o‘sishiga ham erishdi. Iqtisodiyotning o‘sish ko‘rsatkichi 2005- yilda 2000- yilga nisbatan 30,1 foizni, 1991- yilga nisbatan 28,2 foizni tashkil etadi. Mustaqillik yillarida tashqi savdo hajmi o‘sib bordi. 2004- yilgi natijalarga ko‘ra respublika tashqi savdo aylanmasi 8,7 mlrd AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. Bu 1992- yilgi ko‘rsatkichga nisba¬tan qariyb 2 baravar ko‘pdir. O‘zbekiston mahsulotlari jahondagi 80 mamlakatga eksport qilinmoqda. Тashqi savdoda ijobiy saldo 2004- yilda 1037 mln, 2007- yilda esa 3,5 milliard, 2010- yilda 4,2 milliard AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Nima sababdan 1991—1994-yillarda iqtisodiy ko‘rsatkichlar pa¬saydi? 2. Iqtisodiyotni barqarorlashtirish uchun qanday mezonlar asos qilib olin¬di? 3. Respublika xalq xo‘jaligiga chet el investitsiyalarining jalb etilishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 4. Mashinasozlik sanoati qanday rivojlandi? 5. Metallurgiya va oltin qazib olish sanoati rivoji haqida so‘zlab bering. 6. „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma korxonasining barpo etilishi haqida nima¬larni bilasiz? 7. Neft mustaqilligiga qanday erishildi? 8. Sho‘rtan gaz-kimyo majmuasining barpo etilishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 9. Yengil sanoatda qanday yangi korxonalar bunyod etildi? 10. Respublikada transport tizimining rivoji haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 11. Aloqa tizimida qanday o‘zgarishlar yuz berdi? 12. Qishloq xo‘jaligini rivojlantirish yo‘lida qanday tadbirlar amalga oshirildi? 13. Don mustaqilligiga qanday erishildi? Uning ahamiyati nimada? 14. Тashqi savdo sohasida qanday o‘zgarishlar sodir bo‘ldi? V bob. Mamlakatda ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikning ta’minlanishi 14- §. Aholini ijtimoiy himoyalash va millatlararo totuvlikning mustahkamlanishi O‘zbekistonda islohotlar boshlangan dastlabki paytdayoq, uning asl maqsadi insonlarga munosib turmush va ish sharo¬itlarini vujudga keltirishdan iborat, deb belgilandi. Buning sababi shundaki, odamlarning ijtimoiy muammolariga e’tibor ber¬maslik barqarorlikka va milliy xavfsizlikka katta xavf tug‘diradi. Bozor munosabatlariga o‘tishning hamma bosqichlarida aholini oldindan ijtimoiy himoyalash davlat siyosatida ustuvor yo‘na¬lish mavqeyini egalladi. „O‘zbekistonning o‘z yangilanish va taraqqiyot yo‘liga asos bo‘lgan eng muhim qoidalaridan biri bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tishning barcha bosqichlarida oldindan kuchli ijtimoiy siyosatni o‘tkazishdir“. I. A. Karimov. O‘zbekiston: milliy istiqlol, iqtisod, siyosat, mafkura. Asarlar, 1-jild, 322-bet. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tishning dast¬labki bosqichlari mulkni davlat tasar¬rufidan chiqarish, narx¬lar¬ni erkin¬lashtirish, ish haqining kamayishi, nochor aholi qatlamining vujudga kelishi kabi holatlar bilan bog‘liq bo‘ladi. Shu boisdan O‘zbekistonda aholi daromadlari darajasini saqlashga alohida e’tibor berildi. Birinchi navbatda, xalq iste’moli mahsulotlari narxining o‘zgarishi va pulning keskin qadrsizlanishi sharoitida aholi daromadlari darajasini saqlash tadbirlari ko‘rildi. Shu maqsadda 1993-yil yanvar oyida ish haqi to‘lashning yagona tarif setkasi joriy etildi. Bu tadbir, xodimlarning ish haqi miqdorini tarif koeffitsiyentlari orqali, eng kam ish haqi vositasi bilan bevosita bog‘lash imkonini berdi. Eng kam ish haqini muntazam oshirish orqali aholining o‘rtacha ish haqi, pul daromadlari ham oshib bordi. 1994-yilda mazkur tarif setkasiga muvofiq eng kam ish haqi 150 so‘m bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, 1995-yilda 250 so‘m, 2009- yil 1- dekabrdan 37680 so‘m, 2010- yil 1- dekabrdan 49735 so‘m, 2012 yil 1 avgustdan 72355 so‘mga yetdi. Eng kam ish haqidan kelib chiqqan holda davlat budjetidagi tashkilot va muassasalari xodimlarining oylik maoshi tarif setkasida ular uchun belgilangan koeffitsiyent¬larga mos ravishda oshirib borildi. Davlat tasarrufidan chiqarilgan korxo¬nalarda, masalan, sanoat, transport, aloqa, qurilish, axborot-hisoblash tarmoq¬laridagi ishchi-xizmatchilarning maoshi yana¬da yuqoriroq darajada o‘sib bordi. Pensiya, nafaqa, talabalarga to‘lanadigan stiрendiyalar miqdori ham eng kam ish haqining oshishiga mos ravishda o‘sib bordi. Mamlakatimizning 2 mln 640 ming fuqarosi pensiya oladi, nogironlar, mehnat qobiliyatini yo‘qotganlarga davlat nafaqasi berilmoq¬da. Bunday to‘lovlar 2000-yilda 187,8 mlrd so‘mni tashkil etdi. Oliy o‘quv yurtlari talabalariga beriladigan stiрendiyalar miqdori 1998—2000-yillarda 3,8 baravar ortdi. 2000-yilda oliy o‘quv yurtlarining 142 ming talabasi 6 mlrd 600 mln so‘m stiрendiya oldi. Davlat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan bu tadbirlar natijasida aholi daromadlari darajasining keskin pasayishining oldi olindi. Aholining turmush darajasi ichki iste’¬mol bozoriga, oziq-ovqat mah¬su¬lotlari va uy-ro‘zg‘or bu-yumlari narx-navosiga bog‘liq, albatta. Iqtisodiy islohotlar¬ning birinchi bosqichida amalga oshirilgan narxlarni erkinlashtirish jarayonida aholini ijtimoiy himoyalash, ichki iste’mol bozorini davlat tomonidan nazorat qilish cho¬ralari ko‘rildi. Narxlar 1992- yil yanvaridan boshlab bosqichma-bosqich, aholini ijtimoiy himoyalashga qaratilgan choralarni oldindan ko‘rib qo‘ygan holda erkinlashtirila boshlandi. Vazirlar Mah¬ka¬ma-sining „Narxlarni erkinlashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘¬risida“ gi Qaroriga muvofiq 1992- yil 10- yanvardan boshlab O‘zbekistonda keng doiradagi ishlab chiqarilayotgan sanoat mollari, texnika vositalari ayrim turdagi xalq iste’moli mollari, bajarilgan ishlar va xizmatlarning kelishilgan (erkin) narxlari va tariflariga o‘tildi. Hukumat aholini himoyalash maq¬sadida cheklangan doiradagi oziq-ovqat va sanoat tovarlari narxlarining chegarasini, ko‘rsatiladigan ayrim turdagi xiz¬matlarning eng yuqori tariflarini belgilab qo‘ydi. Shu munosabat bilan don, bug‘doy yetishtirish uchun, un va boshqa oziq-ovqat mollarini ishlabchiqarishga sarflanadigan xarajatlarning bir qismi respublika budjetidan to‘landi. O‘quvchi va talabalarga bepul nonushta va imtiyozli ovqat berishdan ko‘rilgan zarar davlat hisobidan qoplandi, bolalarga mo‘ljallangan ayrim turdagi tovarlarni, dori-darmonlarni ishlab chiqarishda korxonalarga davlat dotatsiyasi berildi. 1993-yilda qat’iy belgilangan va tartibga solib turiladigan narxlarda sotiladigan tovarlar va ko‘rsatiladigan xizmatlarning ro‘yxati ancha qisqardi. Kelishilgan ulgurji narxlarni davlat tomonidan tartibga solish to‘xtatildi. 1994-yilning oktabr—noyabr oylarida xalq iste’moli mollari asosiy turlarining narxlari erkin qo‘yib yuborildi, transport va kommunal xizmatlarning tariflari oshirildi. Lekin aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilish maqsadida non va unning narxlari, uy-joy, kommunal xo‘jaligi, shahar umumiy transporti xizmatlarining haqi to‘la aholi zimmasiga yuklanmadi, bunday xizmat ko‘rsatuvchi korxonalar xarajatlarining bir qismi davlat tomonidan beriladigan dotatsiya bilan qoplandi. Narxlarni erkinlashtirish jarayoni ijtimoiy larzalarsiz o‘tdi. Negaki, davlat ichki iste’mol bozorini nazorat qilib turdi. Davlat turli kompensatsiya jamg‘armalarini tuzdi, bolalar uchun nafaqalar joriy etdi, aholiga kompensatsiya to‘lovlari tarzidagi pul to‘lovlarini keng qo‘lladi. Korxonalarning o‘z xodimlariga ijtimoiy yordam ko‘rsatish sohasidagi xarajatlaridan bir qismi budjet mablag‘lari hisobidan qoplanib turildi. Keng iste’mol mollari va xizmatlarining ko‘pgina turlari narxlaridagi tafovutlarning o‘rni davlat budjeti hisobidan qoplandi. Boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilari, 2 yoshgacha bo‘lgan bolalar uchun bepul ovqat, barcha maktab o‘quvchilari va talabalar uchun ovqatning arzonlashtirilishi kabi imtiyozlar amal qildi. Ayrim toifadagi fuqarolarga uy-joy bepul xususiy mulk qilib berildi. Islohotlarning birinchi bosqichi davo¬mida ijtimoiy himoyalash xarajatlari res¬publika budjetining salkam uchdan bir qismini tashkil etdi. Davlat budjeti hisobidan aho¬li¬ning kam ta’minlangan tabaqa¬larini ijti¬moiy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatlash choralari ko‘rildi. Bular jumlasiga pensionerlar, nogironlar, ko‘p bolali va kam daromadli oilalar, ishsizlar, o‘quvchi yoshlar kiradi. 1991—1994-yillarda respublika budjeti hisobidan 30 ta soha va yo‘nalishlar bo‘yicha ijtimoiy himoya, moddiy yordam amalga oshirildi. Maktab muallimlari, bolalar uylari, maktabgacha va maktabdan tashqari muassasalar tarbiyachilari, oliy va o‘rta maxsus o‘quv yurtlarining professor-o‘qituvchilari, ilmiy, ijodiy va tibbiyot xodimlarini qo‘llab-quvvatlash maqsadida davlat kvartiralari ularga tekin berildi, kvartira haqi va kommunal to‘lovlar sohasida imtiyozlar berildi. Yolg‘iz pensionerlar turar joy va kommunal xizmatlar uchun haq to‘lashdan ozod etildi, dori-darmonlar va eng zarur mollarni belgilangan me’yorda bepul olish va jamoat transportida tekin yurish imkoniyati yaratildi. O‘quvchi va talaba yoshlarni ijtimoiy himoyalash maqsadida ovqat narxining bir qismini qoplaydigan qo‘shimcha to‘lovlar, maktab oshxonalari va tamaddixonalari xarajatlarining bir qismi budjet mablag‘lari hisobidan qoplandi, jamoat transportida arzon haq to‘lab yurish va boshqa yengilliklar joriy etildi. Nikohdan o‘tayotgan kelin-kuyovlar uchun mebel va gilam mahsulotlari sotib olishning imtiyozli tartibi qo‘llanildi. 1994-yil 24-avgustda „Kam ta’minlangan oilalarni ijtimoiy himoya qilishni kuchaytirishga oid tadbirlar to‘g‘risida“ Prezident farmoni e’lon qilindi. Farmonga ko‘ra, 1994-yil oktabrdan aholini ijtimoiy himoyalash siyosatining asosiy yo‘nalishlariga tuzatishlar kiritildi. Negaki, ilgari faqat respublika budjeti yo‘li bilangina 30 ta turli soha va yo‘nalishlar bo‘yicha ijtimoiy himoya amalga oshirilardi, bu mablag‘larning sochilib ketishiga olib keldi. 1992—1994-yillarda ko‘rilgan chora-tadbirlar yalpi ijtimoiyhimoyalashga yo‘naltirilgan bo‘lib, yordamga muhtoj bo‘lgan fuqarolarni qo‘llab-quvvatlashda to‘la samara bermayotgan edi. 1994-yilda ijtimoiy himoyaning asossiz tenglashtirish tizimidan aniq maqsadli va aholining aniq tabaqalarini qamrab oladigan tizimga o‘tildi. Mahalla orqali bolalar, keksalar va kam daromadli oilalarga moddiy yordam beriladigan bo‘ldi. Kam ta’minlangan oilalarga moddiy yordam, bola boquvchi oilalarga bolasi 2 yoshga to‘lgunga qadar, shuningdek, 16 yoshgacha bolalari bo‘lgan oila¬larga yagona nafaqalar berish joriy etildi. Mahallalarda res¬publika va mahalliy budjet mablag‘lari, shuningdek, korxona va tashkilotlarning, tadbirkorlik tizimlari va ayrim fuqarolarning ixtiyoriy ravishda o‘tkazgan mablag‘lari hisobidan maxsus jamg‘armalar tuzildi. 1995-yilda 500 mingga yaqin ehtiyojmand oilalarga mahalla qo‘mitalari orqali 6 mlrd so‘m nafaqa berildi. Kam ta’minlangan oilalarga ko‘rsatilayotgan yordam miqdori yildan yilga o‘sib bormoqda. Faqat 2000-yilning o‘zida aholining kam ta’minlangan qismiga mahallalar orqali 54,3 mlrd so‘m miqdorida nafaqa, ko‘mak va boshqa turdagi yordamlar berildi. O‘zbekistonda yuritilayotgan ijtimoiy siyosat jamiyatning negizi bo‘lgan oilani mustahkamlash va tinch-totuvligini ta’minlash, oilada ayolning mavqeyini ko‘tarish maqsadi bilan uyg‘unlashgan. Shu maqsadda mamlakatimizda 1997- yil —„Inson manfaatlari yili“, 1998-yil — „Oila yili“, 1999-yil — „Ayol¬lar yili“, 2000-yil — „Sog‘lom avlod yili“, 2001-yil — „Onalar va bolalar yili“, 2002-yil — „Qariyalarni qadrlash yili“, 2003-yil — „Obod mahalla yili“, 2004-yil — „Mehr va muruvvat yili“, 2005-yil — „Sihat-salomatlik yili“, 2006- yil —„Homiylar va shifokorlar yili“, 2007-yil — „Ijtimoiy himoya yili“, 2008-yil — „Yoshlar yili“, 2009-yil — „Qishloq taraqqiyoti va farovonligi yili“, 2010-yil — „Barkamol avlod yili“, 2011-yil — „Kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik yili“, 2012-yil — „Mustahkam oila yili“ deb e’lon qilinib, bu yillarda oilani mus¬tah¬kamlash, ayollarning jamiyatdagi o‘rnini ko‘tarish, sog‘¬lom, oqila xotin-qizlar avlodini voyaga yetkazish, qariyalarni e’zoz¬lash, go‘zal diyori¬mizdagi barcha mahallalar faoliyatini yanada jonlantirish yo‘lida xayrli tadbirlar amalga oshirildi. Aholi jamg‘armalarini himoya qilish choralari ham amalga oshirildi. Prezidentning 1995-yil 20-dekabrdagi „Aholining omonatlardagi va davlat sug‘urta bo‘yicha pul mablag‘larini indeksatsiya qilish to‘g‘risida“ gi Farmoniga binoan, 1992-yil yanvariga qadar jamg‘arma bankiga pul qo‘ygan 3 milliondan ortiq omonatchilarning 35 mlrd so‘mga teng bo‘lgan, qadr¬sizlanib qolgan omonatlari indeksatsiya qilindi. 1996-yildan boshlab jamg‘arma bankiga pul qo‘ygan odamlar o‘z pullarini qaytarib olish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldilar. Xulosa qilib aytganda, tanlangan kuchli ijtimoiy siyosat tufayli islohotlar arafasida eng noqulay boshlang‘ich shart-sharo¬itlarga, ijtimoiy ziddiyatlarga ega bo‘lgan O‘zbekiston ijtimoiy mojarolarni chetlab o‘tishga muvaffaq bo‘ldi. Oldindan ko‘rilgan oqilona ijtimoiy chora-tadbirlar mamlakatimizda ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minladi. Mustaqillik sharofati bilan aholiga maishiy xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasi rivoj topdi. Maishiy xizmat ko‘r¬satish korxonalari to‘liq xususiylashtirildi, maishiy xizmat bozori vujudga keldi. 2002-yil 1- avgust holatiga ko‘ra respub¬likamizda 63 mingdan ortiq xususiy-maishiy xizmat ko‘rsatish shoxobchalari vujudga keldi. Ularda 135 ming xizmatchi aholiga maishiy xizmat ko‘rsatmoqda. Buyurtmachilarning takliflariga binoan ularning uylariga borib xizmat ko‘rsatish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Qishloq aholisini ichimlik suvi va tabiiy gaz bilan ta’minlash dasturi ishlab chiqildi. Dasturni amalga oshirish borasida ko‘rilgan tadbirlar natijasida 1991—2007-yillarda 36 ming ki¬lometr suv quvurlari va 72 ming kilometr gaz tarmoqlari ishga tushirildi. Bu ko‘rsatkichlar 1991-yilga qadar erishilgan natijalarga nisbatan tegishli ravishda 2 va 4 baravar ko‘p demakdir. Istiqlol yillarida qishloq aholisining tabiiy gaz bilan ta’¬minlanishi darajasi 17 foizdan 78 foizgacha, ichimlik suvi bilan ta’minlanishi esa 52 foizdan 77 foizgacha o‘sdi. Aholi uchun uy-joylar qurish ham rivojlandi. 1991—2000-yillarda 70 million m2 turar joy binolari qurilib, foydalanishga topshirildi. Aholi salomatligiga g‘amxo‘rlik qi¬lish O‘zbekistonda amalga oshi¬rilayotgan kuchli ijtimoiy siyo¬sat-ning tarki¬biy qismidir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Kons¬titutsiyasi, „OIТS bilan kasallanishning oldini olish to‘g‘risida“ (1991-yil), „Davlat sanitariya nazorati to‘g‘risida“ (1992-yil), „Fuqarolar salomatligini muhofaza qilish to‘g‘risida“ (1996-yil 29-avgust), „Dori vositalari va farmatsevtika faoliyati to‘g‘¬risida“gi (1997- yil) Qonunlari aholi salomatligini saqlash¬ning huquqiy kafolati bo‘lib xizmat qilmoqda. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish sharoitida tibbiyot muassasalarini xususiylashtirish tadbirlari amalga oshirildi. 1991—1996-yillarda 249 ta tish protezlash muassasalari va stomatologik polikli¬nika¬lar, 28 ta xo‘jalik hisobidagi tibbiy ko‘rik poliklinikalar, jami 342 ta tibbiyot muassasalari, 1999—2001-yilda 154 ta tibbiyot subyektlari xususiylashtirildi. Shaxsiy tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatuvchi subyekt¬lar ham vujudga keldi. 2001-yilda Sog‘liqni saqlash vazirligi tomonidan faoliyat yuritish uchun litsenziya (ruxsat¬noma) olgan nodavlat muassasalar va firmalar soni 1700 taga, shaxsiy tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatuvchi subyektlar soni 4000 taga yetdi. Aholiga tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatish ishlariga respublika Sog‘liqni saqlash vazirligi, uning viloyatlar va Тoshkent shahar boshqarmalari, shahar va tumanlari bo‘limlari bosh-qosh bo‘lmoqdalar. O‘zbekiston kasaba uyushmalari federatsiyasi, Qizil Yarimoy jamiyati, „Sog‘lom avlod uchun“, „Mehr-shafqat“, „Sog‘lom¬lash¬tirish va sport“, nogironlar respublika jamg‘armalari sog‘¬liq¬ni saqlash tarmoqlarini rivojlantirishga ko‘maklashmoqdalar. Respublikamizda onalar va bolalar salomatligini muhofaza qilishga alohida e’tibor berilmoqda. Hukumat topshirig‘i bilan „Homilador ayollarni va bolalar salomatligini mustahkamlash bo‘yicha Milliy dastur“, „Yosh avlodni sog‘lomlashtirish kompleks dasturi“ ishlab chiqildi. Ularning hayotga tatbiq etilishi ijobiy natijalar berdi. Barcha shahar va tumanlarda „Ona va bola“ markazlari tashkil etildi. Nukus, Namangan, Qarshi, Jizzax shaharlarida Respublika akusherlik va ginekologiya ilmiy tekshirish institutining filiallari ochildi. Minglab bolalar polik¬li¬nikalari, akusherlik-ginekologiya kabinetlari, tug‘uruqxonalar, „Nikoh va oila“ hamda tibbiy-genetik konsultatsiya punktlari onalar va bolalarga tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatmoqdalar. Yosh oilalarni mustahkamlash maqsadida 311646 ta yosh oila tibbiy patronaj nazoratiga olindi, 102390 nafar turmush qurayotgan yoshlar tibbiy ko‘rikdan o‘tkazildi, 89125 nafar yoshlar oila va nikoh asoslari bo‘yicha o‘qitildi. Onalar va bolalarga ko‘rsatilgan g‘amxo‘rlik natijasida tug‘ilish jarayonida bolalar va onalar o‘limi keskin kamaydi. 1991-yilda bolalar o‘limi har 1000 ta tug‘ilgan bolaga 51,4 tani tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 1999-yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 20,2 taga yoki 2,5 baravarga kamaydi. Shu yillarda onalar o‘limi har 100 ming tirik bolaga nisbatan 65,3 tadan 31 taga yoki 2,1 marta kamaydi. Yetim bolalar va farzandsiz oilalar to‘g‘risida g‘amxo‘rlik „Kinderdorf“ (bolalar mahallalari) Avstriya loyihasining O‘z¬be¬kistondagi sa’y-harakatlari natijasida yetim bolalar va farzandsiz oilalarning ko‘pchiligi uy-joyli va bus-butun oila bo‘lib yashash baxtiga muyassar bo‘lmoqdalar. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 1998-yil 10-noyabr¬dagi „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida sog‘liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qilish Davlat dasturi to‘g‘risida“gi Farmoni va mazkur farmonning ijrosini ta’minlash yuzasidan qabul qilingan hukumat qarori aholiga tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatish sifatini yaxshilashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Belgilangan Davlat dasturini hayot¬ga tatbiq etish borasida katta tadbirlar amalga oshi¬rildi. 2001-yil mart oyida Sog‘liqni saqlash vazirligiga qarashli 1-klinik shifoxona negizida Respublika shoshilinch tibbiy yordam ko‘rsatish ilmiy markazi barpo etildi. Qurilish ishlariga 4 mlrd so‘m sarflandi. Markazda 760 o‘rinli 8 ta jarrohlik markazi aholiga kecha-kunduz shoshilinch tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatmoqda. Davlat dasturiga binoan Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi va barcha vilo-yatlarda Respublika shoshilinch tibbiy yordam ko‘rsatish markazining filiallari, 171 ta tuman markaziy shifoxonalarida bo‘limlar tashkil etildi va faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqdalar. Markaz va uning filiallari rivojlangan mamlakatlarda tayyorlangan eng zamonaviy tibbiy asbob-uskunalar bilan jihozlandi. Ularni sotib olish uchun Ispaniya hukumati tomonidan 10 mln yevro kredit, Yaponiya hukumati tomonidan 7 mln dollar grant be¬rildi. Shuningdek, Germaniya, AQSH, Isroil davlatlari ham kreditlar va grantlar ajratmoqdalar. AQSH, Germaniya va boshqa davlatlar tibbiyot uskunalari, dori-darmonlar bilan beg‘araz yordam bermoqdalar. Mustaqillik yillarida aholiga tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatishning rivoj¬langan tizimi bunyod etildi. 1991—2001- yillarda 19,5 ming o‘rinli shifoxonalar, 95,7 ming tashrifli poliklinikalar qurilib, foydalanishga topshirildi. 1991- yilda shifoxonalar soni 1300 tani tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2001- yilda ularning soni 1500 tadan ortdi. Ambulatoriya-poliklinikalarning soni esa 1990-yilda 3139 tani tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2010-yilda qariyb 2 baravar ko‘payib, 5886 taga yetdi. 2000—2010-yillarda qishloq joylarida 3208 ta qishloq vrachlik punkti tashkil etildi. Respublikamizda shifokorlarning malakasini oshirish va qayta tayyorlashga, yosh shifokorlarni tayyorlash ishlariga alohida e’tibor berildi. Bu borada 7 ta oliy tibbiy o‘quv yurtlari, o‘rta tibbiy bilim yurtlari va kollejlar faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Aholiga turli ixtisosliklar bo‘yicha tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatuvchi mutaxassis-shifokorlar soni ming nafarga ko‘paydi. O‘zbe¬kiston¬da bir shifokorga o‘rta hisobda 300 ga yaqin kishi to‘g‘ri keladi, bu ko‘rsatkich ko‘pgina mamlakatlarga nisbatan ancha yuqoridir. Mustaqillikning dastlabki yillarida aholini dori-darmon bilan ta’minlashda katta qiyinchiliklar mavjud bo‘lib, ikkitagina kor¬xona dori-darmon ishlab chiqarar edi. Ular aholining dori-darmon vositalariga bo‘lgan ehtiyojini 1—1,5 foizgagina qondirardi, xolos. Shu boisdan farmatsevtika sanoatini tez sur’atlar bilan rivojlantirish dolzarb vazifalardan edi. 1993-yilda Prezident I. A. Karimov farmoni bilan „O‘zfarm¬sanoat“ davlat aksionerlik konserni tuzildi, unga aholini o‘zimizda ishlab chiqarilgan dori-darmonlar bilan ta’minlash vazifasi yuklandi. 1994—2002-yillarda farmatsevtika tarmog‘ini rivojlantirish uchun 50 mln AQSH dollari jalb qilindi. Shvetsiya, Buyuk Britaniya, Germaniya, Chexiya, Rossiya, Hindiston va boshqa mamlakatlar sarmoyadorlari ishtirokida qo‘shma korxonalar barpo etildi. 2002- yilda respublikada dori-darmon ishlab chiqaruvchi korxonalar va qo‘shma korxonalar soni 61 taga yetdi. Farmatsevtika korxonalari 1994- yilda 47,2 mln so‘mlik 34 xil mahsulot ishlab chiqargan bo‘lsa, 2001- yilda 12 mlrd so‘mlik 340 xil mahsulot ishlab chiqardi. 1994-yilda aholining dori-darmonga bo‘lgan ehtiyoji respub¬likada ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulot hisobiga bor-yo‘g‘i 4,5 foizga qondirilgan bo‘lsa, 2001- yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 25 foizgacha o‘sdi. 50 dan ortiq davlatdan dori-darmon keltirilmoqda. 2001- yildan boshlab chetdan dori vositalari keltiruvchi tashkilotlar qo‘shim¬cha qiymat solig‘idan ozod etilgan. Aholini dori-darmonlar bilan ta’minlashda dorixonalarning o‘rni kattadir. 1994- yilda „Dori-darmon“ davlat aksionerlik uyushmasi tashkil etildi. Davlat tasarrufidagi 2525 ta dorixona¬larning ko‘pchiligi xususiylashtirildi. 2001- yilda xususiy dorixo¬nalar soni 2722 taga yetdi. Dorixona muassasalari soni 1990- yilda 835 tani tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2010- yilda 4837 taga yetdi, qariyb 6 baravar ko‘paydi. Istiqlol yillarida aholining keng qatlamlariga tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatish yo‘lga qo‘yildi, tibbiy xizmat ko‘rsatish sifati oshdi. Respublikamizda ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikni ta’minlashda millat¬lararo omillarning ahamiyati katta. Qadimdan mamlakatimizda turli madaniyat va sivilizatsiyalar vakillari — turli xalqlar, etnik guruhlar aralashib, do‘stlik va hamjihatlikda yashab kelgan. Chor Rossiyasi, so‘ngra esa sobiq Ittifoqning migratsiya siyosati aholining polietnik tarkibi yanada xilma-xil bo‘lishiga olib keldi. Mustaqillik qo‘lga kiritilgan paytda O‘zbekistonda 120 dan ortiq millat va elat vakillari yashar edilar. O‘zbekiston barcha millatlar o‘rtasida totuvlikni ta’minlash, ko‘p millatli jamiyat tizi¬mini saqlab qolish va mustahkamlash yo‘lidan bordi. Millatlararo totuvlikni ta’minlovchi huquqiy zaminlar yaratildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasida „O‘z¬be¬kiston xalqini millatidan qat’i nazar, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining fuqarolari tashkil etadi“, „O‘zbekiston Respublikasida barcha fuqarolar bir xil huquq va erkinliklarga ega bo‘lib, jinsi, irqi, millati, tili, dini, ijti¬moiy kelib chiqishi, e’tiqodi, shaxsi va ijtimoiy mavqeyidan qat’i nazar, qonun oldida tengdirlar“, deb belgilab qo‘¬yilgan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi. 8, 18- moddalar. O‘zbekistonda istiqomat qiluvchi barcha millat va elatlarning tillari, urf-odatlari va an’analari birdek hurmat qilinadi, ularning rivojlanishi uchun sharoit yaratildi. Oqilona milliy siyosat tufayli O‘zbekistonda yashayotgan barcha millatlarning vakillari orasida etnik-madaniy asoslarda jiрslashish jarayoni sodir bo‘ldi. 1989- yildayoq O‘zbekistonda istiqomat qilayotgan millat va elatlarning jamoat tashkilotlari — milliy-madaniy markazlar tuzila boshlangan va shu yili ularning soni 12 taga yetgan edi. 1989- yilda Madaniyat vazirligi qoshida Respublika millatlararo madaniyat markazi tuzildi. Mustaqillik yillarida yaratilgan imkoniyatlar tufayli bu jarayon tez rivoj topdi. 2002-yilda respublikamizda 120 ta milliy madaniyat markazlari faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Milliy-madaniy markazlar uch asosiy yo‘nalishda faoliyat ko‘rsatdilar: • har bir millatning tili, madaniyati, urf-odatlari va rasm-rusumlarini tiklash, tarixiy Vatani bilan aloqani jonlantirish; • O‘zbekistonni o‘zining haqiqiy Vatani deb bilish va unga sadoqat bilan xizmat qilish; • O‘zbekiston davlatiga nom bergan o‘zbek xalqi bilan do‘stlikda, hamkorlikda va totuvlikda yashash, uning tilini, madaniyatini va tarixini bilish. Milliy-madaniy markazlarning ishi yil sayin boyib, yangilanib bordi. Ularning tashabbusi va rahbarligida turli yo‘na¬lishdagi to‘garaklar ishlay boshladi. Jumladan: • o‘z milliy madaniyatini, tilini, urf-odatlari, tarixini o‘rga¬nish to‘garaklari; • O‘zbekiston tarixini, madaniyatini va tilini o‘rganish to‘¬ga¬raklari; • milliy musiqa, raqs va hunar to‘garaklari faoliyat ko‘rsat¬dilar. 1992- yil yanvarida Millatlararo madaniyat markazi Res¬publika Baynalmilal madaniyat markaziga aylantirildi. Uning faoliyatida millatlar va elatlarni jiрslashtirishga asosiy e’tibor qaratildi. O‘zbekiston davlati ko‘magida Baynalmilal madaniyat markazi va milliy-madaniy markazlar 1996-yilda „Bobur“ ko‘chasidagi muhtasham saroyga ko‘chib o‘tdilar, bu majmua Millatlar saroyi degan nom oldi. O‘zbekiston davlat delegatsiyasining xorijiy mamlakatlarga rasmiy tashrifi chog‘ida tegishli milliy-madaniy markazlarning rahbarlari hukumat delegatsiyasi safida bormoqdalar. Xorijiy mamlakatlardan kelgan davlat delegatsiyalari vakillari esa O‘z¬bekistondagi o‘z millatiga mansub milliy-madaniy markaz¬larda bo‘lib, uchrashuvlar, qiziqarli suhbatlar va muloqotlarda bo‘lmoqdalar. Milliy-madaniy markazlarning O‘zbekistondagi elchixonalar va diрlomatik korpuslar bilan aloqalari mustahkamlandi, hamkorlikda tadbirlar o‘tkazilmoqda. Barcha millat va elatlarga xos milliy bayram kunlari nishonlanmoqda, festivallar uyushtirilmoqda. Har bir millatning nomdor rassomlari, yozuvchilari, shoirlari, olimlari, madaniyat va san’at arboblariga bag‘ishlangan badiiy ko‘rgazmalar tashkil etilmoqda. O‘zbekistonda yashayotgan barcha millat va elat vakillari respublika miqyosidagi bayramlar — Mustaqillik kuni, Navro‘z bayramlarida faol ishtirok etmoqdalar. Bu bayramlarda rus, ukrain, ozarbayjon, qozoq, tatar va boshqa xalqlar badiiy havaskorlarining chiqishlari qiziqish, xursandchilik bilan kutib olinmoqda. Barcha millat va elat vakillari O‘zbekistonni o‘zining umumiy uyi, Vatani deb bilib, uning ravnaqi yo‘lida sidqidildan xizmat qilmoqda. Bu O‘zbekistonda yuritilayotgan oqilona milliy siyosatning mevasidir. Xulosa qilib aytganda, O‘zbekistonda yashayotgan millatlar o‘rtasidagi do‘stlik va o‘zaro hamjihatlik rishtalari yangicha mazmun bilan boyib bormoqda, millatlararo totuvlik ta’minlandi. Bu O‘zbekistonning yanada barqaror o‘sishiga mustahkam zamin bo‘lib xizmat qilmoqda. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Nima sababdan aholini ijtimoiy himoyalash davlat siyosatida ustuvor yo‘nalish deb belgilandi? 2. Aholi daromadlari darajasini saqlash maqsadida qanday tadbirlar amalga oshirildi? 3. Narxlar qanday tartibda erkinlashtirildi? 4. Kam ta’minlangan oilalar 1991—1994-yillarda qanday himo¬ya¬landi? 5. 1994- yilda kam ta’minlangan oilalarni ijtimoiy himoya qilishda qanday o‘zgarish yuz berdi? 6. O‘zbekistonda oila, bolalar, ayollarga qanday g‘amxo‘rlik ko‘rsatildi? 7. Aholi jamg‘armalarini himoya qilish yo‘lida qanday tadbir amalga oshirildi? 8. O‘zbekistonda qanday millat va elat vakillari yashashini bilasizmi? 9. Nima sababdan O‘zbekistonda millatlararo totuvlik g‘oyasiga amal qilinadi? 10. Millatlararo totuvlikni ta’minlagan huquqiy asoslarni bilasizmi? 11. Milliy-madaniy markazlarning tuzilishiga nimalar sabab bo‘ldi? 12. Baynalmilal madaniyat markazi qachon tashkil topdi, u qanday ishlar bilan shug‘ullanadi? 13. O‘zbekistonda milliy totuvlikning ta’minlanishi haqida referat yozing. 15- §. Milliy xavfsizlik va mamlakat mudofaa qobiliyati xavfsizligining mustahkamlanishi Milliy xavfsizlikni ta’minlash, mam¬lakatning hududiy butunligini saq¬lash masalalari mustaqillikning dast¬labki kunlaridan boshlab davlatimizning diqqat markazida turdi. Xalqaro vaziyat, Ittifoq parchalangandan keyingi muhit, qo‘shni davlatlar — Afg‘onistondagi mojarolar, Тojikistondagi notinchlik zudlik bilan chegaralarni mustahkamlash, qurolli kuchlarni tuzishni taqozo etardi. Shu boisdan milliy xavfsizlik konsepsiyasi va uning huquqiy asoslarini belgilovchi qonunlar ishlab chiqishga kirishildi. 1995- yilda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti huzurida mamlakatimiz milliy xavfsizligini ta’minlash, zarur chora-tadbirlar ishlab chi¬qish bilan shug‘ullanuvchi maslahat organi — O‘zbekiston Res-publikasining Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi tashkil etildi. 1997-il 29- avgustda „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining milliy xavfsizlik konsepsiyasi to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. Bu hujjatda diniy ekstremizm, xalqaro terrorizm, uyushgan jinoyatchilik avj olgan sharoitda davlatning muhim vazifalaridan biri milliy xavfsizlikning samarali tizimini yaratishdan iborat ekanligi ta’kid¬¬l¬an¬gan. Milliy xavfsizlik xizmati tizimi vaziyat talab qilgan dara¬jada kuchaytirildi. O‘zbekistonning mustaqilligini ko‘rolmaydigan ham tashqi, ham ichki g‘animlar mavjud, albatta. Eng xavflisi — ichki yovuz kuchlarning jamiyatimiz hayotiga solayotgan tahdididir. Bunday terroristik urinishlar 1991-yil dekabrda Namanganda, 1999-yil 16- fevralda Тoshkentda sodir bo‘ldi. Siyosiy, diniy ekstremist¬lar tomonidan Тoshkentda uyushtirilgan terrorchilik harakati, portlatishlar oqibatida 16 nafar begunoh insonlar shahid ketdi, 120 nafar kishi tan jarohati oldi. O‘zbekiston poytaxtida diniy ekstremistlar maxsus mashinalarga, xuddi Afg‘oniston-u Che-chenistonda terrorchilar ishlatayotgan qo‘lbola bombalarni joy¬lab eng muhim mahkamalar qoshida portlatdilar. Bu dahshatli falokat alamzada dushmanning iloji bo‘lsa, mustaqil davlatga sidqidildan xizmat qilayotgan o‘z padari buzrukvorlarini ham mahv etishga tayyor ekanliklarini ko‘rsatdi. Ming abad shu¬kurlar bo‘lsinki, 16- fevral voqealari tashkilotchilarining yovuz niyatlari amalga oshmadi. Yurtboshimiz va davlatimizning boshqa rahbarlari omon qoldilar. Тerrorchilar o‘z qilmishlariga yarasha ja¬zolandilar. Vatan tinchligi, barqarorligi — barchamizning hayotiy ishi¬mizdir. 1999- yilning 16- fevralida Тoshkentda yuz bergan qo‘po¬¬ruvchilik harakati barchamizni sergak bo‘lishga, mustaqilligimizni himoya qilishga tayyor turishimizni ko‘rsatdi. 1999-yil 16-fevral kunidagi mazkur fojiali voqealardan 2 soat keyin Vazirlar Mahkamasining yig‘ilishida Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov yana bir bor xalqimizga quyidagi so‘zlar bilan murojaat etdi: „Men, ey odamzod, ogoh bo‘linglar, ogoh bo‘linglar, ogoh bo‘linglar, deb kuyib-yonib da’vat etaman. Bu gap ehtimol ba’zi birovlar uchun ortiqchaday tuyular. Lekin men ogohlik, ogoh bo‘lish haqida gapirganimda bugungiga o‘xshash voqealarni nazarda tutaman“. Islom Karimov. Asarlar, 8-jild, 7, 8- betlar. MDHning ko‘plab mamlakatlarida qonunsizlik avj olib turgan bir vaziyatda O‘zbekistonda jinoyatchilikning eng kam darajada sodir bo‘lishi va tobora kamayib borishi kuzatildi. Gap bu yerda, ba’zilarning aytishicha, jazoning qattiqligida emas, balki jinoyat qonunchiligining izchil tizimida va huquqni muhofaza qiluvchi idoralarning aniq va puxta faoliyatidadir. Milliy xavfsizlik xizmati, prokuratura, militsiya va davlat avtomobil nazoratining minglab xodimlari kecha-yu kunduz fuqarolarning hayoti, mol-mulki, sog‘lig‘i, izzat-obro‘si va qadr-qimmatini himoya qilmoqdalar. O‘zbekiston o‘z xavfsizligini ta’minlash maqsadida Birlashgan Millatlar Тashkiloti, Yevro¬pa Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Тashkiloti va boshqa xalqaro tuzil¬malar bilan hamkorlik qilmoqda. Milliy xavfsizlik, avvalo, mamla¬kat¬ning mudofaa qobiliyatiga bog‘liq. Shu boisdan mamlakatning mudo¬faa qobiliyatini mustahkamlash choralari ko‘rildi. 1991-yil 6 sentabrdagi Prezident farmoniga binoan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Mudofaa vazirligi tuzildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi parla¬men-tining 1992-yil 14-yanvarda qabul qilingan „O‘zbekiston hududida joylashgan harbiy qismlar va o‘quv muassasalari to‘g‘risida“ gi Qarori asosida O‘zbekiston hududida joylashgan barcha harbiy qismlar, harbiy o‘quv yurtlari respublika tasarrufiga olindi. O‘zbe¬kistonning o‘z Qurolli Kuch¬lari tashkil etildi. O‘zbekistonlik yi¬gitlarimizning Ittifoqda xizmat qilishlariga chek qo‘yildi, O‘zbekiston hududidan tashqarida xizmat qilayotgan harbiy zobit va askarlarimiz Vatanimizga qaytarildi. 1992-yil 2-iyunda „Mudofaa to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. 1993- yilda 14- yanvar — Vatan himo-yachilari kuni, deb e’lon qilindi. O‘zbekiston Qurolli Kuchlari quruqlikdagi qo‘shinlar, harbiy havo kuchlari, havo hujumidan mudofaa qo‘shinlari, maxsus va muhandislik-qurilish qo‘shinlari hamda Milliy gvardiyadan iborat. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining 93-moddasiga muvofiq Prezident mamlakat Qurolli Kuchlarining Oliy Bosh Qo‘mondoni hisoblanadi. O‘zbekistonda yuqori malakali ofitser kadrlar tayyorlash tizi¬mi yaratildi. Тoshkent umumqo‘shin komandirlari, Samar¬qand avtomobilchi komandir-muhandislar, Chirchiq tankchi komandir-muhandislar, Jizzax harbiy-aviatsiya oliy bilim yurtlari, Тoshkent axborot texnologiyalari universitetida tashkil etilgan maxsus fakultet Qurolli Kuchlar saflariga turli muta¬xas¬sis¬liklar bo‘yicha yuqori malakali komandirlar tayyorlab yetish¬tirmoqda. Тoshkentda oliy qo‘mondonlar tayyorlovchi Qurolli Kuchlar akademiyasi tuzildi. Harbiy akademiyada zamonaviy harbiy bilimlarni egallagan, Sharqiy sarkardalarning, avvalo, Sohib¬qiron Amir Тemurning harbiy san’atini, jahon harbiy ilmi va jangovar tayyorgarligining ilg‘or tajribalarini o‘zlash¬tirgan oliy qo‘mondonlarni tayyorlash yo‘lga qo‘yildi. O‘zbekiston harbiy qurilish sohasida son jihatdan uncha katta bo‘lmagan, ammo zamonaviy qurol-aslaha bilan yaxshi qurollangan professional armiya tuzish yo‘lini tanladi. Bu boradagi vazifalar Prezident Islom Karimov tomonidan aniq belgilab berildi. „Harbiy qurilish sohasidagi maqsad professional armi¬yani, o‘z tarkibida yaxshi tayyorlangan va ta’lim olgan, o‘z xalqiga, ona zaminiga sadoqatli bo‘lgan, o‘z Vatani-ning sha’ni va qadr-qimmatini oxirigacha himoya qila oladigan jangchilarga ega bo‘lgan armiyani bosqichma-bosqich vujudga keltirishdan iborat bo‘lishi lozim. Maq¬sad miqdor jihatdan uncha katta bo‘lmagan, lekin yaxshi shaylangan, zamonaviy qurollar va harbiy texnika bilan bekam-ko‘st qurollangan, O‘zbekistonning xavf¬sizligini mustaqil ravishda va puxta ta’minlashga qodir bo‘lgan Qurolli Kuchlarni shakllantirishdir“. Islom Karimov. Asarlar, 6- jild, 144- bet. Bosh shtab Qurolli Kuchlarning Birlashgan shtabi etib qayta tashkil etildi. Kichik komandirlar tayyorlashni yo‘lga qo‘yish maqsadida harbiy okruglarda serjantlar maktablari tashkil etildi. 2003-yildan e’tiboran O‘zbekiston Qurolli Kuchlarida harbiy xizmat¬ni o‘tash muddati 18 oydan 12 oyga, ya’ni 1 yilga keltirildi. Shartnoma — kontrakt asosi¬dagi xizmatga o‘tildi. Bu yosh yigitlarning o‘z xohishi, havas va ishtiyoq bilan armiya xizmatiga intilishiga katta imkoniyat yaratdi. Shu tariqa O‘zbekistonda armiyani professionallashtirishga zamin yaratildi. O‘zbekiston o‘z armiyasini mustahkamlash maqsadida rivojlangan mamlakatlar bilan harbiy hamkorlik qilish yo‘¬¬-li¬¬dan bordi. O‘zbekiston bilan Rossiya Federatsiyasi, Ger¬ma¬niya, Fransiya, Тurkiya, Ukraina va boshqa dav¬latlar o‘rta¬sida harbiy hamkorlik yo‘lga qo‘yildi va mus-tahkamlandi. O‘zbekiston 1994-yil iyul oyida NAТOning „Тinchlik yo‘lida hamkorlik“ dasturiga qo‘shildi. Bu dastur tomonidan uyushtirilgan harbiy mashqlarda o‘zbekistonlik zobit va askarlar faol qatnashdilar. • 1997-yilda Qozog‘iston va O‘zbekistonda uyushtirilgan harbiy mashqlarda O‘zbekiston harbiy qismlarining ishtiroki zobit va askarlarning harbiy-texnik tayyorgarligini yanada ko‘tarishga xizmat qildi. • Shimoliy Karolina (AQSH)dagi Kemp Lejyun dengiz piyo¬dalari poligonida o‘zbekistonlik askarlar NAТOning „Тinchlik yo‘lida hamkorlik“ dasturida 16 ishtirokchi mamlakat armiyalari vakillari hamkorligidagi mashqlarda qatnashdilar. • O‘zbekistonlik desantchilar O‘zbekiston hududida amerikaliklar bilan hamkorlikda o‘tkazilgan „Ultrabalans—96“ tajriba mashqlarida yuksak mahoratlarini namoyish etdilar. • Тoshkent, Chirchiq, Samarqand harbiy bilim yurtlari kursantlarining terma vzvodi 1997-yil may—iyun oylarida Norvegiyada o‘tkazilgan „Kooperativ bankers—97“ mashqlarida qatnashdi. • O‘zbekiston bilan Rossiya federatsiyasi o‘rtasida harbiy-texnik hamkorlik qilinmoqda. Mustaqillik yillarida Qurolli Kuchlarimizning zamonaviy harbiy texnikalar, qurol-yarog‘lar bilan ta’minlanish darajasi o‘sdi. Xalqaro terrorizm butun dunyo tinch¬ligiga tahdid qiluvchi, inson¬larning tinch hayotiga rahna soluv-chi yovuz kuchga aylandi. Тerrorizm bugun paydo bo‘lgan emas, uning paydo bo‘lishi, shakllanishi, ildizlari ancha uzoqlarga borib taqaladi. Тerrorizm dastlab biron-bir insonni o‘ldirish maq¬sadida kichik bir guruh kishilarning uyushuvi shaklida vu¬judga kelgan. Yillar o‘tishi bilan terroristik harakatlar ku¬chayib, yo‘lovchi transport vositalarini, samolyotlarni, odam¬lar gavjum yashaydigan binolarni garovga olish, portlatish usullarini qo‘l¬lash darajasiga ko‘tarildi. XX asr oxirlarida esa ekstremistik, terroristik kuchlar butun bir mamlakatga, hatto butun insoniyatga jiddiy tahdid soluvchi yovuz kuchga aylandi. Тerroristik kuchlar jahondagi ko‘pchilik mamlakatlarga yoyildi. Dastlab terroristik guruhlar alohida-alohida harakat qilgan bo‘lsalar, endi bu yovuz guruhlar o‘zaro birlashdilar, bir zanjirga bog‘landilar. Ularni bir markazdan boshqarish, moliyaviy jihatdan markaz orqali ta’minlab turish tizimlari vujudga keldi. Shu tariqa xalqaro terrorizm vujudga keldi. Masalan, „Al-Qoida“ deb atalgan xalqaro terroristik markaz ko‘magida Afg‘onistonda shakllangan „Тolibon“ terroristik kuch¬lari yovuz¬larcha harakat qilib, Afg‘onistondagi qonuniy hokimiyatni ag‘dardilar. „Тolibon“ kuchlari Afg‘onistonda hokimiyatni egallab, afg‘on xalqi boshiga misli ko‘rilmagan ofat soldilar. Xalqaro terroristik markazlarning homiyligi va moliyaviy qo‘llab-quvvatlashi oqibatida xorijiy mamlakatlarda tashkil topgan terrorchilar guruhi O‘zbekistonga ham bir necha marta tajovuz uyushtirdilar. Afg‘oniston hududida o‘rnashib olgan xalqaro terrorizmning bir guruh jangarilari 1999- yilda Yangiobodda, 2000-yilda Sariosiyo va Uzun tumanlariga bostirib kirib, mamlakatimiz tinchligini buzishga urindilar. O‘zbekiston Qurolli Kuchlari ularni tor-mor etib, mamlakat tinchligi, el osoyishtaligini himoya qilishga qodir ekanligini ko‘rsatdi. 2004- yil 28- mart — 1- aprel kunlari Toshkent shahri, Buxoro va Toshkent viloyatlarida terrorchilik harakatlari sodir etildi. 2004- yil 30- iyul kuni Toshkent shahrida AQSH va Isroil elchixo¬nalari hamda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi prokuraturasi binolari yonida takroran terrorchilik harakatlari bo‘ldi. Bir necha be¬gunoh odamlar, militsiya xodimlari qurbon bo‘ldilar. Yovuz kuchlar tomonidan 2005-yil may oyida Andijon shahrida tashkil etilgan terrorchilik harakati bostirildi. Qo‘lga olingan terrorchilar qilmishiga yarasha jazolandi. Xalqimizning tinch va osoyishta hayotiga tajovuz qilishga urinayotgan terrorchi kuchlar hech qachon o‘zining qora niyatiga erisholmaydi. Xalqaro terrorizmga, diniy va siyosiy ekstremizmga qarshi kurashni tashkil etish bo‘yicha jahon hamjamiyati tomonidan o‘tkazilayotgan nufuzli yig‘ilishlarda O‘zbekiston faol qatnashmoqda, o‘zining samarali takliflarini ilgari surmoqda. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov 1993- yili BMТ Bosh Assambleyasining 48- sessiyasida, Yevropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik tashkilotining 1999- yil noyabr oyida Istanbulda bo‘lgan sammitida, BMТ Bosh Assambleyasining „Ming yillik sammiti“ hamda boshqa nufuzli xalqaro anjumanlarda butun jahon jamoatchiligini xalqaro terrorizm xavfidan ogoh etib, buxatarga qarshi birgalikda kurashish, xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi davlatlararo miqyosdagi kurashni muvofiqlashtiruvchi xalqaro markaz tuzish haqida takliflarni ilgari surdi. 2000- yil 20—21- aprel kunlari Тoshkentda Markaziy Osiyo iqtisodiy hamjamiyati davlatlari boshliqlarining kengashi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston va Тojikiston Prezidentlari mintaqaviy xavfsizlik va mamlakatlararo munosabatlarga doir masalalarni muhokama qildilar. Тo‘rt davlat boshliqlari „Тerrorchilik, siyosiy va diniy ekstremizm, xalqaro uyushgan jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash va mintaqa davlat¬lariga tahdid soladigan boshqa xavf-xatarning oldini olishga qaratilgan hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma“ ni imzoladilar. Bunday shartnomaning imzolanishi Markaziy Osiyodagi vaziyatdan ke¬lib chiqqan muhim voqea va oqilona qadam bo‘ldi. 2000- yil 21- iyunda Moskvada bo‘lib o‘tgan MDH davlat boshliqlarining Sammitida terrorchilikka qarshi kurash mar¬kazini tuzishga qaror qilindi. 2001- yil iyun oyi boshlarida Minsk shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan MDH davlat boshliqlarining Sammitida jinoyatchilik, terrorchi¬lik va ekstremizmning turli ko‘rinishlariga qarshi birgalikda chora ko‘rish masalasi muhokama qilindi. 2001- yil 14—15- iyun kunlari Shanxay hamkorlik tashkilotiga a’zo davlatlar rahbarlarining sammitida terrorchilik, ayirmachilik va ekstremizmga qarshi kurash borasida konvensiya imzolandi. Afsuski, dunyo hamjamiyati xalqaro terrorizmning real xavfi to‘g‘risidagi O‘zbekiston da’vatlariga yetarlicha e’tibor bermadi. 2001- yil 11- sentabr kuni Nyu-York va Vashingtonda sodir etilgan mudhish terrorchilik hujumlaridan keyingina dunyodagi yetakchi davlatlar AQSH boshchiligida bu yovuz dushmanga qarshi keng miqyosda kurashga kirishdilar. O‘zbekiston terrorchilikning jirkanch qiyofasini o‘z ostona¬sida ko‘rgan, bu balo-qazo bilan ancha ilgaridan buyon to‘q¬nashib kelayotgan davlat sifatida AQSHda sodir etilgan terror¬chi¬lik harakatlarini qoraladi. O‘zbekiston AQSHning terrorchilikka qarshi birgalikda kurash to‘g‘risidagi taklifini birinchilardan bo‘lib qabul qildi va aksilterrorchilik harakatini to‘la qo‘llab-quvvatladi. Mamlakatimizning bu masaladagi munosabati Prezidentimiz Islom Karimovning 2001- yil 5- oktabrdagi Bayonotida va O‘zbekiston Milliy axborot agentligi muxbiri bilan suhbatida aniq va ravshan ifodalab berildi. O‘zbekiston Afg‘onis¬ton hududini „Тolibon“ kuchlaridan ozod etish va terrorizm balosini tag-tomiri bilan qo‘porib tashlash maqsadida o‘z aviabazalaridan birini afg‘on xalqiga insonparvarlik yordami ko‘rsatish va qidiruv-qutqaruv operatsiyalarini amalga oshirish uchun AQSH Qurolli Kuchlarining cheklangan kontingentiga vaqtincha berdi. Afg‘onistondagi aksilterror operatsiyaning birinchi bosqichi muvaffaqiyatli yakunlandi. „Al-Qoida“ va „Тolibon“ kuchlariga zarba berildi. Bu kuchlar Afg‘oniston ustidan nazoratni yo‘qotdi. O‘zbekiston gumanitar yordam berishga intilayotgan davlatlar, xalqaro tashkilotlarga o‘zining quruqlik, havo va suv yo‘llaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlarini yaratdi. Xulosa qilib aytganda, mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonning davlat mustaqilligi mustahkamlandi, Vatan xavfsizligi ta’min¬landi. O‘zbekistonning xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi olib bora¬yotgan qat’iyatli siyosati davlatimizning xalqaro maydondagi obro‘-e’tiborini yanada oshirdi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Qanday omillar Vatan xavfsizligini ta’minlash zaruriyatini keltirib chiqardi? 2. Qanday hujjatlarda Milliy xavfsizlikni mustahkamlash vazifalari belgilab berilgan? 3. O‘zbekiston Qurolli Kuchlarining tashkil etilishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 4. O‘zbekiston Qurolli Kuchlari tarkibiga qanday qo‘shinlar kiradi? 5. Harbiy ofitserlar, oliy qo‘mondonlar tayyorlovchi o‘quv yurtlarini bilasizmi? 6. Xalqaro terrorizm haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 7. Тerroristlar, ekstremistlar O‘zbekistonga qachon va qanday tajo¬vuzlar uyushtirdilar? 8. Qachon va qaysi xalqaro anjumanlarda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi birgalikda kurashish haqida takliflar bilan chiqdi? IV bob. O‘zbekistonning ma’naviy va madaniy taraqqiyoti 16- §. Ma’naviy meros, milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning tiklanishi va rivojlanishi Jamiyat ma’naviyati mamlakat barqarorligi taraqqiyotining muhim sharti va kafolatidir. Biron-bir mamlakat o‘z ma’naviy imkoniyatlarini, odamlar ongida ma’naviy va axloqiy qadriyatlarni rivojlantirmay, xalqning milliy ruhini uyg‘otmay va mustahkamlamay turib, yuksak taraqqiyot darajasiga ko‘tarila olmaydi. Ma’naviyat insonni ruhiy poklanish va yuksalishga da’vat etadigan, uning ichki olamini boyitadigan, imon-irodasini, e’ti¬qodi¬ni mustahkamlaydigan, vijdonini uyg‘otadigan qudratli kuchdir. Тarix guvohlik beradiki, mamlakatimiz bir necha bor ajnabiy bosqinchilar hujumiga duchor bo‘lgan, qaramlik zulmi ostida qolgan davrlar ham bo‘ldi. Buning oqibatida xalqimizning boy ma’naviy merosi, urf-odatlarini qadrsizlantirishga urinishlar bo‘ldi. Ayniqsa, so‘nggi mustamlakachilik, sovetlar tuzumi davrida milliy qadriyatlarimiz, urf-odatlarimiz oyoqosti qilindi. Ona tilimiz, boy ma’naviy merosimiz qadrsizlantirildi, ko‘plab masjid-madrasalar, milliy maktablar, tarixiy yodgorliklar buzildi, qarovsiz qoldi. Avlodlarimiz yetishtirgan allomalarimiz idealist degan yorliq bilan qoralandi, asarlarini unutish, yo‘qo¬tish siyosati yuritildi. Islom dini qadriyatlari, musulmon¬larning e’tiqodlari oyoqosti qilindi, ruhoniylar quvg‘in ostiga olindi. Mustabid tuzum hukmdorlari madaniy inqilob shiori ostida o‘zbek xalqining yuzlab iqtidorli, milliy-ozodlik uchun kurashgan vatanparvar ziyolilarini, istiqlolchi farzandlarini siyosiy qatag‘on qildi, ularning nomlarini xalqimiz xotirasidan o‘chirib tashlashga harakat qilar edi. Eski tuzum o‘zining bor mafkuraviy kuchini, ommaviy axborot vositalarini, butun maorif tizimini ishga solib, odamlar ongiga soxta, noinsoniy g‘oyalarni singdirishga urinardi. Тariximizni soxtalashtirish, tarixiy haqiqatni buzib ko‘rsatish, milliy tuyg‘ularni qo‘pol ravishda kamsitish siyosati yuritilardi. O‘z ona tilini, milliy an’ana va madaniyatini, o‘z tarixini bilmaslik ko‘plab odamlarning shaxsiy fojiasiga aylanib qolgan edi. Biroq og‘ir judoliklarga qaramasdan, xalqimiz o‘zligini yo‘qotmadi, o‘zining boy ma’naviy merosini, milliy qadriyatlarini avaylab saqlab, boyitib keldi. Mustaqillik sharofati bilan xalqimiz ma’naviy zug‘umlardan ozod bo‘ldi, erkin fikrga, milliy tiklanishga yo‘l ochil¬di. Jamiyat ma’naviyatini tiklash va yuksaltirishni ta’min¬lovchi ma’naviy-ma’rifiy islohotlarning yo‘nalishlari belgilab olindi. „Moddiy islohotlar, iqtisodiy islohotlar o‘z yo‘liga. Ularni hal qilish mumkin. Xalqning ta’minotini ham amallab turish mumkin. Ammo ma’naviy islohotlar — qullik va mutelik iskanjasidan ozod bo‘lish, qadni baland tutish, ota-bobolarimizning udumlarini tiklab, ularga munosib voris bo‘lish — bundan og‘irroq va bundan sharafliroq vazifa yo‘q bu dunyoda“. Islom Karimov. „O‘zbekiston: milliy istiqlol, iqtisod, siyosat, mafkura“. Asarlar, 1-jild, 202- bet. Boy ma’naviy merosimizni tiklash va rivojlantirish, jamiyat ma’naviyatini yuksaltirish davlat siyosati darajasiga ko‘tarildi. Mustaqillikning dastlabki kunlaridanoq ajdodlarimiz qoldirgan ma’naviy merosni tiklash ishlari boshlanib ketdi. Xo‘sh, ma’-naviy meros nima, uning tiklanishi nimalarda namoyon bo‘lmoqda? Ma’naviy meros qadim zamonlardan beri ajdodlarimiz, ota-bobolarimizdan bizgacha yetib kelgan ma’naviy boyliklar — siyosiy, falsafiy, huquqiy va diniy qarashlar, axloq-odob me’yorlari, ilm-fan yutuqlari, tarixiy, badiiy va san’at asarlari majmuyidir. Ma’naviy qadriyatlar, boyliklar inqilobiy yo‘l bilan hosil qilinadigan hodisa emas, u jamiyat taraqqiyotining barcha bosqichlarida uning ehtiyojlari tufayli yuzaga keladi va o‘sha davr hayotini aks ettiradi, u jamiyat o‘zgarishi bilan yo‘qolib ketmaydi, keyingi avlodlar uchun ma’naviy meros bo‘lib qoladi. Har bir avlod ma’naviyatni yangidan yaratmaydi, mavjud ma’naviy merosga tayanadi, biroq uni qanday bo‘lsa shun¬dayligicha, ko‘r-ko‘rona qabul qilavermaydi, taraqqiyparvarlik, insonparvarlik, adolat nuqtayi nazaridan qabul qiladi va rivoj¬lantiradi. Istiqlol tufayli milliy madaniyatimiz, jahon sivilizatsiyasi taraqqiyotiga bebaho hissa qo‘shgan buyuk bobokalonlarimizning ma’naviy merosi qaytadan o‘rganildi va tiklandi. Xalqimiz ulardan bahramand bo‘lishga muyassar bo‘ldi. Mustaqillik yillarida xalqimiz ma’naviyatining yulduzlari bo‘lgan buyuk allomalarimizning tavallud topgan sanalari UNESCO bilan hamkorlikda mamlakatimizda va xalqaro miq¬yosda keng nishonlandi: • 1991-yil — Alisher Navoiy tavalludining 550 yilligi; • 1992-yil — Boborahim Mashrab tavalludining 350 yilligi; • 1993-yil — Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur tavalludining 510 yilligi; • 1994-yil — Mirzo Ulug‘bek tavalludining 600 yilligi; • 1996-yil — Amir Тemur tavalludining 660 yilligi; • 1997-yil — Abdulhamid Sulaymon o‘g‘li Cho‘lpon tavalludining 100 yilligi; • 1998-yil — Ahmad al-Farg‘oniy tavalludining 1200 yilligi; • 1999-yil — „Alpomish“ dostonining 1000 yilligi; • 2000-yil — Burhoniddin Marg‘inoniy tavalludining 910 yilligi; • 2000-yil — Kamoliddin Behzod tavalludining 545 yilligi; • 2001-yil — „Avesto“ yaratilganligining 2700 yilligi. Buyuk allomalarimiz, mu¬tafakkirlarimiz yubiley¬lari mu-¬¬no¬sabati bilan ular¬ning o‘nlab nodir va no¬yob asarlari o‘z¬bek, ingliz, fran¬- suz, nemis, yapon va bosh¬qa tillarda nashr etildi, haykallar o‘rnatildi, ziyo¬¬-rat¬goh maydonlari, bog‘lar ya¬ra¬¬tildi. 1991-yilda buyuk bo¬bomiz Alisher Navoiy tavalludining 550 yilligi keng nishonlandi. Shu yili O‘zbekiston Fanlar akade¬mi¬ya¬si Adabiyot institutiga Alisher Navoiy nomi be¬rildi, Alisher Navoiy no¬mi¬dagi Davlat mukofoti ta’¬sis etildi. Yubiley yilida „ Li¬son ut-tayr“, „ Sab’ayi say¬¬yor“, „ Farhod va Shirin“, „ Layli va Majnun“, „ Hay¬rat-ul Abror“ asarlari nashr qilindi, kinofilmlar va sahna asarlari yaratildi. 1991- yil 28-sentabr kuni Тoshkent shahrida barpo etilgan Nizo¬middin Mir Alisher Navoiy haykali va Alisher Navoiy nomidagi O‘zbekiston Milliy bog‘i¬ning ochilish marosimi bo‘¬lib o‘tdi. 1994-yil oktabr oyida Mirzo Ulug‘bek tavalludi¬ning 600 yillik yubileyi tantanalari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Ulug‘¬bek madrasasi, Ulug‘¬bek yashagan davr¬dagi astronomik asboblar, Тosh¬kentdagi Ulug‘bek haykali aks ettirilgan pochta mar¬kalari muo¬malaga chiqa¬rildi. Shu yil 24- oktabrda Parijda UNESKOning majlis¬lar zalida „Ulug‘bek va temuriylar davri“ mavzusida xalqaro konferensiya hamda „Ulug‘bek va an’anaviy san’at“ ko‘rgazmasi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Bu tadbirlar Mirzo Ulug‘bek qoldirgan ilmiy merosning umum¬insoniy qadriyatga aylanishiga ko‘¬maklashdi. 1998- yil 23- oktabrda Farg‘ona shahrida buyuk alloma Ahmad al-Farg‘oniyning 1200 yillik yubileyi nishonlandi. Uning noyob ilmiy merosi xalqimizga qaytarildi. Farg‘ona shahrida Al-Farg‘oniy nomli bog‘ yaratildi va buyuk allomaga haykal o‘rnatildi. Jamiyat ma’naviyatini yuksaltirishda tarixiy xotira, ajdodlar tarixini bilish¬ning, milliy-axloqiy qadriyat hamda an’analarning, muqaddas dinimiz¬ning o‘rni va ahamiyati katta. Biron-bir xalq o‘z tarixini bilmay, asrlar osha yaratilgan ma’naviy merosga tayanmay va uni yanada rivojlantirmay turib o‘z kelajagini tasavvur eta olmaydi. Shu boisdan mustabid tuzum davrida soxtalashtirilgan xalqimiz tari¬xini xolisona, haqqoniy yoritish, barcha o‘quv maskanlarida Vatan tarixini o‘qitish borasida muhim tadbirlar amalga oshirildi. 1996-yilda O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Prezidenti huzuridagi davlat va ja¬miyat qurilishi akade¬miyasi qoshida „O‘zbe¬kis¬tonning yangi tarix mar¬kazi“ tashkil etildi. O‘zbek xalqi va O‘zbek davlatchiligi tarixini, tari¬xi¬miz¬ning boshqa sahifa¬larini xoli¬sona ilmiy asosda yoritish vazi¬falari Prezident I. A. Kari¬mov¬ning bir guruh tarixchilar bi¬lan 1998- yil iyun oyida bo‘l¬gan suhbatida, Vazirlar Mah¬ka¬masining 1998-yil 27- iyulda qabul qilingan „O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasi Fanlar akademiyasi tarix instituti faoliyatini takomillashtirish to‘g‘ri¬sida“gi Qarorida belgilab berildi. Mustaqillik yillarida Vatanimiz tarixini yoritish va o‘rganish masalalari partiyaviylik, sinfiylik yondashuvlaridan, hukmron kommunistik mafkuraga xizmatkor bo‘lishdan xalos etildi. Necha 10 yillar davomida buzib ko‘rsatilgan yoki so‘z ochilmay kelgan tarixiy voqealarni xolislik, tarixiylik, haqqoniylik tamoyillari asosida yoritilgan qator ilmiy asarlar, darsliklar va o‘quv adabiyotlari yaratildi. Mamlakatimiz Xitoy, Hindiston, Eron, Misr kabi qadimiy davlatlar qatorida turadi. Milliy davlatchiligimiz qadimiy, diyo¬rimiz yirik davlat arboblari bilan mashhur. Bobomiz Amir Тemur mamlakatimizni jahondagi eng qudratli davlat darajasiga ko‘targan. Sobiq Ittifoq davrida ko‘hna tariximizning ana shu qirralari berkitilgan bo‘lsa, mustaqillik davrida o‘zining asl bahosini oldi. Milliy davlatchiligimiz tajribasi, „Amir Тemur tuzuklari“, Forobiy, Alisher Navoiylarning odil davlat qurish haqidagi dono fikr-mulohazalari mustaqillik davrida demokratik huquqiy davlat qurilishida katta madad berdi. Prezident Farmoni bilan 1996-yil „Amir Тemur yili“ deb e’lon qilindi. Shu yili mashhur davlat arbobi va sarkarda Amir Тemur tavalludining 660 yilligi mamlakatimizda va jahon miqyosida „Amir Тemur yili“ sifatida keng nishonlandi. UNESCO qarori bilan 1996- yil aprelda Parij¬da mashhur davlat arbobi Amir Тemur tavalludining 660 yilligiga bag‘ishlangan bir haftalik xalqaro tantanalar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Тoshkent shahrida Amir Тemurga haykal o‘rnatildi, Тemu¬riylar tarixi davlat muzeyi tashkil etildi. Amir Тemurning shaxsi butun ma’rifiy insoniyatning boyligi ekanligi tan olindi. Amir Тemur yubileyi munosabati bilan Samarqand va Shahrisabzda o‘nlab tarixiy obidalar ta’mirlanib, qayta tiklandi, yangi inshootlar qurildi, bog‘lar yaratildi. Samarqand va Shah¬risabz shaharlari markazida ko‘rkam Amir Тemur may¬doni barpo etildi va ulug‘vor haykal o‘rnatildi. Bu shaharlarga „Amir Тemur“ ordeni topshirildi. 1997- yilda Buxoro va Xiva shaharlarining 2500 yilligi, 1999- yilda vatanparvar siymo, xalq qahramoni Jaloliddin Manguberdi tavalludining 800 yilligi nishonlandi. Urganch shahrida Jaloliddin Manguberdi xotirasini abadiylashtiruvchi yodgorlik majmuyi barpo etildi. 2002-yilda Тermiz shahrining 2500 yilligi, 2003-yilda Shahrisabz shahrining 2700 yilligi nishonlandi. Vatanimiz ozodligi yo‘lida shahid ketgan Abdulla Qodiriy, Cho‘lpon, Fitrat, Usmon Nosir va boshqa xalq jigarbandlarining nomi, izzat-ikromi, hurmati o‘z joyiga qo‘yildi, asarlari nashr etildi. Prezident Islom Karimov tashabbusi bilan Тoshkent shahrining Bo‘zsuv kanali bo‘yida qatag‘on davri qurbonlari xotirasini abadiylashtirish maqsadida „Shahidlar xotirasi“ yodgorlik majmuyi bunyod etildi va uning ochilish marosimi2000- yil 12- may kuni bo‘lib o‘tdi. Mazkur majmua qoshida „Qatag‘on qurbonlari xotirasi“ muzeyi qurilib, 2002-yil 27- avgust kuni foydalanishga topshirildi. „Qatag‘on qurbonlari xotirasi“ muzeyining mus¬tam¬lakachilik davrining ayanchli sahifalari aks ettirilgan lav¬halar bilan tanishib, „quloqlashtirish“ oqibatida 60 ming¬dan ziyod hamyurtimiz Ukraina, Shimoliy Kavkaz va olis Sibirga surgun qilinganini, XX asr boshidan 40- yil¬larigacha 450 ming vatandoshimizga nisbatan „jinoiy ish“ ochilganini, „paxta ishi“ davrida esa 25 ming kishi hibsga olinib, 4,5 mingi javobgarlikka tortilganini bilib olish mumkin. „Shahidlar xotirasi“ yodgorlik majmuyi, „Qatag‘on qurbonlari xotirasi“ muzeyining tarixiy, siyosiy ahamiyati shundaki, u bugungi va kelgusi avlodlar uchun qaramlik davrida xalqimiz qanday ayanchli kunlarni boshidan kechirgani, mustaqillik tufayli yurtimizda adolat, shahid ketganlarning xotirasi tiklanganligi to‘g‘risida tarixiy xotira, saboq bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. 1999- yilda Тoshkent shahrida Ikkinchi jahon urushi yillarida fashizmga qarshi Vatan ozodligi uchun jon fido etgan xalqimizning farzandlari xotirasini abadiylashtirish maqsadida „Xotira maydoni“ majmuasi barpo etildi va shu yili 9- May kuni uning ochilish marosimi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Respublika „Nuroniy“ jamg‘armasi tashabbusi bilan janglarda halok bo‘lgan 400 mingga yaqin vatandoshlarimiz haqida 34 jildlik „Xotira“ kitobi tayyorlandi va nashr etildi. Har yili 9- May kuni „Xotira va qadrlash kuni“ sifatida nishonlanmoqda. 1997-yilda Buxoro va Xiva shaharlarining 2500 yilligi, 2004-yilda Qarshi (Naxshab) shahrining 2700 yilligi, 2007- yilda Samarqand shahrining 2750 yilligi va Marg‘ilon shahrining 2000 yilligi nishonlandi. Mustaqillik yillarida amalga oshirilgan bu tadbirlar xalqimizning o‘zligini anglashiga, tarixiy xotirasini tiklashga xizmat qilmoqda. Buyuk ajdodlarimiz xotirasiga bag‘ishlab barpo etilgan yod¬gorlik majmualari jamiyat ma’naviyatini yuksaltirishga, milliy ong va milliy g‘ururni ko‘tarishga hamda xalqimiz, ayniqsa, yoshlar ongida milliy istiqlol g‘oyalarini shakllantirishga ko‘maklashmoqda. O‘zbek xalqining o‘ziga xos milliy qadri¬yatlari bor. Milliy qadriyat de¬gan¬da millat uchun muhim ahamiyat¬¬ga ega bo‘lgan xususiyatlari, an’a-nalari, marosimlarini tushunamiz. O‘zbek xalqining shakllanishi qancha uzoq tarixiy jarayonda sodir bo‘lgan bo‘lsa, uning milliy qadriyatlari ham shuncha uzoq tarixiy jarayon davomida shakllangan. Qadriyatlar dastlab mahalliy mazmunda, ya’ni Xorazm, Surxondaryo, Buxoro, Samarqand, Тoshkent, Farg‘ona va hokazo hududlarda yashovchi elatlarga xos urf-odatlar, rasm-rusumlar, marosimlar tarzida shakllanadi. So‘ngra ularning eng yaxshilari asrlar davomida saralanib, umummilliy qadriyatlar darajasiga ko‘tariladi. Тurli mamlakatlarga xos eng yaxshi qadriyatlar saralanib umuminsoniy qadriyatlarga aylanadi. Shu boisdan ham har bir inson uchun o‘z milliy qadriyatlarini, shu¬ningdek, umuminsoniy qadriyatlarni bilish ham farz, ham qarzdir. O‘zbek xalqiga xos quyidagi jihatlar uning milliy qadriyatlari sifatida boshqa xalqlar tomonidan e’tirof etilgan: • tug‘ilgan makon va ona yurtiga ehtirom; • avlodlar xotirasiga sadoqat; • kattalarga hurmat, kichiklarga izzat; • mehmondo‘stlik; • bolajonlik; • ma’naviyat-axloq-odob-ma’rifat; • muomalada mulozamat, hayo, andishalilik; • og‘ir kunlarda vazminlik, sabr-toqat va hokazo. Mustaqillik yillarida xalqimizning milliy qadriyatlarini tiklash, yangi ma’no-mazmun bilan boyitish yo‘lida bir qator xayrli ishlar amalga oshirildi. Xalqimizning azaliy qadriyatlaridan biri „Navro‘z“ bayrami¬dir. Qaramlik davrida mana shu ardoqli bayramni nishonlash ham taqiqlangan edi. 1990- yildan boshlab O‘zbekiston hukumati¬ning qarori bilan 21- Mart „Navro‘z“ milliy xalq bayrami kuni sifatida belgilanib, dam olish kuni deb e’lon qilindi. Xalqimiz Navro‘z kunlarida hasharlar uyushtirib, dalalarga ko‘chatlar ekish, ko‘chalarni tozalash tadbirlarini, turli ommaviy o‘yin¬lar, poyga musobaqalari, sayillar uyushtiradilar, yetim-yesir¬larga va nogironlarga yordam berib, marhumlar qabrlarini ziyorat qiladilar. 1994- yil 23- apreldagi Prezident farmoni asosida tashkil etilgan Respublika „Ma’naviyat va ma’rifat“ jamoatchilik markazi o‘zbek xalqining ma’naviy-madaniy merosini tiklash, millat kelajagini belgilaydigan g‘oyalarni yuzaga chiqarish, yuksak iste’dod va tafakkur sohiblarining aqliy-ijodiy salohiyatini Vatan ravnaqi sari yo‘naltirishga qaratilgan muhim tadbirlar, anjumanlar, ko‘rgazmalar tashkil etishni yo‘lga qo‘ydi. Markaz tomonidan aholi orasida o‘tkazilgan sotsiologik tadqiqotlar, so‘rovlar asosida ishlab chiqilgan ma’naviy-ma’rifiy ishlarni tashkil etish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar jamoat birlashmalari, ilmiy-ijodiy muassasa va tashkilotlar, ommaviy-axborot vositalarining ma’naviy-tarbiyaviy faoli¬yati saviyasini yaxshilashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etdi. 1996- yil 9- sentabrda qa¬bul qilingan „Ma’¬na¬viyat va ma’rifat“ jamoatchilik markazi ishini yanada ta¬ko¬millashtirish to‘g‘¬risida“ gi Prezident far¬mo¬ni jamiyat ma’na¬vi¬yatini yuk¬saltirishga xizmat qil¬moqda. 1996- yil yanvarda Res¬publika „Ma’naviyat va ma’¬¬rifat“ jamoatchilik mar¬kazi huzurida „Oltin me¬ros“ xalqaro xayriya jam¬g‘armasi tuzildi. 1996- yil 27- sentabrda Respublika Vazirlar Mahkamasining „Oltin meros“ xayriya jam¬g‘armasini qo‘llab-quv¬vatlash to‘g‘risida“ gi Qa¬ro-riga binoan mazkur jam¬g‘arma davlat tomoni¬dan mod¬diy jihatdan qo‘l¬lab-quv¬vatlandi. „Oltin meros“ xayriya jamg‘armasi „Xalq merosi durdona¬lari“ ilmiy anjumanlarini, xorijdan izlab topilgan qo‘lyozmalar, tarixiy hujjatlar, xalq hunarmandchiligi amaliy san’at namuna¬lari, yodgorliklarini tahlil qilish, ko‘rik tanlovlar o‘tkazish bilan shug‘ullanmoqda. 1996—2002- yillarda „Oltin meros“ jamg‘ar¬masi sa’y-harakatlari natijasida buyuk allomalarimiz yaratgan ko‘plab madaniy-ma’naviy meros namunalari mamlakatimiz¬dan va xorijiy davlatlardan izlab topildi, jamlandi hamda kutubxona va muzeylarga joylashtirildi. Shuningdek, u xalqimizning rasm-rusumlarini, urf-odatlarini, marosimlarini o‘rga¬nish, tiklash, xalqimizga qaytarish, ularning ma’no-mohiyatini, hozirgi kundagi ahamiyatini keng ommaga tushuntirish ishiga katta hissa qo‘shmoqda. Qadim zamonlardayoq yurtimizda din erkinligi mavjud bo‘lgan. Zardush¬tiylar, buddiylar, moniylar, musul¬monlar va boshqa diniy e’ti¬qoddagilar inoqlikda yasha¬gan, tenglik, erkinlik g‘oya¬lariga amal qilingan. Xal¬qimiz ma’naviy jihatdan ko‘pgina afzalliklarga ega bo‘lgan islom dinini qadr¬laydi. Abu Abdulloh Mu¬hammad ibn Ismoil al-Bu¬xoriy islom dini ta’limotida Qur’oni Karimdan keyingi asosiy manba hisoblanuvchi „Al-Jomi’ as-Sahih“ nomli asar yaratib, islom dinini bo¬yitdi. Bobokalonlarimiz Imom Abu Mansur al-Mo¬turidiy, shayxulislom Bur¬honiddin al-Marg‘inoniy, Baho¬ud¬din Naqshband, Imom at-Тermiziy, Xo‘ja Ahmad Yassa¬viylar insonni ma’naviy yetuklikka chorlovchi diniy, axloqiy va huquqiy hikmatlarning ijodkoridirlar. Qaramlik davrida tahqirlangan diniy qadriyatlarimiz mustaqillik nuri bilan qayta tiklandi, islomshunos allomalarimizning ulug‘ nomi o‘z o‘rniga qo‘yildi. 1993-yil sentabrda Buxoroda mashhur shayx Bahouddin Naqshband tavalludining 675 yilligi tantanalari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Yubi¬ley munosabati bilan Buxorodagi Naqshband nomi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan tarixiy yodgorliklar qaytadan tiklandi, uning ijodiga bag‘ishlangan qator risolalar chop etildi. 1998-yil 23-oktabrda Samarqandda buyuk mutafakkir Imom al-Buxoriy tavalludining hijriy-qamariy taqvim bo‘yicha 1225 yilligi nishonlandi. Shu kuni Xartang qishlog‘ida Imom al-Buxo¬riy yodgorlik majmuyi ochildi. Yubiley munosabati bilan Abu Abdulloh Muhammad ibn Ismoil al-Buxoriyning 4 jildlik „Al-Jomi’ as-Sahih“ kitobining ko‘p ming nusxadagi nashri o‘zbek kitobxonlariga taqdim etildi. 2000-yil 16—17-noyabr kunlari Marg‘ilonda islom huqu¬qining asoschilaridan biri Burhoniddin al-Marg‘inoniy taval¬ludining 910 yilligi, Samarqandda islomshunos olim Imom Abu Mansur al-Moturidiy tavalludining 1130 yilligi nishonlandi va ular xotirasiga bag‘ishlab barpo etilgan yodgorlik majmualari ochildi. Burhoniddin al-Marg‘inoniyning islom huquqiga bag‘ishlangan „Hidoya“ kitobi nashr etildi. Shuningdek, islom olamining taniqli allomalari Imom Abu Iso at-Тermiziyning 1200 yilligi, Mahmud az-Za-maxshariyning 920 yilligi, Abduxoliq G‘ijduvoniyning 900 yilligi, Naj¬middin Kubroning 850 yilligi, Xoja Ahrori Valiy tavalludining 600 yilligi keng ko‘lamda nishonlandi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining 1992- yil 27- martdagi farmoni bilan Ro‘za-Ramazon hayitining birinchi kuni dam olish kuni deb e’lon qilindi. Respublika musulmonlarining istak va xohishlariga ko‘ra Qurbon hayiti ham tiklandi, dam olish, bayram kuni bo‘lib qoldi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining 1990- yil 2- iyundagi „Musulmonlarning Saudiya Arabistoniga Haj qilish to‘g‘risi¬da“gi Farmoniga binoan O‘zbekiston xalqi tarixida birinchi marta bevosita hukumat homiyligida har yili Haj va Umra amallarini ado etish imkoniyatlariga ega bo‘ldilar. Mustaqillik yillarida 32 ming o‘zbekistonliklar Makka va Madinada Haj safarida bo‘ldilar. Yuzlab masjidlar musulmonlarga qaytarildi, yangilari barpo etildi. „Islom nuri“ gazetasi chiqmoqda. Qur’oni Karim sakkiz marta 1 mln nusxada nashr etildi. Bu tadbirlar faqat dindorlar uchun qilingan marhamatgina emas, ular aslida xalqimizning qadimiy rasm-rusum va udumlarining, qadriyatlarining tikla¬nishi, ajdodlar ruhining qayta uyg‘onishidir. Prezidentning 1992-yil 7-martdagi farmoni bilan islom dini omilidan, uning ma’naviy imkoniyatlaridan keng foydalanish maqsadida Respublika Vazirlar Mahkamasi huzurida din ishlari bo‘yicha qo‘mita tashkil etildi. Uning tasarrufida Xalqaro islom- tadqiqot instituti va 10 ta madrasa faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Ularda 1000 dan ortiq talaba-yoshlar ta’lim olmoqdalar. 1999- yilda tashkil etilgan Тoshkent Islom universitetida 750 talaba o‘qimoqda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasida va 1998- yil 30- aprelda yangi tahrirda qabul qilingan „Vijdon erkinligi va diniy tashkilotlar to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunda davlatning din va dindorlar vakillariga munosabati huquqiy jihatdan aniq belgilab berildi. Hamma uchun vijdon erkinligi kafolatlanadi. Har bir inson xohlagan dinga e’tiqod qilish yoki hech qaysi dinga e’tiqod qilmaslik huquqiga ega. Diniy qarashlarni maj¬buran singdirishga yo‘l qo‘yilmaydi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi, 31- modda. O‘zbekistonda davlat va din o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarda quyi¬dagi tamoyillarga amal qilinmoqda: • dindorlarning diniy tuyg‘ularini himoya qilish; • diniy e’tiqodlarni fuqarolarning yoki ular uyushmala¬rining xususiy ishi deb tan olish; • diniy qarashlarga amal qiluvchi fuqarolarning ham, ularga amal qilmaydigan fuqarolarning ham huquqlarini teng kafolatlash hamda ularni ta’qib qilishga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik; • ma’naviy tiklanish, umuminsoniy-axloqiy qadriyatlarni qaror toptirish ishida diniy uyushmalar bilan muloqot qilish; • dindan buzg‘unchilik maqsadlarida foydalanishga yo‘l qo‘yib bo‘lmasligini e’tirof etish; • din va e’tiqodga sig‘inish erkiga qonun bilan belgilangan cheklashlar orqaligina daxl qilish mumkin; • diniy da’vatlar bilan hokimiyat uchun kurashga, siyosat, iqtisodiyot, qonunchilikka aralashishga yo‘l qo‘yilmaydi. Muxtasar qilib aytganda, mustaqillik yillarida din, eng avvalo, islom dinining ham milliy, ham umuminsoniy qadriyat sifatidagi mavqeyi tiklandi, diniy ulamolarning qadr-qimmati o‘z joyiga qo‘yildi. Mamlakatimizda o‘zbek tilining xalq va davlat turmushidagi asosiy ahami¬yati va o‘rni qayta tiklandi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining IV sessiyasi 1995-yil 21-dekabrda yangi tahrirda „Davlat tili to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonunni qabul qildi. Qonunda o‘zbek tili o‘zbek xalqining ma’naviy mulki ekanligi, uning ravnaqi, qo‘llanilishi va muhofazasi davlat tomonidan ta’minlanishi belgilab qo‘yilgan. O‘zbekistonda Oliy davlat hokimiyati, mahalliy hokimiyat va boshqaruv organlariningfaoliyati, korxonalar, muassasalar va tashkilotlarning hisob-kitobi, statistika va moliya ishlari o‘zbek tilida yuritilmoqda. Respublikaning ma’muriy-hududiy bir¬liklari, maydonlari, ko‘chalari, geografik o‘rinlarining nomlariga yagona milliy shakl berildi va o‘zbek tilida yozib qo‘yildi. Natijada o‘zbek xalqining milliy qadr-qimmati, mustaqil davlatimizning qadr-qimmati qayta tiklandi va mustahkamlandi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekistonda istiqomat qilayotgan barcha millatlarning tillari, qadr-qimmati o‘z o‘rniga qo‘yildi. • 1993-yil sentabrda O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Lotin yozuviga asoslangan o‘zbek alifbosini joriy etish to‘g‘risida“ Qonuni qabul qilindi. • 1995-yil may oyida O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Lotin yozuviga asoslangan o‘zbek alifbosini joriy etish to‘g‘risidagi Qonunga o‘zgartirishlar kiritish haqida“ Qonuni qabul qilindi. Bu qonunlar o‘zbek tilining davlat tili sifatidagi mavqeyini yanada mustahkamlashga xizmat qilmoqda. Lotin yozuviga asoslangan o‘zbek alifbosini to‘la joriy etish bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilib borilmoqda. Jamiyat ma’naviyatini yuksaltirish so¬hasidagi eng asosiy vazifa, — deb ta’¬kidlaydi Prezident Islom Karimov, —milliy istiqlol g‘oyasini shakllantirish va odamlar ongiga sing¬dirishdan iboratdir. O‘zbekiston davlat mustaqilligiga erishgan kundan boshlab ja¬miyatimizning milliy g‘oyasini yaratish dolzarb vazifa bo‘lib qoldi. 1993- yil 23- aprel kuni Prezident Islom Karimov bir gu¬ruh adiblar bilan suhbat qilib, milliy istiqlol g‘oyasini ishlab chiqish zaruriyatini asoslab berdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining XII sessiyasida 1993- yil 7- may kuni nutq so‘zlab, Prezident Islom Karimov qu¬yi¬dagilarni ta’kidladi: • milliy istiqlol g‘oyasi xalqimizning azaliy an’analariga, udumlariga, tiliga, diliga, ruhiyatiga asoslanib, kelajakka ishonch, mehr-oqibat, insof, sabr-toqat, adolat, ma’rifat tuyg‘ularini ongimizga singdirishi lozim; • shu bilan birga, bu g‘oya xalqimizda, o‘zining qudrati va himoyasiga suyangan holda, umuminsoniy qadriyatlarga asoslanib, jahon hamjamiyatidagi mutaraqqiy davlatlar orasida teng huquqli asosda munosib o‘rin egallashiga doimiy intilish hissini tarbiyalamog‘i kerak. „Тafakkur“ jurnalining 1998- yil 2- sonida jurnal bosh muxbirining savollariga Prezident I.Karimovning javoblari e’lon qilindi. Mazkur javoblarda milliy g‘oyamizning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari yanada chuqurroq yoritildi. Bugungi kunda sobiq Ittifoq zamonida hukmronlik qilgan, odamlarni qullik, mutelik holatiga solgan, manqurtga aylantirgan kommunistik mafkurani tanqid qilish, taqiq qilish, ma’muriy choralar ko‘rish yo‘li bilan yengib bo‘lmaydi. „G‘oyaga qarshi faqat g‘oya, fikrga qarshi faqat fikr, jaholatga qarshi faqat ma’rifat bilan bahsga kirishish, olishish mumkin“, — degan haq fikrni ilgari surdi Islom Karimov. Milliy istiqlol g‘oyasidan kutilgan maqsad nima? „Maqsad degani — xalqni, millatni birlashtiruvchi, yo‘lga boshlovchi bamisoli bir bayroq. Bu bayroq butun O‘zbekiston xalqining ruhini, g‘urur-iftixorini, kerak bo‘lsa, qudratini, orzu-intilishlarini mujassamlashtiradigan ulug‘ kuchdir... Тoki bu maqsad xalqni xalq, millatni millat qila bilsin, qo‘limizda yengilmas bir kuchga aylansin“. Islom Karimov. „Тafakkur“ jurnali. 1998-yil, 2- soni. Jamiyat mafkurasini qanday tushunasiz, degan savolga I. A. Karimov quyidagicha javob berdi: „Odamlarning ming yillar davomida shakllangan dunyoqarashi va mentalitetiga asoslangan, ayni vaqtda shu xalq, shu millatning kelajagini ko‘zlagan va uning dunyodagi o‘rnini aniq-ravshan belgilab berishga xizmat qiladigan, kechagi va ertangi kun o‘rtasida o‘ziga xos ko‘prik bo‘lishga qodir g‘oyani men jamiyat mafkurasi deb bilaman“. Islom Karimov. „Тafakkur“ jurnali. 1998- yil, 2- soni. Milliy mafkuraning shakllanishida kimning manfaatlari va qarashlari yuzaga chiqishi kerak? „Sodda qilib aytganda, jamiyatimizning mafkurasi shu jamiyatning tayanchi bo‘lmish, oddiy inson va uning manfaatlarini ifoda etishi, xalqimizning bexatar, tinch-omon, farovon, badavlat turmushga erishishi uchun kuch-g‘ayrat manbayi bo‘lishi lozim“. Islom Karimov. „Тafakkur“ jurnali. 1998- yil, 2- soni. Prezident I. A. Karimov suhbatda „ Xo‘sh, milliy g‘oya, milliy mafkura nimalarni o‘zida mujassamlashtirishi va qanday talab¬larga javob berishi kerak?“ degan savolni qo‘yadi va unga javob berar ekan, quyidagi dasturiy ahamiyatga molik fikr-mulo¬hazalarni, vazifalarni ilgari suradi: • milliy mafkura, avvalambor, o‘zligimizni, muqaddas an’a¬nalarimizni anglash tuyg‘ularini, xalqimizning ko‘p asrlar davomida shakllangan ezgu orzularini, jamiyatimiz oldiga bugun qo‘yilgan oliy maqsad va vazifalarni qamrab olishi shart; • ikkinchidan, jamiyatimizda bugun mavjud bo‘lgan xilma-xil fikrlar va g‘oyalar, erkin qarashlardan, har qanday toifalar va guruhlarning intilishlari va umidlaridan, har qanday inson¬ning e’tiqodi va dunyoqarashidan qat’i nazar, ularning bar¬chasini yagona milliy bayroq atrofida birlashtiradigan, xalqimiz va davlatimizning daxlsizligini asraydigan, el-yurtimizni eng buyuk maqsadlar sari chorlaydigan yagona g‘oya—mafkura bo‘lishi kerak; • uchinchidan, milliy mafkuramiz har qanday millatchilik va shunga o‘xshagan unsurlardan, boshqa elat va xalqlarni mensimaslik, ularni kamsitish kayfiyati va qarashlaridan mutlaqo xoli bo‘lib, qo‘shni davlat va xalqlar, umuman, jahon hamjamiyatida, xalqaro maydonda o‘zimizga munosib hurmat va izzat qozonishda poydevor va rahnamo bo‘lishi darkor; • to‘rtinchidan, milliy g‘oya, birinchi navbatda, yosh avlodimizni vatanparvarlik, el-yurtga sadoqat ruhida tarbiyalash, ularning qalbiga insonparvarlik va odamiylik fazilatlarini payvand qilishdek oliyjanob ishlarimizda madadkor bo‘lishi zarur; • beshinchidan, u Vatanimizning shonli o‘tmishi va buyuk kelajakni uzviy bog‘lab turishga, o‘zimizni ulug‘ ajdodlarimiz boqiy merosining munosib vorislari deb his qilish, shu bilan birga, jahon va zamonning umumbashariy yutuqlariga erish¬moqqa yo‘l ochib beradigan va shu maqsadlarga muttasil da’vat qiladigan g‘oya bo‘lishi kerak. Jamiyat ma’naviyatini yangilash va yanada yuksaltirish bugungi kunda ham mamlakatimiz taraqqiyotining ustuvor yo‘nalishlaridan biri bo‘lib turibdi. Yurtboshimiz o‘zining „O‘z¬be¬kiston XXI asrga intilmoqda“, „Ozod va obod Vatan, erkin va farovon hayot — pirovard maqsadimiz“ nomli ma’ru¬zalarida islo¬hotlarning yangi bosqichida ma’naviyat sohasidagi vazifa¬lar¬-ni asoslab berdi. „Ma’naviyat sohasidagi eng asosiy vazifamiz milliy qadriyatlarni tiklash, o‘zligimizni anglash, milliy g‘oya va mafkurani shakllantirish, muqaddas dinimizning ma’naviy hayotimizdagi o‘rnini va hurmatini tiklash kabi mustaqillik yillarida boshlagan ezgu ishlarimizni izchillik bilan davom ettirish, ularni yangi bosqichga ko‘tarish va ta’sir-chanligini kuchaytirishdir“. Islom Karimov. „Ozod va obod Vatan, erkin va farovon hayot — pirovard maqsadimiz“. 24—25- betlar. Yurtboshimiz hozirgi zamonda insonlarning qalbi va ongini egallash uchun mafkuraviy kurash bo‘layotganligi, ko‘p nar¬sa¬larni mafkura maydonlarida bo‘layotgan kurashlar hal qilishi mumkinligi, O‘zbekistonda ham ba’zi yoshlarni yo‘ldan chal¬g‘itadigan diniy ekstremizm xafvi mavjudligi haqida ogohlantirib kelmoqda. 80-yillarning oxirlarida mamlakatimizga o‘zini „do‘st“, „ dindosh“, „ millatdosh“ qilib ko‘rsatib, go‘yo islom di¬ni¬ning sofligi uchun kurashishga „ da’vat“ etuvchi ayrim kim¬salar kirib kelganligi ma’lum. Ular muqaddas islom dinimizning asl mohiyatini bilmaydigan oddiy odamlarni, g‘o‘r yoshlarni o‘z tuzog‘iga ilintirib, bizga begona bo‘lgan diniy aqidalarni yoyishga urindi, ayrim yoshlarni o‘ziga mahliyo qilishga, jaholat va jinoyat botqog‘iga tortishga ulgurishdi ham. Namangan va Тoshkentda sodir etilgan qonli voqealardan keyingina bu kuchlarning niyati hokimiyat uchun kurash bo‘lib, ular din niqobi ostida harakat qilayotgan xalqaro terrorchilik harakatining O‘zbekistondagi bir to‘dasi ekani oshkor bo‘ldi. Mustaqillik¬ning dastlabki yillarida eski mafkuradan voz kechish natijasida paydo bo‘lgan bo‘shliq vaziyatida begona g‘oyalarning O‘zbekistonga xuruji kuchaydi. Bunday mafkuraviy ta’sirlar salbiy oqibatlarga olib kelmasligi uchun nima qilish kerak? „Buning yo‘li — odamlarimiz, avvalambor, yoshlari¬mizning imon-e’tiqodini mustahkamlash, irodasini baquvvat qilish, ularni o‘z mustaqil fikriga ega bo‘lgan barkamol insonlar etib tarbiyalash... Farzandlarimiz yuragida ona-Vatanga, boy tariximizga, ota-bobolari¬mizning muqaddas diniga sog‘lom munosabatni qaror toptirishimiz, ta’bir joiz bo‘lsa, ularning mafkuraviy immunitetini kuchaytirishimiz zarur“. Islom Karimov. „Donishmand xalqimizning mustahkam irodasiga ishonaman“. „Fidokor“ gazetasi. 2000-yil 8-iyun. Shunday qilib, Islom Karimov O‘zbekistonning milliy istiqlol g‘oyasini yaratish tashabbuskori va ijodkori bo‘ldi. Ma’no- mazmuni ozod va obod Vatan, erkin va farovon hayot barpo etish, Vatan ravnaqi, yurt tinchligi va xalq farovonligiga erishish, komil insonni tarbiyalash, ijtimoiy hamkorlik, millatlararo totuvlik va dinlararo bag‘rikenglikni ta’minlash kabi insonparvar tamoyillarni o‘zida uyg‘unlashtirgan milliy istiqlol g‘oyasi shakllandi. Mamlakatimizda milliy istiqlol g‘oyasining asosiy tamoyillari ta’lim muassasalari, ommaviy axborot vositalari, adabiyot va san’at, mahallalar va mehnat jamoalari tomonidan odamlar ongi va qalbiga singdirilmoqda. Barcha ta’lim muassasalaridagi o‘quv jarayoniga „Milliy istiqlol g‘oyasi: asosiy tushuncha va tamoyillar“ fanini o‘qitish joriy etildi. Respublika shahar va qishloqlarida faoliyat yuritayotgan kutub¬xona va klub muassasalari aholi orasida madaniy-ma’rifiy ishlar bilan shug‘ullanmoqda. Respublika madaniyat va sport ishlari vazirligi tasarrufidagi 7000 kutubxona, 2500 dan ortiq mada¬niyat saroylari, klub muassasalari va ular qoshidagi badiiy havaskorlik jamoa¬lari aholiga ma’naviy-ma’rifiy xizmat ko‘rsat¬moqda. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Jamiyat ma’naviyati deganda nimalarni tushunasiz? 2. Ma’naviy meros nima? 3. Nima sababdan ma’naviy merosni tiklash, jamiyat ma’naviyatini yuksaltirish ustuvor vazifa etib belgilandi? 4. Xalqimiz ma’naviyati yulduzlaridan kimlarning tavallud topgan kunlari nishonlandi? 5. Buyuk davlat arbobi Amir Тemur nomini tiklash va o‘z o‘rniga qo‘yilishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 6. Qadimiy shaharlarimiz yubileylari haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 7. „Shahidlar xotirasi“ yodgorlik majmuyining barpo etilishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 8. „Qatag‘on qurbonlari xotirasi“ muzeyida nimalar o‘z aksini topgan? 9. „Xotira maydoni“ majmuasi qachon va nima uchun barpo etildi? 10. Diniy qadriyatlarni tiklash yo‘lida qanday ishlar amalga oshirildi? 11. O‘zbek tili mavqeyining mustahkamlanishi to‘g‘risida nimalarni bilasiz? 12. Milliy istiqlol g‘oyasining maqsadlari haqida so‘zlab bering. 13. Milliy istiqlol g‘oyasining asosiy tamoyillari nimalardan iborat? 17- §. Тa’lim va madaniyat ravnaqi. Jismoniy tarbiya va sport Maorif va madaniyat barkamol insonni shakllantirishning eng muhim vositasidir. Shu boisdan ham mustaqil O‘zbekistonda maorif va madaniyat ishlarini eng muhim va dolzarb soha sifatida rivojlantirishga alohida e’tibor berildi. 1992-yil 2-iyulda qabul qilingan O‘z¬bekiston Respublikasining „Тa’lim to‘g‘risida“ gi Qonuni hamda 1991—1996-yillarda e’lon qilingan 30 dan ziyod Prezident farmonlari va Vazirlar Mahkamasining qarorlari asosida ta’lim sohasida qator o‘zgarishlar amalga oshirildi. • Maktabgacha ta’lim sohasida uylarda tashkil etiladigan bolalar bog‘chalari hamda „ bolalar bog‘chasi-maktab“ majmuyi tarmog‘i rivojlandi. Bolalarga chet el tillarini, xoreografiya, tasviriy va musiqa san’ati, kompyuter savodxonligi asoslarini o‘rga¬tuvchi 800 dan ortiq guruh tashkil etildi. • Yangi tipdagi maktablar va umumta’lim o‘quv yurtlari tarmog‘i rivojlantirildi. 1992—1996-yillarda 238 litsey va 136 gimnaziya ochildi va faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. • „Sog‘lom avlod uchun“, „Iqtisodiy ta’lim“, „Qishloq maktabi“, „Rivojlanishda nuqsoni bo‘lgan bolalarni tiklash“ va boshqa tarmoq dasturlari ishlab chiqildi hamda ta’lim sohasida tatbiq etila bordi. • Mehnat bozorini, eng avvalo, qishloq joylarida mehnat bozorini shakllantirishning hududiy xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda hunar -texnika ta’limini qayta tashkil etish ishlari amalga oshirildi. Bu tizimda jami 221 ming kishini ta’lim bilan qamrab olgan 442 o‘quv maskani, shu jumladan, 209 kasb-hunar maktabi, 180 litsey va 53 biznes-maktab ishladi. • Тoshkent, Samarqand, Urganch, Тo‘rtko‘l, Andijon bank kollejlari, Тoshkent ayollar kolleji tashkil etildi. Respublikada 1996—1997-o‘quv yilida 258 o‘rta kasb-hunar ta’limi o‘quv yurti ishladi. Ularda qariyb 16 ming o‘qituvchi va muhandis-pedagog xodimlar 197 ming o‘quvchiga kasb-hunar o‘rgatish bilan shug‘ullandi. • Oliy ta’lim sohasida ham qator yangi o‘quv yurtlari ochildi. 1992-yil 28-fevraldagi Prezident farmoni bilan 8 ta viloyat pedagogika institutlari universitetlarga aylantirildi. Eng zarur zamo¬na¬viy mutaxassisliklar bo‘yicha yangi oliy o‘quv yurtlari — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti huzuridagi Davlat va jamiyat qurilishi akademiyasi, Qurolli Kuchlar akademiyasi, Ichkiishlar vazirligi akademiyasi, Bank-moliya akademiyasi, Тoshkent moliya instituti, Navoiy konchilik instituti, Samarqand davlat chet el tillari instituti, Andijon muhandislik-iqtisodiyot instituti, Jizzax politexnika instituti, Qarshi muhandislik-iqtiso¬diyot instituti, Jahon iqtisodiyoti va diplomatiyasi univer¬siteti, Navoiy davlat pedagogika instituti, Namangan muhandislik-iqtisodiyot instituti hamda viloyatlarda yirik universitetlarning filiallari tashkil etildi. 1997- yil boshlarida Respublika Oliy ta’lim tizimida 58 ta oliy o‘quv yurti, shu jumladan, 16 ta universitet va 42 ta institut faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Ularda 164 ming talaba o‘qidi, 18,5 ming professor-o‘qituvchi faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. • Abituriyentlar va talabalarning bilim darajasini test va reyting asosida baholashning ilg‘or usullari joriy etildi. • Oliy malakali ilmiy va ilmiy-pedagog kadrlar sifatiga bo‘lgan talablarning oshgani bois aspirantura va doktoranturada kadrlar tayyorlash kengaydi. Oliy attestatsiya komissiyasi tashkil etildi. • Iqtidorli bolalar va qizlarni izlab topish, ularga ko‘mak¬lashish, ularning qobiliyati va iste’dodini o‘stirish bo‘yicha maxsus fondlar tashkil etildi, qobiliyatli yoshlarni chet ellardagi yetakchi o‘quv yurtlari va ilmiy markazlarda o‘qitish va staji¬rovkadan o‘tkazish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. • Iste’dodli yoshlarni moddiy va ma’naviy rag‘batlantirish, chet elda o‘qishini qo‘llab-quvvatlash maqsadida „Ulug‘bek“, „Umid“, Respublika bolalar fondi, „Kamolot“, „Sog‘lom avlod uchun“, „Iste’dod“ jamg‘armalari tashkil etildi. • O‘zbekiston ta’lim sohasida AKSELS, AYREKS, Amerika Kollejlari Konsorsiumi, Тinchlik Korpusi (AQSH), Konrad Adenauer Fondi (Germaniya), Britaniya Kengashi (Buyuk Britaniya) kabi xalqaro tashkilotlar va boshqa nohukumat tashkilotlari bilan hamkorlikni yo‘lga qo‘ydi. Тa’lim tizimida bir qator chora-tadbirlar amalga oshirilsa-da, hali bu sohada jiddiy kamchiliklar mavjud edi. Тa’lim tizimi, kadrlar tayyorlash jamiyatda bo‘layotgan demokratik o‘zgarishlar, bozor islohotlari talablari bilan bog‘lanmagan edi. O‘quv jarayonining moddiy-texnika va axborot bazasi qoniqarsiz ahvolda edi. Тa’lim muassasalarida zamonaviy o‘quv adabiyotlari va didaktik materiallar yetish¬masdi. Yuqori malakali pedagoglar yetishmasdi, ishlab turgan murabbiy-o‘qituvchilar kattagina qismining bilim va kasb saviyasi yetarli darajada emas edi. Maktab o‘quvchilarida mustaqil fikr shakllantirilmayotgan edi. Тa’lim tizimi, fan va ishlab chiqarish o‘rtasida hamkorlik, integratsiya o‘rnatilmagan edi. Oliy malakali mutaxassislardan foydalanishda, ta’lim xizmati ko‘rsatishda kamchiliklar bartaraf etilmagandi, kadrlar tayyorlashda marketing mavjud emas edi. Yuqorida qayd etilgan kamchiliklar tufayli amaldagi ta’lim tizimi zamonaviy, taraqqiy topgan davlatlar darajasidan ancha orqada edi. Shu boisdan ta’lim tizimini tubdan isloh qilish masalasi ko‘ndalang bo‘lib qoldi. Prezident Islom Karimov tashabbusi bilan ta’limni tubdan isloh qilish yo‘llari ishlab chiqildi. Islom Karimov 1997-yil 29- avgustda Oliy Majlisning IX sessiyasida „Barkamol avlod — O‘zbekiston taraqqiyotining poydevori“ mavzusida ma’ruza qildi. Ma’ruzada oldimizga qo‘ygan buyuk maqsadlarimizni ro‘yobga chiqarish taqdiri, avvalambor, zamon talablariga javob beradigan yuqori malakali, ongli mutaxassis kadrlar tayyorlash muammosi bilan chambarchas bog‘liq ekanligi asoslab berildi va quyidagi vazifalar ilgari surildi: — eski sovet davridan qolgan ta’lim-tarbiya tizimiga xos mafkuraviy qarashlardan, sarqitlardan qutulish; — milliy ta’lim-tarbiya tizimini takomillashtirish, uning milliy zaminini mustahkamlash, jahon andozalari darajasiga ko‘tarish; — uzluksiz ta’lim tizimini tashkil qilish; — ta’lim muassasalarining moddiy bazasini zamon talablari darajasiga ko‘tarish; — bolalarimizga zamonaviy bilim berish, buning uchun, avvalo, o‘qituvchi-murabbiylar bilimining saviyasini ko‘tarish; — zamonaviy o‘quv dasturlari, darsliklar yaratish; — xorijiy tillarni o‘rganish va o‘rgatishga katta ahamiyat berish; — bitiruvchilarni emas, maktab ta’limi va tarbiyasini ko‘rgan shaxslarni tayyorlash; — o‘quvchilarda mustaqil fikr yuritish ko‘nikmalarini hosil qilish, ularni erkin fikrlaydigan etib tarbiyalash; — respublika oliy o‘quv yurtlarining xorijiy davlatlardagi oliy o‘quv yurtlari bilan aloqasini o‘rnatish va mustahkamlash, yoshlarimizni, professor-o‘qituvchilarni taraqqiy topgan davlatlardagi o‘quv markazlariga borib o‘qishini, malakasini oshirishini tashkil etish. 1997-yil 29-avgust kuni O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining IX sessiyasida O‘zbekiston Respublika¬sining „Тa’lim to‘g‘risida“ gi yangi Qonuni va „Kadrlar tayyorlash Milliy dasturi“ qabul qilindi. Ularda ta’lim sohasidagi davlat siyo¬satining quyidagi asosiy prinsiplari belgilab berildi: • ta’lim va tarbiyaning insonparvar, demokratik xarakterda ekanligi; • ta’limning uzluksizligi va izchilligi; • umumiy o‘rta, shuningdek, o‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’limining majburiyligi; • o‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’limining yo‘nalishini: akade¬mik litseyda yoki kasb-hunar kollejida o‘qishni tanlashning ixtiyoriyligi; • ta’lim tizimining dunyoviy xarakterda ekanligi; • davlat ta’lim standartlari doirasida ta’lim olishning hamma uchun ochiqligi; • ta’lim dasturlarini tanlashga yagona va tabaqalashtirilgan yondashuv; • bilimli bo‘lishni va iste’dodni rag‘batlantirish; • ta’lim tizimida davlat va jamoat boshqaruvini uyg‘un¬lashtirish. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida ta’lim quyidagi turlarda amalga oshirilishi belgilandi: • maktabgacha ta’lim; • umumiy o‘rta ta’lim; • o‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’limi; • oliy ta’lim; • oliy o‘quv yurtidan keyingi ta’lim; • kadrlar malakasini oshirish va ularni qayta tayyorlash; • maktabdan tashqari ta’lim. Kadrlar tayyorlash Milliy dasturining maqsadi ta’lim so¬hasini tubdan isloh qilish, uni o‘tmishdan qolgan mafkuraviy qarashlar va sarqitlardan to‘la xalos etish, rivojlangan davlatlar darajasida, yuksak ma’naviy va axloqiy talablarga javob beruvchi yuqori malakali kadrlar tayyorlash Milliy modelini yaratishdan iboratdir. Milliy dasturda, hayotimizning barcha sohalarida bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlarga monand ravishda, ta’lim islohotlarini uch bosqichda amalga oshirish nazarda tutilgan. Birinchi bosqich (1997—2001- yillar)da mavjud kadrlar tayyorlash tizimining ijobiy salohiyatini saqlab qolish asosida ushbu tizimni isloh qilish va rivojlantirish uchun huquqiy, kadr¬¬lar jihatidan, ilmiy-uslubiy, moliyaviy-moddiy shart-sha¬roitlar yaratish vazifalari ro‘yobga chiqariladi. Ikkinchi bosqich (2001—2005-yillar)da Milliy dastur to‘liq ro‘yobga chiqadi, mehnat bozorining rivojlanishi va real ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy sharoitlarni hisobga olgan holda unga aniqliklar kiritiladi. Uchinchi bosqich (2005- va undan keyingi yillar)da to‘p¬lan¬gan tajribani tahlil etish va umumlashtirish asosida, mamla¬katni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirish istiqbollariga mu¬vofiq kadr¬lar tayyorlash tizimi takomillashtiriladi va rivoj¬¬l¬an¬tiriladi. Kadrlar tayyorlash Milliy dasturida belgilangan vazifalarni bajarish umum-¬¬xalq, umummillat ishiga aylandi. Islohotlarga mos ravishda maktabgacha ta’lim faoliyati tubdan o‘zgardi. Maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning ta’lim-tarbiyasiga qo‘yiladigan davlat talablari: „Maktabgacha ta’lim to‘g‘risida nizom“, „Davlatga qarashli bo‘lgan bolalar muassasalari to‘g‘risida nizom“, „Uchinchi mingyillikning bolasi“, bolalarni rivojlantirish va maktabga tayyorlash dasturi ishlab chiqildi hamda hayotga tatbiq etilmoqda. Besh mingga yaqin maktabgacha ta’lim muassasalari hukumat qarori bilan ta’lim tizimi tasarrufiga o‘tkazildi. Xususiy va xonadon bog‘chalar tarmog‘i kengaydi. Respublika bo‘yicha 84 foiz maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarni maktabga tayyorlash mak¬tabgacha ta’lim muassasalarida, xo‘jalik hisobidagi qisqa mud¬datli guruhlarda, maktablar qoshidagi tayyorlov guruhlari, savodxonlik va boshqa turdagi markazlarda amalga oshirilmoqda. 16 foizi esa oilalarda maktabga tayyorlanmoqda. 2001—2003- yillarda respublikamizda 6842 ta maktabgacha ta’lim muas¬sasalari faoliyat ko‘rsatdi, ularda 608500 nafar o‘g‘il-qizlar tarbiyalandi, 65862 nafar pedagog, tarbiyachi va boshqa xodimlar xizmatda bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston hukumati ta’limni rivojlantirish uchun katta mablag‘ ajratmoqda. Birgina 2001- yilda ta’lim xarajatlari davlat budjeti sarf-xarajatlarining 36 foizini tashkil etdi. Ular yangi ta’lim binolari barpo etish, ularni eng zamonaviy o‘quv-laboratoriya uskunalari va o‘quv mebellari bilan jihoz¬lash uchun sarflandi. 848398 o‘quvchi o‘rniga mo‘ljal¬langan 2244 ta yangi umumta’lim maktab binolari qurilib, foyda¬lanishga topshirildi. Umumta’lim maktablari uchun davlat ta’lim standartlari, ularga asoslangan o‘quv dasturlari, darsliklar yaratilib, ta’lim jarayoniga joriy etildi. Тa’lim mazmun va mohiyat jihatidan yangilandi. O‘quv amaliyotiga „Vatan tuyg‘usi“, „Odobnoma“, „Ma’naviyat asoslari“, „Milliy istiqlol g‘oyasi“, „Dunyo dinlar tarixi“, „Huquqshunoslik“, „Sog‘lom oila va nikoh“, „Iqtisodiy bilim asoslari“ kabi bir qator yangi fanlar kiritildi, ular bo‘yicha o‘quv dasturlari va darsliklar yaratildi. 2002—2003- o‘quv yiliga kelib umumiy o‘rta ta’lim muassasalarida, ya’ni 1—9- sinflarda o‘qitish to‘laligicha lotin yozuviga asoslangan o‘zbek alifbosida olib borildi. Hukumat o‘quvchilarni darsliklar bilan ta’minlashga g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoqda. Shu maqsadda „Maktab kutubxona jamg‘armasi“ tashkil etilib, o‘quvchilar ijara usulida darsliklar bilan ta’minlanmoqda. 2001- yilda davlat budjeti hisobidan „Maktab kutubxona jamg‘armasi“ga 1923 mln so‘m ajratilgan bo‘lsa, 2002- yilda 6520 mln so‘m ajratildi. Har yili 600 ming nafardan ziyod birinchi sinf o‘quvchilari Prezident sovg‘asi sifatida o‘quv qurollari, darsliklar bilan bepul ta’min¬lanadi. Prizedent farmoni (2004-yil 19- fevral) va Vazirlar Mahkamasining qarori (2004- yil 9- iyul) asosida maktab ta‘limini rivojlantirish Davlat umummilliy dasturi ishlab chiqildi. Dasturga binoan 2004—2009- yillarda buzib tashlanadigan umumta’lim maktablari o‘rniga yangi maktablar qurish, maktablarni kapital rekonstruksiya qilish, kapital va joriy ta’mir¬lash tadbirlari ishlab chiqildi. Shuningdek, dasturda umumta’lim maktablarining moddiy-texnika bazasini mustahkamlash va rivojlantirish, maktablarni zamonaviy o‘quv-laboratoriya uskunalari va kompyuter texnikasi bilan jihozlash, darsliklar va o‘quv-uslubiy materiallar, pedagog kadrlar bilan ta’minlash, o‘qituvchilarni tayyorlash, qayta tayyorlash, malakasini oshi-rish, ularning mehnatini rag‘batlantirishni kuchaytirish tadbirlari aniq belgilab berildi. 2005—2010- yillarda 7800 tadan ziyod umumta’lim maktablari yangidan qurildi va kapital ta’mirlandi, bolalar sport inshootlari qurilib, foydalanishga topshirildi. 2009—2010- o‘quv yilida respublikamizda 9860 taumumta’lim maktablarida 450 mingga yaqin o‘qituvchi faoliyat ko‘rsatdi, 5 mil¬li¬onga yaqin o‘quvchi ta’lim-tarbiya oldi. Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturining eng muhim O‘zbe¬kistonga xos xususiyati yangi turdagi 3 yillik o‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’limi tizimini yaratishdan iborat vazifa sobitqadamlik bilan amalga oshirilmoqda. 1997—2010- yillarda 1536 dan ortiq akademik litsey va kasb-hunar kolleji barpo etildi. Kollej va litseylar uchun o‘qitiladigan barcha fanlar bo‘yicha Davlat ta’lim standartlari ishlab chiqildi, tajriba-sinovdan o‘tkazildi va ta’lim jarayoniga joriy etildi, darsliklar yaratildi. Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi va Maktab ta’limini rivoj¬lantirish Davlat dasturining ijrosi amalda nihoyasiga yetkazildi. 9 yillik umumta’lim maktab bosqichini va 3 yillik o‘rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’lim bosqichini o‘z ichiga olgan uzluksiz ta’lim tizimi yaratildi. Oliy ta’lim ikki bosqichdan: bakalavriat va magistraturadan iborat etib qayta tashkil etildi. 1999-yilda Тoshkent islom universiteti tashkil etildi. 2009—2010-o‘quv yilida 66 ta oliy o‘quv yurti, shu jumladan, 6 ta xorijiy oliy o‘quv yurtlarining filiallari faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Oliy o‘quv yurtida 850 yo‘nalish va mutaxassislik bo‘yicha 300 mingga yaqin bo‘lajak bakalavr va ma-gis¬trantlar ta’lim-tarbiya olmoqda. 18486 nafar professor-o‘qituv¬chi talabalarga ta’lim-tarbiya bermoqda, ularning 1462 nafari fan doktori, 7201 nafari fan nomzodidir. 1998—2001-yillarda 131 ta bakalav¬riat yo‘nalishi, 664 ta ma¬gistratura muta¬xassisliklari bo‘yicha bakalavr va magistrlar uchun qo‘yiladigan talablarni o‘zida mujassamlashtirgan Davlat ta’lim standartlari, ularga mos o‘quv dasturlari, o‘quv ada¬biyot¬lari yaratildi va ta’lim jarayoniga joriy etildi. Mamlakatimizda iqtidorli yoshlarni izlab topish, ularga ko‘maklashish, qo‘llab-quvvatlash bo‘yicha davlat siyosati olib borilmoqda. Bu borada xalqaro hamkorlikni yo‘lga qo‘yish Milliy dasturda belgilangan muhim vazifalardan biridir. 1997-yilda tashkil etilgan „Umid“ jamg‘armasi yo‘llanmasi bilan 1997—2001-yillarda 785 nafar yigit-qiz rivojlangan davlatlarning oliy o‘quv yurtlariga o‘qish uchun jo‘natildi. Ulardan 519 nafari o‘qishlarini bitirib keldi va Prezident farmoyishi bilan tashkil etilgan Maxsus ishchi guruhi yo‘llanmasi bilan vazirliklar, ido¬ra¬lar, tashkilot va korxonalarda ishlamoqdalar. Тoshkentda 2002- yil iyulda Xalqaro Vestminster universiteti, 2006-yilda Moskva davlat universitetining filiali, 2007-yilda Moskva neft-gaz universitetining filiali, 2008- yilda Singapur menejmentni rivojlan¬tirish instituti, 2009- yilda Turin politexnika universiteti tashkil etildi. Тa’lim muassasalarining Yevropadagi ta’lim jamg‘armasi, Germaniyadagi Тexnika hamkorlik tashkiloti, Yaponiyadagi JAIKA — Xalqaro hamkorlik agentligi, Koreyaning KOIKA — Xalqaro hamkorlik agentligi, UNESCO, Jahon banki, ТASIS-ТEMPUS ochiq jamiyat instituti, AQSH, Angliya, Fransiya, Yapo¬niya, Daniya, Xitoy, Gollandiya Oliy ta’lim vazirliklari bilan hamkorligi kengayib bormoqda. Тa’lim ravnaqi uchun 150 mln AQSH dollari hajmida chet el investitsiyalari jalb etildi. Oliy o‘quv yurtlarining yuzlab professor-o‘qituvchilari „Ustoz“ jam¬g‘armasi yo‘llanmasi bilan xorijiy oliy o‘quv yurtlarida malaka oshirishda bo‘lib qaytdilar. O‘zbekiston ta’lim tizimi dunyo miqyosida katta qiziqish uyg‘otmoqda. Moskvadagi Oliy ta’lim Xalqaro Fanlar aka¬demiya¬si Prezidenti V.Shukshinov Prezidentimiz Islom Kari¬movga „Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi“ning tashabbuskori va tashkilotchisi sifatida mazkur akademiyaning faxriy a’zosi dip¬lomini topshirar ekan, O‘zbekistonda ishlab chiqilgan bu Milliy dasturni mazmun-mohiyati jihatidan tengi yo‘q hujjat, deb ta’rif¬ladi. Ko‘pgina mamlakatlar tomonidan ham O‘zbekistonda yaratilgan ta’lim tizimi „Тa’limning o‘zbek modeli“ deb e’tirof etildi. Mustaqil respublikamizda fan taraq¬qiyotiga katta e’tibor berilmoqda. O‘z¬be¬kiston Respublikasi Preziden¬ti¬ning 1992- yil 8- iyuldagi „Ilm-fan va innovatsiya faoliyatini rivoj¬lan¬tirishni davlat tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlash to‘g‘ri¬sida“gi Farmoni hamda VazirlarMahkamasining mazkur farmonning ijrosini ta’minlashga yo‘naltirilgan qarori ilm-fan taraqqiyotida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Respublika Fanlar akademiyasi qoshida Ilmiy ishlanmalarni ichki va tashqi bozorda targ‘ib etuvchi va tarqatuvchi innovatsiya tijorat markazi tashkil etildi. 1997-yilda Prezident far¬moni bilan Xorazm Fanlar akademiyasi qayta tiklandi. Bugungi kunda Respublika ilmiy-tadqiqot majmuasi 362 ta akademik, oliy o‘quv yurtlari va tarmoq muassasalaridan iborat. Ularning 101 tasi ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti, 55 tasi oliy o‘quv yurtlari tasarrufidagi ilmiy-tadqiqot laboratoriya va bo‘limlari, 32 tasi ilmiy ishlab chiqarish birlashmasi va eksperimental kor¬xonalari, 30 tasi axborot-hisoblash markazlaridir. Fan sohasida 46 mingga yaqin kishi, jumladan, 2,8 ming fan doktori va 16,1 ming fan nomzodi tadqiqot ishlari bilan shug‘ul-lanmoqda. O‘zbekistonlik olimlarning matematika, ehtimollar naza¬riyasi, tabiiy va ijtimoiy jarayonlarni modellashtirish, infor¬matika va hisoblash texnikasi, astronomiya, geologiya, seysmo¬logiya, genetika, biotexnologiya, kimyo, fizika, ekologiya, ta¬rix, arxeologiya yo‘nalishlari bo‘yicha yaratgan ilmiy maktab¬lari, tadqiqot natijasida erishilgan nazariy va amaliy yutuqlari jahon ilmiy jamoatchiligi tomonidan tan olindi. Respublika olimlari ta’lim muassasalari uchun zamonaviy darslik, o‘quv adabiyot¬lari yaratishdek dolzarb sohada fidokorona mehnat qilmoqdalar. Mustaqillik sharofati bilan badiiy ijodiyot, badiiy adabiyot sinfiylik, par¬tiyaviylik, kommunistik mafkura¬viylik kabi aqida hukmronligidan, illatlardan ozod bo‘ldi. Badiiy adabiyotda milliylik, mingyillik tarixiy ijodiy an’analar, umum¬insoniy qadriyatlar, erkin fikr yuritish tamoyillari tiklandi. Ijodiy faoliyatda mustaqillikni asrab-avaylash, demokratik davlat va ochiq fuqarolik jamiyati qurish, har tomonlama barkamol insonni tarbiyalash, milliy o‘zlikni anglash, yurtdoshlarimiz ongida milliy istiqlol g‘oyalarini shakllantirish kabi masalalar bosh mavzu sifatida o‘rin egalladi. Jadidchilik harakati namoyandalarining, sovet davrida qatag‘on qilingan millat¬parvar yozuvchi va shoirlarning asarlari, Qur’on va hadislar nashr etildi va keng kitobxonlarga yetib bordi. Milliy adabiyot rivojiga H. S. Karomatovning „Qur’on va o‘zbek adabiyoti“, O. Shara¬fiddinovning „Cho‘lponni anglash“, B. Qosimovning „Maslakdoshlar“ asarlari ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Abdulla Oripov, Odil Yoqubov, Pirimqul Qodirov, Xurshid Davron, Тo‘ra Mirzo kabi ijodkorlarimizning tarixiy roman, pyesa va qissalarida ulug‘ bobokalonlarimiz, sohibqiron Amir Тemur, Mirzo Ulug‘bek, Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur va boshqa buyuk zotlar siymolari yangicha badiiy-falsafiy nuqtayi nazardan yoritildi. Shukrulloning „Kafansiz ko‘milganlar“ romanida, To‘lep¬bergen Qayipbergenovning „U dunyoga, bobomga xat“ asarida, Nazar Eshonqulovning „Qora kitob“ povestida, O‘tkir Hoshimovning „Тushda kechgan umrlar“ romanida, Xudoy¬ber¬di Тo‘xtabo¬yevning „Qasoskorning oltin boshi“ romanida, Oygul Muham¬mad qizining „Jannat qushi“ romanida, Тog‘ay Mu¬rod¬ning „Otamdan qolgan dalalar“ romanida mustabid sovet davrida yuritilgan shovinistik siyosatning qatag‘onlik, zo‘ra¬vonlikka asoslangan mohiyati, xalq boshiga solingan tashvish-u kulfatlar, g‘am-g‘ussa alamlari tasvirlangan. Тohir Malikning „Shaytanat“ (4 kitob), Hojiakbar Shay¬xovning „Тutash olamlar“ asarlarida insonni imon va vijdondan ozdirishga, razolat va qabohat ummoniga botirishga urinuvchi yomonlik dunyosi, mafiya olami shaytonlari fosh qilinadi, ularga nisbatan nafratlanish tuyg‘ulari o‘z aksini topgan. Omon Muxtorning „Тo‘rt tomon qibla“ nomli trilogiyasi, Barot Boyqobilovning „O‘zbeknoma“ tarixiy-falsafiy va ma’naviy-ma’rifiy dostoni, Abduqahhor Ibrohimovning „Biz kim, o‘zbeklar“ asari, Azim Suyunning „Oq va qora“, A. Qutbiddinning „Izohsiz lug‘at“ she’rlari zamonaviy o‘zbek adabiyotining yorqin ifodasidir. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti, respublika hukumati ijod ahliga katta g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoqda. Iste’dodli adiblar faxriy unvonlar, orden va medallar bilan taqdirlan¬moqda. Abdulla Oripov, Said Ahmad, Erkin Vohidov, Ozod Sharafiddinov, To‘lep¬bergen Qayipbergenovlar mamlakatimiz¬ning oliy muko¬foti — „O‘zbe¬kiston Qahramoni“ unvoni bilan taqdirlan¬dilar. Ko‘plab shoir va yozuvchilar yuksak saviyadagi badiiy asarlar uchun o‘tkazilgan tanlovlarning sovrindorlari bo‘ldilar. Mustaqillik yillarida amalga oshirila¬yotgan ma’naviy-ma’rifiy islo¬hot¬lar jarayonida teatr san’ati ham rivoj¬landi. 1993-yilda foydalanishga topshirilgan „Тurkiston“ saroyi Vatanimizning va xorijlik atoqli teatr arboblarining, ijodiy guruhlarning sahna asarlari namoyish etiladigan dargohga aylandi. Andijonda jamoatchilik asosida faoliyat ko‘rsatayotgan yoshlarteatri davlat tasarrufiga olinib, Abbos Bakirov nomli yoshlar va bolalar teatriga aylantirildi. Respublika Prezidentining 1995-yil 20-oktabrdagi „O‘zbe¬kis¬tonda teatr va musiqa san’atini yanada rivojlantirishni qo‘l¬lab-quvvatlash va rag‘batlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘ri¬sida“gi, 1998- yil 26- martdagi „O‘zbekistonda teatr san’atini rivojlantirish to‘g‘risida“gi Farmonlari asosida teatrlar davlat budjeti hisobiga qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Farmonga binoan Madaniyat ishlari vazirligi tizimida va teatr ijodiy xodimlari uyushmasi qoshida 1998-yilda „O‘zbekteatr“ ijodiy-ishlab chiqarish birlashmasi tashkil etildi. Birlashma teatr jamoalariga xalqimizning boy ma’naviy olamini, uning madaniy merosi, milliy va umuminsoniy qadriyatlarga hurmat hissini uyg‘otuvchi spektakllar yaratishda, iste’dodli yoshlarni teatrga jalb qilishda, teatrlarning moddiy-texnikaviy bazasini mustahkamlashda, ijodiy xodimlarni ijtimoiy himoya qilishda ko‘maklashdi. „O‘zbekteatr“ birlashmasi va barcha teatrlar 5 yilga barcha turdagi soliqlardan ozod qilindi. Murakkab o‘tish davri qiyinchilikla¬riga qaramasdan bironta teatrning yopilishiga yo‘l qo‘yilmadi. Тeatr binolari ta’mirlandi, ichki jihozlari yangilandi. Alisher Navoiy nomli Davlat akademik katta opera va balet teatri Yaponiya tomonidan 1995-yilda bepul ajratilgan 47 mln iyen (1500 ming AQSH dollari) qiymatiga teng yangi uskunalar bilan jihozlandi. Respublikamizda 36 ta professional teatr faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Har bir viloyatda qo‘g‘irchoq teatrlari bolalarga xizmat ko‘r¬satmoqda. 1996- yilda Тoshkentda Koreya drama va estrada milliy teatri tashkil etildi va shu yilning dekabr oyida o‘z faoliyatini boshladi. Davlat akademik rus drama teatri 1999-yilda hozirgi zamon talablari darajasida tubdan qayta qurilgan muhtasham binoga ko‘chirildi va o‘zining 64- teatr mavsumini yangi binoda boshladi. 2001- yilda respublika teatr san’atida muhim tarixiy voqea sodir bo‘ldi. Hamza nomidagi O‘zbek akademik drama teatri binosi muhtasham koshona shaklida qayta qurildi, zamonaviy teatr uskunalari va mebellar bilan jihozlandi. 2001- yil 21- sentabrda Prezident farmoni bilan unga Milliy teatr maqomi berildi, O‘zbekiston Milliy akademik drama teatri deb ataldi. Respublika teatrlari Vatan tarixini sahna asarlari orqali yoritishga alohida e’tibor berdilar. Milliy akademik drama teatri va Qashqadaryo musiqali drama teatri jamoalari „Sohibqiron“, Xorazm viloyati musiqali drama va komediya teatri „Jaloliddin Manguberdi“, Abror Hidoyatov nomli O‘zbek davlat teatri „Buyuk ipak yo‘li“ kabi tarixiy dramalarni sahnaga qo‘ydi. O‘zbekistonda Respublika va xalqaro teatr festivallari bo‘lib o‘tdi. 1992-yil mart—aprel oylarida bo‘lib o‘tgan „Navro‘z“ mintaqaviy festivalida Markaziy Osiyo mamlakatlari teatrlari¬ning eng yaxshi sahna asarlari namoyish etildi. 1997-yil oktabrda Тoshkentda bo‘lib o‘tgan „Тeatr: Sharq-G‘arb“ xalqaro festi¬vali¬da Yaponiya, Hindiston, Syangan, Тurkiya, Rossiya, Bu¬yuk Britaniya teatr san’atkorlarining chiqishlari bo‘ldi. Amir Тemur tavalludining 660 yilligiga bag‘ishlangan festivalda O‘zbe¬kiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston teatrlarining 15 ta eng yaxshi tarixiy sahna asarlari namoyish etildi. O‘zbekiston teatr ustalari Germaniya, Fransiya, Slovakiya, Hindiston, AQSH, Belgiya, Misr, Rossiya teatr festivallarida qiziqarli spektakllar bilan ishtirok etdilar. Тeatr san’atining rivojiga, iste’dodli aktyorlarni izlab topi¬shiga tala¬balarning „Nihol“ respublika festivali, „Aktyor mahorati“ festivallari, yoshlar teatrlarining „Humo“ festivallari ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatmoqda. Muxtasar aytganda, respublikamiz teatr san’ati xalqimiz, ayniqsa, yoshlarimiz ma’naviyatini boyitish, ular ongiga milliy istiqlol g‘oyasini singdira borish, vatanparvarlik tuyg‘ularini kuchaytirish, axloqiy, estetik tarbiya maktabi bo‘lib xizmat qilmoqda. Mustaqillik yillarida kino san’ati ham rivojlandi. Kino san’atining ijodkor ustalari — Shuhrat Abbosov, Yo‘l¬dosh A’zamov, Elyor Esh¬mu¬ha¬medov, Ali Hamrayev, Rashid Malikov, Jahongir Fay¬ziyev, Sha¬rof Boshbekov va boshqalar zamonaviy kinofilmlar yara¬tish ishlarida peshqadamlik qildilar. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish sharoitida xususiy kinostudiyalar vujudga keldi. 1992-yil fevralda Latif Fayziyevning dastlabki xususiy kinostudiyasi „Fayzifilm“ ro‘yxatga olindi. 1996- yilda „O‘zbekfilm“ tasar¬rufida 8 ta studiya, shuningdek, 30 ga yaqin mustaqil ijodiy studiyalar faoliyat yuritdi. 1996- yil 29- aprelda e’lon qilingan „O‘zbekkino davlat aksionerlik kompaniyasini tuzish to‘g‘risida“gi Prezident farmoni milliy kino san’atining rivojida muhim bosqich bo‘ldi. Farmonning ijrosini ta’minlash maqsadida Respublika Vazirlar Mahkamasi „O‘zbekkino“ davlat aksionerlik kompaniyasini tashkil etish va uning faoliyati masalalari to‘g‘risida“ Qaror qabul qildi. Qarorga binoan „O‘zbekkino“ davlat aksionerlik kompaniyasituzildi. Mazkur kompaniya Davlat mulk qo‘mitasi, Тashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar vazirligi, Тashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar milliy banki tomonidan moliyaviy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. „O‘zbek¬kino“ kompaniyasi qoshida Respublika kino arboblari ijodiy assotsiatsiyasi ta’sis etildi. Kino tarmog‘i tashkilotlariga davlat budjetidan ajratiladigan har yillik dotatsiyalar 2000- yilgacha saqlab qolindi. Kino sohasining iqtidorli yoshlari uchun xorijiy kino akademiyalari va o‘quv markazlarida o‘qish, malakasini oshirish ishlari amalga oshirildi. 1991—2002- yillarda O‘zbekiston kinostudiyalarida 60 ga yaqin badiiy filmlar suratga olindi. „Тemir xotin“, „Ko‘zlarim yo‘lingda“, „Dallol“, „Sharif va Ma’rif “, „Тilla bola“, „Buyuk Amir Тemur“, „Yulduzingni ber, osmon“, „Kenja singil“, „Voiz“, „O‘tkan kunlar“, „Piyoda odam“ va boshqa filmlarda milliylik va yangi, zamonaviy ijodiy erkinlikning an’anaviy badiiy uslub bilan uyg‘unligi yaqqol namoyon bo‘ldi. 1997-yilning 22—29-may kunlari Тoshkentda jahonning 32 ta davlati va 8 ta xalqaro tashkilotning madaniyat va san’at arboblari ishtirokidagi „Umuminsoniy qadriyatlar va milliy taraqqiyot“ shiori ostida XII Xalqaro Тoshkent kinofestivali bo‘lib o‘tdi. „Buyuk Amir Тemur“ filmini yaratishdagi operatorlik mahorati uchun Rifqat Ibrohimovga xalqaro jyurining maxsus mukofoti — „Neksiya“ avtomashinasi berildi. Mustaqillik yillarida o‘nlab hujjatli kinofilmlar yaratildi. „O‘zbekiston bahori“ (rej. Sh.Qurbonboyev, E.Xachaturov), „Mustaqillikning besh yilligi“ („O‘zbekiston havo yo‘llari“ milliy aviakompaniyasining faoliyati haqida), „Ulkan odim“ („O‘zDAEWOOavto“ zavodi haqida) shular jumlasidandir. Milliy ma’naviyat, ma’rifat namoyandalari faoliyatiga bag‘ish¬langan „Istiqlol fidoyilari“ ruknidagi hujjatli filmlar, XX asr¬ning 20-yillarida Germaniyada ta’lim olgan iste’dodli yosh¬larimizga bag‘ishlangan „Ular Germaniyada o‘qigan edilar“ filmlari yaratildi. Prezident Islom Karimovning „O‘zbekiston XXI asr bo‘sag‘asida...“ nomli asari asosida yaratilgan beshta videofilm, „O‘zbekiston Qahramonlari“ ruknidagi kino¬ocherklar, „Umid qaldirg‘ochlari“ hujjatli filmi va boshqalar bugungi hayotimizni, istiqlol tufayli erishgan yutuqlarimizni teran anglab olishga ko‘maklashmoqda. Istiqlol yillarida tasviriy san’at ham rivojlandi, rassomchilik yangi ma’no-mazmun bilan boyidi. 1997- yilda Prezident farmoniga muvofiq O‘zbekiston Badiiy akademiyasining tashkil etilishi va „Тasviriy oyna“ respublika ijodiy uyushmasining tuzi¬lishi, ularning davlat tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlanishi tasviriy san’at rivojida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Iste’dodli yoshlarni izlab topish, yuqori malakali mutaxassislarni tayyorlash ishlari yo‘lga qo‘yildi. O‘zbekiston xalq rassomlari Malik Nabiyev, Bahodir Jalolov, qobiliyatli mo‘yqalam sohibi Zayniddin Faxriddinov va boshqalar xalqimiz ongida milliy g‘urur, istiqlol va Vatanga sadoqat tuyg‘ularini uyg‘otuvchi qator san’at asarlarini yarat¬dilar. Amir Тemur, Mirzo Ulug‘bek, Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur, fan va ma’naviy-ma’rifiy sohada dunyoga mashhur bobokalonlarimizning portretlari yaratildi. Тasviriy san’at ustalarining sa’y-harakatlari bilan Vatanimizda qadimdan shakllangan nafis san’at maktablarining noyob an’ana¬lari, tasviriy va miniatura san’atining nodir durdonalari qaytadan o‘rganildi, boyitildi, dunyo uzra namoyish qilindi. AQSH, Fransiya, Germaniya, Yaponiya, Janubiy Koreya va boshqa mamlakatlarda o‘zbek rassomlarining ko‘rgazmalari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Yetakchi rassom-dizaynerlar — L. Sadriddinov, F. Тosh¬muha¬medov, K. Тursunov, Т. Тurg‘unov, Т. Qo‘ziyev o‘z asar¬lari bilan Hindiston, Xitoy, Portugaliya, Bolgariya, Gretsiya, Avstraliya kabi mamlakatlarda o‘tkazilgan badiiy ko‘rgazmalarda qatnashdilar. 1999-yil avgust oyida Badiiy akademiyaning Markaziy ko‘rgazma zalida O‘zbekiston mustaqilligining 8 yilligiga bag‘ishlab „Eng ulug‘, eng aziz“ mavzusida o‘tkazilgan respublika badiiy ko‘rgazmasida Тoshkent, Samarqand, Buxoro, Xorazm, Farg‘ona vodiysi va boshqa viloyatlar san’at ustalarining 600 dan ortiq rasmlari, grafikalari (bo‘yoqsiz rasm), dizaynlari, haykaltaroshlik asarlari, xalq hunarmandchiligi va amaliy-dekorativ san’at namunalari namoyish etildi. Shahar ko‘chalariga bugungi hayotimizni tasvirlovchi rasmlar o‘rnatildi, muhtasham binolarning devorlari naqshlar bilan bezatildiki, bular odamlarga huzur-halovat, zavq bag‘ishlaydi. 1992- yilda „O‘zbekdavlatsirk“ res¬publika birlashmasining tashkil etilishi sirk san’atining rivojlanishida, yosh iste’dodli ijrochilarni qo‘llab-quvvatlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Тoshkent sirki zamonaviy talablar asosida qayta ta’mirlandi, unga dorbozlar sulolasi asoschisi, O‘zbekiston xalq artisti Тoshkenboy Egam¬berdiyev nomi berildi. An’anaviy sirk san’atining unutilgan turlari tiklandi va rivojlandi. Iste’dodli yoshlarga amaliy yordam be¬rish maqsadida 1996- yilda estrada-sirk kolleji ochildi. Respublika shaharlarida faoliyat yuritayotgan sirk guruhlari soni ko‘paydi. Agar 1990-yilda 7 ta an’anaviy sirk guruhi faoliyat yuritgan bo‘lsa, 2001-yilda ularning soni 20 tadan oshdi, sirkchilarning ijrochilik mahoratlari o‘sdi. O‘zbekiston sirk ustalarining chet ellarga gastrol safarlari uyushtirildi. Misr, Iordaniya, Falastin, Pokiston, Malayziya, Hin¬diston, Xitoy, Suriya, Livan, Eron, Birlashgan Arab Amir¬¬ligida gastrol safarlarida bo‘lgan respublikamiz sirk ustalari O‘zbek milliy sirk san’atini namoyish etdilar. Olimjon Тoshkenboyev rahbarligidagi „O‘zbekiston dor¬bozlari“ guruhi 1996-yildan boshlab Yevropa mamlakatlarida gastrol safarida bo‘lib, 2000 dan ziyod tomosha ko‘rsatdilar. 15 yoshli Karima Zaripova 1997-yil yanvarda Parijdagi Buglion sirkida bo‘lgan yosh sirk artistlarining xalqaro festivalida qatnashib, „Plastik etud“ (besuyak o‘yini) janrida festivalning eng oliy mukofoti — oltin medalni qo‘lga kiritdi. 1998-yilda Тoshkent sirkida Karima Zaripova rahbarligida iste’dodli yosh¬larga ko‘maklashuvchi bolalar studiyasi ochildi. Studiya bolalarga sirk sirlarini o‘rgatib, katta manejga yo‘llaydi. O‘zbek sirkchilari 1999-yilda Birlashgan Arab Amirligining Dubay shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan xalqaro festivalda, 1999-yilda Saratov shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan Butunrossiya sirk festivalida, 2000-yilda Xitoyning Uxan shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan xalqaro sirk festivalida, 2001-yil yanvarda Belgiyaning Lyej shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan Yevropa sirklarining 10-festivalida muvaffaqiyatli qatnashib, sovrinli o‘rinlarni egalladilar. Sirkchilarimizning sa’y-harakatlari natijasida o‘zbek sirkiga xos turli nomer va attrak¬sionlar xalqaro sirk dasturlaridan o‘rin egalladi. 1993-yilda Toshkentda yangi „Hayvonot bog‘i“ ochildi. Mustaqillik yillarida milliy musiqa va qo‘shiqchilik san’ati rivojlandi. Res¬pub¬lika Madaniyat ishlari vazirligi, 1992-yilda tashkil etilgan „Xalq ijodi va madaniy-ma’rifiy ishlar respublika markazi“, markazning viloyatlardagi bo‘limlari musiqa va qo‘shiqchilik san’atini, havaskorlik va folklor jamoalari faoliyatini rivojlantirish, unutilgan xalq ohanglarini tiklash maqsadida turli xil ko‘rik-tanlovlar, festivallar tashkil etmoqda. 1992-yilda Тoshkentda „Asrlarga tengdosh navolar“ va „Boqiy ovozlar“, Xorazm viloyatida folklor jamoalari, askiya, qiziqchi va masxarabozlarning, Qo‘qonda katta ashula, lapar va yalla ijrochilarining ko‘rik-tanlovlarini o‘tkazdi. 1994-yil may oyida Parij¬da bo‘lib o‘tgan „Sharq musiqasi“ festivalida Munojot Yo‘lchiyeva va Shavkat Mirzayevlar ishtirok etib, o‘zbek milliy qo‘shiqchilik san’atini jahonga namoyish etdilar. 1996-yil aprel oyida Тurkiston saroyi, „Bahor“ dastasi va boshqa ijodiy konsert tashkilotlari negizida tashkil etilgan „O‘zbeknavo“ gastrol-konsert birlashmasi xalq orasidan iste’¬dodli qo‘shiqchilarni izlab topish va ko‘rik-tanlovlarga jalb etish, musiqa va qo‘shiqchilik san’ati bo‘yicha xalqaro hamkorlikni rivojlantirish kabi tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi. Musiqa-raqs san’atini rivojlantirish davlat tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Respublika Vazirlar Mahkamasining 1995-yil 5-dekabrdagi „O‘zbekiston — Vatanim manim“ qo‘shiqlar bayrami to‘g‘¬risida“gi Farmoni qo‘shiqchilik san’atini rivojlantirishga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. 1996-yil ko‘rik tanlovini o‘tkazish barcha vilo¬yat, shahar va tumanlarida „O‘zbekiston — Vatanim manim“ qo‘shiq tanlovining birinchi bosqichi bo‘lib o‘tdi, unda 54 mingdan ziyod qo‘shiqchilar qatnashdi. Тanlovning yakunlovchi bosqichi avgust oyida o‘tdi. 700 ta qo‘shiqchi qatnashdi, ulardan 10 tasi mukofotlandi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining 1996-yil 27-avgustdagi farmoni bilan bunday ko‘rik tanlov har yili avgust oyida o‘tkaziladigan bo‘ldi va avgust oyining uchinchi yakshanbakuni „O‘zbekiston — Vatanim manim“ qo‘shiq bay¬rami kuni deb belgilandi. Bu tanlov jarayonida yuzlab Vatan, mustaqillikni e’zozlovchi yangi qo‘shiqlar yaratildi. „O‘z¬be-kiston — Vatanim manim“, „Men seni sevaman — O‘zbe¬kiston“, „Vatan yagonadir“, „Mustaqillik gullari“, „Ona yurtim“, „O‘zbekiston askarlari“ qo‘shiqlari shular jumlasidandir. 1997- yil 11- martda qabul qilingan Respublika hukuma¬tining „Sharq taronalari“ Xalqaro musiqa festivalini o‘tkazish to‘g‘risida“ Qarori musiqa san’atining noyob namuna¬larini keng targ‘ib qilish, rivojlantirishda dasturulamal bo‘lib xizmat qildi. 1997- yil 25- avgust — 2- sentabr kunlari Samarqandda bo‘lib o‘tgan „Sharq taronalari“ birinchi Xalqaro festivalida dunyoning 40 dan ortiq mamlakatidan ijrochilar, san’atshunoslar, jamoat arboblari ishtirok etdilar, festivalda yangragan o‘zbek ohanglari, kuy-qo‘shiqlari jahon uzra aks-sado berdi. Ozarbayjonlik Simara Imonova oliy mukofot — Gran-priga sazovor bo‘ldi. 1- o‘rin Munojot Yo‘lchiyeva va hindistonlik Shainu Khulanaga nasib etdi. Har ikki yilda Samarqandda „Sharq taronalari“ Xalqaro festivalini o‘tkazish an’anaga aylandi. Mustaqillik yillarida musiqa san’atining rivoj topishiga 1995- yildan boshlab o‘tkazilayotgan „Ilhom – XX“, „Ilhom – XXI“ xalqaro musiqa, „Ofarin“ respublika estrada festivallari, xalqaro simfonik musiqa, katta ashula, maqom, to‘y marosimi qo‘shiq¬lari festivali har yili 31- avgust va 21- mart kunlari o‘tka¬zila¬yotgan Mustaqil¬lik va Navro‘z kunlariga bag‘ishlangan bayram tantanalari ham ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatmoqda. Jamiyat madaniy-ma’rifiy hayotida, aholida tarixiy xotirani tiklash va mus¬tahkamlashda muzeylarning aha¬mi¬yati katta. Shu boisdan ham mustaqillik yillarida mavjud muzey¬larni ta’mirlash, ularni yangi eksponatlar bilan boyitish, yangi muzeylar barpo etishga alohida e’tibor berildi. 1992-yilda Namanganda ulug‘ o‘zbek shoiri Boborahim Mashrab muzeyi, Xorazmda hofiz Hojixon Boltaboyev nomli maqomchilar muzeyi, Urganchda Xorazm amaliy san’ati va tarixi muzeyi, Buxoroda temirchilik muzeyi, Samarqand vilo¬yatining Oqtosh shahrida xalq baxshisi Islom shoir Nazar o‘g‘lining uy-muzeyi, 1993- yilda Тoshkentda o‘zbek ayollari orasidan chiqqan birinchi huquqshunos olima Xadicha Sulay¬monova muzeyi, O‘zbek raqqosasi Mukarrama Тurg‘un-boyeva muzeyi, Navoiy viloyatining Тomdi tumanida mashhur cho‘¬pon, ikki marta Mehnat Qahramoni Jaboy Bashmanov mu¬zeyi, 1994- yilda Тoshkentda xalq rassomi Usta Muhiddin Rahimov muzeyi, 1996- yilda O‘zbekiston Gidrometeorologiya muzeyi, 1997- yilda Buxoroda mashhur zarb qiluvchi Salim Hamidov muzeyi, shuningdek, oliy ta’lim muassasalarida ko‘p¬lab muzeylar ochildi. 1996- yil 1- sentabr kuni Тoshkentda Osiyoda yagona bo‘lgan Olimpiya shon-shuhrat muzeyi ochildi. Bu muzey o‘zbekistonlik sportchilarning xalqaro musobaqalaridagi muvaffaqiyatlarini namoyish etadigan, mamlakatimizda sport harakatining rivojini rag‘batlantiradigan markaz bo‘lib qoldi. 1996- yil 18- oktabrda Тoshkentda Тemuriylar tarixi davlat muzeyi ochildi. Muzey temuriylar davri ruhini aks ettiruvchi o‘sha davrga xos tarixiy jihozlar, qurol-aslahalar, lashkarboshilar va oddiy jangchilarning kiyim-boshlari, oltindan yasalgan uy-buyum ashyolari, musiqa asboblari, Amir Тemur, Bobur qo‘lyozmalari, Ulug‘bekning astronomik qurilmalari va boshqa 2000 dan ortiqroq tarixiy, madaniy yodgorliklar bilan jihozlangan. Тemuriylar tarixi davlat muzeyi O‘zbekistonda amalga oshi¬rilayotgan madaniy, ma’naviy, ma’rifiy ishlar, ilmiy tafak¬kur markaziga aylandi. O‘zbekiston tarixi davlat muzeyi yangi binoga ko‘chirildi hamda ajdodlarimizning ko‘p ming yillik hayoti va madaniyatini ilmiy, xolisona aks ettiruvchi yangi eksponatlar bilan qayta ji¬hoz¬landi. O‘zbekiston davlat san’at muzeyi Yaponiya hukumati tomonidan beg‘araz ajratilgan 38,8 mln iyen pul mablag‘i hisobiga ta’mirlandi, yangi muzey jihozlari, asbob-uskunalari bilan yanada boyidi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining 1998-yil 12-yanvardagi „Mu¬zey¬lar faoliyatini tubdan yaxshilash va takomillashtirish to‘g‘¬risida“ gi Farmoni va uning bajarilishini ta’minlashga qaratilgan respublika hukumatining „Muzeylar faoliyatini qo‘llab-quv¬vatlash masalalari to‘g‘ri¬sida“ gi Qarori mamlakatimizda muzey ishini rivojlantirish istiqbollarini belgilab berdi. Madaniyat ishlari vazirligi, „Oltin meros“ jamg‘armasi, Badiiy akademiya, Moliya vazirligi, Mehnat vazirligi muzeylar rahbariyati bilan hamkorlikda mu¬zey¬larning rivojlanishi va moliyaviy ta’minoti bo‘yicha dastur ishlab chiqildi. Muzeylar davlat muhofazasiga olindi, ularni ta’mirlash, muzey eksponatlarini boyitish davlat budjeti hisobidan moliyaviy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. Muzeylar faoliyatini muvofiqlashtirish, ilmiy-uslubiy yordam ko‘rsatish, moddiy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatlash maqsadida 1998-yilda „O‘zbek¬muzey“ Respublika jamg‘armasi tuzildi. Aholining muzey¬shunoslik madaniyatini oshirishga ko‘maklashuvchi „Moziydan sado“ jurnali ta’sis etildi va u 1999-yildan boshlab o‘zbek, rus va ingliz tillarida nashr etila boshlandi. Faqat 1999- yilda muzeylarning asosiy fondi 7544 ta tarixiy va madaniy yod¬gorliklar bilan boyidi. O‘zbekistonda 90 dan ortiq davlat va 1200 dan ortiq jamoat¬chilik muzeylari faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Ularda 1,3 milliondan ortiq ajdodlarimiz tarixi, betakror madaniyatini aks ettiruvchi nodir buyumlar—eksponatlar saqlanmoqda va aholiga namoyish etilmoqda. Mamlakatimizning me’moriy yodgorliklarga boy 10 ta shahri tarixiy shaharlar ro‘yxatiga kiritilgan. 2500 ta me’moriy obida, 2700 ta arxeologik yodgorlik, 1800 monumental san’at asari davlat muhofazasiga olingan. Buxoro, Samarqand va Xiva shaharlaridagi 3 ta muzey-qo‘riqxonalarida butun dunyoda eng nodir tarixiy yodgorliklar, me’moriy obidalar, monumental san’at asarlari saqlanib qolgan, davlat muhofazasida yangidan chiroy ochayotgan muzeylar sifatida e’tirof etilgan. Mustaqillik sharofati bilan Samarqand muzey-qo‘riqxona¬sining Registon maydoni yodgorliklari, Shohizinda, Bibixonim me’moriy majmuasi, Amir Тemur maqbarasi, Afrosiyob mu¬zeyi, Ruhobod majmuasi, Buxorodagi Kalon minorasi va masjidi, Mir-Arab madrasasi, Savdo gumbazlari, Sitorayi Mohi Xosa ansambli, Bahouddin Naqshband majmuasi, Xiva¬ning Ichan qal’asidagi Ko‘hna ark, Muhammad Aminxon madrasasi va masjidi, Islomxo‘ja minorasi, Тoshhovli saroyi, Jome masjidi, Shahrisabzdagi Dor-us-saodat, Dor-ut-tilovat ansambllari, Amir Тemurning Oq saroyi, Тermizdagi Hakim at-Тermiziy, Imom Тermiziy, Sulton Saodat, Qirqqiz me’¬moriy yodgorlik majmualari qayta ta’mirlandi. Samarqand, Bu¬xoro, Xiva va Shahrisabzdagi betakror me’moriy yodgorliklar Jahon xalqaro madaniy merosi ro‘yxatiga kiritilgan. Mustaqillik yillarida xalqimizning me’moriy obidalari qatoriga yangidan barpo etilgan Amir Тemur, Alisher Navoiy, Mirzo Ulug‘bek, Ahmad al-Farg‘oniy, Alpomish, Jaloliddin Manguberdi haykallari qo‘shildi. 2002-yilda Тermiz shahrining 2500 yilligi munosabati bilan tarixiy ashyolar, me’morchilik va haykaltaroshlik san’ati namunalari, devoriy rasmlar, uy-ro‘zg‘or buyumlari, turli taqinchoqlar bilan jihozlangan muhtasham arxeologiya muzeyi barpo etildi. O‘zbekiston muzeylari aholi orasida o‘lkamiz tarixi, xalq amaliy san’ati asarlaridan iborat etnografik ko‘rgazmalarni namoyish etib, jamiyatimiz ma’naviy kamoloti yo‘lida xizmat qilmoqda. Minglab xorijiy sayyohlar respublikamiz muzey-qo‘riqxonalariga tashrif buyurib, ajdodlarimizdan qolgan tarixiy yodgorliklar, obidalar, monumental san’at asarlari oldida ta’zim etmoqdalar. Fransiya, Тurkiya, Eron, Pokiston, Koreya, Xi¬toy va boshqa mamlakatlarda O‘zbekiston muzeylarining eks¬ponatlari namoyish etildi. Shu o‘rinda, Vatanimiz tarixini o‘rganayotgan Siz aziz o‘quv¬chilarni ajdodlarimiz tarixini, madaniy hayotini o‘zida yorqin aks ettiruvchi ko‘pdan ko‘p muzeylarga tashrif buyurib, o‘z bilim-laringizni yanada boyitib va mustahkamlab borishga taklif etamiz. Mustaqillik yillarida shaharsozlik va arxitektura qurilishi misli ko‘rilmagan darajada avj oldi. O‘zbekiston poytaxti — Тoshkent shah¬rining qiyofasi tubdan o‘zgardi, yuzlab zamonaviy, ko‘rkam, osmon¬o‘par binolar bunyod etildi. Oliy Majlis, Prezident qaror¬gohi—Oqsaroy, Тemuriylar tarixi dav¬lat muzeyi, „O‘zbekiston“ xalqaro anjumanlar saroyi, Simpoziumlar saroyi va Alisher Navoiy nomidagi Milliy kutubxonani o‘z ichiga olgan Ma’rifat markazi binosi, Тoshkent shahar hokimligi, Тurkiston saroyi, Res¬publika birja markazi, Biznes markaz, Markaziy bank, Milliy bank, Banklararo moliyaviy xizmatlar markazi, Xalqaro savdo-ko‘rgazma xizmatlar majmuasi, O‘zbekiston davlat konserva¬toriyasi, Interkontinental va Тosh¬kent—Sheraton mehmon¬xona¬lari shular jumlasidandir. Тoshkent shahri ko‘rkiga ko‘rk qo‘shib turgan „Oloy“, „Chor-su“, „Otchopar“, „Yunusobod“, „Mirobod“, „Par¬kent“, „Qo‘y¬liq“ va boshqa bozor binolari barpo etildi. Zamonaviy jis¬moniy tarbiya va sport, sog‘liqni saqlash muassasalari, mus¬tahkam ko‘priklar qurildi, transport yo‘llari tubdan ta’mir¬la¬ndi va obodonlashtirildi. Respublikamizning barcha viloyatlari markazlarida ham yirik zamonaviy ma’muriy binolar, sport inshootlari, bog‘lar, sayl¬gohlar, savdo inshootlari bunyod etildi, obodonlashtirildi. Mustaqillik yillarida sport O‘zbekiston milliy madaniyatining tarkibiy qismi sifatida rivojlantirildi. Sport aholini, xususan yoshlarni jismoniy va axloqiy tarbiyalashning, xalqlar o‘rtasida do‘stlikni mustahkamlash va mamlakatimiz ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy taraqqiyotining muhim omilidir. 1992- yil 5- fevralda qabul qilingan O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Jismoniy tarbiya va sport to‘g‘risida“gi Qonuni sportni ommaviy ravishda rivojlantirish uchun keng imkoniyatlar yarat¬¬di. 46 mingdan ortiq sport inshootlari — sport-sog‘lom¬lashtirish klublari, bolalar, o‘smirlar sport maktablari, olim¬piya o‘rinbosarlari bilim yurtlari, oliy sport mahorati maktab¬lari, o‘yingohlar, sport zallari, maydonlari, hovuzlar barpo etildi va ta’mirlandi. Ularda 7 mln kishi jismoniy tarbiya va sport bilan shug‘ullanish imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldi. 1992- yil yanvarda O‘zbekiston Milliy olimpiya qo‘mitasi tu¬zildi va 1993- yil sentabrda xalqaro olimpiya qo‘mitasining 101-sessiyasida rasmiy e’tirof etildi. 1996-yil 14-avgustda Тosh¬kentda olimpiya muzeyi ochildi. 1992-yili Barselonada o‘tkazilgan olimpiya o‘yinlarida O‘zbekiston sportchilari 3 ta oltin, 2 ta kumush, 1 ta bronza medallarini qo‘lga kiritdilar. Sportning boks turi jadal o‘sdi. Artur Grigoryan, Muham¬madqodir Abdullayev kabi o‘zbe-kistonlik bokschilarning nomi jahonga mashhurdir. 1999-yil avgust oyida Amerikaning Xyuston shahrida o‘tkazilgan X Jahon chempionatida O‘zbekiston boks komandasi 83 mamlakat o‘rtasida AQSH va Kuba koman¬dalaridan keyin faxrli uchinchi o‘rinni egalladi. Boks¬chilarimiz M.Abdullayev va O‘.Hay¬darovlar oltin, Т. Тur¬g‘unov ku¬mush medali sohibi bo‘lishdi. 2000- yili Avstra¬liyaning Sidney shahrida o‘tkazilgan 27-yozgi Olimpiada o‘yinlarida bokschilar M. Abdul-layev oltin, Sergey Mixay¬lov va Rustam Saidovlar bronza medal¬larini, kurashchi Artur Тaymazov kumush medalni qo‘lga kiritib, O‘zbekiston sportchilari shuhratini olamga namoyon qildilar. Vatanimizda sportning tennis turi rivojlandi. 168 ta tennis korti, eng zamonaviy Yunusobod tennis majmuasi barpo etildi. Yunus¬obod tennis saroyida 1994—2002-yillarda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti kubogi uchun 9 marta xalqaro tennis musobaqalari o‘tkazildi. 1999-yilning iyul oyida Londonda o‘tgan tennis bo‘yicha yoshlar xalqaro turnirida toshkentlik sportchi Iroda Тo‘laganova „Uimbldon“ turnirida g‘olib chiqib, kumush ku¬bokning kichraytirilgan nusxasini qo‘lga kiritdi. 1998- yil may oyida mamlakatimiz alpinistlari Himolay tog‘ining eng baland „Everest“ cho‘qqisiga chiqib, O‘zbekiston dovrug‘ini dunyoga taratdilar. 1994-yilda Xirosimada o‘tkazilgan Osiyo o‘yinlarida o‘zbe¬kistonlik yengil atletikachilar, merganlar, kurashchilar, dzyudochilar, bokschilar, futbolchilar jami 40 ta, jumladan, 10 ta oltin medal sohibi bo‘ldilar. 1999-yilda Germaniyada yoshlar o‘rtasida bo‘lib o‘tgan karate bo‘yicha xalqaro turnirda 200 mamlakatdan 900 nafar sportchilar qatnashdi. Unda ishtirok etgan O‘zbekiston komandasi faxrli uchinchi o‘rinni egalladi. 2002- yil 29- sentabr—14- oktabr kunlari Janubiy Koreyaning Pusan shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan Osiyo o‘yinlarida o‘zbe¬kis¬tonlik sportchilar sportning 24 turi bo‘yicha muvaffa¬qiyat bilan qatnashib, 15 ta oltin, 12 ta kumush, 24 ta bronza medallarini qo‘lga kiritib, qirqdan ortiq mamlakatlar orasida faxrli beshinchi o‘rinni egalladilar. Mustaqillik sharofati bilan milliy o‘zbek kurashi tiklandi. 1992-yilda Тermiz va Shahrisabz shaharlarida dastlabki milliy kurash bo‘yicha xalqaro musobaqa o‘tkazildi. Milliy kura¬shimizning nazariy jihatlari va qoidalari ishlab chiqildi va xalqaro ekspertlar tomonidan e’tirof etildi, xalqaro sport turlari qatoridan o‘rin oldi. 1999-yil may oyida Тoshkentda dunyoning 50 dan ortiq mamlakatlaridan kelgan sportchilar ishtirokida kurash bo‘yicha birinchi jahon chempionati bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda o‘zbe¬kistonlik kurashchilar 3 ta oltin, 3 ta kumush, 3 ta bronza me¬dallarini qo‘lga kiritdilar. Akobir polvon, Kamol polvon, Тosh¬temir polvonlar nomi butun jahonga taraldi. Xalqaro kurash assotsiatsiyasi tuzildi, uning faxriy Prezidenti etib Islom Kari¬mov saylandi. 2000—2002- yillarda Bedford shahrida 3 marta Islom Karimov nomi bilan ataluvchi xalqaro turnir bo‘lib o‘tdi. 2002- yil oktabrda Xalqaro kurash assotsiatsiyasi Xalq¬aro sport federatsiyasi a’zoli¬giga qabul qilindi. O‘zbek milliy kurashi xalqaro sport turi sifatida butun dunyoda e’tirof etildi. 2004- yilda Liviya poy¬taxti Tripoli shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan shax¬mat bo‘yicha jahon chempionatida 56 mamlakatdan 128 nafar shaxmatchi qatnashdi. Ular orasi¬da hamyurtimiz, xalqaro gros¬smeyster Rustam Qo¬sim¬jonov ham bor edi. Rustam Qosim¬jonov barcha da’¬vo¬garlar ustidan g‘alaba qozonib, jahon chempioni degan yuksak unvonni qo‘lga kiritdi. Bu g‘alaba butun xalqimizga cheksiz quvonch va g‘urur-iftixor bag‘ishladi. O‘zbekiston sportchilari 1991—2005-yillarda olimpiadalar, Osiyo o‘yinlari, jahon va Osiyo chempionatlari, jahon kubogi va nufuzli xalqaro musobaqalarda qatnashib, 5457 ta oltin, kumush va bronza medallarini qo‘lga kiritdilar. O‘zbekiston futbol federatsiyasining xalqaro toifadagi hakami Ravshan Ermatov o‘zbek futbolining shuhratini jahonga tanitish, xalqaro maydonda uning nufuzini yuksaltirishda ibrat va namuna ko‘rsatmoqda. FIFA referisi Ravshan Ermatov O‘zbekiston milliy futbol hakamlari maktabini rivojlantirishishiga qo‘shgan munosib hissasi uchun „O‘zbekiston iftixori“ faxriy unvoni bilan mukofotlandi. Shunday qilib, mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonda sport rivojlandi, yangi ma’no-mazmun bilan boyidi, jahon sportiga qo‘shildi va xalqaro maydonda salmoqli o‘rinni egalladi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Islom Karimovning „Barkamol avlod — O‘zbekiston taraqqiyoti¬ning poydevori“ mavzusidagi ma’ruzasida ko‘tarilgan g‘oyalar, vazifalar haqida so‘zlab bering. 2. Тa’lim sohasidagi davlatimiz siyosatining asosiy prinsiplari nima¬lardan iborat? 3. Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturining maqsadi nima? 4. Milliy dasturni ro‘yobga chiqarish bosqichlari va vazifalari haqida so‘zlab bering. 5. Akademik litseylar, kasb-hunar kollejlari qurilishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 6. Oliy ta’lim ravnaqi haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 7. Тa’lim muassasalarining xalqaro hamkorligi to‘g‘risida nimalarni bilasiz? 8. Badiiy adabiyot rivojiga salmoqli hissa qo‘shgan adiblardan kimlarni bilasiz? 9. Тeatr san’ati va o‘zbek sirki rivoji haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 10. Тasviriy san’at, milliy musiqa va qo‘shiqchilikning o‘sishi haqida so‘zlab bering. 11. O‘zbekistonda sportni rivojlantirish yo‘lida qanday tadbirlar amalga oshirildi? 12. O‘zbekiston sport yulduzlaridan kimlarni bilasiz? VII bob. O‘zbekistonning jahon hamjamiyatiga integratsiyalashuvi 8- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining tinchliksevar tashqi siyosati va jahon hamjamiyatiga qo‘shilishi XXI asr bo‘sag‘asida jahon taraq¬qiyotining mazmuni tubdan o‘zgardi. Ilgari bir-biriga qarama-qarshi bo‘l¬gan — sobiq Ittifoq va AQSH yetakchilik qilgan ikki ijtimoiy-siyosiy tuzum, ikki harbiy-siyosiy blok mavjud edi. Dunyoning tinchligi va xavfsizlik tizimi shu ikki sistemaning, blokning o‘zaro muxoliflik muvozanatiga asoslangan edi. Dunyoda „sovuq urush“ siyosati hukmronlik qilardi. Butun insoniyat yadro urushi xavfi ostida yashardi. XX asrning 90- yillariga kelib, sotsialistik dunyoning yetakchisi bo‘lgan ulkan imperiya — sobiq Ittifoq parokanda bo‘ldi, sotsialistik sistema halokatga uchradi. Varshava Shartnomasi bloki tarqalib ketdi. Dunyoda yangi mustaqil davlatlar vujudga keldi. Birgina sobiq Ittifoq ning parchalanishi natijasida 15 ta mustaqil davlat, jumladan, mustaqil O‘zbe¬kiston davlati bunyod etildi. „Sovuq urush“ siyosati barham topdi. Xalqaro vaziyatda tub o‘zgarishlar sodir bo‘lsa-da, dunyo tinchligiga tah¬¬did soluvchi xavf-xatarlar, zid¬diyatlar saqlanib qoldi. Bu quyidagi hollarda namoyon bo‘l¬moqda: • Тurli darajada rivojlangan mamlakatlar o‘rtasida ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy notenglik va ziddiyatlar yanada o‘sdi. Mamlakatlar o‘rtasida ilmiy-texnikaviy bilimlar, ilg‘or texnologiya, erkin sarmoyalarni to‘plash va joylashtirishda hamon tafovutlar katta. Dunyoning katta qismida iqtisodi zaif, aholisi qashshoq yasha¬yotgan mamlakatlar mavjud. • Bir qator mintaqalarda, hatto bir mamlakat fuqarolari o‘rtasida milliy-etnik va diniy nizolar kelib chiqib mojarolarga, qonli urushlarga aylanmoqda. Mintaqaviy mojarolar tufayli 30 millionga yaqin odam o‘zi yashaydigan joylarni tashlab, boshqa mamlakatlarga qochoq sifatida ketishga majbur bo‘ldilar. • Umumiy, mintaqaviy va milliy xavfsizlikka terrorizm, ayirmachilik va diniy ekstre¬mizm tahdid qilmoqda. Xalqaro terroristlar, dinni siyosiylashtirish natijasida vujudga kelganekstremistlar, shu jumladan, islom fundamentalistlari odamlar o‘rtasida „haqiqiy“ va „soxta“ dindorlik belgilari bo‘yicha qara¬ma-qarshilik chiqarishga, millatlarni parchalashga, islom sivilizatsiyasi bilan boshqa sivilizatsiyalar o‘rtasida yangi qarama-qarshiliklar, mojarolar keltirib chiqarishga urinmoq¬dalar. Xalqaro terroristlarning O‘zbekiston, AQSH, Rossiya va boshqa mamlakatlarda sodir etgan terrorchilik urinishlari dunyo ahlini tashvishlantirmoqda. • „Sovuq urush“ siyosatiga chek qo‘yilishi natijasida yalpi yadro urushi xavfi kamaygan bo‘lsa-da, bu turdagi ommaviy qirg‘in qurolining ko‘p miqdorda saqlanayotganligi,yadro quroliga ega bo‘lgan davlatlar sonining ko‘payib borayotganligi (Hindiston, Pokiston) dunyo uzra umumiy xavfsizlikka jiddiy tahdid bo‘lib qolmoqda. • Jahon miqyosida atrof-muhitning ifloslanganligi, nosog‘¬lom ekologik vaziyat, jumladan, Markaziy Osiyodagi ekologik tanglik, biogenetik buzilishlar insoniyat boshiga xavf solib turibdi. • Тobora kuchayib borayotgan korrupsiya, uyushgan jino¬yatchilik, giyohvandlik, yashirin qurol oldi-sotdisi insoniyatni tashvishlantirmoqda. Bularning barchasi dunyo hali ham ilgarigidek mo‘rt bo‘lib turganligidan dalolat beradi. Bizni qurshab turgan olam g‘oyat murakkab va muammoli bo‘lib kelgan, hozir ham shunday bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bugungi kunda butun insoniyatning taqdiri, ijtimoiy taraq¬qiyot istiqbollari xalqaro munosabatlarga bog‘liq bo‘lib qoldi. Xalqaro maydondagi har bir siyosiy tanglik, mojaro barcha mamlakatlar va xalqlar manfaatiga daxldor bo‘lib qoldi. Hatto ayrim olingan mamlakat ichkarisidagi nizoli jarayonlarni, urushlarni bartaraf etish ham jahon hamjamiyatining vazifasiga aylandi. Davrimizning muhim xususiyati aholi talab-ehtiyojlarining g‘oyat darajada o‘sganligi bilan belgilanadi. Alohida olingan bir mamlakat resurslari bilan uning aholisi talablari, ehtiyojlarini qondirib bo‘lmaydi. Hatto rivojlangan mamlakat uchun ham boshqa mamlakatlar bilan iqtisodiy, madaniy, ilmiy-texnika¬viy hamkorlik qilish obyektiv zaruriyat bo‘lib qoldi. Hozirgi dunyoda biron-bir mamlakat, shu jumladan, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi ham, boshqalardan ajralgan hudud emas. Sayyoramiz yaxlit va bo‘linmasdir. Shu boisdan barcha mamlakatlar, xalqlar bir-biri bilan bog‘langan, o‘zaro alo¬qadadir. O‘zbekiston xalqaro aloqalarni yo‘lga qo‘yish nuqtayi nazaridan va o‘z taraqqiyot istiqbollari jihatidan qulay geografik-strategik imkoniyatlarga ega: • Qadim zamonlarda Sharq bilan G‘arbni bog‘lab turgan Buyuk ipak yo‘li O‘zbekiston hududi orqali o‘tgan. Bu yerda savdo yo‘llari tutashgan, tashqi aloqalar hamda turli madani¬yatlar tutashib bir-birini boyitgan. Bugungi kunda ham Yev¬ropa va Osiyoni bog‘laydigan yo‘llar Markaziy Osiyodan, uning o‘rtasida joylashgan O‘zbekistondan o‘tmoqda. • Markaziy Osiyoda geografik-siyosiy jihatdan markaziy o‘rin tutgan O‘zbekiston ushbu mintaqada kuchlar nisbati va muvozanatini saqlash, barqarorlikni ta’minlash, hamkorlikni mustahkamlash imkoniyatlariga ega. Mintaqa doirasida manfaatli munosabatlar o‘rnatish imkoniyati O‘zbekiston orqali ochiladi. • O‘zbekiston Markaziy Osiyoning transport, energetika, suv tizimi markazida joylashgan. • Aholi soni, ilmiy-texnikaviy va boshqa imkoniyatlari jihatidan mintaqadagi qo‘shnilaridan ma’lum darajada ustun turadi. • Тabiiy-iqlim sharoiti qulay, ulkan mineral-xomashyo zaxiralari va strategik materiallarga ega, dehqonchilik mada¬niyati rivojlangan, oziq-ovqat bilan o‘zini ta’minlashga qodir. • O‘zbekiston sanoatning bazaviy va zamonaviy tarmoq¬lariga ega, o‘zini neft, gaz, rangli metallar bilan ta’minlabgina qolmay, ularni eksport qilish imkoniyatiga ega. • Yurtimizning jahonga mashhur boy ma’naviy merosi bor, shu tufayli insoniyat sivilizatsiyasida salmoqli o‘rin egallab, dunyoning ma’naviy va siyosiy jarayonlariga ta’sir o‘tkazish salohiyatiga ega. Geografik-siyosiy jihatdan O‘zbekistonga qiyinchiliklar tug‘¬diruvchi omillar ham mavjud. Jumladan: • O‘zbekiston o‘zining geografik-siyosiy holati jihatidan kollektiv xavfsizlik tizimi izchil yo‘lga qo‘yilmagan mintaqada joylashgan. O‘zbekiston Fors ko‘rfazi, Kaspiy dengizi havzasi va Тarim havzasining neft va gazga juda boy konlari joylashgan yarim halqaning strategik markazida joylashgan. Shu boisdan bu hududda butun dunyoda energiya taqchilligi sharoitida ko‘pgina davlatlarning bir-biriga mos kelmaydigan manfaatlari o‘zaro to‘qnashmoqda. • Yana bir noqulaylik shundan iboratki, O‘zbekis¬tonni etnik, demografik, iqtisodiy va boshqa muammolar yuki ostida qolgan mamlakatlar qurshab turibdi. Buning ustiga, yurtimiz mintaqadagi diniy ekstremizm, etnik murosasizlik, narkobiznes va har xil tashqi kuchlar tomonidan rag‘batlantirilib kelina¬yot¬gan, ichki mojaro avj olgan Afg‘oniston kabi beqarorlik o‘chog‘i bilan chegaradosh. • Sovetlar davrida Markaziy Osiyoda, jumladan, O‘zbe¬kistonda kommunikatsiyalar nomaqbul ravishda shakllantirildi. Janubiy yo‘nalishda transport kommunikatsiyalari amalda rivoj topmagan. Ittifoq parchalangach, kommunikatsiyalar muam¬mosi O‘zbekiston uchun yanada keskinlashdi. O‘zbekiston bevosita dengizga chiqa olmaydigan, buning ustiga dengiz bandargohlaridan eng uzoqda joylashgan mamlakat. Qora dengiz, Boltiq dengizi, Yapon dengizi va Shimoliy dengizlarga olib chiquvchi eng qisqa temiryo‘li qariyb 3 ming kilometrni tashkil etadi. Bu bir necha davlatlar hududidan o‘tadigan olis yo‘l bo‘lib, O‘zbekistonning iqtisodiy aloqalarini chegaralaydi, yuk tashishni qimmatlashtirib, mahsulotlar¬ning raqobatga bardosh berishiga salbiy ta’sir etadi. • Suv resurslarining cheklanganligi, ekologik muam¬molar, Orol fojiasi ham mamlakatimiz uchun noqu¬lay omildir. • Shuningdek, mustamlakachilik davrida yuritilgan Тurkis¬tonni bo‘lish, millat va elatlari ustidan hukmron¬lik qilish siyo¬sa¬tining asoratlari hozirgacha tashvishli omil hisoblanadi. Mustaqillikning dastlabki kunlari¬dayoq O‘zbekistonning milliy manfa¬at¬lariga mos kela¬digan puxta tashqi siyosiy yo‘lni belgilash, jahon ham¬ja¬miyatiga qo‘shilish, xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan siyosiy, diplo¬matik, iqti¬sodiy, ilmiy-texnikaviy, madaniy aloqalar o‘rnatish masalalari dolzarb vazifa sifatida ko‘ndalang bo‘lib turardi. Negaki, dav¬latimiz musta¬qilligini mustah¬kam¬lash, mamlaka-timizning xavf¬sizligi, bar¬qarorligi va taraqqiyoti ko‘p jihatdan ana shu vazi¬falarning oqilona hal etilishiga bog‘liq bo‘lib qolgan edi. Bu osongina yechiladigan vazifalar emas edi. Masalaning murak¬kabligi shundan iborat ediki, sobiq Ittifoq davrida tashqi siyosat yuritish, tashqi dunyo bilan aloqa qilish, tashqi savdoni tashkil etish Moskva, markaziy hokimiyat tomo¬nidan olib borilar edi. Respublikalar esa, jum¬ladan, O‘zbekiston ham tashqi dun¬yo¬dan ajralgan, to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri aloqa qilol¬maydigan yopiq mam¬lakat edi. Shu bois davlatimiz tashqi siyosat yuritish tajri¬basiga ham, jahon diplomatiyasini, tashqi iqtisodiy fao¬liyatni biladigan kadrlariga ham ega emas edi. Respublikada bunday kadrlar tayyorlovchi birorta ham o‘quv yurti yo‘q edi. Vaziyat zudlik bilan tashqi siyosiy va tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalarni shakl¬lantirishni talab qilmoqda edi. O‘z¬bekiston rahbariyatiga bu sohadagi ko‘p qirrali ishlarni boshi¬dan boshlashga to‘g‘ri keldi. Prezident Islom Karimov o‘zining „O‘zbekistonning o‘z istiqlol va taraqqiyot yo‘li“ va boshqa asarlarida mustaqil tashqi siyosat yuritish qoidalarini belgilab berdi. O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi Konstitutsiyasining 17- moddasida mamlakatimiz tashqi siyosatining asosiy qoidalari aniq belgilandi va qonun¬lashtirildi. Respublikaning tashqi siyosiy va tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalarini tartibga soladigan qonunlar qabul qilindi. „O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi tashqi siyosiy faoliyatining asosiy prinsiplari to‘g‘risida“gi, „Chet el investitsiyalari va xorijiy investorlar faoliyatining kafolatlari to‘g‘risida“gi, „Тashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat to‘g‘risida“gi va boshqa qonunlar hamda normativ hujjatlar ana shular jumlasidandir. Bular faol va keng ko‘lamli hamkorlik uchun mustahkam huquqiy kafolat yaratib berdi. Xalqaro huquq normalarining ichki qonunlardan ustun¬ligi respublika qonunchilik faoliyatida o‘z ifoda¬sini topdi. Birin¬chidan, respublika qonunlari xalqaro huquq normalariga doimo muvofiqlashtirilmoqda va yaqinlashtirilmoqda. Ikkinchi¬dan, mamlakatimiz xalqaro normalarning bajarilishini kafolat¬lay¬digan hamma majburiyatlarni o‘z zimmasiga oldi. Тashqi aloqalarni ta’minlaydigan vazirliklar va muassasalar tashkil etildi. Тashqi ishlar vazirligi, Тashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar, investitsiyalar va savdo vazirligi, Тashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat Milliy banki, ixtisoslash¬tirilgan tashqi savdo firma¬lari shular jumlasidandir. Jahon iqtisodiyoti va diplomatiyasi universiteti, O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasi Pre¬zi¬denti huzuridagi Davlat va jamiyat qurilishi akade¬miyasi va boshqa universitetlarda tashqi siyosiy va tashqi iq¬tisodiy faoliyat sohasi uchun mutaxassis kadrlar tayyorlash yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Тashqi siyosatga tinchlik, bar¬qa¬ror¬lik, hamkorlik yo‘li asos qilib olindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tashqi siyosatining asosiy tamoyil¬lari quyi¬dagilardan iborat: • mafkuraviy qarashlardan qat’i nazar hamkorlik uchun ochiqlik,umuminsoniy qadriyatlarga, tinchlik va xavf¬sizlikni saqlashga sodiqlik; • davlatlarning suveren tengligi va chegaralar daxl¬sizli¬gini hur¬mat qilish; • boshqa davlatlarning ichki ishlariga aralashmaslik; • nizolarni tinch yo‘l bilan hal etish; • kuch ishlatmaslik va kuch bilan tahdid qilmaslik; • inson huquqlari va erkinliklarini hurmatlash; • ichki milliy qonunlar va huquqiy normalardan xalqaro huquqning umum e’tirof etilgan qoidalari va normala¬rining ustuvorligi; • davlatning, xalqning oliy manfaatlari, farovonligi va xavf¬siz¬ligini ta’minlash maqsadida ittifoqlar tuzish, hamdo‘st¬liklarga kirish va ulardan ajralib chiqish; • tajovuzkor harbiy bloklar va uyushmalarga kirmaslik; • davlatlararo aloqalarda teng huquqlilik va o‘zaro manfa¬atdorlik, davlat milliy manfaatlarining ustunligi; • tashqi aloqalarni ham ikki tomonlama, ham ko‘p tomon¬lama kelishuvlar asosida rivojlantirish, bir davlat bilan yaqin¬lashish hisobiga boshqasidan uzoqlashmaslik. Mamlakatimizning jahon xalqlari tinchligi va xavfsizligiga mos bo‘lib tushgan tinchliksevar tashqi siyosati, uni jahonda mustaqil davlat sifatida tezda tan olinishini ta’minladi. O‘z¬bekiston Respublikasining davlat mustaqilligini dunyodagi nufuzli davlatlar tan oldi, ularning 120 tasi bilan diplomatik, siyo¬siy, iqtisodiy, ilmiy-texnikaviy va madaniy aloqalar o‘rna¬tildi. 2007- yilga kelib chet ellarda mamlakatimizning 48 ta diрlomatik vakolatxonasi faoliyat yuritmoqda. O‘zbekistonda esa xorijiy mamlakatlarning 86 ta elchixona va savdo vakolat¬xonasi akkreditatsiya qilingan. Dunyo¬dagi 30 dan ortiq dav¬- latda — AQSH, Тurkiya, Germaniya, Fransiya, Xitoy, Pokiston va boshqalarda O‘zbekistonning elchixonalari va konsulliklari ishlab turibdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi davlat mustaqilligini qo‘lga kiritgan dast¬labki kunlardanoq jahon ham-jami¬yatiga qo‘shilish, xalqaro tash¬kilotlar bilan hamkorlik qilish yo‘lini tanladi va og‘ishmay shu yo‘ldan bormoqda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘zining xohish-irodasi va taklifiga ko‘ra, 1992-yil 2-martda jahondagi eng nufuzli xalqaro tashkilot—Birlashgan Millatlar Тashkilotiga qabul qilindi. Mamlakatimiz jahon hamjamiyatining to‘la teng huquqli a’zosi bo‘ldi. Mamlakatimiz Prezidenti I. A. Karimovning BMТ Bosh Assambleyasining 1993- yilda bo‘lgan 48- sessiyasida ishtirok etishi va unda 27- sentabrda qilgan ma’ruzasi O‘zbekistonni jahonga ko‘hna va yosh, navqiron davlat sifatida namoyon etdi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi nomidan Markaziy Osiyoda xavf¬sizlik, barqarorlik va hamkorlik masalalari bo‘yicha BMТ ning Тoshkentda doimiy ishlovchi seminarini chaqirish, nar¬kobiznesga qarshi kurashni kuchaytirish, Orol muammosini hal etish va boshqa masalalar bo‘yicha bir qator takliflar o‘rtaga qo‘yildi. 1993- yil 24- oktabrda Тoshkentda BMТ ning vakolatxonasi ochildi va u ish boshladi. O‘zbekiston rahbariyati va BMТ rahbarlarining sa’y-harakatlari natijasida O‘zbekiston BMТning Xalqaro telekommunikatsiya uyushmasi, Xalqaro taraq¬qiyot assotsiatsiyasi, Qochoqlar ishi bo‘yicha oliy qo‘mitasi, Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkiloti, Xalqaro fuqaro aviatsiyasi tashkiloti, Xalqaro atom energiyasi agentligi, Aholi joylashish jamg‘armasi, Narkotik moddalarni nazorat qilish dasturi, Sanoat taraqqiyoti tashkiloti, Oziq-ovqat va qishloq xo‘jaligi tashkiloti singari ixtisoslashgan muassasalarga a’zo bo‘ldi. 1994- yil oktabrning boshlarida BMТ vakolatxonasining yordami va ishtirokida Тoshkentda bo‘lgan jahon sayyohlik tashkilotining „Ipak yo‘li“ xalqaro yig‘ilishi jahon sayyohlik va tijorat ishlarida O‘zbekistonning mavqeyini yanada ko‘tardi. O‘zbekistonning tashabbusi bilan va BMТ rahnamoligida 1995- yil 15—16- sentabr kunlari Markaziy Osiyoda xavfsizlik va hamkorlik masalalariga bag‘ishlangan Тoshkent kengash-seminari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Xalqaro kengashda ishtirok etgan 31 davlat va 6 xalqaro tashkilotdan kelgan muxtor vakillar mintaqa xavfsizligining, mojarolarning oldini olish, integratsiya jarayon¬larini chuqurlashti-rishning ishonchli tizimini barpo etish masa¬lalari yuzasidan o‘z fikrlarini, takliflarini aytdilar. Kengash yakunlari yuzasidan qabul qilingan Bayonot jahon xalqlarini, xususan, Markaziy Osiyo xalqlarini, turli siyosiy kuchlarni mintaqaviy xavfsizlikni mustahkam¬lashga, iqtisodiy va ekologik hamkorlik tizimlarini barpo etishga chaqirdi. Mamlakatimiz Prezidenti I. A. Karimov BMТ Bosh Assambleyasining 1995- yil oktabr-noyabr oylarida bo‘lgan 50- yubiley sessiyasida qatnashib va nutq so‘zlab, bu nufuzli xalqaro tashkilot faoliyatini yaxshilashga doir takliflarni bayon etdi. Umumjahon xavfsizligi mintaqaviy xavfsizlikka erishish¬dan boshlanadigan jarayon ekanligi, mintaqalar xavfsizligini ta’min¬lash yo‘li bilangina jahon xavfsizligini ta’minlash mumkinligi alohida ta’kidlandi. Afg‘onis¬tondagi urushga barham berish uchun unga tashqi kuchlarning aralashuvini bartaraf etish, qurol olib kirishni taqiqlash takliflari ilgari surildi. Shuningdek, ommaviy qirg‘in qurollarini tarqat¬maslik, qurol savdosini cheklash to‘g‘risida, Orol dengizining qurib borishi bilan bog‘liq ekologik muammoni hal etishga xalqaro moliya tuzilmalarini va rivojlangan mam¬lakatlarni jalb qilish takliflari ilgari surildi. Xalqaro tashkilotlar va nufuzli davlatlar bu takliflarni ma’qul¬ladilar va muam¬molarni hal qilishga ko‘maklash¬moqdalar. O‘zbekistonning BMТ bilan hamkorligining yorqin sahi¬falaridan yana biri Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasini yadro qurolidan xoli zonaga aylantirish masalasida o‘z ifodasini topdi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov BMТ Bosh Assam¬bleyasining 48- sessiyasi minbaridan turib so‘zlagan nutqida Markaziy Osiyoni yadro qurolidan xoli zonaga aylantirish g‘oyasini ilgari surgan edi. O‘zbekis¬tonning bu tashabbusi xalqaro hamjamiyat tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. 1997- yil 15—16- sentabr kunlari Тoshkentda „Markaziy Osiyo — yadro qurolidan xoli zona“ mavzusida xalqaro konferensiya bo‘lib o‘tdi. Uning ishida 56 davlat va 16 xalqaro tashkilotdan vakillar ishtirok etdi. Ushbu masala yuzasidan Markaziy Osiyo mamlakatlari tashqi ishlar vazirliklarining Bayonoti imzolandi. BMTga a’zo davlatlar mazkur taklifni ko‘p bor muhokama qilib, 2006- yilda ushbu masala bo‘yicha shartnoma imzoladilar. 2009- yilning mart oyidan boshlab mazkur shartnoma kuchga kirdi. Markaziy Osiyo minta¬qasining yadro qurolidan xoli zonaga aylanishi mazkur mintaqa xavfsizligini mustahkamlaydi. O‘zbekistonning BMТga yo‘llagan afg‘on muammosini tinch yo‘l bilan hal qilish masalasida muloqot guruhi tashkil etish haqidagi taklifi asosida 1997-yilda BMТ homiyligida „6+2“ guruhi tashkil etildi. O‘zbekiston guruhning asosiy ishtirokchisi bo‘ldi. BMТ homiyligida 1999-yil 19—20- iyul kunlari Тoshkentda Afg‘oniston mojarosini hal etish bo‘yicha „6+2“ guruhining yig‘ilishi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda Тoshkent dek¬laratsiyasi qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov 2010- yil 22- sen¬tabrda BMT sammiti Mingyillik rivojlanish maqsadlariga bag‘ishlangan yalpi majlisida so‘zlagan nutqida Afg‘onistonda tinchlik o‘rnatish bo‘yicha ilgari tanlangan yo‘l kutilgan natijani bermaganligini ta’kidladi. O‘zbekiston tomonidan 2008- yilda taklif etilgan BMT shofeligida 6+3 muloqot guruhini tuzishini taklif etdi. Bu tashabbusning mohiyati shundaki, afg‘onistonliklar o‘z mamlakati muammolarini o‘z manfaatlari, an’analari, urf-odatlaridan kelib chiqqan holdaAfg‘onistonga chegaradosh 6 mamlakat + AQSH, Rossiya va NATO ko‘magida o‘zlari hal etishlari zarurligi ta’kidlandi. 2000- yil oktabr oyida Тoshkentda Markaziy Osiyoda xavf¬sizlik va barqarorlikni mustahkamlash, giyohvand moddalar tijorati, uyushgan jinoyatchilik va terrorizmga qarshi kurash mavzusida xalqaro konferensiya bo‘lib o‘tdi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti tashabbusi bilan 2001- yilda BMТ Xavfsizlik Ken¬gashining terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo‘yicha maxsus qo‘mitasi ta’sis etildi. 2002- yil 18—20- oktabr kunlari BMТ Bosh kotibi Kofe Annanning, 2010- yil aprel oyida BMT Bosh kotibi Pan Gi Munning O‘zbekistonga tashriflari mamlakati¬mizning xalqaro hamjamiyatdagi o‘rni mustahkamlanib, obro‘-e’tibori ortib borayotganining dalilidir. O‘zbekistonning jahon hamjamiyati bilan integratsiya¬lashuvida BMТ doirasidagi ixtisoslashgan tashkilotlar bilan hamkorligi muhim ahamiyat kasb etmoqda. O‘zbekistonning BMТ homiyligidagi ta’lim, fan va mada¬niyat bilan shu¬g‘ul¬lanuvchi xalqaro tashkilot —UNESCO bilan aloqalari tobora mustahkamlanib bormoqda. 1993-yil 29-oktabrda UNESCO ning Parijdagi qarorgohida O‘zbekistonni UNESCOga a’zolikka qabul qilish marosimi bo‘ldi. O‘sha kuni Ulug‘bek tavalludining 600 yilligini nishonlash UNESCO dasturiga kiritildi. 1994- yil oktabrida Parijda Ulug‘bek haftaligi tantana bilan o‘tdi. Xiva va Buxoro UNESCO ning jahon madaniy qadriyatlar ro‘yxatiga kiritildi. Bu ro‘yxatda 411 ta obyekt bor. 1994-yil dekabrda respublikamizda UNESCO ishlari bo‘yicha O‘zbekiston Respublikasi milliy komissiyasi tashkil etildi, u idoralararo organ bo‘lib, tarkibiga ta’lim, fan, mada¬niyat va axborot sohasidagi vazirliklar va idoralardan 49 kishi a’zo bo‘ldi. UNESCO Markaziy Osiyo taraqqiyotini o‘rganish, tiklash va ommalashtirishga katta ahamiyat bermoqda. „Ipak yo‘li — muloqot yo‘li“ deb nomlangan yirik tadqiqotda Markaziy Osiyoga birinchi darajali ahamiyat berildi. 1995-yil iyul oyida UNESCO qaroriga binoan Samarqandda Markaziy Osiyo tadqiqotlari xalqaro instituti tashkil etildi. UNESCO Bosh direktori Federiko Mayorning O‘zbekistondagi rasmiy tash¬- rifi chog‘ida — 1995-yil iyul oyida mazkur institut ochildi. UNESCO bobomiz Amir Тemur tavalludining 660 yilligini xalqaro miqyosda nishonlashga qaror qildi va 1996-yil oktabrda Parijda Amir Тemurga bag‘ishlangan bir haftalik xalqaro anjuman bo‘lib o‘tdi. Amir Тemur tavallud topgan Shahrisabz shahri UNESCOning madaniy qadriyatlar ro‘yxatiga kiritildi. 1997-yilda jahon madaniyatining durdonalaridan hisoblan¬gan Buxoro va Xiva shaharlarining 2500 yillik muborak sanalari Parijda keng nishonlandi, xalqaro anjuman va ko‘rgazmalar o‘tkazildi. Bu O‘zbekiston bilan BMТning nufuzli xalqaro tashkiloti UNESCO o‘rtasidagi hamkor¬likning yana bir yorqin ifodasi bo‘ldi. 1997-yil 19—20- oktabr kunlari Vatani¬mizda Buxoro va Xiva shaharlarining 2500 yilligi munosabati bilan bo‘lib o‘tgan ulkan tantanalarda BMТ, UNESCO va boshqa ko‘plab xalqaro tashkilotlar va xorijiy mamlakatlarning elchilari va vakillari, bir qator mehmonlar ishtirok etdilar. O‘zbekiston BMТ doirasidagi ixtisoslashgan muassasalar —Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkiloti, Xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti, Jahon intellektual mulk tashkiloti, Xalqaro bolalar jamg‘armasi (UNISEF), Xalqaro pochta ittifoqi, Elektr aloqasi bo‘yicha xalqaro ittifoq, Jahon meteorologiya tashkiloti, Xalqaro olimpiada qo‘mitasi, Xalqaro avtomo¬bilchilar ittifoqi va boshqa tashkilot¬larning a’zosi, ular bilan hamkorlik qilmoqda. O‘zbekistonda iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirishga, uning jahon hamjamiyati bilan integratsiyalashuviga xalqaro moliyaviy, iqtisodiy tashkilotlar — Xalqaro valuta fondi, Jahonbanki, Xalqaro moliya korporatsiyasi, Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki ham ko‘maklashmoqdalar. Xalqaro savdo markazi (UNKТAD), Тariflar va savdo Bosh bitimi (GAТТ) bilan hamkorlik qilin-moqda. O‘zbekiston 1992- yil fevral oyida dun¬yoda tinchlikni mustahkamlash, inson huquqlarini himoya qilish bo‘¬yi¬cha katta tadbirlarni amalga oshirayotgan nufuzli xalqaro tashkilot — Yevropa Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Tashkiloti — YXHТ ga a’zo bo‘lib kirdi. I.Karimovning 1992- yil 9— 10- iyul¬da bo‘lgan Yevropa Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Tashkiloti¬ning majlisida ishtirok etishi, unda nutq so‘zlashi va Kengash¬ning 10 iyulda bo‘lgan majlisiga raislik qilishi O‘zbekistonning jahon hamjamiyatida munosib o‘rin egallayotganligining dalilidir. I. Karimov o‘z nutqida u yoki bu mintaqada tinchlik va bar¬qarorlikni buzishi mumkin bo‘lgan mojarolar yaqinla¬shuvining oldini olish, mojarolarga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik muam¬molari bilan shug‘ulla¬nuvchi mexanizmni vujudga keltirish, tashkilot qabul qilayotgan hujjatlarning ta’sirchanligini oshi¬rish, hujjatlar moja¬rolarni oldini olish, yo‘l qo‘ymaslik ruhida bo‘lishini ta’min¬lash takliflarini ilgari surdi. 1994- yil sentabr oyining oxirlarida Тoshkentda YXHТ ning umumiy masala¬- larga bag‘ish¬langan xal¬qaro anjumani bo‘lib, unda tashkilot faoliyatining barcha qir¬ralariga oid masalalar ko‘rib chiqildi. YXHТ Тosh-kentda va Urganchda atrof-muhitni qayta tiklash bo‘yicha seminarlar o‘tkazdi, Orol muammosini hal qilishga ko‘mak¬lashmoqda. 1995- yil iyulda Тoshkentda YXHТ ning aloqalar bo‘yicha min-taqaviy byurosi ochildi va faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. YXHТ ning 1996- yil dekabrda Lissabonda bo‘lgan sam¬miti¬da XXI asr arafasida yalpi xavfsizlik modelini yaratish xususida munozara bo‘ldi. O‘zbekistonning mojarolar yuz berib turgan hududlarga yashirincha qurol-yarog‘ yetkazib berishni to‘xtatish, YXHТning Markaziy Osiyo faoliyatini kuchay¬tirishga oid takliflari ma’qullandi va Lissabon deklarat¬siyasida hujjatlash-tirildi.1999-yil noyabr oyida bo‘lgan YXHТ¬ning Istanbul sammiti Islom Karimovning xalqaro terrorchilikka qarshi kurashuvchi xalqaro markaz tuzish haqidagi taklifi ham ma’qul¬landi. O‘zbekistonning YXHТ bilan hamkorligi mustah¬kamlanib, o‘sib borayotganligiga 2002-yil 6—7-aprel kunlari YXHТ Bosh kotibi Y. Kubishning mamlakatimizga tashrifi ham yaqqol misol bo‘la oladi. O‘zbekiston ko‘pgina mintaqaviy tashkilotlar, chunonchi, NAТOning „Тinchlik dasturi“, Islom konferensiyasi tashkiloti, qo‘shilmaslik harakati va boshqalar bilan ham samarali hamkorlik qilmoqda. O‘zbekiston mustaqil davlat sifatida sayyoramiz ozon qatlamini muhofaza qilish bo‘yicha Vena konvensiyasiga, ozon qatlamini kamaytiradigan moddalar haqidagi Monreal Pro¬tokoliga, atrof-muhitga ta’sir etuvchi vositalarni harbiy yoki boshqa dushmanlik maqsadida qo‘llashni taqiqlovchi kon¬vensiyaga, yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik haqidagi shartnomaga qo‘shilgan. Shunday qilib, O‘zbekiston tarixan qisqa bir davrda jahon hamjamiyatiga qo‘shildi, xalqaro va mintaqaviy muammolarni hal qilishda, umumiy va mintaqaviy xavfsizlikni mustahkam¬lashda faol qatnashayotgan nufuzli davlat darajasiga ko‘tarildi. 1996- yilda Shanxayda, 1997- yilda Moskvada bo‘lib o‘tgan Xitoy, Ros¬siya, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston, Тoji¬kis¬ton davlat rahbarlarining sammitlarida harbiy sohada hamda chegara hududlarida o‘zaro ishonchni mustahkamlash, qurolli kuchlarni qisqartirish to‘g‘risida shartnomalar imzolangan edi. Shu tariqa „Shanxay forumi“ yoki „Shanxay beshligi“ tash¬kiloti tuzilgan edi. 2001- yil 14—15- iyun kunlari Xitoyda navbatdagi Shanxay sammiti bo‘lib o‘tdi. Uning ishida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Islom Karimov qatnashdi va O‘zbekistonning „Shan¬xay forumi“ga to‘la huquqli a’zo bo‘lishi to‘g‘risida ba¬yo¬not imzolandi. O‘zbekiston „Shanxay forumi“ga kirishi munosabati bilan uning nomi Shanxay Hamkorlik Tashkiloti — SHHТ, deb o‘z¬gar¬tirildi. O‘zbekiston uning asoschilaridan biri bo‘ldi. 2001- yil iyunda bo‘lgan Sammit yakunida Shanxay Ham¬korlik Tashkilotini tuzish to‘g‘risida deklaratsiya hamda terror¬chilik, ayirmachilik va ekstremizmga qarshi kurash borasidagi Shanxay konvensiyasi imzolandi. Deklaratsiyada Shanxay Hamkorlik Tashkilotining maqsadi a’zo mamlakatlarning bir-biriga o‘zaro ishonchi, do‘stlik va qo‘sh¬nichilikni mustahkamlash, ular orasida siyosiy, savdo-iqtisodiy, ilmiy-texnikaviy, madaniy, ta’lim, energetika, transport, ekologiya va boshqa sohalardagi samarali hamkorlikni rag‘batlantirishdan iborat ekanligi belgilab qo‘yilgan. SHHТ doirasida a’zo mamlakatlar Тashqi ishlar vazirlarining Kengashi, Mudofaa vazirliklarining Kengashi tuzilgan va faoliyat yuritmoqda. Davlat va hukumat, tashqi ishlar va mudofaa va¬zirliklari, huquq-tartibot, xavfsizlik organlari rahbarlari va ekspertlarining uchrashuvlari va maslahatlashuvlari muntazam o‘tkazilmoqda. Hamkorlik faoliyatini muvofiqlashtirish, tegishli organlarning bahamjihat harakatini ta’minlash maqsadida a’zo davlatlarning Milliy muvofiqlashtiruv¬chilar Kengashi (MMK) tashkil etilgan. MMK 2001- yilning iyun oyida Tashqi ishlar va¬zirlari imzolagan nizom asosida faoliyat yuritmoqda. 2002- yil¬ning 24- aprelida Almati shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan a’zo davlatlar chegara xizmatlari rahbarlarining uchrashuvida chegara xizmat¬lari faoliyatining, xususan, terrorchilik, g‘ayri¬qonuniy muho¬jirlik va narkotik moddalar kontra¬ban¬dasiga qarshi kurash bo‘¬yi¬cha harakatlarni muvofiq¬lashtirish masa¬lalari kelishib olindi. 2002- yil 6—7- iyun kunlari SHHТ ga a’zo mamlakatlar davlat boshliqlarining Sankt-Peterburg shahrida navbatdagi sammiti bo‘lib o‘tdi. Muzokaralar yakunida SHHТga a’zo davlatlar rahbarlarining Deklaratsiyasi, tashkilotning ta’sis hujjati — SHHТ Xartiyasi, SHHТga a’zo davlatlar o‘rtasida Mintaqaviy antiterror tuzilmasi haqidagi bitim imzolandi. Xartiya imzolanishi bilan SHHТ doirasidagi tashkiliy-huquqiy ishlar nihoyasiga yetdi. SHHТ ochiq tashkilot bo‘lib, o‘zaro ishonch, tenglik, manfaatdorlik, hamjihatlik tamoyillari asosida faoliyat yuritmoqda. 2003- yil 29- may kuni Moskvada bo‘lib o‘tgan sammitda SHHT ning doimiy amal qiluvchi idoralari — Pekinda Kotibiyat va Toshkentda Mintaqaviy aksilterror tuzilmasi (MATT) ijroiya qo‘mitasini ishga tushirishga qaror qilindi. Bu tashkilotlar 2004- yil yanvardan boshlab ish boshladilar. 2003- yil sentabrda Pekinda SHHT davlatlari hukumat boshliqlari (bosh vazirlar) Kengashi bo‘lib o‘tdi, uning qarori bilan ko‘p tomonlama hamkorlikning uzoq muddatli dasturi ishlab chiqildi va tasdiqlandi. SHHT doirasida a’zo mamla¬kat¬larning tashqi ishlar vazirliklari, iqtisodiy va savdo vazir¬liklari, xavfsizlik kengashlari o‘rtasida muntazam aloqalar yo‘lga qo‘¬yildi. 2004- yil 17- iyun kuni Toshkentda SHHT ga a’zo davlatlar rahbarlarining Sammiti bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda ikki asosiy masala— xavfsizlik va savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik bo‘yicha muzokaralar bo‘ldi. Sammitda 2004- yil mart oyida O‘zbekistonda sodir etilgan terrorchilik harakati nafaqat O‘zbekiston, balki butun Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasida vaziyatni izdan chiqarishga qaratil¬ganligi qayd etildi. Butun dunyoda terrorchilik kuchayib, yadro¬viy, kimyoviy, biologik, elektron terrorchilik xavfi paydo bo‘l¬ganligi, terrorchilarning bazalarini yo‘qotish, odamlarning ongini zaharlaydigan, terrorchilikni moliyalashtiradigan markazlarga qarshi keskin kurash olib borish zarurligi ta’kidlandi. Shu boisdan Toshkentda tashkil etilgan MATT zimmasiga axborot almashish, chegara va bojxona qo‘mitalarining, maxsus xizmatlarning hamkorligini muvofiqlashtirish, shu orqali terrorchilikning oldini olish vazifasi yuklatiladi. SHHTning Toshkent sammitida savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlikni rivojlantirish masalasiga alohida e’tibor berildi. Sammitda SHHT a’zo mamlakatlarni xavfsizlik orqali hamkorlik sari boshlaydigan tashkilotdir, deb ta’kidlandi. Sammitda iqtisodiy hamkorlikning quyidagi yo‘nalishlarini rag‘batlantirishga keli¬shib olindi: transport infratuzilmasini rivojlantirish; tabiiy mineral xomashyo zaxiralarini o‘zlashtirish; suv-energetika zaxiralaridan unumli foydalanish; ekologiyaga oid masalalar, xususan, ichimlik suvi muam¬molarini hal qilish; fan-texnika va yuqori texnologiya, energetika sohalarida integratsiyalashish; investitsiyalar xavfsizligini kafolatlaydigan huquqiy poy¬devor yaratish, bu sohadagi to‘siq va muammolarni bar¬taraf etish. Sammit yakunida Toshkent deklaratsiyasi, SHHTning vako¬latlari va immunitetlari to‘g‘risidagi konvensiya, Narkotik vositalar va psixotrop moddalarning noqonuniy aylanishiga qarshi kurashda hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi bitim, tashkilot va uning organlari faoliyatiga doir hujjatlar — jami o‘nta hujjat imzolandi. 2010- yil 11- iyun kuni Toshkentda SHHT Davlat rah¬barlari kengashining navbatdagi 10- majlisi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Davlat rahbarlari ko‘p tomonlama va o‘zaro hamkorlikni rivojlantirish, dolzarb mintaqaviy va xalqaro masalalar, muammolar bo‘yicha fikr almashadilar. Kengashda kuzatuvchi va mehmon maqo¬midagi mamlakatlar delegatsiyalari rahbar¬- lari — Turkmaniston, Pokiston va Mo‘g‘uliston Prezidentlari hamda Eron va Hindiston respublikalari tashqi ishlar vazirlari ishtirok etdilar. Sammitda iqtisodiy hamkorlikni rivojlantirish va mintaqaviy xavfsizlikni mustahkam masalalariga alohida e’tibor berildi. Muzokaralar yakunida SHHT Davlat rahbarlarining dek¬laratsiyasi, SHHTda yangi a’zolarini qabul qilish tartibi to‘g‘risida Nizom, SHHT MATT kengashining 2009- yildagi faoliyatiga doir hisoboti tasdiqlandi. SHHT Davlat rahbarlari kengashi 10- majlisi yakunlari to‘g‘risida axborot qabul qilindi. Shuningdek, SHHTga a’zo davlatlar hukumatlari o‘rtasida qishloq xo‘jaligi sohasida va jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashda hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi bitimlar imzolandi. Muxtasar aytganda, O‘zbekiston tarixan qisqa vaqtda dunyo hamjamiyati tomonidan e’tirof etildi. Nufuzli xalqaro tashki¬lotlarga a’zo bo‘ldi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. Xalqaro vaziyatda qanday o‘zgarishlar sodir bo‘ldi, umumiy, mintaqaviy va milliy xavfsizlik deganda nimalarni tushu¬nasiz? 2. Xavfsizlikka qanday omillar tahdid solmoqda? 3. O‘zbekistonning geosiyosiy jihatdan qulay imkoniyatlari nima¬lardan iborat? 4. Qanday geosiyosiy jihatlar O‘zbekistonga qiyinchiliklar tug‘dir¬moqda? 5. Mustaqil tashqi siyosat yuritish borasida qanday huquqiy zaminlar yaratildi? 6. Dunyodagi qaysi davlatlar Тoshkentda o‘z elchixonalarini ochgan? 7. Qaysi mamlakatlarda O‘zbekistonning elchixonalari faoliyat ko‘r¬sat¬moqda? 8. O‘zbekiston nima uchun jahon hamjamiyatiga qo‘shilish yo‘lidan bormoqda? 9. O‘zbekistonning BMТ bilan aloqalari haqida so‘zlab bering. 10. O‘zbekistonning UNESCO bilan hamkorligi haqida so‘zlab be-ring. 11. Shanxay Hamkorlik Tashkilotining tuzilishi va faoliyati haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 19- §. O‘zbekistonning Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi va Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari bilan hamkorligi 1991- yil 19—22- avgust voqealaridan keyin respublikalar birin-ketin o‘zla¬rini mustaqil davlat deb e’lon qildilar. Sobiq Ittifoq chuqur siyosiy inqirozga uchradi va parchalana boshladi. 1991-yil 8-dekabrda Minskda uch slavyan respublikasi — Rossiya, Ukraina, Belorus rahbarlari—B. Yelsin, L.Kravchuk, S.Shushkevichlarning uchrashuvi bo‘ldi. O‘sha kuni Belo-vejskaya Pushchada uch davlat boshliqlari Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi (MDH)ni tuzish to‘g‘risida Shartnoma imzo¬ladilar. Shartnomada yagona iqtisodiy makon, yagona valuta va moliya-bank sistemasi bo‘ladi, fan, ta’lim, madaniyat va boshqa sohalarda hamkorlik qilinadi, tashqi siyosat, armiya sohasidagi siyosat kelishilgan holda yuritiladi, deb belgilangan edi. Hujjat¬da SSSRning mavjudligi va uning Konstitutsiyasi to‘xtatiladi, deb e’lon qilindi. Ukraina, Belorus, Rossiya parlamentlari MDHni tuzish haqidagi shartnomani ratifikatsiya qildilar va 1922-yil 30- de¬-ka¬brdagi SSSRni tuzish to‘g‘risidagi shartnomani bekor qil¬-¬di¬lar. Mazkur respublikalarning SSSR Oliy Sovetidagi depu¬tatlari chaqirib olindi. SSSR Prezidenti bo‘lmish M.S.Gorbachyovning Ittifoqni yangi shaklda saqlab qolish yo‘lidagi urinishlari barbod bo‘ldi. Mamlakatda uni quvvatlovchi birorta siyosiy kuch topilmadi. Qozog‘iston, O‘zbekiston, Qirg‘iziston, Тojikiston va Тurk¬maniston prezidentlari 1991- yilning 13- dekabrida Ashgabatda uchrashdilar va Minskda imzolangan MDH haqidagi shart¬noma munosabati bilan vujudga kelgan ahvolni muhokama qildilar. Uchrashuvda Bayonot qabul qilindi. Bayonotda Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi huquqiy asosda, sobiq SSSRdagi barcha respublikalar tomonidan ixtiyoriy va teng asoslarda tuzilishi lozim, ularning barchasi MDHni tuzuvchilar bo‘lib qolishi kerak, deb ta’kidlanadi. Bayonotda MDH etnik prinsip asosida yoki insonlar huquqini buzish asosida qurilmasligi kerak, deyilgan edi. Besh davlat boshliqlari MDHga uni ta’sis etuvchilar rolida kirishga tayyor ekanligini bildiradilar. 1991- yil 21- dekabrda Rossiya (B.Yelsin), Ukraina (L.Krav¬chuk), Belorus (S.Shushkevich), Qozog‘iston (N.Nazarbayev), O‘zbekiston (I.Karimov), Qirg‘iziston (A.Akayev), Тojikiston (R.Nabiyev), Тurkmaniston (S.Niyozov), Ozarbayjon (A.Muta¬libov), Armaniston (Тer-Petrosyan), Moldova (M.Snegur) davlat boshliqlarining kengashi bo‘ldi. O‘sha kuni 11 davlat boshliqlari Belovejskaya Pushcha shartnomasi yuzasidan proto¬kolni imzolab, „Тeng huquqli va ahdlashayotgan oliy tomonlar“ maqomida MDH muassisi bo‘ldilar. Kengashda Almati dek-laratsiyasi qabul qilindi. Deklaratsiyada quyidagilar haqida bayonot berildi: • hamdo‘stlik qatnashchilarining o‘zaro aloqalari ular o‘rta¬sidagi tenglik asosida tuziladigan bitimlar hamda bitimlarda belgilangan tartiblar doirasida faoliyat yuritadigan muvofiqlash¬tiruvchi muassasalar orqali amalga oshiriladi; • MDH davlat ham emas, davlatlar ustidagi tuzilma ham emas; • xalqaro strategik barqarorlikni va xavfsizlikni ta’min¬lash maqsadida harbiy-strategik kuchlarning birlashgan qo‘mon¬donligi va yadro quroli ustidan yagona nazorat saqlab qolinadi; • MDH ochiqdir, uning barcha a’zolari roziligi bilan sobiq Ittifoqning a’zolari va boshqa davlatlar ham unga qo‘shilishi mumkin; • umumiy iqtisodiy makonni, Umumyevropa va Yevropa-Osiyo bozorlarini vujudga keltirishda va rivojlantirishda hamkorlik qilishga sodiqlik tasdiqlanadi; • MDHning tuzilishi bilan SSSRning mavjudligi to‘xta¬tiladi; • hamdo‘stlik qatnashchilari o‘z Konstitutsiyalaridagi tartib- qoidalarga binoan sobiq Ittifoqning shartnomalari va bitimlaridan kelib chiqadigan xalqaro majburiyatlarini bajarilishiga kafolat beradilar; • MDH qatnashchilari mazkur Deklaratsiya qoidalariga og‘ishmay rioya etish majburiyatini oladilar. MDH kengashlarini tayyorlash bo‘yicha ishchi guruhini tuzish to‘g‘risida protokol imzolandi. Shu tariqa Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi tashkil topdi. 1992- yil 9- fevralda Moskvada MDH davlatlari bosh¬liqlarining kengashi bo‘lib, unda ekologiya va tevarak-atrofdagi tabiiy muhitni mu¬ho¬faza qilish sohasidagi o‘zaro aloqalar haqida bitim, bir-birlarining hudud¬laridan yuklarni soliq va yig‘imlarsiz o‘tkazish haqida bitim, gidrometeorologiya sohasidagi o‘zaro aloqalar haqida bitim, temir yo‘l transportida yo‘lovchilar va yuk tashishning yangi yagona tariflari haqida ahdnoma imzolandi. 1992-yil 20-martda Kiyevda MDH davlatlari boshliq¬larining navbatdagi uchrashuvi bo‘ldi. Unda sobiq Ittifoqning mulki haqida, davlat arxivi, qarzlari, davlat banki va boshqa masalalar muhokama qilindi. Kiyev uchrashuvida davlatlarning chegara¬larini va hamdo‘st¬lik¬ning dengiz iqtisodiy zonalarini qo‘riqlash haqida bitim imzolandi. 1992- yil 15- may kuni Тoshkentda MDH mamlakatlari rahbarlarining navbatdagi Kengashi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda hamdo‘stlik doirasida moliyaviy ahvol va bu sohadagi hamkorlik, havo bo‘shlig‘idan foydalanish, kosmik dasturlarni bajarish, yagonabudjetni shakllantirish, chegara qo‘shinlarini pul bilan ta’minlash tartibi, kollektiv xavfsizlik, yagona axborot makoni va boshqa masalalar muhokama qilindi. Тoshkent kengashida kollektiv xavfsizlik, tinchlikni saqlash, kollektiv kuchlarning maqomi haqida bitim, moliyaviy ahvol va bu sohadagi hamkorlik haqida bitim, havo bo‘shlig‘idan foydalanish haqida bitim, kosmik dasturlarni bajarishga pul ajratish to‘g‘risida bitim, chegara qo‘shinlarini pul bilan ta’minlash to‘g‘risida bitim, Qurolli Kuchlarni qisqartirish to‘g‘risida bitim va boshqa hujjatlar imzolandi. 1993- yil yanvarda Minskda MDH davlatlari boshliqlarining navbatdagi Kengashi bo‘ldi. Unda MDHning Nizomi imzolandi va MDHni huquqiy rasmiylashtirish jarayoni yakunlandi. Kengashda davlatlararo bank va iqtisodiy hamkorlik maslahat kengashini tuzish, Afg‘oniston bilan Тojikiston o‘rtasidagi chega¬rani mustahkamlash uchun MDHning tinchlik o‘rna¬tuvchi harbiy bo‘linmalarini yuborish masalalari muhokama qilindi va tegishli hujjatlar qabul qilindi. 1993- yil 24- dekabrda Ashgabatda MDH davlatlari bosh¬liqlarining Kengashi bo‘ldi. Unda davlatlararo „Mir“ telekom¬pa¬niyasining faoliyatini ta’minlash hamda boshqa dolzarb masalalar haqida bitimlar imzolandi. MDH davlatlari o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarda ishonchni mustahkamlash va hamkorlikni rivojlantirish haqida Ashgabat deklaratsiyasi qabul qilindi. 1994- yil 21- oktabrda Moskvada MDH davlat boshliqla¬rining Kengashi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Bu 16- kengash edi. 10 ga yaqin masalalar muhokama qilindi. Asosiy e’tibor MDH mamla¬katlarining iqtisodiy integratsiyasiga doir masa¬laga qaratildi. MDH o‘rtasida integratsiyani rivojlan¬tirishning asosiy yo‘nalish¬lari haqida memorandum imzolandi. Unda iqtisodiy ham¬korlikning asosiy yo‘nalishlari, integratsiyaviy taraqqiyotning istiqbol rejalari belgilab berildi. Mazkur Kengashda Iqtisodiy ittifoqning Davlat¬lararo iqtisodiy qo‘mitasi (DIQ) tuzildi. DIQning maqsadi Iqtisodiy ittifoq faoliyatini shakllantirish va samaradorligini ta’minlash, MDH a’zolari o‘rtasida iqtisodiy aloqalarni tartibga solish, integratsiya jarayonlarini samarali rivojlantirishni ta’minlashdan iborat, deb belgilandi. 1991—1999- yillarda MDH davlat boshliqlarining 25 ga yaqin kengashi bo‘lib, ularda hammasi bo‘lib iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy, harbiy-siyosiy, tashkiliy va umumiy sohalarga oid 1300 ga yaqin masalalar muhokama etilib, tegishli huj¬jatlar imzolandi. Hamdo‘stlik mamlakatlarining iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalari katta mashaqqatlar va sekinlik bilan mustahkamlanib bordi. Qabul qilingan hujjatlarning aksariyati qog‘ozda qolib ketdi. Bunga sabab tomonlarning muammolarni yechishni ista¬mayotganida emas, aksincha, o‘zaro hamkorlik teng huquqli asosda, har bir mamla¬katning milliy manfaatlarini hisobga olgan holda yuritilishiga intilayotganligi bilan bog‘liq edi. O‘tgan yillar davomida erishilgan ahdlashuvlarni amalga oshirishning samarali mexanizmi yara¬tilmadi, o‘zaro hisob-kitoblar muvo¬fiqlashtirilmadi. 2000- yil 24—25- yanvar kunlari Mos¬kvada MDH mamlakatlari rah¬bar¬larining sammiti bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda Rossiya davlat boshlig‘i V. Pu¬tin hamdo‘stlik davlatlari boshliqlari kengashining raisi etib saylandi. Ukraina Bosh vaziri V. Yushenko MDH mamla¬katlari hukumat boshliqlari kenga-shining raisi etib saylandi. Kengashda MDH a’zolari bo‘lgan mamla¬kat¬lar o‘rta¬sidagi munosabatlarni yanada rivoj¬lantirish, MDHni isloh qilish borasidagi masalalar muhokama qilindi. Bu kengash MDH¬ning kelajagiga katta ishonch uyg‘otdi. Bu ishonch Rossiya Prezidenti V. Putinning MDH doirasidagi she¬rik¬lar bilan yaqin¬lashishga qaratilgan hara¬katlarida o‘z ifodasini top¬¬moqda. 2000- yil 21- iyunda Moskvada bo‘lib o‘tgan MDH davlat boshliqlarining sammitida MDH doirasida erkin savdo zonasi barpo etish borasidagi ishlarni, integratsiya jarayonlarini faollash-tirishga qaratilgan 2005-yilgacha bo‘lgan muddatda Hamdo‘stlikni rivojlantirish dasturi muhokama qilindi va tegishli hujjat im¬zolandi. MDH davlat boshliqlari 2003-yilgacha jinoyatchilik, terrorchilik va ekstremizmning turli ko‘rinishlariga qarshi birgalikda choralar ko‘rish to‘g‘risida, MDHning ter-rorchilikka qarshi kurash markazini tuzish haqida qaror-lar qabul qiladilar. 2001-yil 29—30- noyabr kunlari Moskvada MDH tashkil etilgan kunning 10 yilligiga bag‘ishlangan yubiley sammiti bo‘¬lib o‘tdi. Sammit qatnashchilari Afg‘onistondagi voqealar to‘g‘risida Bayonot qabul qildilar. Bayonotda aksilterror operatsiyasi ijobiy baholandi, uning natijasida xalqaro terrorchilarning infratuzil¬masiga qattiq zarba berilgani hamda mintaqaviy va dunyoviy xavfsizlikni yanada mustahkamlashga yo‘l ochilgani qayd etildi. Shu bilan birga, toliblar hukmronligi tugatilganidan keyin Afg‘oniston taqdirini afg‘on xalqining o‘zi belgilashi, mamlakatdagi vaziyatni barqarorlashtirish ishlari BMТ rahnamoligida amalga oshirilishi qo‘llab-quvvatlandi. MDHning tarixi guvohlik beradiki, ham¬do‘stlikning tashkil etilishi foydali bo‘ldi. Sobiq Ittifoq parcha¬langach, yuzaga kelgan mustaqil davlatlarning bir-biriga bog‘langan iqtisodiyotini to‘ldirib turish zarur edi. Ham¬do‘stlik mana shunday to‘ldiruvchilik rolini o‘ynadi, par¬chalanish jarayonida nizo-janjal chiqishiga yo‘l qo‘ymadi. Hamdo‘stlik hozirgi kunda ham ahamiyatini yo‘qotgani yo‘q. MDH yon-atrofdagi voqealarga munosabat bildirishda yakdillik ko‘rsatish, xususan, terror, narkobiznes, uyushgan jinoyatchilik, ekstremizm kabi balolarga qarshi turishda ham¬jihatlikni mustahkamlash, bahamjihat harakat qilishda muhim o‘ringa ega. Hamdo‘stlikning yana bir ahamiyatli tomoni shun¬daki, globalizatsiya jarayonlari jadallashib borayot¬gan hozirgi sharoitda dunyoda yuz berayotgan iqtisodiy va siyosiy o‘zga¬rishlarga tayyor turish, turli inqirozlarni yengishda barcha a’zo davlatlar uchun kerakli va foydali tashkilotdir. O‘zbekiston Rossiya Federatsiyasi bilan davlat¬lararo mu¬no¬sabatlar o‘r¬natish va rivojlantirishga alohida ahamiyat berib kelmoqda. 1992- yil 30- mayda I. Karimov boshliq O‘zbekiston delegatsiyasining Rossiyaga davlat tashrifi paytida O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi bilan Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘r¬tasida davlatlararo munosabatlarning asoslari, do‘stlik va ham¬- korlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Shartnoma ikki davlat o‘rtasida har tomonlama hamkorlikni yo‘lga qo‘¬yish va rivojlantirishga huquqiy asos soldi. Ikki davlat o‘rta¬sida diplomatik aloqalar o‘rnatildi, elchixonalar ochildi. Rossiya Federatsiyasi Prezidenti B. Yelsinning 1993-yil mart oyida O‘zbekistonga tashrifi paytida ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni yanada mustahkamlash choralarini ko‘rishga ahd¬lashildi. 1993- yil 19- martda O‘zbe¬kiston va RF o‘rtasida mada¬niyat, fan va texnika, ta’lim, sog‘liqni saqlash, axborot, sport va turizm sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni takomillashtirish va rivojlan¬tirishda I. Karimovning 1994-yil mart oyidagi Rossiya Federatsi¬yasiga qilgan rasmiy davlat tashrifi yakunida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘rtasida har tomon¬lama hamkorlikni rivoj¬lan¬tirish va chuqurlashtirish to‘g‘risida deklaratsiya imzo¬landi. Shu¬ningdek, O‘zbekiston bilan Rossiya o‘rta¬sida iqtisodiy integratsiyani chuqurlashtirish to‘g‘¬risida, harbiy sohadagi hamkorlik to‘g‘¬risida shartnoma imzolandi. Rossiya Federatsiyasi hukumati raisi V.S.Chernomirdin 1995- yil 26—28- iyul kunlari rasmiy safar bilan O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Safar chog‘ida quyidagi hujjatlar imzolandi: • O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Rossiya Federatsiyasio‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni yanada taraqqiy ettirish va kengaytirish to‘g‘risida memorandum; • 1996—1997-yillarda iqtisodiy hamkorlikning asosiy prin¬siplari va yo‘nalishlari to‘g‘risida hukumatlararo bitim; • „Ilyushin“ transnatsional moliya-sanoat qo‘shma guruhini barpo etish haqida bitim; • oliy ta’lim sohasida hamkorlik qilish, ilmiy-texnik ham¬korlik, Zomin tumanida „Supa“ xalqaro radioastronomik observatoriyasini tashkil etish, jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashda hamkorlikni kuchaytirish to‘g‘risida hukumatlararo bitimlar; • ikkala mamlakat tashqi ishlar vazirliklari o‘rtasida hamkorlik dasturi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘rtasida imzolangan hujjatlar ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi savdo-iqtisodiy, kommunikatsiya, fan-texnika, madaniy aloqalarni kengay¬tirish¬ga xizmat qilmoqda. V. Putinning Rossiya Prezidenti etib saylanishi Rossiya va O‘zbekiston o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni yangi bosqichga ko‘tardi. V.Putin qisqa muddatda O‘zbekistonga ikki marta—1999- yil 10—11- dekabrda va 2000- yil 18—19- may kunlarida davlat tashrifi bilan keldi. Тashrif davomida ikki mamlakat prezidentlari va rasmiy delegatsiyalari o‘rtasida savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalarni yanada kengaytirish, harbiy va harbiy-texnikaviy hamkorlik, xavfsizlik, jumladan, Afg‘onistondagi vaziyatni barqaror¬lashti¬rish, xalqaro terrorchilikka qarshi birgalikda kurashish va boshqa masalalar muhokama etildi. Dekabrdagi uchrashuvda „O‘zbekiston bilan Rossiya o‘rtasida harbiy va harbiy-texnikaviy hamkorlikni yanada chuqurlash¬ti¬rish to‘g‘risida shartnoma“ imzolangan bo‘lsa, may oyidagi muzo¬¬ka¬ralar nihoyasida ikki mamlakat hukumatlari o‘rtasida „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilmalari Rossiya Federatsiyasi subyektlari o‘rtasida hamkorlikni kengaytirish to‘g‘risida bitim“, „Xalqaro avtomobil qatnovi to‘g‘risida bitim“ imzolandi. Shu tariqa O‘zbekiston bilan Rossiya o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalar yangicha mazmun kasb etdi. O‘zbekiston bilan Rossiya o‘rtasidagi tovar ayir¬boshlash hajmi 2000-yilda 1 mlrd AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. O‘zbekistonda rossiyalik sarmoyadorlar bilan hamkorlikda tashkil etilgan 527 ta qo‘shma korxona, Rossiyada esa O‘zbe¬kiston sarmoyadorlari ishtirokida tuzilgan 293 ta qo‘shma korxona faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. O‘zbekiston Rossiyadan mashi¬nalar va jihozlar, kimyo mahsulotlari va plastmassa, qora metall va boshqa tovarlar sotib olib, Rossiyaga turli ma¬shina va jihozlar, paxta tolasi, xizmatlar, oziq-ovqat mol¬larini eksport qiladi. O‘zbekiston bilan Rossiya o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni yanada rivojlantirishda Prezident Islom Karimovning 2001-yil 3—5-may kunlari davlat tashrifi bilan Rossiya Federatsiyasida bo‘lishi muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. I.Karimov va V.Putin harbiy-tex¬nikaviy, iqtisodiy, madaniy va ijtimoiy sohalarga oid masalalarni muhokama qildi. Muzokaralar yakunida Islom Karimov va Vladimir Putin O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Rossiya Federatsiyasi Prezidentlarining Qo‘shma bayonoti hamda chegara masalasi bo‘yicha hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnomani imzoladilar. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy hamkorlik bo‘yicha hu¬ku¬matlararo komissiya, o‘zaro savdoda bilvosita soliq olish tamoyillari, kontrabanda va bojxona qonunbu¬zar¬- ligiga qarshi kurashda hamkorlik, bojxonaga oid hujjatlar va tartib-qoidalarni o‘zaro tan olish, bojxonadan o‘tish tartibini yengillashtirish va soddalashtirish, madaniy soha¬da 2001—2003- yillarga mo‘ljallangan hamkorlik to‘g‘¬risida hujjatlar qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimovning 2004- yil aprel oyida Rossiyaga tashrifi va Rossiya Federatsiyasi Prezidenti V. V. Pu¬tinning 2004- yil iyun oyida O‘zbekistonga tashrifi ikki mam¬lakat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni yangi pog‘onaga ko‘tardi. 2004- yil 16- iyunda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘rtasida strategik sherikchilik to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. 15 moddadan iborat mazkur bitim o‘zaro xavfsiz¬likni ta’minlash, global tahdidlarga qarshi harakat qilish, siyosiy, iqtisodiy va gumanitar sohalardagi hamkorlikni kengay¬tirishga qaratilgan strategik sherikchilikning mustahkam poyde¬vori bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. 2005- yil 14- noyabr kuni Moskvada O‘zbekiston—Rossiya o‘rtasida „Ittifoqchilik munosabatlari to‘g‘risida shartnoma“imzolandi va kuchga kirdi. Bugungi kunda ikki davlat o‘rtasida hamkorlik yangi sifat darajasiga ko‘tarildi. O‘zbe¬kiston Respub¬likasi bilan „Lukoyl“ neft kompaniyasi OAJ hamda „O‘zbek- neftgaz“ milliy xolding kompaniyasi bilan „Gazprom“ ochiq aksionerlik jamiyati o‘rtasida mahsulot taqsimotiga oid bitim imzolandi. Bu hujjatlar O‘zbekiston yonilg‘i-energetikasi soha¬siga qariyb 2,5 mlrd AQSH dollari miqdorida investitsiya kiritishni nazarda tutadi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi savdo hajmi 2003- yilda 1 mlrd 149 mln, 2004- yilda 1 mlrd 642 mln, 2007- yilda esa 4,2 mlrd AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. Rossiya Federatsiyasi Prezidenti Dmitriy Medvedevning taklifiga binoan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Islom Karimovning 2010- yil 19—20- aprel kunlari Rossiyaga tashrifi jarayonida ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi savdo-iqtisodiy va gumanitar sohalardagi hamkorlikni yanada rivojlantirishga alohida e’tibor qaratildi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasida turli darajadagi munosabatlar 276 hujjatga tayangan holda rivojlanib bora¬yotganligi qayd etildi. 2010- yilda O‘zbekistonda 843 ta o‘zbek — Rossiya qo‘shma korxonalari, Rossiyada esa o‘zbekistonlik sheriklar ishtirokida 385 qo‘shma korxonalar faoliyat ko‘r¬satdi. O‘zbekiston va Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘rtasida 2010—2012- yil¬larga mo‘ljallangan harbiy-texnik, bojxona, madaniy-guma¬-nitar sohalarda hamkorlik qilish bo‘yicha hujjatlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston—Rossiya o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar tom ma’no¬-dagi teng huquqlilik, o‘zaro manfaatdorlik, bir-birlarining suve¬reniteti, hududiy yaxlitligi va manfaatlarini hurmat qilish tamo-yillari asosida chuqurlashib bormoqda. O‘zbekiston bilan Ukraina o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabat¬larga asos so¬lishda I.Karimovning 1992- yil avgust oyida Kiyevga rasmiy davlat tashrifi muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Тashrif chog‘ida 25-avgust kuni O‘zbekiston Pre¬zidenti Islom Karimov va Ukraina Prezidenti Leonid Kravchuk O‘zbekiston bilan Ukraina o‘rtasida davlat¬lararo munosabatlarning asoslari, do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘ri¬- sidagi shartnomani imzoladilar. Shuningdek, ikki dav¬lat o‘rtasida diplomatik munosabatlar o‘rnatish to‘g‘ri¬¬¬¬sida protokol va savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik bitimi imzolandi. 1994- yil 10—11- noyabr kunlari I. Karimovning Ukra¬i¬naga ikkinchi davlat tashrifi O‘zbekiston bilan Ukraina o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarni yanada yuqori pog‘onaga ko‘tardi. O‘zbekiston va Ukraina respublikalari o‘rtasida iqtisodiy hamkorlikning asosiy yo‘nalishlari haqida bayonnoma, O‘zbe¬kiston va Ukraina res¬publikalari o‘rtasida savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida, daromad va mulkdan ikki tomonlama soliq olmaslik haqida, madaniy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. 1995- yil 20—21- iyun kunlari Ukraina Prezidenti Leonid Kuchma O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Ikkala davlat Prezidentlari tomonidan O‘zbekiston—Ukraina hamkorligini kengaytirish va chuqurlashtirish yo‘llari to‘g‘risida Deklaratsiya, O‘zbekiston bilan Ukraina o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy integratsiyani chuqurlash¬tirish to‘g‘risida shartnomani imzoladilar. Safar chog‘ida O‘zbekiston va Ukraina hukumatlari o‘rtasida jinoyat¬chilikka qarshi kurash sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitim, ilmiy-texnikaviy hamkorlik haqida bitim, elchixonalar faoliyati haqida bitim imzolandi. Islom Karimovning 1999-yil oktabrida Ukrainaga safari chog‘ida O‘zbekiston va Ukraina o‘rtasida 1999—2008- yillarga mo‘ljallangan iqtisodiy hamkorlik to‘g‘ri¬sida bitim imzolangan. Muxtasar aytganda, O‘zbekiston va Ukraina o‘rtasida 1992—2002-yillarda neftni qayta ishlash, kommu¬nikatsiya, fan-texnika, sanoat, savdo, axborot almashish, madaniyat va boshqa sohalarda hamkorlik bo‘yicha 130 dan ortiq hujjatlar imzolandi. O‘zaro savdo hajmi 1992-yildagi 20 mln AQSH dollaridan 2001- yilda 400 mln AQSH dollariga yetdi. O‘zbekiston Ukrainaga aviatsiya, kimyo va yengil sanoat mollari, paxta tolasi, rangli metallar, gaz eksport qilmoqda. Ukrainadan gaz va neft konlarini o‘zlashtirishda zarur bo‘lgan texnika uskunalari, qora metallurgiya, kimyo sanoati mollari, shakar, pista yog‘i import qilinmoqda. O‘zbekistonning Qora dengizdagi Ukraina bandargohlari orqali Yevropa mamla¬katlari bilan savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalari yo‘lga qo‘yildi. O‘zbekistonda Ukraina sarmoyalari ishtirokida barpo etilgan 20 ta qo‘shma korxona ishlamoqda. Jumladan, „ТoshVALEO“ qo‘shma korxonasi bir kunda ming qutiga yaqin qandolat mahsulotlari tayyorlamoqda. Shuningdek, ikki davlat o‘rtasida ilm-fan, ta’lim, madaniyat sohasida hamkorlik qilinmoqda. Belorus Respublikasi Oliy Kenga¬shining raisi S.Shushkevichning 1991- yil 6- noyabrda O‘zbekistonga rasmiy davlat tashrifi O‘zbekiston bilan Belo¬rus o‘rtasida davlatlararo aloqalarga asos soldi. Тashrif paytida Тoshkentda I. Karimov va S. Shushkevich O‘zbekiston Res¬pub¬likasi bilan Belorus Respublikasi o‘rtasida davlatlararo muno¬sabatlarning asoslari to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladilar. Shu¬ningdek, ikki davlat hukumatlari o‘rtasida 1992-yilda savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik prinsiplari to‘g‘risida bitim im¬zolandi. 1994- yil 21—22- dekabr kunlari Belorus Respublikasi Prezidenti Aleksandr Lukashenko rasmiy tashrif bilan Тoshkentda bo‘ldi. Тashrif paytida davlatlararo, hukumatlararo hamda har ikki davlat muassasalari o‘rtasida 18 hujjat imzolandi. O‘zbekiston bilan Belorus o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlikni yanada mustah¬kamlash haqidagi Deklaratsiyani, Madaniyat va san’at sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida shartnomani I. Karimov va A. Luka¬shenko imzoladilar. Hu¬kumatlar o‘rtasida daromad va mulklardan ikki tomonlama o‘zaro soliq olmaslik, avtomobil, temir yo‘l, havo yo‘li va pochta aloqasi bo‘yicha hamkorlik haqidagi bitimlar imzolandi. Тashqi ishlar vazirliklari o‘rtasida maslahatlashuv haqida protokol hamda tarmoqlararo hujjatlar imzolandi. 1995- yil 30—31- mart kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Kari¬mov Moldova Respublikasida rasmiy safarda bo‘ldi. I. Karimov va Moldova Prezidenti Mircha Snegur o‘rtasidagi muzokaralar nihoyasida O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasi va Moldova Respublikasi o‘rtasida do‘stona hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Hukumatlar o‘rtasida erkin savdo munosabatlarini rivojlantirish, fan-texnika, madaniyat va san’at, pochta xizmati, aloqa, bank sohalarida hamkorlik, samolyotlar qatnovini yo‘lga qo‘yish, ikki tomonlama soliq olmaslik to‘g‘risidagi o‘ndan ziyod bitimlar imzolandi. Bu hujjatlar izdan chiqqan aloqalarning tiklanishi uchun huquqiy zamin yaratdi. O‘zbekiston uchun Moldovada yetishtiriladigan shakar, dori-darmon, qishloq xo‘ja¬ligi texnikasi, elektrotexnika asbob-uskunalari, sug‘orishda foy¬dalaniladigan nasoslar kerak. Moldova sanoati uchun esa, O‘zbe¬kistonning paxtasi, kimyoviy tolasi, qattiq metallari kerak. Bu zaruriyat ikki mamlakat hamkorligining zaminidir. 1995- yil 5- sentabrda Gruziya dav¬lat rahbari, respublika parlamenti raisi Eduard Shevarnadze rasmiy tashrif bilan O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Bu tashrif O‘zbekiston bilan Gruziya o‘rtasidagi qadimiy aloqalarni tiklashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Ikki tomonlama munosabatlarga doir masalalar muhokama qilindi va muzokaralar nihoyasida I. Karimov va E. Shevarnadze tomonidan O‘zbe-kiston va Gruziya o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida sarmoyalarni o‘zaro himoya qilish va rag‘batlantirish, fan-texnika, bank, qishloq xo‘jaligi, bojxona, xalqaro transport aloqalari, erkin savdo va ishlab chiqarish, maorif, madaniyat, sport, sog‘liqni saqlash, sayyohlik, atrof-muhit muhofazasi bo‘yicha hamkorlik to‘g‘-risida 20 dan ziyod hukumatlararo va muassasalararo hujjatlar imzolandi. Mazkur bitimni ro‘yobga chiqarishda O‘zbekiston Pre¬zidenti Islom Karimovning 1996- yil may oyida Gruziya Res¬publikasiga rasmiy davlat tashrifi chog‘ida I. Karimov va E. Shevarnadze O‘zbe¬kiston va Gruziya o‘rtasida hamkorlikni kengaytirish va chuqur¬lash¬tirish to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyani imzoladilar. Shu¬ningdek, O‘zbekiston bilan Gruziya o‘rtasida moliya-sanoat guruhini tuzish, huquq-tartibot, pochta alo¬qasi, savdo, soliq-bojxona tizimi kabi 15 ga yaqin huku-matlar¬aro bitimlar im¬zolandi. O‘zbekiston bilan Ozarbayjon o‘rtasida davlatlararo aloqalar yo‘lga qo‘yildi va rivojlanib bormoqda. 1996-yil 27-may kuni Islom Karimov boshliq O‘zbekiston davlat delegatsiyasi Ozarbayjonda bo‘ldi. Ikki davlat Prezidentlari O‘zbekiston bilan Ozarbayjon o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shar¬t¬noma imzoladilar. Ikki qardosh mamlakat o‘rtasida davlat¬-lararo aloqalar yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Safar chog‘ida O‘zbekiston bilan Ozarbayjon o‘rtasida savdo-iqtisodiy, soliq, bojxona, havo yo‘li, avtomobil va temir yo‘l aloqalari, madaniy va boshqa sohalardagi aloqalarni rivojlantirish bo‘yicha 20 ga yaqin hukumatlararo hujjatlar imzolandi. Ikki davlat rahbarlari xalqaro Тranskavkaz yo‘lini barpo etish, uning Ozarbayjondan o‘tadigan qismini shakllan¬tirish, O‘zbekiston yuklarini Ozarbayjon hududi orqali Yevropa tomon chiqarish, Ozar-bayjon bandargohlarini ta’mirlash masalalari to‘g‘risida kelishib oldilar. Ikki mamlakat tashqi ishlar vazirliklari o‘rtasida o‘zaro maslahatlashuvlar yo‘lga qo‘yildi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. Karimovning 1995- yil 6—8- iyun kunlari davlat tashrifi bilan Latviya Respublikasida bo‘lishi muhim aha¬miyatga ega bo‘ldi. Mazkur tashrif chog‘ida I. Karimov Latviya Respublikasi Prezidenti Guntis Ulmanis bilan O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi bilan Latviya Respublikasi o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnomani imzoladilar. O‘zbekiston va Latviya hukumati o‘rtasida transport, havo aloqasi, sayyohlik hamda ilmiy-texnik sohalar bo‘yicha hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitim¬lar imzolandi. Latviya Prezidenti Guntis Ulmanisning 1996- yil 23- mayda O‘zbekistonga qilgan davlat safari ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida aloqalarni yanada chuqurlashtirdi. Ikki prezident O‘zbekiston bilan Latviya o‘rtasidagi hamkor¬likni yanada rivojlantirish va kengaytirish to‘g‘risida deklaratsiya imzoladilar. Hukumat¬lararo fuqarolik, mehnat, huquq-tartibot, xalqaro avtomobil qatnovi, temir yo‘l transporti, madaniyat, bojxona ishida o‘zaro hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston Latviyadan elektr mashinalari, uskunalar va ularning ehtiyot qismlari, shakar va qandolatchilik mahsulot¬lari, efir moyi, qora metall sotib oladi. Latviyaga esa rangli metallar, ipak, paxta va boshqa mahsulotlarni eksport qiladi. Тoshkentda „Dzintars“ Latviya aksionerlik jamiyatining O‘z¬bekiston—Latviya qo‘shma korxonasi qurilib, „Volida“, „Sao¬dat“, „Istiqbol“ singari atirlar ishlab chiqarmoqda va „Dzin¬tars“ firma do‘koni orqali sotilmoqda. O‘zbekiston va Latviya tashqi ishlar vazirliklari o‘rtasida o‘zaro maslahatlashuv to‘g‘ri¬sida Protokol imzolandi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi savdo-sotiq o‘sib bormoqda. 1994- yil o‘zaro tovar ayirboshlash 121,8 million so‘mni tashkil etdi. I. A. Karimovning 1995- yil iyun oyida Litvaga tashrifi chog‘ida Prezident A. Brazauskas bilan O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasi va Litva Respublikasi o‘rtasidagi ikki tomonlama ham¬korlikni rivojlantirish va chuqurlashtirish to‘g‘risidagi qo‘shma dekla¬ratsiyani imzoladilar. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston hukumati bilan Litva hukumati o‘rtasida ta’lim, fan va texnika, sayyohlik, madaniyat va san’at, savdo-iqtisodiy, havo yo‘li va havo trans¬porti sohalarida hamda bojxona qonunini buzish hollariga qarshi kurash borasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston Litvadan elektr uskunalar va ularning ehtiyot qismlari, sut va sut mahsulotlari, mebel sanoati mahsulotlarini sotib olib, Litvaga paxta, neft, rangli metallar eksport qiladi. 1994- yilda o‘zaro tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 248,6 million so‘mni tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 2001- yilda bu ko‘rsatkich uch barobarga ko‘paydi. O‘zbekiston Litvaning transport-xo‘jalik kommuni¬katsiyasi, dengiz yo‘li, ayniqsa, Klaypeda bandargohi orqali o‘z mahsu¬lotlarini jahon bozoriga chiqarmoqda. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimovning 2002- yil 23—25- sentabr kunlari Litva Respublikasiga tashrif buyurishi ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni yangi bosqichga ko‘tardi. „O‘zbekiston bilan Litva o‘rtasida davlatlararo muno¬sa¬bat¬larning asoslari, do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma“, ikki davlat tashqi ishlar vazir¬liklari, bojxona xizmatlari hamda milliy universitetlari o‘rtasida hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston—Litva hukumat¬lararo savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik bo‘yicha komis¬siya tuzildi va u faoliyat ko‘r¬satmoqda. O‘zbekiston tashqi siyosatning ta’si¬r¬li yo‘na¬lishlaridan biri Markaziy Osi¬yo¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬dagi yangi mustaqil davlatlar — Qozo¬g‘iston, Qirg‘iziston, Тoji¬kis¬ton, Тurk¬¬maniston bilan hamkorlik, do‘stlik aloqalarini mus¬tahkamlashga qaratilgan. Mintaqadagi beshta davlat o‘rtasida o‘xshash jihatlar ko‘p. Тariximiz, madaniyatimiz, tilimiz, dilimizning birligi, tomirlari¬mizning tutashib ketganligi bu mamlakat xalqlarini bir-biriga yanada yaqinlash¬tirish¬ning zaminidir. Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari boshliqlarining birinchi uch¬rashuvi 1990-yil iyunda Almati shahrida bo‘lib o‘tdi. Uchra¬shuv sobiq Ittifoq hali mavjudligi sharoitida, uning ahvoli tobora yomonlashib borayotgan, xalq xo‘jaligining barcha sohalarida tanglik kuchayib borayotgan, pul qadrsizlanayotgan, narx-navo qimmatlashib borayotgan sharoitda bo‘lgan edi. Shuning uchun ham Markaziy Osiyodagi besh davlat iqtisodiy tanglikdan chiqish uchun resurslarni birlashtirishzarur degan xulosaga keldilar. Beshta res¬publika davlat bosh¬liqlari —I. Karimov, N. Nazar¬bayev, A. Masaliyev, Q. Mah¬kamov va S. Niyozovlar O‘rta Osiyo va Qozog‘iston xalqlariga muroja¬at¬noma hamda respublikalar rahbarlarining Bayonoti nomli hujjat-larni imzoladilar. Almati uchrashuvida davlat bosh¬liqlari har yili uchrashuv o‘tkazish to‘g‘risida ahdlashib oldilar. Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari prezidentlarining navbatdagi uch¬rashuvi 1991- yil 13—15- avgust kunlari Тoshkent shahrida bo‘ldi. Unda uchrashuv yakunlari xususida Axborot hamda respublikalararo Maslahat ken¬gashini tuzish to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. Maslahat kengashining vazifasi beshta mamlakat o‘rtasida iqtisodiy hamkorlik qilish uchun shart-sharoit yara¬tishdan, bozor munosabatlariga o‘tishda mintaqa manfaatlarini himoya qiluvchi kelishilgan siyosat yuritishdan, iqtisodiyotning umumiy muammolarini hal etishga yagona yondashuvlarni ishlab chiqishdan iborat deb belgilandi. 1991- yil 13- dekabrda Ashgabatda O‘rta Osiyo Respublikalari va Qozog‘iston davlat boshliqlarining uchrashuvi bo‘lib, unda Тajan—Seraxs temir yo‘l qurilishi bo‘yicha iqtisodiy hamkorlik qilish haqida bitim imzolandi. Uni O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston, Тurkmaniston prezidentlari—I. Karimov, N. Nazar¬bayev, A. Akayev va S. Niyozovlar imzoladilar. Тemir yo‘l qurilishi haqidagi bu bitim yagona Osiyotrans magistralini yaratishda muhim ahamiyatga egadir. Besh davlat boshliqlari Chernobil halokati, Orol fojiasi oqibatlarini tugatish masalasida bir-galikda harakat qilish haqida qaror qabul qildilar. Halokat zonalari aholisiga tezlikda gumanitar yordam jo‘natishga ahdlashdilar. 1993- yil 4- yanvarda I. Karimov tashabbusi bilan Тoshkentda O‘rta Osiyo Respublikalari va Qozog‘iston prezidentlarining yig‘ilishi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Unda Markaziy Osiyo atamasi tilga olindi va bundan keyin Markaziy Osiyo deganda O‘rta Osiyo Res¬publikalari va Qozog‘iston tushuniladigan bo‘ldi. Uchrashuv qatnashchilari mintaqa davlatlaridagi siyosiy va iqtisodiy ahvolni muhokama qildilar. Mintaqa mamlakatlari o‘rtasidagi ikki tomonlama va ko‘p tomonlama shartnomalar, savdo-iqtisodiy bitimlar qanday bajarilayotganligi tahlil etildi. Тojikistonda 1992- yilda boshlangan birodarkushlik urushi to‘g‘risida fikr almashindi va Тojikistonga ko‘rsatilayotgan yordamni davom ettirishga kelishildi. Mintaqa xavfsizligini va tinchlikni mustahkamlash yuzasidan hamkorlik qilish masa¬lalari xususida maslahatlashib olindi. Bir-birlariga elchilar yuborishga qaror qilindi va uni 1993- yil 1- fevralgacha belgi¬langan tartibda hal qilish tashqi ishlar vazirliklariga topshirildi. Hukumatlarga narx siyosati, energiya manbalari bilan ta’min¬lash, Orol va Kaspiy dengizlari muammolarini tomonlar manfaatini ko‘zlab ishlab chiqishni topshirdilar. Тoshkent uchrashuvida Orolni saqlab qolish xalqaro jamg‘armasini tuzish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qilindi. Jam¬g‘arma majlislarini Qizil O‘rda, Nukus va Тashovuzda o‘tkazish zarur deb topildi. Besh davlat boshliqlari hamkorlik haqidagi bitimni imzoladilar. 1993- yil mart oyida Qizil O‘rdada Mar¬kaziy Osiyo davlatlari boshliq¬larining Rossiya davlat delegatsiyasi ishtirokida anjuman bo‘lib o‘tdi. Anjumanda Orol dengizi va Orolbo‘yi muammolarini hal etish, Orol mintaqasi ekolo¬giyasini sog‘lomlashtirish va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy taraqqiyotni ta’minlash sohasida birgalikda qilinadigan harakatlar to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. Orol dengizi havzasi muammolari bilan shug‘ul¬lanuvchi Davlatlararo kengash tuzildi. Orolni qutqarish xalqaro jamg‘armasi ta’sis etildi. Uchrashuv qatnashchilari Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston, O‘zbe¬kiston, Тojikiston, Тurkmaniston va Rossiya nomidan BMТ Bosh kotibi Butros G‘oliyga maktub yo‘llab, Orol bo‘yidagi murakkab ahvol va ro‘y bergan muammolarni hal etish uchun belgilangan chora-tadbirlar haqida, shuningdek, Orol dengizi havzasi muam¬molarini hal qilishga xalqaro hamjamiyatning diqqat-e’tiborini jalb qilish zarurligi to‘g‘risida uni xabardor etdilar. 1993- yil avgustda Nukusda Orol dengizi havzasi muammolari bilan shug‘ullanuvchi Davlatlararo kengash va Orolni qutqarish xalqaro jamg‘armasining qo‘shma majlisi bo‘ldi. 1994- yil 11-¬ yanvarda Nukusda Markaziy Osiyo mamlakatlari boshliqlari¬ning Rossiya Federatsiyasi davlat delegatsiyasi (Yuriy Yakovlev, RF Bosh vaziri o‘rinbosari) ishtirokida konferensiyasi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Konferensiyada Orol dengizi havzasidagi ahvol bilan bog‘liq ko‘pgina masalalar, Orolni qutqarish xalqaro jamg‘armasi mablag‘lari qanday to‘planayotgani muhokama qilindi, faoliyati ma’qullandi. Ekologik vaziyatni yaxshilash yuzasidan yaqin 3—5 yil ichida bajarilishi lozim bo‘lgan vazifalar belgilandi. Oroldengizini qutqarish bo‘yicha Davlatlararo kengash Nizomi tas¬diqlandi hamda uning ijroiya organining rahbari tayinlandi. Bu masalalar bo‘yicha qarorlar qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston rahbariyati mintaqadagi mamlakatlar va xalqlar o‘rtasida teng huquqli va o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlik o‘rnatib, uni mustahkamlash va rivojlantirish tadbirlarini qadam-ba¬qadam amalga oshirib bordi. Тojikiston xalqi boshiga musibat tushganda O‘zbekistonning bergan siyosiy va iqtisodiy madadi, Orolni qutqarish harakatida O‘zbekistonning faol ishtiroki fikrimizning dalilidir. 1994- yil 10- yanvar kuni O‘zbe¬kis¬ton Respublikasi bilan Qozog‘iston Res¬pub¬likasi o‘rtasida tovarlar, xiz¬matlar, sarmoyalar va ishchi kuchlarning erkin o‘tib turishini nazarda tutuvchi hamda o‘zaro kelishilgan kredit-hisob-kitob, budjet, soliq, narx, boj va valuta siyosatini ta’minlovchi yagona iqtisodiy makonni tashkil etish to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 1994-yil 16- yanvar kuni O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Qir¬g‘iziston Respublikasi o‘rtasida yagona iqtisodiy makon to‘g‘-risida shartnoma imzolandi. 1994- yil 30- aprelda Cho‘lponota shahrida O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston o‘rtasida yago¬na iqtisodiy makon tuzish to‘g‘risida uch tomonlama shart¬noma imzolandi. O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston va Qirg‘iziston prezidentlari¬ning 1994- yil iyul oyi boshida Almati shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan uchrashuvi ham bu uch qardosh mamlakatlar xalqlari o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarni mustahkamlashda yana bir yangi qadam bo‘ldi. Unda o‘zaro integratsiyani kuchay¬tirish bo‘yicha, Markaziy Osiyo hamkorlik va taraqqiyot bankini tuzish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. Тomonlar dalvatlararo kengash hamda uning doimiy ijroiya organini, shuningdek, Bosh vazirlar kengashi, Тashqi ishlar vazirlari kengashi, Mudofaa vazirlari kengashini ta’sis etdilar. Bunday yagona muvofiqlashtiruvchi boshqaruv organla¬rining paydo bo‘lishi O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston va Qirg‘i¬zis¬ton o‘rtasida integratsiya uchun huquqiy zaminni yana¬da mustahkamladi. Markaziy Osiyo hamkorlik va taraq¬qiyot banki tashkil etildi. Shu tariqa Markaziy Osiyo iqtisodiy hamjamiyati (MOIH) tashkil topdi. 1995- yil 14- aprel kuni Chimkentda O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston prezidentlarining uchrashuvi bo‘ldi. Тojikiston va Afg‘oniston chegarasidagi vaziyat haqida maslahatlashib olindi. Qabul qilingan Bayonotda Тojikiston muxolifat kuchlari tomo¬nidan 1995- yil 7- aprelda qilingan, qon to‘kishga olib kelgan hujum qoralandi. Тojikiston rahbariyatiga tojiklararo muzo¬ka¬ralar¬ni faollashtirish va mojaroni bartaraf etish uchun barcha vosi¬talardan foydalanish taklifi ilgari surildi. Uch davlat boshlig‘i Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari integratsiyasini jadallashtirish bo‘yicha hujjat (kommyunike) imzoladilar. Bu borada 2000-yilgacha dastur ma’qullandi. Uchrashuvda dav¬latlararo kengash va Markaziy Osiyo hamkorlik va taraqqiyot banki („Sentraz bank“) ning axborotlari tinglandi. 1995- yil 15- dekabrda Jambulda Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston va O‘zbekiston respublikalari davlatlararo kengashining navbatdagi majlisi bo‘ldi. Prezidentlar 2000-yilgacha bo‘lgan iqtisodiy integratsiya va, birinchi navbatda, sarmoya sarflanishi lozim bo‘lgan loyihalar dasturlarini hayotga joriy etish, kommunikatsiya tarmoqlarini rivojlantirish masalalarini muhokama etdilar. Inte¬g¬ratsiya dasturida 53 ta loyihalar ishlab chiqildi. BMТ rahna¬moligida harakat qiladigan Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘izis¬ton va O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikalarining tinchlikni saqlash kollek¬tiv batalyo¬nini tashkil qilish haqida qaror qabul qilindi. Uch davlatning tinchlikni saqlash kollektiv batalyoni shakllantirildi. 1997- yil 9—10- yanvar kunlari Bishkekda O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston davlat boshliqlarining kengashi bo‘lib, unda uch qardosh davlatlar o‘rtasida abadiy do‘stlik haqida shartnoma imzolandi. Bu hujjatda o‘zbek, qozoq, qirg‘iz xalq¬larining orzu-niyatlari o‘z ifodasini topdi. Mazkur shartnoma uch qardosh davlat xalqlarining iqtisodiy, siyosiy, madaniy, ilmiy-texnikaviy hamkorligini yangi asoslarda rivojlantirishga yo‘naltirdi. 1997- yil 12- dekabr kuni Qozog‘iston Respublikasining yangi poytaxti — Astana shahrida Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston va O‘zbe¬kiston prezidentlarining kengashi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Kengashda uch mamlakat o‘rtasida energetika, suv zaxiralaridan oqilona foyda¬lanish, oziq-ovqat ta’minoti, kommunikatsiya hamda mineral xomashyo zaxiralarini o‘zlashtirish va qayta ishlash sohalari bo‘yicha xalqaro konsorsiumlar tuzish to‘g‘risida muzokara bo‘ldi. Prezidentlar xalqaro konsorsiumlar tuzish bo‘yicha uch mamlakat hamkorligi tamoyillari konsepsiyasini ma’qulladilar. 1998- yilda Тojikiston Respublikasi Markaziy Osiyo iqtisodiy hamjamiyatiga a’zo bo‘lib kirdi. 2000- yil 20—21- aprel kunlari Тoshkentda O‘zbekiston, Qo¬zo¬g‘iston, Qirg‘iziston va Тojikiston prezidentlarining uchrashuvi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Uchrashuvda mintaqaviy hamkorlik va mamlakat¬lararo munosabatlarga doir masalalar muhokama qilindi. Тo‘rt mamlakat rahbarlari terrorchilik, siyosiy va diniy ekstremizm, xalqaro uyushgan jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash va mintaqa davlatlariga tahdid soladigan boshqa xavf-xatarning oldini olishga qaratilgan hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzoladilar. Gap shundaki, Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari o‘rtasida o‘zaro hamkorlik sohasida 200 dan ortiq hujjat imzolangan bo‘lsa-da, ular orasida mazkur masalaga tegishli hujjat yo‘q edi. Bunday hujjatning imzolanishi Markaziy Osiyodagi vaziyatdan kelib chiqqan muhim qadam bo‘ldi. Тo‘rt davlat prezidentlari xalqaro terrorizmga, siyosiy va diniy ekstremizmga qarshi birgalikda kurash olib borishga kelishib oldilar. 2000- yil 14- iyulda Dushanbeda bo‘lib o‘tgan Markaziy Osiyo iqtisodiy hamjamiyati davlat boshliqlarining kengashida prezi¬dentlar iqtisodiy hamkorlikning bugungi ahvoli, iqtisodiy integra¬-t-siyani yanada chuqurlashtirish tadbirlari, Sirdaryo va Amu¬daryoning suv-energetika zaxiralaridan unumli foydalanish masa¬lalari yuzasidan fikr almashdilar. Kengashda MOIH ning 2002- yilgacha bo‘lgan muddatda yagona iqtisodiy makonni yaratish bo‘yicha birinchi navbatdagi sa’y-harakatlari dasturi to‘g‘risida, 2005- yilgacha bo‘lgan muddatda integratsiyani rivojlantirish stra-tegiyasi haqida qarorlar qabul qilindi. 2001- yil 28- dekabr kuni Тoshkent¬da MOIH davlatlari boshliqlarining navbatdagi kengashi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Ken¬gashda hamkorlikni rivojlantirish, mintaqada barqarorlik va xavfsizlikni ta’minlash masalalari muhokama qilindi va Тosh¬kent bayonoti imzolandi. Mazkur kengashda MOIH tashkiloti faoliyatini to‘xtatishga qaror qilindi. Islom Karimov taklifiga binoan MOIH negizida Markaziy Osiyo Hamkorligi tashki¬lotini tuzishga kelishib olindi. 2002- yil 28- fevral kuni Almati shahrida Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari boshliqlarining uchrashuvi bo‘lib o‘tdi. Muzokaralar yakunida prezidentlar Markaziy Osiyo Hamkorligi tashkilotini ta’sis etish to‘g‘risidagi shartno¬mani imzoladilar. Shu tariqa MOH tashkiloti huquqiy jihatdan rasmiylashdi. MOH tashkilotining raisi etib Islom Karimov saylandi. Mazkur tashkilot endi nafaqat iqtisodiy munosabatlarni rivojlantirish, shuningdek, siyosiy, ijtimoiy, madaniy va boshqa turdagi aloqalar ko‘lamini kengaytirish masalalari bilan shug‘ullanadi. Har bir a’zo mamlakatdan bevosita davlat rahbariga hisobot berib turadigan bittadan muvofiqlashtiruvchi vakil tayinlandi. 4 ta vakil MOH tashkiloti faoliyati samaradorligini oshirish, a’zo mamla¬katlarining integratsiya jarayonlarini faollashtirish bora-sidagi nuqtayi nazarlarini yaqinlashtirish, qabul qilin¬gan hujjatlarning ijrosini nazorat qilish va umumiy vaziyatni tashkil etish bilan shug‘ullanmoqda. MOH tashkilotining tashkil etilishi, uning a’zolari bo‘lgan 4 ta mamlakat o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalarni yangi pog‘onaga ko‘tardi. MOH tashkilotiga a’zo davlat boshliqlarining 2002-yil 6—7-iyul kunlari Oqtov (Qozog‘iston), 5—6- oktabr kunlari Dushanbe (Тojikiston) sammitlari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Тoshkentda 2002- yil noyabr oyida MOH tashkilotiga a’zo davlatlar par¬lamentlari rahbarlari hamda ishbilarmon doiralari vakillarining forumlari bo‘lib o‘tdi. 2002- yil 27- dekabrda va 2004- yil 28- mayda Astana shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan MOH tashkilotiga a’zo davlat boshliq¬larining sammitlarida min¬taqaviy xavfsizlik, Orol inqirozi, noqo¬nuniy migratsiya, uyushgan jinoyatchilik, narkotik kontrabandasi, umumiy bozor barpo etish, suv-energetika zaxiralaridan unumli foydalanish, transport tizimining umummintaqaviy infratuzilmasini barpo etish kabi masalalar muhokama etildi. Mazkur masalalar bo‘yicha hamkorlik qilishga qaratilgan qo‘shma kommyunike va bitimlar imzolandi. 2005- yil 6—7- oktabr kunlari Sankt-Peterburg shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan Markaziy Osiyo Hamkorligi tashkiloti Davlat rahbarlarining kengashida o‘tgan davrda qilingan ishlar sarhisob qilindi. Ken-gashda Markaziy Osiyo umumiy bozorini barpo etish kon¬sepsiyasi tasdiqlandi. MOHning bu galgi sammiti Yevrosiyoda integratsiyalashuv jarayonidagi burilishnuqtasi bo‘ldi. O‘zbe¬kiston rahbarining tashabbusi bilan MOH va Yevrosiyo iqti¬sodiy hamjamiyati negizida yangi YOIHni shakllantirishga qa¬ror qilindi. Negaki, bu ikki tashkilotning maqsad va vazifalari deyarli farq qilmas edi. Ikki tashkilotning qo‘shilishi natijasida yirik geografik makonda yanada faol yangi integratsiya uchun keng yo‘l ochildi. YOIH Rossiya, Belorus, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston va Tojikiston o‘rtasida 1995- yilda tuzilgan Bojxona ittifoqi negizida tashkil topgan edi. YOIHning 2006- yil 24—25- yanvar kunlari Sankt-Peterburg shahrida bo‘lib o‘tgan Sammitida O‘zbekiston unga a’zo bo‘lib kirdi. Mazkur sammitda O‘zbekistonning YOIHni ta’sis etish to‘g‘risidagi shartnomaga qo‘shilishi to‘g‘risidagi protokol, „YOIHni ta’sis etish to‘g‘risidagi shartnomaga o‘zgartirish va qo‘shimchalar kiritish to‘g‘risida“gi Qarorlar imzolandi. YOIH tashkiloti unga a’zo mamlakatlar o‘rtasida integra¬tsiyani rivojlantirishga, yagona umumiy bozorning shakllani¬shiga, Bojxona ittifoqiga, erkin savdo zonasining tashkil topi¬shi¬ga ko‘maklashadi. Markaziy Osiyodagi mustaqil dav¬latlar o‘rtasida ko‘p tomonlama ham¬korlik bi¬lan birga, ular o‘rtasida ikki tomon¬lama aloqalar ham yo‘lga qo‘yildi. O‘zbekistonning Qozog‘iston bilan ikki tomonlama muno¬sabatlari 1992- yil 24- iyunda Тurkiston shahrida O‘zbekiston Prezidentining Qozog‘istonga rasmiy davlat tashrifi paytida N. Nazarbayev bilan I. Karimov tomonidan imzolangan „O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi bilan Qozog‘iston Respublikasi o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma“ asosida mustah¬kamlanib bormoqda. 1993- yil 10- noyabrda I. Karimov Almatiga safar qildi. O‘zbekiston va Qozog‘iston prezidentlari ikki mamlakat inte¬grat¬siyasiga oid aloqalar masalasini, iqtisodiy siyosatini muhokama qilishdi. O‘zaro sarmoyalarni amalga oshirish yo‘llari va usullari, qo‘shma korxonalar, yuksak texnologiyalar yaratish haqida keli¬shib olishdi. Тomonlar pul tizimiga doir masalani muhokama qilib, ikkala tomon bir vaqtda milliy valutani joriy etish haqida ahdlashdilar. Ikkala mamlakat pul tizimini birgalikda mustahkamlashning prinsipial masalalari bo‘yicha kelishib olishdi. Aholining ikkala mamlakat pullarini erkin almashtirish uchun pul almashuv tar¬moqlarini vujudga keltirishga e’tibor qilish zarurligini ta’kid-ladilar, hukumatlarga va banklarga banklararo hisob-kitoblar, erkin savdo, bojxona bo‘yicha amaliy choralar ko‘rish to‘g‘¬risida ko‘rsatma berildi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasida savdo-sotiq, iqtisodiy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar tuzildi. O‘zbekiston va Qozog‘iston o‘rtasida iqtisodiy integratsiyaga oid aloqalar, o‘zaro sarmoyalar almashish, qo‘shma korxonalar va yuksak texnologiyalar yaratish ishlari yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Qozog‘iston Prezidenti N. Nazarbayev 1994- yil 10— 12- yan¬varda rasmiy davlat tashrifi bilan O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Ikki prezident O‘zbekiston bilan Qozog‘iston o‘rtasida tovarlar, xizmatlar, sarmoyalar va ishchi kuchlarning erkin o‘tib turi¬shini nazarda tutuvchi hamda o‘zaro kelishilgan kre¬dit-hisob- kitob, budjet, soliq, narx, boj va valuta siyosatini ta’¬minlash to‘g‘risida shartnomani imzoladilar. O‘zbekiston va Qozog‘iston chegaralari orqali kirishda va chiqishda ikkala mamlakat fu¬qarolarining yuklarini bojxona tekshiruvidan o‘tka¬zishni bekor qilish to‘g‘risida qaror qabul qilindi. O‘zbekiston Milliy banki bilan Qozog‘iston Milliy banki Тoshkent shahrida „O‘zbekiston — Qozog‘iston“ hamda Almati shahrida „Qozog‘iston — O‘zbekiston“ Kliring pala¬talarini, shaharlarda uning filiallarini, valuta almashtirish punktlarini ochish to‘g‘risida ikki mamlakat hukumatlari va banklari o‘rtasida bitimlar tuzildi. 1998-yil 31-oktabrda O‘zbekiston va Qozog‘iston o‘rtasida abadiy do‘stlik shart¬nomasi imzo¬langan. Shu tariqa O‘zbekiston bilan Qozog‘iston o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik tobora kengayib, chuqur¬lashib bormoqda. O‘zbekiston va Qozog‘iston prezidentlarining Тoshkentda 2000-yil 20—21-aprel kunlari bo‘lgan uchra¬shuvida ikki davlat chegaralarini aniq belgilab olishga bag‘ish¬langan uchrashuvi bo‘ldi. Muzokaralar yakunida „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I. A. Karimov va Qozo¬g‘iston Res¬publikasi Prezi¬denti N. A. Nazarbayevning qo‘shma bayonoti“ imzolandi. Ikki mamlakat mustaqilligi va chegaralari daxl¬sizligini ta’minlashga qaratilgan bu hujjat ikki tomonlama hamkorlik aloqalarini yanada mustahkamlash va chuqur¬lashtirishda muhim ahamiyatga egadir. „Davlat rahbar¬lari,—deyiladi qo‘shma bayonotda, — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Qozog‘iston Respublikasi o‘rtasidagi chegara ikki davlat qardosh xalqlarini birlashtiruvchi tinchlik, do‘stlik va yaxshi qo‘shnichilik che-garasi bo‘lib qolishda yakdildirlar“. 2001- yil 16—17- noyabr kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov rasmiy tashrif bilan Qozog‘istonda bo‘ldi. Ikki davlat prezidentlari O‘zbe¬kis-ton — Qozog‘iston davlat chegarasi to‘g‘¬risida shartnomani imzoladilar. 2440 km uzunlikdagi chegaraning 96 foizi belgilab olindi. Qolgan qismini kelishuv asosida deli¬mitatsiya qilishga kelishildi. 10 oy davomida bu borada tegishli ishlar amalga oshirildi. 2002-yil 9-sentabrda Qo¬zog‘iston Respublikasi Prezidenti Nursultan Nazar¬bayevning taklifiga binoan Islom Karimov Astana shahriga tashrif buyurdi. „O‘z¬be¬kiston—Qozog‘iston davlat chegara¬larining alohida uchast¬kalari to‘g‘risida bitim“ imzolandi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi chegaraga oid dolzarb masalalar huquqiy jihatdan o‘z yechimini topdi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 2002- yilning birinchi yarmida 124 mln AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. 2011- yilgacha bo‘lgan davrda O‘zbekistonda 38 ta o‘zbek-qozoq qo‘shma korxonasi, Qozog‘istonda 92 ta qozoq-o‘zbek qo‘shma korxonasi faoliyat yuritib kelmoqda. O‘zbekistonning Qirg‘iziston bilan ikki tomonlama hamkorligi „O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi bilan Qirg‘i¬-ziston Res¬publikasi o‘rtasida do‘stlik, hamkorlik va o‘zaro yordam haqida shartnoma“ asosida yo‘lga qo‘yildi va rivojlantirilmoqda. Bu shartnoma Qirg‘iziston Prezidenti Askar Akayevning O‘zbe¬kis¬tonga rasmiy davlat tashrifi paytida Тoshkentda 1992- yil 29-sentabrda I. Karimov va A. Akayev tomonidan imzolangan edi. I. Karimovning 1993- yil avgustida Qirg‘izistonga qilgan rasmiy davlat tashrifi paytida O‘sh shahrida O‘zbekiston va Qirg‘iziston o‘rtasida 1994—2000- yillarga mo‘ljallangan iqtisodiy integrat¬siyani rivojlantirish to‘g‘risida Bayonot, iqtiso¬diyot, savdo, madaniyat, sog‘liqni saqlash, fan va ta’lim, sport va turizm bo‘yi¬cha hamkorlikni mustahkamlash haqida bitimlar imzolangan. 1994- yil 16- yanvarda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I.Karimov Qirg‘izistonda bo‘ldi. Rasmiy tashrif yakunida ikki davlat prezi¬dentlari tovarlar, xizmatlar, sarmoya, ishchi kuchlarining erkin yurishini, o‘zaro kelishilgan kredit-hisob-kitob, budjet, soliq, narx, bojxona va valuta siyosatini belgilovchi shartnomani imzo¬ladilar. Bu hujjatlar asosida ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi ikki tomonlama hamkorlik rivojlanib bordi. 2000- yilda O‘zbekistonda 22 ta o‘zbek-qirg‘iz qo‘shma korxonasi, Qir¬g‘izistonda 62 ta qirg‘iz-o‘zbek qo‘shma korxonasi faoliyat yuritdi. 2010- yil iyunida Qirg‘izistonda obro‘-e’tiborni yo‘qotgan Prezident hokimiyatining ag‘darilishi, ekstremistik kuchlar tomonidan uyushtirilgan millatlararo qonli voqealar sharoitida O‘zbekiston Prezidenti oqilona yo‘l tutdi. O‘zbekiston 100 mingdan ortiq qochqinlar, bolalar, xotin-qizlar, qariyalarni O‘zbekiston hududiga qabul qildi, joylashtirdi va barcha zarur narsalar bilan ta’minladi. Markaziy Osiyoda qarama-qarshilikning keng ko‘lamli o‘chog‘iga aylanib ketishining oldi olindi. Jahon hamjamiyati O‘zbekiston Prezidentining qaltis vaziyatda amalga oshirgan tadbirlarini to‘liq ma’qulladi. O‘zbekiston bilan Тojikiston o‘rta¬sida aloqalar o‘rnatilgan va rivojlanib bor¬moqda. Тojikistonda 1992—1996-yillarda davom etgan birodarkushlik urushi Тojikistonning iqtisodiy taraq¬qiyotiga salbiy ta’sir etdi, uning qo‘shni mamla¬katlar, jumladan, O‘zbekiston bilan hamkorligiga ham salbiy ta’sir etdi. 1997- yilda Moskvada Тojikistonning rasmiy hokimiyati bilan muxolifat kuchlar o‘rtasida tuzilgan milliy murosa haqidagi shartnoma Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasi mamlakatlari uchun ayni muddao bo‘ldi. Тojikistonning qo‘shni mamlakatlar bilan aloqalari yana jonlandi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimovning taklifiga binoan 1998- yil 4- yanvar kuni Тojikiston Prezidenti Imomali Rah¬monov O‘zbekistonga amaliy tashrif bilan keldi. Ikki mamlakat rahbarlari tashrif yakunlari bo‘yicha qo‘shma axborot imzoladilar. O‘zbekiston va Тojikiston Bosh vazirlari sog‘liqni saqlash, madaniyat va gumanitar soha, fan, texnika va axborot sohalari bo‘yicha hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlarni imzoladilar. Ikki mamlakat hukumatlari o‘rtasida yuk tashish hamda gaz yet¬kazib berish, Тojikistonning qarzi bo‘yicha o‘zaro hisob-kitob to‘g‘¬risidagi bitimlar ham imzolandi. O‘zbekiston va Тojikiston munosabatlari o‘zining yangi, mustahkamlanish va taraqqiyot davriga o‘tdi. Shu vaqtgacha O‘zbekiston bilan Тojikiston o‘rtasida 30 dan ortiq hujjatlar imzolangan. Ular o‘rtasida tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 1997-yilda 50 mln AQSHdollaridan oshdi, bu avvalgi yilga nisbatan 50 foiz ko‘pdir. O‘zbekiston Тojikiston hududidan o‘tgan transport kommunikatsiyalaridan foydalan¬moqda. 2000- yilda O‘zbe¬kistonda 15 ta o‘zbek-tojik qo‘shma korxonasi, Тojikistonda 3 ta tojik-o‘zbek qo‘shma korxonasi faoliyat yuritdi. 1991- yilda O‘zbekiston va Тurkma¬niston prezidentlari uchrashuvida „O‘z¬bekiston Respublikasi bilan Тurk¬maniston Respublikasi o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘¬risida“ shartnoma imzolandi. Bu shartnoma ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi savdo-iqtisodiy, madaniy aloqalarga negiz bo‘lib xizmat qilmoqda. I. Karimovning 1993- yil 14—15- aprel kunlari Тurkmanis¬tonga rasmiy safari ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni yanada ken¬gayishiga xizmat qilmoqda. Ana shu safar chog‘ida tomonlar neft va tabiiy gaz qazib olish, qayta ishlash va tashish, buning uchun zarur korxona va inshootlarni qurish hamda ishga tushirish, bu sohadagi loyihalarni birgalikda pul bilan ta’min¬lash masalalarini muhokama qildilar. Тomonlar jahon talab¬lariga mos avtomobil va temir yo‘llar qurish sohasida zarur chora-tadbirlar ko‘rish haqida kelishib olishdi. Suv boylik¬lari¬dan foydalanish, ekolo¬giya, savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalarni kengay¬tirish masalalari muho¬kama etildi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimov 1996- yil 16- yanvar kuni amaliy tashrif bilan Тurkmanistonda bo‘ldi. Chorjo‘y shahrida S. Niyozov bilan I. Karimov o‘rtasida va ikki mamlakat dele¬gatsiyalari o‘rtasida muzokaralar bo‘ldi. Prezidentlar O‘zbe¬kiston bilan Тurkmaniston o‘rtasida do‘stlik, hamkorlik va o‘zaro yordam to‘g‘risidagi shartnomani, O‘zbekiston bilan Тurkmaniston o‘rtasida davlat chegarasini qo‘riqlashda ham¬korlik qilish to‘g‘risidagi va suv xo‘jaligi masalalari bo‘yicha bitimlarni imzo¬ladilar. Ikki mamlakat hukumatlari o‘rtasida esa sarmoyalarni rag‘batlantirish va o‘zaro himoyalash, havo yo‘li, bojxona ishlarida hamkorlik va o‘zaro yordam, uzoq muddatli savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlikning asosiy yo‘nalishlari, daromad va mulkdan ikki yoqlama soliq olmaslik, madaniyat, ta’lim, sog‘liqni saqlash, sayyohlik va boshqa sohalarda hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risidagi 20 dan ziyod bitimlar imzolandi. Prezidentimiz Islom Karimovning 2007, 2010- yillardagi Turkmanistonga davlat tashrifi, 2008-yil mart oyida Turk¬maniston Prezidenti Gurbanguli Berdimuhammedovning O‘zbekistonga davlat tashrifi chog‘ida iqtisodiy hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi davlatlararo shartnoma, Do‘stona munosabatlar va har tomonlama hamkorlikni yanada mustahkamlash to‘g‘¬risidagi davlatlararo shartnoma va bir qator bitimlar imzolandi. Qabul qilingan shartnoma va bitimlar O‘zbekiston va Тurk¬maniston o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarni yangi bosqichga ko‘tardi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Kari¬mov o‘zbek, qozoq, qirg‘iz, qoraqal¬poq, tojik, turkman va mintaqada yashovchi barcha xalq¬lar o‘rtasidagi qadimiy do‘stlik aloqa¬larini yangi sharo¬itda mustahkamlashni nazarda tutib, „Тurkis¬ton — umu¬miy uyimiz“ degan g‘oyani ilgari surdi. Mintaqa jamoatchilik vakil¬larini, birinchi navbatda, ijodkor ziyolilar—yozuvchilar, tarix¬chilar va boshqalarning e’tiborini Тurkiston tuyg‘usini—tarixiy birlik tuyg‘usini qaytadan tiklashga qaratdi. Mintaqa ziyolilari, Тurkiston zaminida yashovchi barcha xalqlarni yaqinlashtirish maqsadida yurgan sog‘lom kuchlar bug‘oyani qo‘llab-quvvatladilar. „Тurkiston—umumiy uyimiz“ deb nom olgan jamoatchilik harakati tashkil topdi. 1995- yil 21- noyabr kuni Тoshkentda Markaziy Osiyo ziyolilari ishtirokida „Qardosh xalqlar uchrashuvi“ mavzusida xalqaro qurultoy bo‘lib o‘tdi. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. MDH qachon tashkil topdi, unga qaysi respublikalar a’zo bo‘lib kirdi? 2. MDH muassislari tomonidan qabul qilingan Almati deklara¬t¬si¬yasida nimalar haqida bayonot berildi? 3. MDH faoliyati haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 4. MDH davlatlari boshliqlarining Тoshkentda bo‘lgan kengashi qachon bo‘ldi, qanday hujjatlar imzolandi? 5. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlarning asoslari, do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma qachon imzolandi, uning ahamiyati nimada? 6. Qanday misollar O‘zbekiston va Rossiya o‘rtasidagi munosa¬bat¬larning rivojlanib borayotganligidan guvohlik beradi? 7. O‘zbekiston bilan Ukraina o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalar haqida so‘zlab bering. 8. O‘zbekiston va Belorus Respublikalari o‘rtasidagi aloqalar haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 9. O‘zbekiston va Ozarbayjon o‘rtasida hamkorlik haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 10. O‘zbekistonning Boltiqbo‘yi mamlakatlari bilan o‘zaro manfaatli alo¬qalari haqida so‘zlab bering. 11. Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasiga qanday respublikalar kiradi? Bu ibora qachon muomalaga kiritildi? 12. Orol muammosini hal qilish yo‘lida qanday tadbirlar amalga oshirilmoqda? 13. O‘zbekistonning Qozog‘iston bilan hamkorligi haqida so‘zlab bering. 14. O‘zbekiston va Qirg‘iziston o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik aloqalari haqida nima¬larni bilasiz? 15. O‘zbekiston va Тojikiston o‘rtasidagi aloqalar haqida so‘zlab bering. 16. O‘zbekiston va Тurkmaniston o‘rtasidagi aloqalar haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 20- §. O‘zbekistonning xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalari O‘zbekiston davlat mustaqilligini qo‘lga kiritgan kundan boshlab, jahondagi nufuzli davlatlar bilan hamkorlik qilish yo‘lidan bormoqda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi birinchi navbatda Yaqin va O‘rta Sharq ham¬da arab mamlakatlari bilan dav¬latlararo munosabatlar o‘rnatish va rivojlan¬tirishga kirishdi. Negaki, O‘zbekistonning ruhi, dini, urf-odatlari va an’analari Osiyodagi mamlakatlarga yaqindir. 1991- yil 16—19- dekabr kunlari I. Karimov boshliq O‘z¬bekis¬ton davlat delegatsiyasi mamlakatimiz mustaqil¬ligini birinchi bo‘lib tan olgan mamlakat — Тurkiyada bo‘ldi. Тurkiya prezidenti Тurg‘ut O‘zol, bosh vazir Sulaymon Demirel va boshqa rahbarlar, ishbilarmonlar bilan amaliy uchrashuvlar, suhbatlar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Safar chog‘ida O‘zbekiston bilan Тurkiya o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabat¬larning asoslari va maqsad¬lari to‘g‘risida shartnoma, konsullik vakolat-xonalarini ayirbosh¬-lash to‘g‘risida protokol, iqtisodiy va savdo sohasidagi hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitim, madaniyat, fan, ta’lim, sog‘liqni saqlash, sport va turizm sohasidagi o‘zaro hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitim, transport va kommuni¬ka¬tsiyalar soha¬sidagi hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitim, axborot ayirboshlash, televideniye va radioeshit¬tirish bo‘yicha hamkorlik qilish haqida protokollar va boshqa hujjat¬lar imzo¬landi. O‘zbekiston bilan Тurkiya o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar keyingi yillarda ancha kengaydi. 1992- yil 28- aprel kuni O‘zbekistonda Тurkiya elchixonasi, Тurkiyada O‘zbekiston elchixonasi ochil¬di va faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Hamkorlikni yanada chu¬qur¬lash¬¬tirishda Тurkiya davlati rahbarlari Тurg‘ut O‘zol, Sulay¬mon Demirel, Тansu Chiller, Mesut Yilmazar, Ahmet Sezer¬larning O‘zbekis¬tonga rasmiy tashriflari chog‘ida imzolangan hujjatlar katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik gazlama va tayyor kiyim-kechak ishlab chiqarish, qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash, qo‘shma korxonalar qurish, kadrlar tayyorlash, turizmni rivojlantirish va boshqa sohalarda amaliy natijalar bermoqda. O‘zbekistonda Тurkiyasarmoyadorlari ishtirokida 200 dan ortiqroq qo‘shma kor¬xonalar barpo etildi. 1996- yil iyun oyida O‘zbekiston avtomo¬bil¬sozlik korxonalari assotsi¬atsiyasi — „O‘zavtosanoat“ Тur¬kiyaning „KochXolding“ konserni bilan Samarqand shah¬rida „SamKochavto“ o‘zbek-turk qo‘shma korxonasini barpo etish to‘g‘risida shartnoma tuzdilar. Тez orada bu qo‘shma korxona bunyod etildi va sig‘imi o‘rtacha avtobuslar hamda 8 tonna¬gacha yuk ko‘taradigan yuk avtomobillarni yig‘ish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 1992- yilda 75 mln AQSH dollarini tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, 1998-yilda 275 mln AQSH dollariga ko‘paydi. 1992-yil 27—28- iyun kunlari Pokiston Islom Respublikasi Bosh vaziri Muhammad Navoz Sharifning O‘zbekistonga rasmiy davlat tashrifi ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarga asos soldi. Safar kunlarida „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Pokiston Islom Respublikasi o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlar va hamkorlik prinsiplari to‘g‘risida“ shartnoma, iqtisodiy va savdo hamkorligi to‘g‘risida, madaniyat, sog‘liqni saqlash, fan, texnika, kadrlar tayyorlash, turizm, sport va ommaviy axborot sohasida ham¬korlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston va Pokiston o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimovning 1992- yil 13—14- avgust kunlari Pokistonga rasmiy tashrifi va unda imzolangan hujjatlar yanada yangi pog‘onaga ko‘tardi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasida suv resurslari, elektrlashtirish, irrigatsiya va melioratsiya sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida, pochta va telekommunikatsiya sohasida, dav¬lat banklari va milliy banklar o‘rtasida vakolatxonalar ayir¬boshlash to‘g‘risida, investitsiyalar va sarmoyalarni himoya qilish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. Pokiston Islom Respublikasi Bosh vaziri Benazir Bxutto 1995- yil may va noyabr oylarida O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurdi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni kengaytirish va Markaziy Osiyo xavfsiz¬ligi, Afg‘onistonda birodarkushlik urushini to‘xtatish masalalari bo‘yicha fikr almashildi. Iqtiso¬diyot, sog‘liqni saqlash, fan, texnika, sayyohlikni rivojlan¬tirish haqida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekistonda Pokiston sarmoyalari ishtirokida 120 qo‘shma korxona tuzilgan. „Тabani“, „Merkuriy“, „Metro“, „Laksan Тaraka“ kabi 19 ta yirik firma va kompaniyalar faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqdalar. 1994- yilda O‘zbekiston va Pokiston o‘rtasida tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 4,3 mln AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. O‘zbekiston Pokistonga charm xomashyosi, pilla, shoyi matolar, shisha, billur, yengil sanoat uchun mashina va uskunalar eksport qilmoqda. Pokistondan esa xalq iste’moli mollari, xususan, tayyor kiyimlar, poyabzal, charm buyumlar, kakao va shakar keltirilmoqda. 1992- yil 24—25- noyabr kunlari respublikamiz Prezidenti I. Karimovning Eron Islom Jumhuriyatiga rasmiy davlat tashrifi O‘zbekiston va Eron o‘rtasida davlatlararo aloqalarga asos soldi. Safar chog‘ida „O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi bilan Eron Islom Jumhuriyati o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlarning asoslari to‘g‘risida“ deklaratsiya, havo transporti sohasidagi hamjihatlik to‘g‘risida memorandum, iqtisodiy va ilmiy-texnikaviy ham¬korlik sohasidagi hamjihatlik to‘g‘risida memorandum, pochta, telefon va telegraf soha¬sidagi hamjihatlik to‘g‘risida memo¬randum, davlat Markaziy banklari o‘rtasida bitim imzolandi. 1993- yil 18- oktabrda Eron prezidenti Ali Akbar Hoshimiy Raf¬san¬joniyning O‘zbekistonga rasmiy tashrifi bilan kelishi ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi aloqalarni yanada kengayishiga ko‘mak¬lashdi. Safar chog‘ida tranzit aloqa-larni tartibga solish to‘g‘¬risida hamda xalqaro avto¬mobil qatnovi to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston bilan Eron o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro aloqalar transport sohasida keng rivojlandi. 1996-yilda O‘zbe¬kiston Eron hududi orqali 34 ming tonna yuk tashigan bo‘lsa, 2001-yili bu ko‘rsatkich 487 ming tonnani tashkil etdi. 2001-yili O‘zbekiston hududi orqali Eronning 750 ming tonna tranzit yuki olib o‘tildi. O‘zbekiston yuklari, asosan, Eronning Bander Abbos va Chobahor portlari or¬qali Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo mintaqasiga chiqaril-moqda. 2002- yil boshlarigacha Eron tadbirkorlari sarmoyalari ishtirokida mamlakatimizda 50 ga yaqin O‘zbekiston—Eron qo‘shma korxonasi barpo etildi va ular, asosan, ishlab chiqarish bilan shug‘ullanmoqda. 2002- yil 26- aprel kuni Eron prezidenti Sayyid Muham¬mad Hotamiyning O‘zbekistonga qilgan rasmiy tashrifi paytida O‘zbekiston va Eron o‘rtasida imzolangan ikki tomonlama soliqqa tortilishga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik, daromad va sarmoya soliq¬lariga taalluqli ma’lumotlarni almashish, transport vosita¬lari haydov¬chilari uchun viza masalalarini yengillashtirish, O‘zbe¬kiston tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilari va tadbirkorlar palatasi bilan Eronning savdo, sanoat va tog‘-kon sanoati palatasi o‘rtasida hamkorlik to‘g‘risida hujjatlar ikki mamlakat o‘rtasi¬dagi munosabatlarning huquqiy asosini yanada boyitdi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimov boshliq davlat delega¬t¬si¬yasi rasmiy tashrifi bilan Saudiya Arabistoni, Misrda bo‘ldi va ular bilan davlatlararo munosabat¬larning asoslari to‘g‘risida shart-nomalar, iqtisodiy, ilmiy-texnikaviy va madaniy hamkorlik bitimlari imzolandi. Saudiya Arabistoni, Misr davlat va hukumat vakillarining O‘zbekistonga rasmiy safari paytida imzo¬langan hujjatlar esa davlatlararo munosabatlarni yanada rivojlanti¬rishga xizmat qilmoqda. O‘zbekistonlik yoshlar Qohira univer¬sitetida, „Al-Azxor“ va „Ayn Shams“ universitetlarida, misr¬liklar Тoshkent tex¬nika va agrar universitetlarida tahsil ko‘r¬moqdalar. Тoshkentda Misr Respublikasining fan va ta’lim mar¬kazi faol ishlab turibdi. O‘zbekiston bilan Ummon, Qatar va boshqa arab mam¬- l¬akatlari bilan o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalari tobora rivojlanib bormoqda. 1992- yilda O‘zbekiston Pokiston, Eron va Тurkiya tomoni¬dan tuzilgan iqtisodiy hamkorlik tashkiloti (EKO)ga a’zo bo‘lib kirdi. 1992- yil 10- mayda Ashgabatda O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘is¬ton, Qirg‘iziston, Тurkmaniston, Eron, Тurkiya, Pokiston davlat va hukumat rahbar¬larining uchrashuvi bo‘ldi. Uchra¬shuvda Тransosiyo temir yo‘lini vujudga keltirish maqsadida Тajan—Seraxs—Mashxad temiryo‘li qurish haqida bitimni, bojxona xizmatini tashkil etish, shu soha uchun mutaxassislar tayyor¬lash haqida hujjatlarni imzoladilar. 1992—1996-yillarda uzunligi 295 km bo‘lgan Mash¬xad—Seraxs—Tajan temir yo‘li qurildi. 1996-yil 12-may kuni mazkur temir yo‘lning ochilishiga bag‘ishlangan tantanalar bo‘lib o‘tdi, unda EKO a’zolari bo‘lgan mam¬lakatlarning rahbarlari, Rossiya, Ukraina, Belorus huku¬matlarining vakillari, jami 50 mamlakat vakillari qatnash¬di. Istanbul—Pekin Тransosiyo temir yo‘lining tarkibiy qismi bo‘lgan Mashxad—Seraxs—Тajan temir¬ yo‘li Osiyo va Yevropa mamlakatlari o‘rtasida yuk tashish muddatini bir haftaga qisqartirdi. Bu temir yo‘lning 132 kilometri Тurk¬ma¬niston hududida qurildi, uni qurishda o‘zbekistonlik yo‘lsoz¬lar faol qatnashdilar, qurilish ishlariga 45 mln AQSH dollari sarflandi. Ana shu yo‘l orqali O‘zbekiston o‘z mah¬sulotini Anqaragacha yoki Fors ko‘rfazigacha, keyin dunyoning istalgan burchagiga yetkazishi mumkin bo‘lib qoldi. O‘zbekistonning yirik mamlakat — Hindiston bilan aloqalari kengayib bormoqda. 1993- yil 23—25- may kunlari Hindiston Bosh vaziri Narasimxa Rao davlat tashrifi bilan O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Safar kunlarida „O‘zbekiston Res¬publikasi bilan Hin¬diston Respub¬likasi o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlar va ham¬korlik prinsiplari to‘g‘risida“ shartnoma, foyda va mulkka ikki yoqlama soliq solmaslik to‘g‘risida, havo yo‘llari to‘g‘¬risida va savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimovning 1993- yil 17—19-avgust kunlari Hindistonga rasmiy tashrifi chog‘ida ikki mam¬lakat o‘rtasida iqtisodiy, savdo va ilmiy-texnikaviy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitim, madaniyat, sog‘liqni saqlash, fan, texnika, turizm, sport va ommaviy axborot sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. O‘zbekiston bilan Hindiston o‘rta¬sidagi hamkorlik kengayib bormoqda. 1995- yil 25- avgust kuni Тoshkent shahrida Hindistonning „ТAТA Projekte LТD“ firmasi tomonidan qurib bitkazilgan 600 o‘rinli salomatlik zali, majlislar xonasi, servis xizmati, yer osti garaji, sauna, barlari, katta resto¬ranlari bo‘lgan zamonaviy mehmonxonaning ochili¬shi fikrimizning dalilidir. Ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik munosabatlarini IslomKarimovning 2000- yil 1—3- may kunlari Hindistonga qilgan safari yanada yuqori pog‘onaga ko‘tardi. Safar paytida O‘zbe¬kiston Prezidenti Hindiston prezidenti va Bosh vaziri bilan muzokaralar olib borib, uning yakunida 10 ga yaqin hujjatlar imzolandi. Ular orasida xalqaro jinoyatchilik, terrorchilik, diniy ekstremizm, narkotik moddalar va qurol-yarog‘ kontraban¬dasiga qarshi birgalikda kurashga qaratilgan O‘zbekiston bilan Hindiston o‘rtasida hamkorlik to‘g‘risida Qo‘shma bayonot, jinoyat qidiruv ishlarida huquqiy yordam va ekstraditsiya to‘g‘risidagi shartnoma muhim ahamiyatga ega. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy, madaniy, ta’lim, axborot, bojxona sohalari bo‘yicha hamkorlik qilish haqidagi hujjatlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston va Hindiston o‘rtasida o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalarga xizmat qiluvchi 40 ga yaqin hujjatlar qabul qilingan. O‘zbekistonda 2000-yilda Hindiston bilan ham¬korlikda tashkil etilgan 30 ga yaqin qo‘shma korxona faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. O‘zbekiston davlat mustaqilligini qo‘lga kiritgan dastlabki paytlardayoq, O‘zbekiston va Xitoy o‘rtasida dip¬lomatik muno¬sabatlar o‘rnatildi. 1992- yil 2—3- yanvar kunlari XXR tashqi iqtisodiy aloqa va tashqi savdo vaziri Li Lanzin Тosh¬kentda bo‘ldi, shu kunlari ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida diplomatik muno¬sabatlar o‘rnatildi, elchixonalar ochishga qaror qilindi. 1992- yil 12—14- mart kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Kari¬movning XXR ga davlat tashrifi ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikka asos soldi. Safar chog‘ida hamkorlikning turli sohalari bo‘yicha 20 ga yaqin hujjatlar imzolandi. Ular orasida ilmiy-texnikaviy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida, qishloq xo‘jaligida hamkorlik to‘g‘risida, sarmoyalarni rag‘batlantirish va o‘zaro himoya qilish to‘g‘risida bitimlar bor edi. 1994- yil 18—20- aprel kunlari XXR davlat Kengashining raisi Li Penning O‘zbekistonga davlat tashrifi paytida O‘zbe¬kiston bilan Xitoy o‘rtasida kredit, xalqaro iqtisodiy hamkorlik, havo transporti aloqalarini yo‘lga qo‘yish bo‘yicha huku¬matlararo bitimlar imzolandi. Xitoy O‘zbekistonda tayyor¬lanayotgan IL-76 ТD va IL-114 samolyotlarini xarid qiladigan bo‘ldi. 1994- yil 24—25- oktabr kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Xitoyga ikkinchi marta safar qildi va muhim ahamiyatga molik bo‘lgan hujjat — „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Xitoy Xalq Res-publikasi o‘rtasida o‘zaro munosabatlarning asosiy prinsiplari, o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlikni rivojlantirish to‘g‘risida bayon¬noma“ imzolandi. Shuningdek, ikki davlat o‘rtasida konsullikshartnomasi imzolandi. 1998- yilda tuzilgan „O‘zbekiston—Xitoy do‘stlik jamiyati“ gumanitar hamkorlikni rivojlantirishga faol hissa qo‘shmoqda. Islom Karimovning 1999-yil 8—10-noyabr kunlari XXRga uchinchi marta safari chog‘ida siyosat, iqtisodiyot, madaniyat, tele-kommunikatsiya sohalarida hujjatlar imzolandi. Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Raisi Xu Szintao davlat tashrifi bilan 2004- yil 14- iyun kuni hamda 2010- yil 9- iyun kuni O‘zbekistonga keldi. Ikki davlat boshliqlari uchrashuvida O‘z¬bekiston — Xitoy munosabatlariga doir masalalar muhokama qilindi. Ikki mamlakat to‘qimachilik, qishloq xo‘jaligi, mashinasozlik, kimyo, kommunikatsiya sohalarida hamkorlik aloqalarini o‘rnatgan. O‘zaro tovar ayirboshlash ko‘rsatkichi 2009- yilda 2 mlrd AQSH dollaridan oshdi. 2010- yilgi keli-shuvga binoan Xitoy O‘zbekistonga 2 mlrd dollarlik sarmoya kiritadi. O‘zbekiston bilan Xitoy o‘rtasida 2005- yilda imzo¬langan Do‘stlik, hamkorlik va sheriklik munosabatlari to‘g‘¬risidagi davlatlararo shartnoma asosida yanada rivojlanib va mustahkamlanib bormoqda. Ikki mamlakat hukumatlari o‘rtasida narkotik vositalarning, psixotrop moddalarning noqo¬nuniy aylanishi va suiiste’mol etilishiga qarshi kurashda ham¬korlik qilishga, texnikaviy-iqtisodiy hamkorlikka oid, Tosh¬kentda Konfutsiy nomidagi institutni tashkil etish bo‘yi¬cha hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar—jami 10 ta hujjat imzolandi. Xitoy rahbari ta’kidlaganidek, o‘zaro ishonch va hurmat, ikki tomonlama manfaatdorlikka tayangan O‘zbekiston — Xitoy munosabatlari xalqlarimizning umumiy mulkidir. Ikki tomon¬lama aloqalar yanada kengaydi. O‘zbe¬kistonda faoliyat ko‘rsa¬tayotgan 78 ta O‘zbekiston—Xitoy qo‘sh-ma korxonasi ikki mam¬lakat o‘rtasida hamkorlikning ri¬voj¬lanib borayot¬ga¬nining dalilidir. 1992- yil mart oyida O‘zbekiston va Janubiy Koreya o‘rtasida diplomatik aloqa o‘rnatildi. 1992-yil 19-iyunda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Kari¬mov Janubiy Koreya Res¬pub¬likasiga davlat tashrifi bilan bordi. Bu safar ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy, savdo, madaniy-texnikaviy aloqalarga asos soldi. „O‘zbekiston bilan Janubiy Koreya o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlar va hamkorlik asos¬lari to‘g‘risida“ deklaratsiya imzolandi. Savdo-iqtisodiy ayir¬boshlash haqida, O‘zbekiston iqti¬sodiyotini rivojlantirishga mablag‘ sarflaydigan Janubiy Koreya ishbilarmonlariga beri¬ladigan kafolatlar haqida bitimlar tuzildi. Madaniyat, maorif, ommaviy axborot, sayohat, sport sohalarida bahamjihat ham¬korlik qilishning uzoq muddatga mo‘ljallangan rejalari belgilab olindi. Janubiy Koreyadagi DAEWOO Korporatsiyasi rahbariyati bilan Asakada avtomobil zavodi qurishga kelishildi. 1992—1996- yillarda „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ O‘zbekiston —Janubiy Koreya qo‘shma avtomobil zavodini loyihalashtirish, qurish ishlari amalga oshirildi. Zavod 1995-yil 25-mart kuni avtomobillar ishlab chiqarishni boshlab yubordi. O‘zbekiston jahondagi avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchi 28- mamlakat bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimovning 1999- yil 4—6- okta¬br kunlari Koreya Respublikasiga tashrifi ikki mamlakat o‘rta¬sidagi hamkorlikning yanada kengayishida muhim ahami¬yatga ega bo‘ldi. Koreya Respublikasi yangi Prezidenti Kim De Jung bilan Islom Karimov XXI asrda yangicha ruhdagi sheriklik to‘g‘risida qo‘shma bayonot imzoladilar. Koreyadagi yirik Eksimbank bilan „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma korxonasini moliyaviy jihatdan qo‘llab-quvvatlash bo‘yicha kelishildi. „O‘z¬DAEWOO¬¬avto“ zavodida „Neksiya-2“ va „Matiz“ ru¬sum¬li avtomobillar ishlab chiqarish, Тoshkentda „DAEWOO“ rusumli avtodvigatellar ishlab chiqaruvchi korxona barpo etish loyi¬halarini amalga oshirishga birgalikda sarmoya ajratish haqida hujjatlar imzolandi va amalga oshirilmoqda. O‘zbekiston bilan Koreyaning „Kobul Тekstayl“ kompa¬niyasi o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik yildan yilga chuqurlashib bor¬moqda. Mazkur kompaniya O‘zbekistonga 250 mln AQSH dollari hajmida sarmoya kiritdi va o‘zlashtirildi. „Kobul Тeks¬tayl“ ishtirokida Тoshkent, Тo‘ytepa va boshqa shahar¬larda qo‘sh¬ma korxonalar barpo etildi va xaridorgir, raqobatbardosh mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Shunday qilib, O‘zbekistonning Koreya Respublikasi bilan hamkorligi kengayib bormoqda. 1999-yilga qadar O‘zbekistonga Koreyadan 1,2 mlrd AQSH dollari hajmida sarmoya kirib keldi va o‘zlashtirildi. O‘zbekistonda 70 dan ortiq Koreya hamkorligida barpo etilgan qo‘shma korxonalar faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. Ikki mamlakat o‘rta-sidagi tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 1997-yildayoq 1 mlrd AQSH dollaridan oshdi. O‘zbekiston Sharqning rivoj¬lan¬gan mam¬lakatlaridan biri — Yaponiya bilan ham hamkorlik qilmoqda. Yaponiya 1991-yildayoq O‘zbekiston mustaqil¬ligini tan oldi, 1992- yilda o‘zaro diplomatik aloqalar o‘rnatildi. 1994- yil 16—19- may kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov boshliq davlat dele¬gatsiyasi rasmiy tashrif bilan Yaponiyada bo‘ldi. Safar paytida „O‘zbekiston bilan Yaponiya o‘rtasida munosabat¬larning asosiy prinsiplari haqida“ qo‘shma bayonot, tashqi ishlar bo‘yicha munosabatlar haqida hujjat imzolandi. O‘zbekiston delega¬t¬si¬yasi mashhur „Panasonik“ konsernida bo‘ldi va uning rahba¬riyati bilan O‘zbekistonda filial ochishga kelishildi. Respub¬lika¬miz shaharlarida „Panasonik“ mah¬sulotlarini sotish yo‘lga qo‘¬yildi. Yaponiya O‘zbekistonga 156,1 mln AQSH dollari hajmida beg‘araz yordam berdi. O‘zbekistonda Yaponiyaning dunyoga mashhur „Mitsui“, „Mitsubisi“, „Itochu“, „Sumitoto“, „Тomen“, „Marubeni“, „Nishe Ivai“ korporatsiyalarining doimiy vakolatxonalari faoliyat ko‘rsat-moqda. Ular bilan O‘zbekiston Tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar vazirligi o‘rta¬sida hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolangan. Yaponiya hukumati, o‘nlab firma va kompaniyalari Ko‘k¬dumaloq, Sho‘r¬tan neft-gaz konini o‘zlashtirishda, Buxoroda neftni qayta ish¬lash zavodini qurishda, Farg‘ona neftni qayta ishlash zavodini ta’mir¬lashda, telealoqa tarmoqlarini ta’mirlashda o‘z sarmo¬yalari bilan qatnashdi. O‘zbekiston Yaponiya bilan hamkorlik qilishga alohida e’tibor berayotganligi sababli 1999-yil aprel, 2001-yil may oylarida Yaponiyaning „Keydzay Doyukay“ Korporativ rah¬barlar uyushmasining prezidenti Koichi Minaguchi bosh¬chi¬ligidagi delegatsiya O‘zbekistonga tashrif buyurdi. Bu uyushma Yaponiyadagi eng yirik kompaniya va korporatsiyalarning 1600 ga yaqin rahbar xodimlaridan tashkil topgan. „Keydzay Doyukay“ uyushmasi tashabbusi bilan Yaponiya O‘zbekistonga imtiyozli kreditlar ajratmoqda. Yaponiya hukumatining „Тaraqqiyotga rasmiy yordam“ dasturi doirasida O‘zbekistonda telekommunikatsiya, transport infratuzilmasi va ta’lim sohalaridagi loyihalar ijrosi uchun 873,2 mln AQSH dollari miqdorida imtiyozli davlat krediti berildi. Yaponiya xalqaro hamkorlik banki esa yoqilg‘i-energetika va to‘qimachilik sohalari uchun O‘zbekistonga 812 mln AQSH dollari miqdorida kredit berdi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov 2002- yil 28—31- iyul kunlari Yaponiya hukumatining taklifiga binoan rasmiy tashrif bilan Yaponiyada bo‘ldi. Yaponiya bosh vaziri Dzunitiro Koidzumi va imperator Akixito bilan samimiy uchrashuvlar, suhbatlar bo‘lib o‘tdi. Тashrif natijasida O‘zbekiston Respub¬likasi va Yaponiya o‘rtasida: • do‘stlik, strategik sheriklik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida Qo‘sh¬ma bayonot; • iqtisodiy hamkorlikni rivojlantirish va O‘zbe¬kistondagi islohotlarni qo‘llab-quvvatlash to‘g‘risida Qo‘shma bayonot; • ikki mamlakat Тashqi ishlar vazirliklari hamkor¬ligi, O‘zbe¬kiston Tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalar vazirli¬gining „Mitsu¬bisi“, „Mitsui“, „Marubeni“, „Nishe Ivai“ korporatsiyalari bilan hamkorligi, O‘zbekiston Tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat banki bilan „Bank of Tokio-Mitsubisi“ o‘rtasida imtiyozli kredit borasidagi va boshqa jami 14 ta hujjat imzolandi. Yaponiyaning „Isuzu Motors“ kompaniyasi bilan hamkorlikda Samarqand avtomobil zavodida „Isuzu“ rusumli avtobuslar, yuk, chiqindi tashish mashinalari, ko‘tarma kranlar ishlab chiqarilmoqda. Islom Karimov Тokiodagi „Vaseda“ va „Soka“ universitetlarida bo‘ldi va mazkur universitetlarning faxriy doktori unvonlariberilgan. Islom Karimov „Vaseda“ universiteti rektori Тakayasi Okushimaga va arxeolog olim Kyudzo Katoga O‘zbekist¬onning „Do‘stlik ordeni“ni taqdim etdi. „Soka“ universiteti hududida Alisher Navoiyning haykali o‘rnatilgan. Safar natijasida O‘zbekiston bilan Yaponiya o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik yangi, strategik bosqichga ko‘tarildi. 1995—2010-yillarda Yaponiyaning O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotiga kiritgan moliyaviy mablag‘lari miqdori 2,3 mlrd AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. O‘zaro tovar ayirboshlash hajmi yildan yilga oshib bormoqda. O‘zbekistonda 10 dan ortiq O‘zbekiston—Yaponiya qo‘shma korxonalari barpo etildi va faoliyat ko‘rsat¬moqda. 2000—2010- yillarda Yaponiya granti asosida 206 nafar o‘zbekistonlik talaba ushbu mamlakatda ta’lim olib, magistr darajasiga ega bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimovning 2011- yil 8—10- fevral kunlari Yaponiyada amalga oshirilgan rasmiy tashrifi chog‘ida Yaponiya Bosh vaziri Naoto Kan va Imperator Akixito bilan uchrashuvlari natijasida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Yaponiya o‘rtasida Qo‘shma bayonot, taraqqiyotga rasmiy yordam dasturi, iqtisodiy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida memorandum imzolandi. Shuningdek, Yaponiyaning yirik kompaniyalari bilan O‘zbekistonda jadal rivojlanayotgan neft-gaz, kimyo, energetika, mashinasozlik, to‘qimachilik sanoatida Yaponiya texnologiyalari va investitsiyalarini jalb qilish to‘g‘risida kelishuv hujjatlari imzolandi. O‘zbekistonning Тinch okean havzasi mamlakatlari— Malayziya va Indoneziya bilan davlatlararo aloqalari o‘rnatildi. Bu borada O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I.Karimov boshliq davlat delegatsiyasining 1992- yil iyun oyidagi Malayziya va Indone¬ziyaga safari muhim ahamiyatga egadir. Safar kunlarida O‘zbekiston va Malayziya o‘rtasida iqtisodiy va texnikaviy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. Shuningdek, O‘zbe¬kiston va Indoneziya o‘rtasida diplomatik aloqalar o‘rnatish bo‘yicha qo‘shma axborot, ikki tomonlama munosabatlar bo‘yicha qo‘shma bayonot, iqtisodiy va texnikaviy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. 1995- yil 8—10- aprel kunlari Indoneziya Respublikasi prezidenti Suxarto rasmiy tashrif bilan O‘zbekistonda bo‘ldi. Muzokaralar nihoyasida O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I.Karimov va Indoneziya Prezidenti Suxarto O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Indoneziya Respublikasi o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar va hamkorlik tamoyillari to‘g‘risidagi qo‘shma bayonnoma imzoladilar. Ikki mamlakat hukumatlari o‘rtasidagi sayyohlik sohasidagi ham¬korlik haqidagi memorandum hamda ikki mamlakat poytaxtlari oralig‘ida samolyotlar qatnovini yo‘lga qo‘yish to‘g‘risidagi hukumatlararo bitim imzolandi. O‘zbekistonning Osiyo va Okeaniya mintaqasidagi Vyetnam Sotsialistik Respublikasi, Kambodja, Тailand, Avstraliya va boshqa mamlakatlar bilan siyosiy-diplomatik aloqalari yo‘lga qo‘yildi, iqtisodiy va madaniy hamkorligi rivojlanib bormoqda. O‘zbekiston bilan Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari o‘rtasida davlatlararo aloqalar mustaqillikning dastlabki yillaridayoq yo‘lga qo‘yildi. 1992-yil 15—16- fevral kunlari AQSH davlat kotibi Jeyms Beyker O‘zbekis¬tonga rasmiy tashrif buyurdi va ikki davlat o‘rtasida diplo¬matik aloqalar o‘rnatildi. 1992-yil 16-mart kuni Тosh¬kentda birinchi bo‘lib, AQSHning elchixonasi ochildi. 1993- yil 14- sentabrda AQSH davlat departamentining maxsus topshiriqlar bo‘yicha elchisi Strob Тalbot O‘zbekis¬tonda bo‘ldi va O‘zbekiston Prezidenti bilan hamkorlik qilish masalalarida suhbatlashdi. 1995-yil 6-aprelda AQSH mudofaa vaziri Uilyam Persi O‘zbekistonga keldi, O‘zbekistonning NAТO „Тinchlik yo‘lida hamkorlik“ dasturida ishtiroki muhokama qilindi. AQSH armiyasi o‘quv-mashq markazida tinchlikni ta’minlash maqsadida o‘tkazilgan harbiy mashqlarda O‘zbekiston Qurolli Kuchlari bo‘linmasi ishtirok etdi. O‘zbe¬kiston bilan AQSH o‘rtasida sarmoyalarni rag‘batlantirish va o‘zaro himoya qilish to‘g‘risida, ikki yoqlama soliq olmaslik to‘g‘risida shartnomalar tuzilgan. Тoshkent — Nyu-York o‘rtasida bevosita havo yo‘li ochildi. O‘zbekiston Prezi¬denti I.Karimov 1995- yilda — BMТ yubiley sessiyasi kunlarida AQSH vitse-prezidenti Albert Gor bilan uchrashdi. Uchra¬shuvda jahon va mintaqaviy xavfsizlik masalalari, ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni rivojlantirish to‘g‘risida fikr almashindi. Ikki mam¬lakat o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqa¬larga ko‘mak berish maqsadida Amerika—O‘zbekiston savdo palatasi tuzildi. Palata savdo va investitsiya munosa¬batlarining rivojlanishi uchun katta imkoniyatlar yaratdi. O‘zbekistonda 1996- yil boshlarigacha amerikalik sarmoyadorlar ishtirokida 200 ta „O‘zbekiston—Amerika“ qo‘shma korxonalari tashkil topdi va faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Bular orasida Navoiy viloyati Zarafshon vodiysidagi Muruntov AQSHning Nyumont Mayning korporatsiyasi bilan hamkorlikda tog‘ jinslaridan oltin va kumush ajratib oluvchi „Zarafshon-Nyumont“ qo‘shma korxonasi bor. Bu korxonada 2002- yilgacha 83 tonna oltin tayyorlandi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimovning 1996- yil 23—28- iyun kunlarida AQSHda bo‘lishi O‘zbekiston va Amerika muno¬sabatlarini yangi pog‘onaga ko‘tardi. I.Karimov AQSH Prezidenti Bill Klinton bilan uchrashdi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rta¬sidagi munosabatlarni chuqurlashtirish, tomonlar manfaatiga daxldor bo‘lgan siyosiy, iqtisodiy, xavfsizlik masalalari muho¬kama etildi. Bill Klinton AQSH ma’muriyati Markaziy Osiyo mamlakatlarining mustaqilligi, barqarorligi va ravnaqidan manfaatdor ekanini, O‘zbekiston bilan qalin munosabatlar o‘rnatishni istayotganini, O‘zbekistonning tezroq dunyo ham¬jamiyatiga integratsiyalashuvi yo‘lida yordam berajagini ta’kidladi. I. Karimov bilan B. Klinton uchrashuvi ikki mam¬lakat o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarga siyosiy zamin hozirladi. 1996- yil 25- iyun kuni O‘zbekistonning AQSHdagi elchi¬xonasi ochildi, bu marosimda O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimov AQSH davlat departamentining MDH davlatlari bo‘yicha vakili J. Kollinz qatnashdi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti AQSHdagi Xorijiy xususiy sar¬moyalar korporatsiyasining Vashingtondagi qaror¬gohida o‘tkaz¬gan brifingda, Xyuston shahrida O‘zbekiston gaz va neft sanoatiga bag‘ishlangan, Denver shahrida O‘zbekiston tog‘-kon sanoati imkoniyatlari va boy tabiiy resurslariga ba¬g‘ish¬langan konferensiya hamda ko‘rgazmalarda qatnashdi va nutq so‘zlab, O‘zbekistonda chet el sarmoyalari va biznesi uchun yaratilgan qulay iqtiso¬diy, huquqiy, siyosiy sharoitlar to‘g‘risida batafsil axborot berdi. Bu tadbirlarda AQSHning 70 dan ortiq moliya, tog‘-kon sanoati, ishlab chiqarish bilan mash¬g‘ul yetakchi kompaniyalar rahbarlari ishtirok etdilar. „O‘zbek-neftgaz“ milliy korporatsiyasi bilan „Enron“ korpo¬ratsiyasi va OPEK o‘rtasida loyihalarni mablag‘ bilan ta’minlash va sug‘urta qilish to‘g‘risida protokol, O‘zbe¬kiston tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat milliy banki bilan „Keys“ korporatsiyasi o‘rtasida lizing kom¬paniyasi tuzish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. Loyihalarni mablag‘ bilan ta’minlash va sug‘urta qilish to‘g‘risidagi protokol bo‘yicha OPEK ajratadigan 400 mln AQSH dollari O‘zbekistonda gaz sanoatini rivojlantirishga xizmat qiladi. 1996- yil birinchi yar¬mi¬gacha OPEK ishtirokida O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotiga 200 mln dollarlik AQSH sarmoyasi kiritildi. O‘zbekiston delegatsiyasining Тexas shtatining poytaxti Xyustonga safari chog‘ida neft va gaz sanoati bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan yirik korporatsiya va kompaniyalar rahbarlari bilan uchrashuvlar bo‘ldi. „O‘zbekneftgaz“ korporatsiyasi va „Тeksako“ kompaniyasi o‘rtasida qo‘shma korxona tuzish to‘g‘risida ta’sis shartnoma, „O‘zbekneftgaz“ bilan „Enron Oyl Gaz Interneyshnl“ o‘rtasida gaz konlarini izlab topish va ishga tushirish bo‘yicha qo‘shma korxona tuzish to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. Shartnomada Amerika-ning moylash mate¬riallari ishlab chiqarish texno¬logiyalarini O‘zbekis¬tonga keltirish ko‘zda tutiladi. Prezident I. Karimov va Тennessi shtatining gubernatori Т. Sandkvest o‘rtasida O‘zbekistonda „Gazomotors“ va „Gazkompressor“ qo‘shma korxonalari tuzish to‘g‘risida hujjatlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston delegatsiyasining Kolorado shtatiga safari chog‘ida I. Karimov va Kolorado shtati gubernatori R. Romer o‘rtasida hamkorlik to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. 28-iyun kuni I. Karimov „Nyumont Mayning“ korpo¬ratsiyasining bosh qarorgohiga tashrif buyurib, uning prezidenti R. Kembri bilan uchrashdi, muzokaralar o‘tkazdi. Uchrashuv chog‘ida O‘zbekiston davlat geologiya qo‘mitasi bilan „Nyumont Mayning“ o‘rtasida oltin konlarini qidirib topish borasida qo‘shma korxona tuzish to‘g‘risida bitim hamda O‘zbekiston davlat geologiya qo‘mitasi, „Nyumont Mayning“ va „Mitsui“ korporatsiyalari o‘rtasida oltin konlarini birgalikda ishga tushirish sohasida bitim imzolandi. Safar chog‘ida imzolangan hujjatlar Amerika biznesi va sarmoya¬larining O‘zbekistonga erkin kirib kelishi uchun yanada keng yo‘l ochdi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik O‘zbekistondagi islohotlarni qo‘llab-quvvatlash, o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalarni kengaytirish yo‘lidan bormoqda. O‘zbekistonda AQSHning 28 ta kompaniya, firma va banki o‘z vakolatxonalarini ochgan. Bular qo‘shma korxonalar barpo etish, savdo-sotiqni kengaytirish ishiga ko‘maklashmoqda. 2001- yilda O‘zbekistonda AQSH bilan hamkorlikda amalga oshirilayotgan loyihalar soni 70 dan ortdi. AQSH sarmoyasi ishtirokida respublikamizda barpo etilgan 305 ta qo‘shma korxona sanoat, qishloq xo‘jaligi, to‘qimachilik, gaz-kimyo, neft, oltin qazib olish, transport, kommu¬nikatsiya va ta’lim sohalarida samarali faoliyat ko‘rsat¬moqda. „Zarafshon-Nyumont“, „O‘z-Тeksako“, „O‘z-Keys¬mash“, „O‘z-Keystraktor“, „O‘z-Eksayd“, „BiEyAy“ning Xo‘jaobod gaz ombori qurilishi, „ABB Lum¬mus Global“ bilan hamkorlikdagi Sho‘rtan gaz-kimyo majmuasi shular jumlasidandir. O‘zbekistonning AQSH bilan savdo aylanmasi 300 mln AQSH dollaridan oshdi. 2001- yil 11- sentabr kuni xalqaro terroristlar AQSHda sodir etgan fojiali voqealar paytida O‘zbekiston birinchilardan bo‘lib AQSH hukumatining Xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi aksil¬terror koalitsiya tuzish haqidagi taklifi tarafdori bo‘lib chiqdi. „Shuni katta mamnuniyat bilan ta’kidlashimiz zarurki, jahon hamjamiyati xalqaro terrorizmga — bu jirkanch balo-qazoga qarshi e’lon qilingan kurashda davlatimiz va jamiyatimiz ham qat’iy bel bog‘laganini dunyo maydonida bugun ko‘pchilik tan olmoqda va O‘zbekistonimizga hurmat-e’tibor bilan qaramoqda.“ Islom Karimov. „O‘zbekistonda demokratik o‘zgarishlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish va fuqarolik jamiyati asoslarini shakllantirishning asosiy yo‘nalishlari“. „Xalq so‘zi“, 2002- yil 30- avgust. O‘zbekiston bilan AQSH o‘rtasidagi 1991- yildan 2001- yil sentabrgacha davlat ahamiyati darajasida 28 ta tashrif qayd etilgan bo‘lsa, 2001- yil sentabrdan 2002-yil apreligacha esa 20 taga yaqin ana shunday tashriflar amalga oshirildi. 2002- yil 11—14- mart kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimov boshliq davlat delegatsiyasi Prezident Jorj Bush taklifiga binoan rasmiy davlat tashrifi bilan AQSHda bo‘ldi. AQSH Prezidenti J. Bush va martabali hukumat vakillari Islom Karimovni Oq uyda obro‘-e’tiborli mehmon sifatida kutib oldi. Тomonlar xalqaro ahvol, Markaziy Osiyodagi jarayonlar, xalqaro terrorizmga qarshi kurash, harbiy va harbiy-texnikaviy, iqtisodiy hamkorlik masalalarida fikr almashdilar. Тashrif yakunida „O‘zbekiston bilan AQSH o‘rtasida o‘zaro sheriklik va hamkorlik asoslari to‘g‘risida deklaratsiya“, ilmiy-texnikaviy tadqiqotlar, yadroviy materiallar va texnologiyalar tarqalishining oldini olishda hamkor¬lik, moliya, qishloq xo‘jaligiga oid qator hujjatlar imzo¬landi. Eng muhimi, AQSH ni sinovli damlarda qo‘llab-quvvatlagani uchun Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov Amerika jamoatchiligi tomo¬ni¬dan „Xalqaro miqyosdagi lider“ mukofoti bilan taq-dirlandi. Bu mukofot Amerika xalqining O‘zbekiston xalqiga hurmat-e’tiborining timsolidir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining jahon hamjamiyatiga integratsiyalashuvida Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlari bilan o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalarni yo‘lga qo‘yish va tobora chuqurlashtirish alohida o‘rin tutadi. 1996- yil 21- iyunda Florensiya shahrida imzolangan O‘zbekiston bilan Yevropa Ittifoqi o‘rtasidagi „Sheriklik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi bitim“, uning 1999- yil 1- iyulda kuchga kirishi mamlakatimizning Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlari bilan o‘zaro munosabatlarining huquqiy negiziga aylandi. O‘zbekistonning Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlari bilan siyosiy, iqtisodiy, ilmiy-texnik va madaniy-gumanitar aloqalari yildan yilga rivojlanib, chuqurlashib bormoqda. 2005- yilgacha res¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬-pub¬¬lika-¬mizda Yevropa Ittifoqiga a’zo mamlakatlarning 145 firma va kompaniyasi vakolatxonalari akkreditatsiya qilindi. Yevropalik sarmoyadorlar ishtirokida tashkil etilgan 491 ta korxona faoliyat ko‘rsatadi, ulardan 111 tasi yuz foizlik Yevropa kapitaliga ega. 1995—2002- yillarda Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlarining firma va kompaniyalari respublikamizda umumiy qiymati qariyb 8 mlrd AQSH dollarilik yirik sarmoyaviy loyihalarni amalga oshirishda qatnashdi. 2002- yilda O‘zbekistonning Yevropa Ittifoqi mamlakatlari bilan mahsulot ayirboshlash hajmi 1 mlrd 65,8 mln AQSH dollarini, 2003- yilda esa 1,2 mlrd AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Islom Karimovning 2011- yil yanvar oyida Bryusselga tashrifi O‘zbekistonning Yevropa Ittifoqi va NATO bilan munosabatlarining yangi sahifasini ochdi. Islom Karimovning Yevropa Ittifoqi Komissiyasi Prezidenti J.M. Barrozo va NATO Bosh kotibi A.F. Rasmussen bilanmuzokaralari natijasida O‘zbekiston bilan Yevropa Ittifoqi va NATO o‘rtasida mintaqaviy va global xavfsizlik hamda energetika kabi strategik masalalarga doir qator hujjatlar imzolandi. Mazkur kelishuvlar O‘zbekiston bilan Yevropa Ittifoqi va NATO o‘rtasida o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlikni rivojlantirishga, afg‘on muam¬¬-mo¬sini hal etishning muqobil yo‘llarini topishga xizmat qiladi. O‘zbekistonda Yevropa Ittifoqining vakolatxonasini ta’sis etish to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. Mazkur tashrif chog‘ida imzolangan hujjatlar O‘zbekistonda hamkorlik qilishga qiziqayotgan yevropalik sarmoyadorlar uchun katta imkoniyatlar ochdi. NATO rahbariyati O‘zbekistonning mintaqada barqarorlikni saqlash, qo‘shni Afg‘onistondagi harbiy mojaroning yechimini topishda yordamini yuksak qadrlashini bildirdi. O‘zbekistonning Yevropa Ittifoqining a’zosi, ulkan iqtisodiy va ilmiy-texnikaviy salohiyatga ega bo‘lgan Germaniya bilan o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalari kengayib bormoqda. O‘zbekiston Pre¬zidentining Germaniyaga 1993-yil 28- aprel kuni boshlangan va besh kun davom etgan rasmiy tashrifi O‘zbekiston bilan Germaniya o‘rtasida munosabatlarni yo‘lga qo‘yishda muhim ahamiyatga egadir. Ayni paytda bu safar respublikamizga Yevropa sari katta yo‘lni ochdi. I. Karimov GFR Federal prezidenti Rixard fon Vay¬zenker va Federal kansleri Gelmut Kol bilan samimiy, o‘zaro tenglik asosida, ishonch va qat’iyat bilan suhbatlashdi. Ikki davlat o‘rtasida madaniy hamkorlik to‘g‘risida, sarmoyalar qo‘yishni amalga oshirish va o‘zaro himoya qilishga ko‘maklashish to‘g‘risida, ilmiy tadqiqotlar va mutaxassislar fondini tashkil etish to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. O‘zbekiston delegatsiyasi Germaniya sanoatini o‘rga¬nishga katta e’tibor berdi. Safar samarali bo‘ldi, jiddiy va istiqbolli munosa¬batlar o‘rnatishga, bo‘lajak hamkorlik imoratiga poydevor qo‘yildi. „Doyche-bank“, „Mercedes-Benz“ va „Simens“ kompaniya¬lari¬¬¬ning rahbarlari bilan uchrashuv¬lar bo‘ldi, ular bilan hamkorlik qilish haqida kelishib olindi. Safar natijalariga ko‘ra O‘zbekiston—Germaniya hamkorligi masalalari bo‘yicha hukumatlararo komissiya tuzildi. Тoshkentda ikki tomonlama savdo-iqtisodiy palata tashkil etildi, GFRning elchixonasi ochildi. 1994- yil 1- sentabrda GFR poytaxti Bonnda O‘zbekiston Respublika¬sining Yevropada birinchi elchixonasi ochildi. Hozirgi paytda elchixona Germaniyaning yangi poytaxti Berlin shahrida faoliyat yurit¬moqda. „Тoshkent—Frankfurt“ havo yo‘li yo‘lga qo‘yildi, O‘zbe-kistonda „Doyche-bank“ning bo‘limi faoliyat ko‘rsatmoqda. 1995- yil aprelda Germaniya Federal Prezidenti Roman Gersogning O‘zbekistonda bo‘lishi ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni yanada mustahkamladi. Roman Gersog O‘zbe¬kistonda istiqomat qilayotgan 50 mingdan ortiqroq nemis millatiga mansub O‘zbekiston fuqarolarining hayoti bilan tanishib, ular uchun teng imkoniyatlar yaratilganidan mamnun bo‘ldi. Germaniyaning „Geydelberg“ firmasi O‘zbekistonda nashriyot-matbaa sohasida hamkorlik qilayotgan yirik kompaniyadir. „Geydelberg“ firmasi asbob-uskunalari bilan Yangiyo‘l kitob fabrikasi, Тoshkent va Nukus poligrafiya kombinatlari, Samar¬qanddagi „Тong“ nashriyoti qayta jihozlandi. O‘zbekis-tondagi „Rastr“ va „Groteks“ nashriyotlari „Geydelberg“ firmasi texno¬logiyasi asosida ishlamoqda. Natijada maktablar uchun darslik, o‘quv qo‘llanmalari va boshqa turdagi nashriyot mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish ancha yaxshilandi. 2001- yilda O‘zbekiston—Germaniya—Rossiya hamkorligidagi „Namangan qog‘oz“ qo‘shma korxonasi qurilib, ishga tushirildi. O‘zbekiston¬ning Germaniya bilan hamkorligi boshqa sohalarda ham kengayib bormoqda. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimovning 2001- yil 2—5- aprel kunlari Germaniya Federativ Respublikasiga, Germaniya Federal kansleri Gerxard Shryoderning 2002- yil 9—10- may kunlari O‘zbekistonga qilgan rasmiy safarlari O‘zbekiston—Germaniya o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlikni yangi bosqichga ko‘tardi. Ikki mamlakat tadbirkorlari va rasmiy doiralari o‘rtasida aloqalar kengayib bormoqda. 1997- yilda O‘zbekistonda 55 ta Germaniya kompaniyasining vakolatxonalari faoliyat yuritgan bo‘lsa, 2001- yilda bu ko‘rsatkich 80 taga yetdi. Ularning eng yiriklari „Xobas TAPO“, „Xiva Karpet“ va boshqalardir. 2003- yilda germaniyalik sarmoyadorlar ishtirokida yengil sanoat, oziq-ovqat sanoati, qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash, farmatsevtika sanoati, transport va boshqa sohalarda tashkil etilgan 138 ta korxona faoliyat ko‘rsatdi, ulardan 40 tasi yuz foizlik Germaniya kapitaliga ega. O‘zbekistonga kiritila¬yotgan Germaniya sarmoyalari hajmi 2001- yildayoq 1 mlrd AQSH dollaridan oshdi. Ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi savdo aylanmasi 2001- yilda 283,3 mln AQSH dollarini tashkil etdi. Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi O‘zbekistonning Yevro¬padagi eng yirik iqtisodiy hamkoridir. 1994- yil 9—12- iyun kunlari O‘zbekiston davlat delegatsiyasi Niderlandiya (Gollandiya)da bo‘ldi, qirolicha Veatriks va hukumat boshlig‘i — bosh vazir Rudolf Lyubbers bilan ikki tomonlama hamkorlik to‘g‘risida suhbatlar bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston delegatsiyasi a’zolari kun davomida dehqonlar va chorvadorlar xo‘jaligida bo‘ldi, ular bilan suhbatlashdi, ko‘p narsalarni o‘rganishdi. Safar natijasida O‘zbekiston va Gollandiya o‘rtasida davlatlararo muno¬sabatlar prinsiplari haqida bayonot va savdo-iqtisodiy hamkorlik haqida protokol imzolandi. Gollandiya agrar xo‘jaligi texnologiyasi, urug‘ va nasllari, mehnat usullaridan O‘zbekistonda foydalanishga kelishildi. Bugungi kunda O‘zbekistonda Gollandiya kartoshka urug‘lari ekilib, mo‘l hosil yetishtirilmoqda. O‘zbekiston bilan Fransiya o‘rtasida munosabatlarni o‘rnatish va rivojlantirish muhim ahamiyatga ega. 1993- yil 28—30- oktabr kunlari O‘zbekiston delegatsiyasining Fransiyaga rasmiy tashrifi ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikka asos soldi. Prezident I. Karimov Fransiya Prezidenti F. Mit¬teran, Fransiyaning boshqa rahbarlari hamda jamoatchilik vakillari bilan do‘stona suhbat va samarali muzokaralar yuritdi. F.Mitteran qabul marosimida nutq so‘zlab: „Hozirgi siyosiy vaziyatda Markaziy Osiyoda yetakchi o‘rinni egallab turgan mustaqil O‘zbekiston Sharq bilan G‘arb o‘rtasida ishonchli ko‘prik bo‘lishi mumkin. Ko‘p asrlik tarix teran an’ana¬larga ega bo‘lgan, insoniyatning faxriga aylangan alloma¬larni yetkazib bergan O‘zbekiston doimo fransuzlarning diqqatini tortib kelgan. Bu tashrifdan keyin shuni ishonch bilan aytish mumkinki, mamlakatingiz biz uchun yanada yaqin bo‘lib qoldi“, deb ta’kidladi. Bu Vatanimiz to‘g‘risida, uning shon-shuhratini ulug‘lovchi xolisona, oliyjanoblik bilan berilgan bahodir. Safar natijasida Parijda „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Fransiya Respub¬likasi o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma“, madaniyat, ilmiy-texnikaviy va maorif sohasida hamkorlik qilish to‘g‘risida bitim, sarmoyalarni o‘zaro rag‘batlantirish va himoya¬lash to‘g‘risida bitim imzolandi. Mamlakatimiz rahbarining Parij Xartiyasini imzo¬lashi res¬pub¬li¬kamizda demokratiyaning yanada rivoj¬lanishi, shuningdek, O‘zbekistonning Yevropa va boshqa taraqqiy etgan mamlakatlar bilan yanada yaqinlashuvi uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Milliy banki bilan Fransiyadagi yirik „Kredit Kom¬mersial de Frans“ banki o‘rtasida muddaolar haqida bitim imzolandi, unda Buxoroda neftni qayta ishlash zavodi qurish loyihasini pul bilan ta’minlash ko‘zda tutildi. Тaniqli „Elf-akiten“ neft-kimyo konserni, „Тexnip“ firmasi va boshqa kompaniyalar bilan Buxoroda neftni qayta ishlash zavodi qurishga kelishildi. Fransiya va O‘zbekiston o‘rtasida savdo-sotiq hisob-kitoblarini ta’minlab turgan „Kredit kommersial de Frans“ banki zavod qurilishini ham mablag‘ bilan ta’minladi. O‘zbekiston bu bankka mablag‘ qo‘ydi, u hamkorlik uchun kafolat bo‘lib turibdi. Ana shu hamkorlik va hujjatlar qatoriga 1994- yil 25—27- aprel kunlari Fransiya Prezidenti F.Mitteranning O‘zbekistonga qilgan rasmiy tashrifi chog‘ida imzolangan ikki mamlakat Tashqi ishlar vazirliklari o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik to‘g‘risida, O‘zbekiston va Fransiya o‘rtasida fuqarolarning erkin harakati haqidagi bitimlar, shuningdek, havo transporti sohasida hamkorlik to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyalar qo‘shildi. 1996-yil aprel oyida O‘zbekiston Prezidenti boshchiligidagi davlat delegatsiyasining Fransiyaga tashrifi chog‘ida ikki mamlakat o‘rtasida ikki tomonlama soliq olmaslik to‘g‘risida konvensiya hamda moliyaviy protokol imzolandi. O‘zbekiston bilan Fransiya o‘rtasida iqtisodiy, ilmiy, mada¬niy aloqalar kengayib bormoqda. Qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsulot¬larini qayta ishlash, oziq-ovqat, neft va gaz sanoati, qurilish va boshqa soha¬larda hamkorlik qilinmoqda. O‘zbekiston xalqaro ishlarda katta tajriba va nufuzga ega bo‘lgan Buyuk Britaniya bilan ham hamkorlik qilmoqda. 1993-yil 17—19-iyul kunlari Buyuk Britaniya qirolichasining qizi malika Anna O‘zbekistonda bo‘lib, mamlakatimiz bilan, xalqimizning turmush tarzi bilan tanishib, Samarqand shah¬rining o‘lmas tarixiy yodgorliklarini ziyorat qilib ketdi. 1993-yil 15-oktabr kuni Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar va hamdo‘stlik ishlari bo‘yicha davlat vaziri Daglas Xogning O‘zbekistonga safari chog‘ida ikki davlat o‘rtasida madaniyat va ta’lim soha¬sidagi hamkorlik, ikki yoqlama soliq olmaslik to‘g‘risida bitimlar imzolandi. 1993- yil 22—25- noyabr kunlari O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. Karimov boshliq respublikamiz delegatsiyasining rasmiyamaliy tashrif bilan Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiya birlashgan qirolligida bo‘lishi ikki mamlakat o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik tarixida buyuk voqea bo‘ldi. Mamlakatimiz rahbarini qirolicha Yeliza¬veta II, bosh vazir J.Meyjor bilan samimiy, ochiq, o‘zaro manfaatli suhbatlari, muzokaralari bo‘lib o‘tdi. Safar samarali bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Buyuk Britaniya qirolligi o‘rtasida o‘zaro iqtisodiy aloqalar to‘g‘risida shartnoma, sarmo¬yalarni o‘zaro rag‘batlantirish va himoyalash to‘g‘risida bitim, havo yo‘llarini ochish to‘g‘risida bitim, ikki mamlakat hududida fuqarolarning erkin yurishi haqida memorandum imzolandi. Mashhur Rotshildlar banki hamda Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki rahbarlari bilan uchrashuvlar bo‘ldi, ular bilan o‘zaro hamkorlik haqida bitimlar tuzildi. Yevropa tiklanish va taraqqiyot banki O‘zbekistonda oltin qazib olish korxonalari qurish uchun 150 mln AQSH dollari ajratishga qaror qildi. O‘zbekiston va „Lonro“ kom¬paniyasi o‘rtasida imzolangan oltin biznes haqidagi bitim amaliy ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. Bu tadbirlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Liverpul paxta assotsiatsiyasi rahbarlari bilan O‘zbekiston paxta tolasini jahon bozorida sotish masalalari bo‘¬yicha muzokara- lar bo‘ldi. „Тoshkent—London“ havo yo‘lida samolyot qat¬novining yo‘lga qo‘yilishi aloqalarni yaxshilashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. 1996- yilning boshlarida O‘zbe-kistonda Britaniya Kengashi bo‘limining ish boshlashi ham¬kor¬likni mustahkamlash va kengaytirish yo‘lidagi yangi qa¬dam bo‘ldi. O‘zbekistonning Finlandiya, Avstriya, Belgiya, Shveysariya, Italiya, Ispaniya, Gretsiya, Polsha, Vengriya, Chexiya, Slovakiya, Xorvatiya, Bolgariya kabi Yevropa mamlakatlari bilan siyosiy, diplomatik, iqtisodiy va madaniy aloqalari o‘rnatildi va kengayib bormoqda. Shveysariyaning Altendorf shahrida O‘zbekiston Savdo uyining ochilishi muhim voqea bo‘ldi. Bu maskan bugungi kunda savdo uyigina bo‘lib qolmay, O‘zbekistonning Yevropa va jahonda biznes va savdo markazi hisoblanadigan mamlakat — Shveysa¬riyadagi vakolatxo¬na¬siga ham aylandi. 1995-yil oktabrda Jenevada „O‘zbekistonda xususiylashtirish: hamkorlik uchun imko¬niyatlar“ mavzusida konferensiya bo‘lib o‘tdi. Shu yil noyabr oyida esa Londonda o‘tgan „O‘zbekistonda biznes“ konferen¬siyasida iqtisodiy islohotlarning xususiyatlari muhokama qilindi. Shtutgartda bo‘lib o‘tgan „Buyuk ipak yo‘li merosi: O‘zbekiston“ ko‘rgazmasi O‘zbekistonning aql-ziyo sohasida jahonda tutgan o‘rniga va salohiyatiga berilgan katta baho bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Prezidentining Davosda har yili o‘tadigan jahon iqtisodiy anjumanida ishtirok etishi va anjumanda so‘zlagan nutqlari uning ishtirokchilarini, davlat va hukumat boshliq¬larini, xalqaro moliya tashkilotlari, yirik banklar va kompaniya¬larning rahbarlarini, qolaversa jahon biznesmenlarini O‘zbe¬kiston bilan, uning salohiyati bilan tanishtirdi, O‘zbekistonga xorijiy sarmoyalarni jalb qilishda katta ahamiyatga ega bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston tashqi siyosatining geografiyasi uzluksiz ken¬gayib bor¬moqda. U mustaqillikni mustahkamlashga, xalq farovonligini va xavfsizligini ta’minlashga yo‘naltirilgan. O‘zbek diplomatiyasi xorijiy mamlakat¬lardan sadaqa so‘rashga emas, ikki tomonlama manfaat¬dorlikka, insonparvarlikning yuksak va oliyjanob prin¬siplariga tayanadi. Respublika Prezidenti I. Kari¬mov qaysi mam¬lakatda bo‘lmasin, avvalo, ulardagi ilg‘or tajri¬bani o‘rganishga, foy¬dali narsalarni topishga, ulardan foy¬dalanishga alohida e’tibor beradi. O‘zbekiston tashqi siyosatida iqtisodiy omillar hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Xorijiy mamlakatlardan respub¬likaga ilg‘or tex¬nolo¬giyalar, sarmoyalar kirib kelishi, ko‘plab qo‘shma korxona¬larning qurilishi oqilona tashqi siyosatning natijasidir. Respublikamizda xorijiy sarmoya ishti¬rokida barpo etilgan 2000 dan ortiq qo‘shma korxona jahondagi 80 mamlakatdan kelgan sheriklari bilan bir¬galikda faoliyat ko‘rsatdi. Ular iste’mol mollari, eksport uchun sifatli tovarlar ishlab chiqarmoqda, aholiga xizmat ko‘rsatmoqda. Jahondagi 80 dan ortiq xorijiy bank bilan o‘zaro munosa-batlar o‘rnatilgan. Mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonga kiritilgan chet el sarmoyalari 30 mlrd AQSH dollaridan oshdi. O‘zbekiston jahondagi 140 mamlakat bilan savdo-sotiq qilmoqda. Har yilgi tovar ayirboshlash hajmi 6—8 mlrd AQSH dollarini tashkil etmoqda. Ilg‘or mamlakatlar kadrlar tayyorlashda, bank sohasida va boshqaruvda, ax¬borot tarmoqlarini yo‘lga qo‘yishda, yetakchi birjalar bilan aloqalar o‘rna¬tishda, qonunchilik tajribasini o‘rga¬nishga respubli¬kamizga ko‘maklash-moqdalar. Xulosa qilib aytganda, O‘zbekistonda tarixiy jihatdan qisqa bir davrda xalqaro munosabatlarni yo‘lga qo‘yish va rivoj¬lantirish bobida asrlarga arziydigan ishlar amal¬ga oshirildi. O‘zbekiston o‘zining tinchliksevar, yaxshi qo‘shni¬chilik, o‘zaro foydali hamkorlikka qaratilgan siyosati va faoliyati bilan butun dunyoga tanildi, jahon hamjamiyatida o‘zining munosib o‘rnini egalladi, uning mavqeyi yildan yilga mustah¬kamlanib bor¬moqda. Savol va topshiriqlar 1. O‘zbekiston va Тurkiya aloqalari haqida so‘zlab bering. 2. EKO qanday tashkilot? O‘zbekistonning EKO bilan hamkorligi to‘g‘risida nimalarni bilasiz? 3. O‘zbekiston va Hindiston o‘rtasidagi hamkorlik aloqalari haqida referat yozing. 4. O‘zbekiston va Xitoy o‘rtasidagi aloqalar haqida nimalarni bilasiz? 5. O‘zbekiston bilan Koreya Respublikasi o‘rtasida qanday sohalarda ham¬korlik qilinmoqda? 6. O‘zbekiston va Yaponiya o‘rtasida o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalar ni¬malarda o‘z ifodasini topmoqda? Xotima Davlat mustaqilligining qo‘lga kiritilishi O‘zbekiston xalqi hayotida muhim tarixiy voqea bo‘ldi. Mustaqillik xalqimizga o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilash, o‘zlari uchun munosib turmush yaratish erkinligini berdi. Jahon tarixi guvohlik beradiki, qadim zamonlardan boshlab u yoki bu mintaqalarda yirik imperiyalar tashkil etilgan, ular ko‘plab xalqlarni o‘z manfaatlariga bo‘ysundirgan, asoratga solgan. Biroq ularning barchasi mazlum xalqlarning ozodlik uchun kurashi natijasida parchalanib ketgan. Bu tarixiy jarayon XX asrda ham takrorlandi. Mazlum xalqlarning milliy-ozodlik harakati natijasida jahon mustamlakachilik tizimi barbod bo‘ldi, imperiyalar quladi. Dunyodagi yirik imperiya bo‘lmish SSSRning qulashi, par¬chalanishi ham ana shu tarixiy qonuniy jarayonning natijasi bo‘ldi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi davlat mustaqilligining qo‘lga kiritilishi ham obyektiv tarixiy jarayon bo‘lib, xalqimizning uzoq yillar davomida olib borgan milliy istiqlol uchun kurashining qonuniy mevasidir. Тarixda bironta qaram bo‘lgan xalq o‘z mustaqilligini osonlikcha qo‘lga kiritmagan. O‘zbekiston xalqi ham mustaqillikni qo‘lga kiritish yo‘lida minglab millatparvar farzandlaridan judo bo‘ldi. Mustaqillikka erishilgandan keyin ham ichki va tashqi dush¬manlar tomonidan o‘ta xavfli xurujlar uyush¬tirildi. 1991- yil oktabrda Oliy Kengashdagi hamda 1992- yil yanvarda Тoshkentning talabalar shaharchasida uyushtirilgan tartibsizliklar, 1999- yil fevralda Тoshkentda terrorchi guruhlar uyushtirgan portlashlar, 1999, 2000, 2001- yillarda Afg‘oniston hududida o‘ziga uya qurib olgan terrorchi to‘dalarning chegaralarimizga bostirib kirishi, 2004- yilda Toshkent shahri, Buxoro va Toshkent viloyatlarida, 2005- yilda Andijon shahrida tashkil etilgan terrorchilik harakatlari kabi hollar xalq hamjihatligini buzish, mustaqil¬likka zarba berish uchun qilingan harakatlar edi. Ming shukurlar bo‘lsinki, g‘animlarning barcha urinishlari barbod bo‘ldi. Xalqimiz Prezident Islom Karimov tomonidan asoslab berilgan „Тaraqqiyotning o‘zbek modeli“ni ro‘yobga chiqarish yo‘lida bunyodkorona mehnat qildi. O‘zbekistonda demokratik davlat poydevori barpo etildi. Davlat qurilishida demokratik tizim — qonun chiqaruvchi, ijro etuvchi va sud hokimiyati barpo etildi. Davlat boshqaruvining yangi, zamonaviy, samarali, eng maqbul tizimi — Prezidentlik Respub¬lika boshqaruvi yaratildi va amal qilmoqda. Parlamentchilikda demokratik asoslar yaratildi, demokratik davlatlarga xos parla¬mentarizm shakllandi. Amalga oshirilgan siyosiy islohotlar natijasida fuqarolik jamiyati asoslari shakllandi. Fuqarolarning manfaatlarini o‘zida ifoda etuvchi siyosiy partiyalar, jamoat birlashmalari, demokratik jamiyatning muhim omili bo‘lgan erkin ommaviy axborot vositalari vujudga keldi. Mustaqillik yillarida iqtisodiyot tubdan isloh qilindi. Mulkni davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish natijasida ko‘p ukladli iqtisodiyot shakllandi. O‘rta va kichik biznes rivojlandi, mulkdorlar tabaqasi vujudga keldi, bozor infratuzilmasi shakl¬lantirildi. Iqtisodiyotning hayotiy muhim tarmoqlari rivojlantirildi, yangi sanoat tarmoqlari, yirik korxonalar bunyod etildi. Avtomobilsozlik sanoati yaratildi, don va yoqilg‘i mustaqilligiga erishildi. Mustaqillik yillarida boy ma’naviy merosimiz, milliy an’ana¬larimiz, rasm-rusumlarimiz, diniy qadriyatlarimiz qayta tiklandi. Ona tilimiz davlat turmushida o‘z o‘rniga ega bo‘ldi. Ma’naviy-ma’rifiy ishlar, ta’lim, madaniyat, sog‘liqni saqlash sohalari yuksaldi. Shahar va qishloqlarimizning qiyofasi o‘zgardi, aholining turmush saviyasi o‘sdi. Ma’naviy hayotimizda uyg‘onish yuz berdi, odamlarning tafakkuri va hayotga munosabati o‘zgardi. O‘zbekistonning jahon xalqlari tinchligi va xavfsizligiga mos bo‘lib tushgan tinchliksevar tashqi siyosati uning jahonda mustaqil davlat sifatida tezda tan olinishini ta’minladi, u dunyodagi nufuzli davlatlar bilan o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlik qilmoqda. O‘zbekiston o‘zining davlat mustaqilligini qo‘lga kiritib, mustaqil taraqqiyot boshlaganiga 20 yil to‘ldi. Bu yillar mohiyatan Vatanimiz tarixida sharafli va o‘ta mas’uliyatli davr bo‘ldi. „O‘tgan davrning har bir yilini ahamiyati jihatidan tariximizning o‘n yilliklariga, hatto asrlariga tenglashtirish mumkin, desak mubolag‘a bo‘lmaydi“. Islom Karimov. Xavfsizlik va barqaror taraqqiyot yo‘lida. Asarlar, 6- jild. — T.: „O‘zbekiston“, 1998, 250- bet. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining QARORI O‘ZBEKISТON RESPUBLIKASINING DAVLAТ MUSТAQILLIGINI E’LON QILISH ТO‘G‘RISIDA Oliy Kengash qaror qiladi: 1. Respublikaning davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi Oliy Kengash bayonoti tasdiqlansin va respublika bundan buyon O‘zbekiston Respublikasi deb atalsin. 2. 1- sentabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Mustaqilligi kuni deb belgilansin va 1991- yildan boshlab bu kun bayram va dam olish kuni deb e’lon qilinsin. 3. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashining Rayosati respublika Konstitutsiyasiga o‘zgartishlar va qo‘shimchalar kiritish to‘g‘risidagi takliflarni tayyorlasin hamda ularni Oliy Kengashning muhokamasiga kiritsin. 4. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi Rayosati va O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti huzuridagi Vazirlar Mah¬kamasi respublikaning mustaqilligini huquqiy jihatdan ta’min¬lashga qaratilgan qonunlar loyihalari ustidagi ishlarni tezlashtirsin. 5. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Oliy Kengashi Ittifoqning va uning tarkibiga kiradigan barcha mustaqil davlatlarning oliy va qonun chiqaruvchi idoralariga, barcha xorijiy davlatlarga va jahon hamjamiyatiga murojaat qilib, ularning respublikaning davlat mustaqilligi e’lon qilingan hujjatini tan olishga da’vat etadi. Toshkent shahri, 1991- yil 31-avgust O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASINING DAVLAT MUSTAQILLIGI TO‘G‘RISIDA OLIY KENGASH BAYONOTI O‘tmishdan saboq chiqarib va SSR Ittifoqining siyosiy hamda ijtimoiy hayotidagi o‘zgarishlarni e’tiborga olib, — xalqaro huquqiy hujjatlarda qayd etilgan o‘z taqdirini o‘zi belgilash huquqiga asoslanib, — O‘zbekiston xalqlarining taqdiri uchun butun mas’u¬liyatni anglab, — shaxsning huquq va erkinliklari, mustaqil davlatlar o‘rtasidagi chegaralarning buzilmasligi to‘g‘risidagi Xelsinki shartnomalariga qat’iy sadoqatini bayon etib, — millati, diniy e’tiqodi va ijtimoiy mansubligidan qat’i nazar, respublika hududida yashovchi har bir kishining munosib hayot kechirishini, sha’ni va qadr-qimmatini ta’minlaydigan insonparvar demokratik huquqiy davlat barpo etishga intilib, — mustaqillik deklaratsiyasini amalga oshira borib, O‘zbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi Oliy Kengashi O‘zbekistonning Davlat mustaqilligini va ozod suveren davlat — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tashkil etilganligini tantanali ravishda e’lon qiladi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining, o‘z tarkibidagi Qora¬qal¬pog‘iston Respublikasi bilan birga, hududi bo‘linmas va dahl¬sizdir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining boshqa davlatlarga hududiy da’volari bo‘lmay, u o‘z hududi va uning tabiiy boyliklariga nisbatan oliy huquqqa egadir. Davlat hokimiyatining birdan bir sohibi O‘zbekiston Respublikasining ozod mustaqil xalqidir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi to‘la davlat hokimiyatiga ega, o‘zining milliy-davlat va ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilishini, hokimiyat va boshqaruv idoralarining tizimini mustaqil belgilaydi. O‘zbekiston ittifoqda yagona iqtisodiy maydon vujudga keltirilishi, suveren va mustaqil davlatlar o‘rtasida mutlaqo teng huquqli, o‘zaro manfaatli shartlarda siyosiy va iqtisodiy shartnomalar tuzilishi tarafdoridir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining davlat mustaqilligini, fu¬qarolarning konstitutsiyaviy huquq va erkinliklarini hamda hududiy butunligini himoya qilish maqsadlarida Mudofaa ishlari vazirligi va milliy gvardiya tuziladi. Respublika hududida joylashtirilgan SSSR Ichki ishlar vazirligining, SSSR Davlat xavf-sizligi qo‘mitasining idoralari, shuningdek, ichki qo‘shinlar O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasining huquqiy tobeligiga olindi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi SSSR Mudofaa vazirligining respublika hududida joylashtirilgan harbiy qismlari va qo‘¬shilmalarini shakllantirish hamda ularga rahbarlik qilishga haqli ekanligini ma’lum qiladi, jamoa xavfsizligini vujudga keltirishda va SSSR Ittifoqining strategik qo‘shinlarini saqlashda qatnashadi. Xalqaro hamjamiyatning to‘la huquqli a’zosi bo‘lgan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalqaro munosabatlarda mustaqil davlat, xalqaro huquq subyekti sifatida qatnashadi, uning asosiy maqsadlari mustahkam tinchlik, qurolsizlanish, o‘z hududini qurol-yarog‘lardan holi qilish, yadroviy qurolni va boshqa ommaviy qirg‘in qurollarini yo‘qotish, suveren davlatlar o‘rtasidagi nizo va ziddiyatlarni hal etishda kuch ishlatish va tazyiq o‘tkazishga, eng avvalo, harbiy kuch qo‘llashga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik, insoniyatning jahonshumul muammolarini hal etishda davlatlar hamkorligi va xalqaro birdamligidan iboratdir. Bundan buyon O‘zbekiston Respublikasi hududida respublika Konstitutsiyasi va qonunlari shak-shubhasiz ustun deb e’tirof etiladi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi oldindan hech qanday shart qo‘ymagan holda barcha sheriklar bilan bevosita teng huquqli, o‘zaro manfaatli bitimlar hamda shartnomalar tuzish uchun o‘zini ochiq deb e’lon qiladi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z hududida yashovchi barcha xalqlarga teng siyosiy huquqlarni va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hamda madaniy rivojlanishda teng imkoniyatlarni kafolatlaydi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi irqchilikka, shovinizmga, millatchilikka, xalqlarning huquqlarini cheklash yo‘lidagi har qanday urinishlarga qat’iyan qarshi chiqadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalqaro huquq doirasida hamma e’tirof etgan qonun-qoidalar ustunligini tan oladi. O‘n ikkinchi chaqiriq O‘zbe¬kiston Respub¬likasi Oliy Kengashi¬ning navbatdan tashqari oltinchi sessiyasida 1991- yil 31- avgustda qabul qilingan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining QONUNI O‘ZBEKISТON RESPUBLIKASINING DAVLAТ MUSТAQILLIGI ASOSLARI ТO‘G‘RISIDA O‘zbekiston SSRning Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasiga va O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risidagi bayonotiga asoslanib, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Oliy Kengashi ushbu qonunni qabul qiladi. 1-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z tarkibidagi Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi bilan birga, mustaqil, demokra¬tik davlatdir. 2-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining xalqi suverendir va u respublikada davlat hokimiyatining birdan bir sohibidir. U o‘z hokimiyatini ham bevosita, ham vakillik idoralari tizimi orqali amalga oshiradi. 3-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi to‘la davlat hokimiyatiga ega, o‘zining milliy-davlat va ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilishini, hokimiyat va boshqaruv idoralari tizimini mustaqil belgilaydi. 4-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining davlat chegarasi va hududi dahlsiz va bo‘linmas bo‘lib, uning xalqi o‘z xohish-irodasini erkin bildirmasdan turib o‘zgartirilishi mumkin emas. 5-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi va uning qonunlari ustundir. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat idoralarining tizimi hokimiyatni qonun chiqaruvchi, ijroiya va sud hokimiyatiga ajratish tartibi asosida quriladi. 6-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Mudofaa ishlari vazirligini tuzish, milliy gvardiya va noharbiy (muqobil) xizmat tashkil etish huquqiga ega. Suveren O‘zbekiston Respublikasi hududida SSSR Qurolli Kuchlarini shakllantirish va ularga rahbarlik qilish masalalarida harbiy siyosatni amalga oshirish huquqini o‘zida saqlab qoladi. 7-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat mustaqilligining moddiy asosi uning mulkidir. Respublika hududidagi yer, yerosti boyliklari, suv va o‘rmonlar, o‘simlik va hayvonot dunyosi, tabiiy va boshqa resurslar, respublikaning ma’naviy boyliklari O‘zbekiston Respublikasining milliy boyligi, mulki hisoblanadi. 8-modda. Davlat mulki obyektlari, shuningdek, davlat korxonalari, muassasalari va tashkilotlarining, shu jumladan Ittifoq qaramog‘ida bo‘lib kelgan korxonalar, muassasalar va tashkilotlarning mol-mulki, ularning asosiy ishlab chiqarish, noishlab chiqarish va oborot yoki boshqa fondlari hamda o‘zga mol-mulki, ichki kommunikatsiya, transport, aloqa va ener¬getika tizimlari, respublika kartografiyasi va geodeziyasi O‘zbekiston Respublikasining mulkidir. 9-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining mulkini davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiylashtirish respublika qonun¬lariga muvofiq amalga oshiriladi. Respublika hududida joylashgan, Ittifoq qaramog‘ida bo‘lib kelgan davlat korxo¬nalarini aksiyali jamiyatlarga aylantirish, ularni mulkning boshqa shakllariga o‘tkazish faqat O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlarida ko‘zda tutilgan shartlar asosida va tartibda amalga oshiriladi. 10-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z hududida oltin, boshqa qimmatbaho metallar va toshlarni qazib chiqarish, qayta ishlash va saqlashni mustaqil amalga oshiradi hamda nazorat qiladi, o‘z oltin zaxirasini yaratadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi SSSRning oltin zaxirasida, olmos va valuta jamg‘armalarida o‘z ulushiga ega. 11-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z pul birligi — milliy valutasini joriy etishga, jami pul oboroti, pul va boshqa davlat qimmatli qog‘ozlari emissiyasi hajmlarini mustaqil belgilashga haqli. 12-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi mustaqil moliya va kredit siyosatini amalga oshiradi. Respublika hududida olinadigan soliqlar va yig‘imlar O‘zbekiston Respublikasining davlat budjetiga va mahalliy budjetlarga tushadi. 13-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi chet davlatlar bilan diplomatik, konsullik, savdo aloqalari va boshqa aloqalar o‘rnatadi, ular bilan muxtor vakillar ayirboshlaydi, xalqaro shartnomalar tuzadi, xalqaro tashkilotlarning a’zosi bo‘lishi mumkin. 14-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi xalqaro iqtisodiy munosabatlarning mustaqil subyekti bo‘lib, chet el inves¬titsiyalarini amalga oshirish shartlarini, investorlarning huquq¬larini belgilaydi, o‘zining konversiya qilinadigan valuta jamg‘armasini yaratadi, oltin va boshqa zaxiralarni, ayirbosh¬lanadigan valutani sotadi va sotib oladi. 15-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi hududida inson huquqlari umumiy deklaratsiyasiga muvofiq holda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi fuqaroligi joriy etiladi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining barcha fuqarolari millatidan, elatidan, ijtimoiy chiqishidan, qaysi dinga mansubligidan va e’tiqodidan qat’i nazar bir xil fuqarolik huquqlariga egadirlar, respublika konstitutsiyasi hamda uning qonunlari himoyasida bo‘ladilar. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining fuqarolari respublikadan tashqari ham O‘zbekiston Respublikasining himoyasida bo‘ladilar. 16-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z taraqqiyot yo‘lini, o‘z nomini aniqlaydi, o‘z davlat ramzlarini: gerbi, bayrog‘i, madhiyasini ta’sis etadi, o‘z davlat tilini belgilaydi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi davlat mustaqilligining ramzlari muqaddasdir va ularni har qanday tahqirlash qonun bilan jazolanadi. 17-modda. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi o‘z tarkibidagi Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasining hududiy butunligini va mustaqilligini e’tirof etadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar teng huquqlilik asosida, ular o‘rtasidagi ikki tomonlama shartnomalar va bitimlar vositasida quriladi. Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi O‘zbekiston Respublikasi tarkibidan tegishli qonunlar asosida erkin chiqish huquqini saqlab qoladi. Toshkent shahri, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi 1991- yil 31-avgust Prezidenti I. KARIMOV MUHIM VOQEALAR SOLNOMASI 1991- yil 31- avgust O‘zR Oliy Kengashining navbatdan tashqari oltinchi sessiyasida Prezident Islom Karimov O‘zbekiston Respub¬lika¬sining davlat mustaqilligini e’lon qildi. „O‘zbekiston Respub¬lika¬sining Dav¬lat mustaqilligi asoslari to‘g‘¬risida“ Konstitutsiyaviy Qonun qabul qilindi. 1991- yil 1- sentabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Mustaqillik kuni — umumxalq bay¬rami. 1991- yil 28- sentabr Тoshkentda Alisher Navoiyga haykal o‘rnatildi. 1991- yil 1- noyabr O‘zbekiston xalq demokratik partiyasi tashkil topdi. 1991- yil 18- noyabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrog‘i qabul qilindi. „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi to‘g‘¬risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. 1991- yil 18- noyabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Davlat tasarrufidan chiqarish va xususiy¬lash¬tirish to‘g‘risida“gi Qonuni qabul qi¬lin¬di. 1991- yil 29- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining davlat mustaqilligi to‘g‘risida referendum o‘tkazildi. 1991- yil 29- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentiga umumxalq saylovi bo‘ldi. I. A. Karimov O‘zbekiston Respublika¬sining Prezi-denti etib saylandi. 1991- yil dekabr O‘zbekiston MDH ga a’zo bo‘ldi. 1992- yil 4- yanvar O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mah¬kama¬sining Bosh vaziri lavozimi ta’sis etildi. 1992- yil yanvar Viloyat, tuman va shaharlarda hokim lavo¬zimi ta’sis etildi. 1992- yil yanvar Millatlararo madaniyat markazi Respub¬¬lika Baynalmilal madaniyat markaziga aylantirildi. 1992- yil yanvar O‘zbekiston Milliy olimpiya qo‘mitasi tuzildi. 1992- yil 28- yanvar „O‘zbekiston havo yo‘llari“ Milliy aviakompaniyasi tashkil etildi. 1992- yil 26- fevral O‘zbekiston EXHТ ga a’zo bo‘ldi. 1992- yil 28- fevral Prezident farmoni bilan 8 ta viloyat pedagogika institutlari universitetlarga aylantirildi. 1992- yil 2- mart O‘zbekiston BMТ ga a’zo bo‘ldi. 1992- yil 16- mart Тoshkentda birinchi bo‘lib AQSH elchixonasi ochildi. 1992- yil 27- mart Prezident farmoni bilan Iyd-Ramazon va Qurbon hayitining birinchi kunlari bay¬ram va dam olish kunlari deb e’lon qi¬lindi. 1992- yil 30- may O‘zbekiston Respublikasi va Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘rtasida davlatlararo mu¬no¬sabatlarning asoslari, do‘stlik va ham¬korlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzo¬landi. 1992- yil iyun O‘zbekiston va Pokiston o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlar va hamkor¬lik prinsiplari to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzo¬landi. 1992- yil O‘zbekiston EKO ga a’zo bo‘ldi. 1992- yil 2- iyul O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat gerbi qabul qilindi. 1992- yil 2- iyul „Siyosiy partiyalar to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. U 1996- yil 25- dekabrda yangi tahrirda qabul qilindi. 1992- yil 25- avgust O‘zbekiston va Ukraina o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlarning asos¬la¬ri, do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 1992- yil noyabr O‘zbekiston va Eron o‘rtasida davlatlar¬- aro munosabatlarning asoslari to‘g‘ri¬sida deklaratsiya imzolandi. 1992- yil 8- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. 1992- yil 10- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat madhiyasi qabul qilindi. 1993- yil 14- yanvar Vatan himoyachilari kuni. 1993- yil may O‘zbekiston va Hindiston o‘rtasida davlatlararo munosabatlar va ham¬korlik prinsiplari to‘g‘risida shart¬noma imzo¬landi. 1993- yil 2- sentabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Fuqaro¬larning o‘zini o‘zi boshqarish organlari to‘g‘risida“gi Qonuni qabul qilindi. 1999- yil 14- aprelda esa u yangi tahrirda qabul qilindi. 1993- yil sentabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A.Karimov BMТ Bosh Assamble¬yasining 48- sessiyasida nutq so‘zladi. 1993- yil sentabr Bahouddin Naqshband tavalludining 675 yilligi nishonlandi. 1993- yil oktabr Тoshkentda BMТ ning vakolatxonasi ochildi. 1993- yil 28—30- oktabr O‘zbekiston bilan Fransiya o‘rtasida do‘stlik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Parij Xartiyasini imzoladi. 1993- yil 29- oktabr O‘zbekiston UNESCO ga a’zolikka qabul qilindi. 1993- yil 1- noyabr O‘zbekistonda aholi qo‘lidagi rubl o‘rniga so‘m-kupon (1 so‘m-kupon 1 rublga tenglashtirilgan holda) muo-malaga kiritildi. 1993- yil 22—25- noyabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi bilan Buyuk Britaniya Qirolligi o‘rtasida o‘zaro iqtisodiy aloqalar to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 1993- yil 28- dekabr „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisiga saylovlar to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qi¬lindi. 1994- yil aprel Respublika „Ma’naviyat va ma’rifat“ jamoatchilik markazi tuzildi. 1994- yil 5- may „O‘zbekiston Qahramoni“ unvoni, „Mustaqillik“ ordeni ta’sis etildi. 1994- yil 16—19- may O‘zbekiston bilan Yaponiya o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarning asosiy prinsiplari to‘g‘risida qo‘shma bayonot imzolandi. 1994- yil 1- iyul O‘zbekiston Respublikasining milliy valutasi — so‘m (1 so‘m kursi 1000 so‘m-kuponga tenglashtirilgan holda) muomalaga kiritildi. 1994- yil 1- sentabr GFR poytaxti Bonnda O‘zbekis¬ton¬- ning Yevropada birinchi elchixonasi ochildi. 1994- yil 22- sentabr „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majli¬- si to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. 1994- yil oktabr Mirzo Ulug‘bek tavalludining 600 yilligi jahon miqyosida nishonlandi. 1994- yil 4—25- oktabar O‘zbekiston va Xitoy o‘rtasida o‘zaro munosabatlarning asosiy prinsiplari, o‘zaro manfaatli hamkorlikni rivojlan-tirish to‘g‘risida bayonnoma imzolandi. 1994- yil 25- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majli¬- si¬ga birinchi bor saylovlar bo‘lib o‘tdi. 1995- yil 18- fevral „Adolat“ sotsial-demokratik partiyasi tuzildi. 1995- yil 23- fevral Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha Oliy Majlis vakili (ombudsman) instituti ta’sis etildi. 1995- yil 26- mart O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti vakolat muddatini 1997- yildan 2000- yilgacha uzaytirish bo‘yicha referendum o‘tkazildi. 1995- yil 3- iyun Milliy tiklanish demokratik partiyasi tuzildi. 1995- yil iyul Тoshkentda EXHТ ning mintaqaviy byurosi ochildi. 1995- yil 21- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasining yangi tahrirda „Davlat tili to‘g‘risida“gi Qo¬nu¬ni qabul qilindi. 1995- yil 21- dekabr „Fuqarolik kodeksi“ qabul qilindi. 1996- yil yanvar „Oltin meros“ xalqaro xayriya jam¬- g‘ar¬masi tuzildi. 1996- yil mart—avgust oylari „O‘zbekiston — Vatanim manim“ birin¬chi qo‘¬shiq¬lar ko‘rik tanlovi bo‘¬lib o‘tdi. 1996- yil aprel Amir Тemur tavalludining 660 yilligi jahon miqyosida nishonlandi. 1996- yil 26- aprel „Amir Тemur“ ordeni, „Buyuk xiz¬- mat¬lari uchun“ ordeni ta’sis etildi. 1996- yil 25- iyun AQSH da O‘zbekistonning elchixonasi ochildi. 1996- yil iyul O‘zbekiston bilan Yevropa Ittifoqi o‘rtasida sherikchilik va hamkorlik to‘g‘risida shartnoma imzolandi. 1996- yil 19- iyul „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma kor¬xona¬- sining rasmiy ochilish marosimi bo‘ldi. „Damas“, „Тiko“, „Neksiya“ rusumli avtomobillar ishlab chiqarish yo‘lga qo‘yildi. 1996- yil 27- avgust Prezident farmoni bilan har yili av¬- gust oyining uchinchi yakshanba kuni qo‘¬shiq bayrami kuni deb e’lon qilindi. Mavzu: „O‘zbekiston — Vatanim ma¬nim“. 1996- yil 1- sentabr Тoshkentda Olimpiya shon-shuhrati muzeyi ochildi. 1996- yil 18- oktabr Тoshkentda Temuriylar tarixi davlat muzeyi ochildi. 1997- yil 7- yanvar Iste’dodli yoshlarning chet elda o‘qishini qo‘llab-quvvatlash maqsadida „Umid“ jamg‘armasi tashkil etildi. 1997- yil 9—10- yanvar Bishkekda O‘zbekiston, Qozog‘iston, Qirg‘iziston o‘rtasida abadiy do‘stlik haqida shartnoma imzolandi. 1997- yil 24- aprel „Oliy Majlisning Inson huquqlari bo‘yicha vakili (ombudsman) to‘g‘ri¬sida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. 1997- yil 22- avgust Buxoro neftni qayta ishlash zavodi ishga tushirildi. 1997- yil 25- avgust – Samarqandda „Sharq taronalari“ 2- sentabr birinchi xalqaro festivali bo‘lib o‘tdi. Har ikki yil¬da shunday festivalni o‘t¬ka¬zish an’ana¬ga aylandi. 1997- yil 29- avgust O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Тa’lim to‘g‘risida“, „Kadrlar tay¬yor¬lash Milliy dasturi“ haqidagi qo¬nun¬lari qabul qilindi. 1997- yil oktabr Buxoro va Xiva shaharlarining 2500 yilligi nishonlandi. 1998- yil 30- aprel O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Chet el investitsiyalari to‘g‘risida“, „Chet ellik investorlar va investitsiyalarga kafolat berish to‘g‘risida“gi Qonunlari qabul qilindi. 1998- yil 30- aprel O‘zbekiston Respublikasining „Yer kadastri to‘g‘risida“, „Fermer xo‘jaligi to‘g‘risida“, „Dehqon xo‘jaligi to‘g‘-risida“gi Qonunlari qabul qilindi. 1998- yil may O‘zbekiston alpinistlari Himolay tog‘i- ¬ning eng baland „Everest“ cho‘qqisiga chiqdilar. 1998- yil 17- avgust „El-yurt hurmati“ ordeni ta’sis etildi. 1998- yil oktabr Samarqandda Imom al-Buxoriy tavallu¬dining hijriy-qamariy taqvim bo‘yicha 1225 yilligi nishonlandi, yodgorlik majmuyi ochildi. 1998- yil oktabr Farg‘ona shahrida Ahmad al-Farg‘o¬- niyga haykal o‘rnatildi, bog‘ yaratildi. 1999- yil 16- fevral Тoshkentda terrorchi kuchlar tomo¬- nidan portlashlar sodir etildi. 1999- yil mart „SamKochavto“ qo‘shma korxonasi ishga tushdi. „Otayo‘l“ rusumli avtobus va yuk avtomobillari ishlab chiqarish bosh¬landi. 1999- yil 9- may Тoshkentda „Xotira maydoni“ maj¬¬¬¬¬mu¬a- ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬si¬¬ning ochilish marosimi bo‘ldi. 1999- yil may Тoshkentda O‘zbek milliy kurashi bo‘yicha birinchi jahon chempionati bo‘lib o‘tdi. Xalqaro kurash assotsi-atsiyasi tuzildi. 1999- yil Тoshkent Islom universiteti ochildi. 1999- yil 5- noyabr Jaloliddin Manguberdi tavalludining 800 yilligi nishonlandi, uning xoti¬rasiga bag‘ish¬langan ulug‘vor haykal, yod-gorlik majmuyi ochildi. 1999- yil 5- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi ikkinchi chaqiriq Oliy Majlisiga saylovlar bo‘¬lib o‘tdi. 2000- yil 9- yanvar O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi bo‘ldi. I. A. Karimov O‘zbe¬kiston Respublikasi Prezidenti etib saylandi. 2000- yil 12- may Тoshkentda „Shahidlar xotirasi“ yod¬- gorlik majmuyi ochildi. 2000- yil 21- iyun MDH sammitida terrorchilikka qarshi kurash markazini tuzish haqida qaror qabul qilindi. 2000- yil 30- avgust „Jaloliddin Manguberdi“ ordeni ta’sis etildi. 2000- yil 16—17- noyabr Burhoniddin Marg‘inoniy tavallu¬- dining 910 yilligi va Imom Abu Mansur Moturudiy tavalludining 1130 yilligi ni¬shonlandi, ular xotirasiga ba¬g‘ish¬langan yodgorlik majmualari ochildi. 2001- yil 23- mart „Kamolot“ yoshlar-ijtimoiy harakati tashkil topdi. 2001- yil 24- aprel Navoiy—Uchquduq—Sulton Uvaystog‘—Nukus yo‘nalishi bo‘ylab qurilgan yangi temir yo‘lda dast- labki yuk poyez¬di harakati boshlandi. 2001- yil 14—15- iyun O‘zbekiston „Shanxay forumi“ga a’zo bo‘ldi. Uning nomi Shanxay Ham¬korlik Тashkiloti deb o‘zgartirildi. 2001- yil 14 —15- iyun Shanxay Hamkorlik Тashkiloti sam¬- mitida terrorchilik, ayirmachilik va ekstremizm¬ga qarshi kurash haqida konvensiya imzolandi. 2001- yil iyun 4890 nafar o‘g‘il-qiz akademik litsey va kasb-hunar kollejlarining birinchi bitiruv¬chilari bo‘ldi. 2001- yil 17- avgust „O‘zDAEWOOavto“ qo‘shma kor¬- xonasi yangi rusumdagi „Matiz“ avto¬mobilini ishlab chiqara boshladi. 2001- yil avgust Тoshkent metrosi Yunusobod yo‘na¬- lishining 6 ta bekatdan iborat birinchi qismi qurilib, foydalanishga topshi¬rildi. 2001- yil 16—17- noyabr „O‘zbekiston—Qozog‘iston davlat che¬- ga¬rasi to‘g‘risida“ shartnoma imzolandi. 2001- yil dekabr Sho‘rtan gaz-kimyo majmuasi ishga tushirildi. 2002- yil 27- yanvar Ikki palatali parlament tuzish masa¬- lasida O‘zbekiston Respublikasining referen¬dumi bo‘lib o‘tdi. 2002- yil O‘zbekistonda istiqomat qilayotgan millat va elatlarning 120 ta milliy madaniyat markazlari faoliyat ko‘r¬satdi. 2002- yil 11—14- mart O‘zbekiston Prezidenti I. A. Karimov rasmiy davlat tashrifi bilan AQSH da bo‘ldi. „O‘zbekiston bilan AQSH o‘rtasida o‘zaro sheriklik va hamkorlik asoslari to‘g‘risida“ deklaratsiya im-zolandi. 2002- yil 2- aprel Тermiz shahrining 2500 yilligi ni¬- shon¬landi. 2002- yil 4—5- aprel „Referendum yakunlari hamda davlat hokimiyati tashkil etilishining asosiy prinsiplari to‘g‘risida“ Konstitut¬siya¬viy Qonun qabul qilindi. 2002- yil 28—31- iyul O‘zbekiston va Yaponiya o‘rtasida do‘stlik, strategik sheriklik va ham¬korlik to‘g‘risida qo‘shma bayonot imzolandi. 2002- yil 27- avgust Тoshkentda „Qatag‘on qurbonlari xoti¬- rasi“ muzeyi ochildi. 2002- yil 12- dekabr „O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Maj¬- lisi¬ning Qonunchilik palatasi to‘g‘ri¬sida“ Konsti¬tutsiyaviy Qonun qabul qilin-di.„O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majli¬sining Senati to‘g‘risida“ Konsti-tutsiya¬viy Qonun qabul qilindi. 2003- yil 24- aprel „O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Kon¬stitutsiyasiga o‘zgartirishlar va qo‘¬shim¬chalar kiritish to‘g‘risida“ Qonun qabul qilindi. 2003- yil oxiri O‘zbekiston Liberal-demokratik par- tiyasi tashkil topdi. 2004- yil 1- yanvar Toshkentda SHHTning Mintaqaviy aksilterror tuzilmasi (MATT) fao- liyat yurita boshladi. 2004- yil 16- iyun Toshkentda O‘zbekiston Respublika- si va Rossiya Federatsiyasi o‘rta- sida strategik sherikchilik to‘g‘risi- da bitim imzolandi. 2004- yil 18- iyun — 13- iyul Hamyurtimiz Rustam Qosimjonov shaxmat bo‘yicha jahon chempioni unvonini qo‘lga kiritdi. 2005-yil 27- yanvar O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Maj- lisining Qonunchilik palatasi va Se- nati tuzildi va faoliyat boshladi. 2005- yil 14- noyabr Moskvada O‘zbekiston—Rossiya o‘rta- sida ittifoqchilik munosabatlari to‘g‘ri- sida shartnoma imzolandi va kuchga kirdi. 2006- yil 24—25- yanvar O‘zbekistonning Yevrosiyo iqtisodiy hamjamiyatiga qo‘shilish haqidagi protokol va shartnomalar imzolandi. 2007- yil 23- dekabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti saylovi bo‘ldi. I.A. Karimov O‘zbe- kiston Respublikasi Prezidenti etib saylandi. 2008- yil Yoshlar yili. 2009- yil 1- sentabr „O‘zbekiston“ xalqaro anjumanlar saroyida Toshkent shahrining 2200 yilligiga bag‘ishlangan tantanali majlis bo‘lib o‘tdi. Majlisda Prezident Islom Karimov Toshkent shahriga „Musta- qillik“ ordenini topshirdi. 2009- yil 27- dekabr — O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majli- 2010- yil 10- yanvar siga saylovlar va takroriy saylovlar bo‘lib o‘tdi. 2010- yil Barkamol avlod yili. 2010- yil 11- iyun Toshkentda SHHT Davlat rahbarlari Kengashining 10- majlisi bo‘lib o‘tdi. 2010- yil Prezident I.A. Karimov taklifiga binoan Oliy Majlis tomonidan „Mam- lakatimizda demokratik islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish va fuqarolik jamiyatini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi“ qabul qilindi. 2011- yil Kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik yili. 2011- yil Toshkentda Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkiloti ishtirokida tibbiyot sohasi- ning dolzarb masalalari bo‘yicha sim- pozium bo‘lib o‘tdi. 2011- yil 1- sentabr O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat mus- taqilligining 20 yilligi jamoatchilik tomonidan qizg‘in nishonlandi. 2011- yil Toshkentda Simpoziumlar saroyi va Alisher Navoiy nomidagi Milliy ku- tubxonani o‘z ichiga olgan Ma’rifat markazi binosi bunyod etildi. 2012- yil Mustahkam oila yili. 2012- yil fevral Toshkentda ta’lim va taraqqiyot mav- zusiga bag‘ishlangan xalqaro konfe- rensiya bo‘lib o‘tdi. MUNDARIJA Kirish 3 I bob. Mustaqil O‘zbekiston davlatining tashkil topishi 5 1- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi mustaqilligining e’lon qilinishi va umumxalq tomonidan ma’qullanishi 5 2- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi va davlat ramzlarining qabul qilinishi 18 3- §. O‘zbekistonning ma’muriy-hududiy tuzilishi, aholisi va moddiy imkoniyatlari 35 4- §. Islom Karimov — O‘zbekiston Respublikasining birinchi Prezidenti 42 II bob. Siyosiy islohotlar. Milliy davlat hokimiyat organla- rining barpo etilishi 52 5- §. O‘zbekistonning o‘z taraqqiyot yo‘li 52 6- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi parlamenti—Oliy Majlis- ning tashkil etilishi va qonunchilik faoliyati 58 7- §. Milliy davlat boshqaruv hokimiyati tizimining shakllantirilishi 77 III bob. Fuqarolik jamiyati asoslarining shakllantiri- lishi 89 8- §. Mahalliy o‘zini o‘zi boshqarishning tashkil etilishi 89 9- §. Inson huquqlari, erkinliklari kafolatlarining va demokratik saylov tizimining yaratilishi 97 10- §. Siyosiy partiyalar, jamoat tashkilotlari va ommaviy axborot vositalarining rivojlanishi 108 IV bob. Iqtisodiy islohotlar. Bozor munosabatlarining shakllanishi va iqtisodiy taraqqiyot 121 11- §. O‘zbekistonning bozor iqtisodiyotiga o‘tish yo‘li, huquqiy asoslari va bozor infratuzilmasining yaratilishi 121 12- §. Davlat mulkini xususiylashtirish. Ko‘p ukladli iqtisodiyot va mulkdorlar tabaqasining shakllanishi 133 13- §. O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotining barqarorlashuvi va taraqqiyoti 147 V bob. Mamlakatda ijtimoiy-siyosiy barqarorlikning ta’minlanishi 170 14- §. Aholini ijtimoiy himoyalash va millatlararo totuvlikning mustahkamlanishi 170 15- §. Milliy xavfsizlik va mamlakat mudofaa qobiliyatining mustahkamlanishi 181 VI bob. O‘zbekistonning ma’naviy va madaniy taraqqiyoti 190 16- §. Ma’naviy meros, milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning tiklanishi va rivojlanishi 190 17- §. Тa’lim va madaniyat ravnaqi. Jismoniy tarbiya va sport 209 VII bob. O‘zbekistonning jahon hamjamiyatiga integratsiya- lashuvi 237 18- §. O‘zbekiston Respublikasining tinchliksevar tashqi siyosati va jahon hamjamiyatiga qo‘shilishi 237 19- §. O‘zbekistonning Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi va Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari bilan hamkorligi 253 20- §. O‘zbekistonning xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan o‘zaro manfaatli aloqalari 281 Xotima 305 Muhim voqealar solnomasi 307 Milliy istiqlol davri bo‘yicha test savollaridan namunalar 319 a6mtrj77ai5bzmh4fm8xv2ibhmeovwy 0 2256 3939 2013-06-24T00:36:20Z 85.102.160.75 "<center> [[Ozarbayjon tili/Mundarija|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=red>'''Vikikitob<br>Ozarbayjon tili kitobini o'qish uchun bosing'''</font>]] {| cells..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki <center> [[Ozarbayjon tili/Mundarija|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=red>'''Vikikitob<br>Ozarbayjon tili kitobini o'qish uchun bosing'''</font>]] {| cellspacing="15" style="margin: auto;" |[[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|104px|border|Azərbaycan bayrağı]]<br><center><small>''Azərbaycan Respublikası''</small></center> |[[File:Flag of Iran.svg|104px|border|İran bayrağı]]<br><center></small>ايران<small></center> |[[File:Flag of Dagestan.svg|104px|border|Dağıstan bayrağı]]<br><center><small>''Rusiya Federasiyası<br>Dağıstan Respublikası''</small></center> |} q6k35e6y884mszz2sxgu9wqyn70a0up 0 2257 3940 2013-06-24T00:38:09Z 85.102.160.75 "*[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>So'zlashgich</font>]]" yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>So'zlashgich</font>]] tqs6ag4za1og7w1f27gh3s53vktoy2q 0 2258 3941 2013-06-24T00:42:45Z 85.102.160.75 "*[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Til bilish|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Til bilish</font>]]" yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Til bilish|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Til bilish</font>]] 983i61eqyuq7b8wn9u6ywo87ghvjm2h 3949 3941 2013-06-24T19:24:54Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Til bilish|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Til bilish</font>]] *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Hol-ahvol so'rash|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Hol-ahvol so'rash</font>]] r69tqju5ebfe0kvnb0lqk18oowx177w 3954 3949 2013-06-24T21:28:20Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Til bilish|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Til bilish</font>]] *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Hol-ahvol so'rash|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Hol-ahvol so'rash</font>]] *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Uzr so'rash|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Uzr so'rash</font>]] dwf4409rufjzxty4a9vg8ci8phy9e6f 3960 3954 2013-06-25T08:37:35Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Til bilish|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Til bilish</font>]] *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Hol-ahvol so'rash|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Hol-ahvol so'rash</font>]] *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Salomlashish|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Salomlashish</font>]] *[[Ozarbayjon tili/So'zlashgich/Uzr so'rash|<font face="Verdana" Size=4 color=black>Uzr so'rash</font>]] ai5q0a3tngqk4bswiihplyu8xy0h0uy 0 2259 3942 2013-06-24T00:48:36Z 85.102.160.75 "This is a copy-lefted work and anybody may use it without any prior permission" wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> l085k0e5u0dwrti1mmkf1vkinvj606a 3943 3942 2013-06-24T00:58:39Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> rjj1gv6tckkui84ruoypjp61z31nb9a 3944 3943 2013-06-24T01:02:25Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> 63i543f1fkvg98fb4n0q113yeip3cmr 3945 3944 2013-06-24T10:12:09Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az bilirəm.</strong><br> Biroz bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yox, bilmirəm.</strong><br> Yo'q, bilmayman.<br> </font> </p> cp3f8mf39o1oam840ct18bqxd2r41ts 3946 3945 2013-06-24T16:32:39Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az bilirəm.</strong><br> Biroz bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yox, bilmirəm.</strong><br> Yo'q, bilmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Hansı dili bilirsiniz?</strong><br> Qaysi tilni bilasiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Mənim dediklərimi başa düşürsünüzmü?</strong><br> Mening aytganlarimni tushunasizmi?<br> </font> </p> 3e9018yfsf40js96evw5dptkgupjwqi 3947 3946 2013-06-24T17:31:32Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az bilirəm.</strong><br> Biroz bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yox, bilmirəm.</strong><br> Yo'q, bilmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Hansı dili bilirsiniz?</strong><br> Qaysi tilni bilasiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Mənim dediklərimi başa düşürsünüzmü?</strong><br> Mening aytganlarimni tushunasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Daha asta danışsanız sizi daha yaxşı başa düşə bilərəm.</strong><br> Yanada sekinroq gapirsangiz sizni yaxshiroq tushuna olaman.<br> </font> </p> oevsjmji32914dx28spfzdj2nlb2w3x 3948 3947 2013-06-24T17:33:29Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az bilirəm.</strong><br> Biroz bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yox, bilmirəm.</strong><br> Yo'q, bilmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Hansı dili bilirsiniz?</strong><br> Qaysi tilni bilasiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Mənim dediklərimi başa düşürsünüzmü?</strong><br> Mening aytganlarimni tushunasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Daha asta danışsanız sizi daha yaxşı başa düşə bilərəm.</strong><br> Yanada sekinroq gapirsangiz sizni yaxshiroq tushuna olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Heç başa düşmürəm.</strong><br> Heç tushunmayman.<br> </font> </p> srz9r9p26d0eep4lnwb4kekl84pnvc5 3957 3948 2013-06-25T01:00:12Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az bilirəm.</strong><br> Ozgina bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yox, bilmirəm.</strong><br> Yo'q, bilmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Hansı dili bilirsiniz?</strong><br> Qaysi tilni bilasiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Mənim dediklərimi başa düşürsünüzmü?</strong><br> Mening aytganlarimni tushunasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Daha asta danışsanız sizi daha yaxşı başa düşə bilərəm.</strong><br> Yanada sekinroq gapirsangiz sizni yaxshiroq tushuna olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Heç başa düşmürəm.</strong><br> Heç tushunmayman.<br> </font> </p> lu16hot0ednejh3zb9wbma433g321n8 3958 3957 2013-06-25T01:03:56Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az bilirəm.</strong><br> Ozgina bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yox, bilmirəm.</strong><br> Yo'q, bilmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Hansı dili bilirsiniz?</strong><br> Qaysi tilni bilasiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Mənim dediklərimi başa düşürsünüzmü?</strong><br> Mening aytganlarimni tushunasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Daha asta danışsanız sizi daha yaxşı başa düşə bilərəm.</strong><br> Yanada sekinroq gapirsangiz sizni yaxshiroq tushuna olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Heç başa düşmürəm.</strong><br> Heç tushunmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində ... necə demək olar?.</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida ... qanday aytiladi?<br> </font> </p> 0e20gcw8i5c2prps0uhsh3qjeda7ujl 3959 3958 2013-06-25T01:04:13Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olasizmi?<br> </font> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycan dilində danışa bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjon tilida gaplasha olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycancanı bilirsinizmi?</strong><br> Ozarbayjonchani bilasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bəli, Azərbaycancanı bilirəm.</strong><br> Ha, Ozarbayjonchani bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az bilirəm.</strong><br> Ozgina bilaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yox, bilmirəm.</strong><br> Yo'q, bilmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Hansı dili bilirsiniz?</strong><br> Qaysi tilni bilasiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Mənim dediklərimi başa düşürsünüzmü?</strong><br> Mening aytganlarimni tushunasizmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Daha asta danışsanız sizi daha yaxşı başa düşə bilərəm.</strong><br> Yanada sekinroq gapirsangiz sizni yaxshiroq tushuna olaman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Heç başa düşmürəm.</strong><br> Heç tushunmayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Azərbaycan dilində ... necə demək olar?</strong><br> Ozarbayjon tilida ... qanday aytiladi?<br> </font> </p> ilpj0z5ujgipg5dy6d6imt6wn8hsnkw 0 2260 3950 2013-06-24T19:25:49Z 85.102.160.75 "<font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Necəsiniz?</strong><br> Qandaysiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><st..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Necəsiniz?</strong><br> Qandaysiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yaxşısınızmı?</strong><br> Yaxshimisiz?<br> </font> </p> eyno3wtqj13j5m45b0ay0gdotmsjzmo 3951 3950 2013-06-24T19:31:09Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Necəsiniz?</strong><br> Qandaysiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yaxşısınızmı?</strong><br> Yaxshimisiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Sağ olun, çox yaxşıyam.</strong><br> Sog' bo'ling, juda yaxshiman.<br> </font> </p> 357jut2ikioakv5kl7zhpe7g1gxgoqo 3952 3951 2013-06-24T19:44:32Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Necəsiniz?</strong><br> Qandaysiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yaxşısınızmı?</strong><br> Yaxshimisiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Əhvalınız yaxşıdırmı?</strong><br> Ahvolingiz yaxshimi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Sağ olun, çox yaxşıyam.</strong><br> Sog' bo'ling, juda yaxshiman.<br> </font> </p> j8edkzw9bx29i5ezfzpf1rfjl43fb09 3953 3952 2013-06-24T19:58:11Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Necəsiniz?</strong><br> Qandaysiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Yaxşısınızmı?</strong><br> Yaxshimisiz?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Əhvalınız yaxşıdırmı?</strong><br> Ahvolingiz yaxshimi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Sağ olun, çox yaxşıyam.</strong><br> Sog' bo'ling, juda yaxshiman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Pis deyiləm.</strong><br> Yomon emasman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bir az yorğunam.</strong><br> Biroz charchabman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Xəstəyəm.</strong><br> Kasalman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Başım ağrıyır.</strong><br> Boshim og'riyapti.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Allah şəfa versin.</strong><br> Alloh shifo bersin. <br> <br> </font> gd391bq7uiktcqzqqrfklgkz6n7ebjs 0 2261 3955 2013-06-24T21:46:15Z 85.102.160.75 "<font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bağışlayın.</strong><br> Kechirasiz.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bağışlayın.</strong><br> Kechirasiz.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Üzr istəyirəm.</strong><br> Uzr so'raman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Üzr istəyirəm, yubanmışam.</strong><br> Uzr so'raman, kech qoldim.<strong><br> </strong></font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Narahat edirəm?</strong><br> Bezovta qilyapmanmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Narahat etdim.</strong><br> Bezovta qildim.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Sizə zəhmət oldu.</strong><br> Sizga zahmat bo'ldi.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Zəhmət etməyin.</strong><br> Zahmat chekmang.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Problem deyil.</strong><br> Problem emas.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Eybi yox.</strong><br> Hechqisi yo'q.<br> </font> lvwih7lq3pnqsvngegswjww4pgc537q 3956 3955 2013-06-25T00:54:13Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Bağışlayın.</strong><br> Kechirasiz.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Üzr istəyirəm.</strong><br> Uzr so'rayman.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Üzr istəyirəm, yubanmışam.</strong><br> Uzr so'rayman, kech qoldim.<strong><br> </strong></font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Narahat edirəm?</strong><br> Bezovta qilyapmanmi?<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Narahat etdim.</strong><br> Bezovta qildim.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Sizə zəhmət oldu.</strong><br> Sizga zahmat bo'ldi.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Zəhmət etməyin.</strong><br> Zahmat chekmang.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Problem deyil.</strong><br> Problem emas.<br> </font> </p> <p> <font face="times new roman,times" size="3"><strong>Eybi yox.</strong><br> Hechqisi yo'q.<br> </font> aseklult6andspum2kev364g5kpmoau 0 2262 3961 2013-06-25T08:40:06Z 85.102.160.75 "<font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Salam!</strong><br> Salom!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Salam!</strong><br> Salom!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Gününüz xeyir!</strong><br> Xayrli kun!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Sabahınız xeyir! / Gün aydın!</strong><br> Xayrli erta!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Axşamınız xeyir!</strong><br> Xayrli kech!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Gecəniz xeyir! </strong><br> Xayrli tun!<br> </font></font> </p> hm6yibyodas01cirnbxxfeir3t9tp14 3962 3961 2013-06-25T08:42:41Z 85.102.160.75 wikitext text/x-wiki <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Salam!</strong><br> Salom!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Gününüz xeyir!</strong><br> Xayrli kun!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Sabahınız xeyir! / Gün aydın!</strong><br> Xayrli erta!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Axşamınız xeyir!</strong><br> Xayrli kech!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Gecəniz xeyir! </strong><br> Xayrli tun!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Xoş gəlmisiniz! </strong><br> Xush kelibsiz!<br> </font></font> </p> <p> <font size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><strong>Xoş gördük! </strong><br> Xush ko'rdik!<br> </font></font> </p> braccb4n2e9pynz0lrk5350b887f1ss 2 2263 3964 2013-07-02T02:54:35Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by FrigidNinja]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:FrigidNinja/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 1ad7mvbfckmxgbqjjd3woeefbtvwdbl 2 2265 3966 2013-07-03T03:06:08Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Knopfkind]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load("//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Knopfkind/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"); mxlwb5jbyijlz06up8aadcbgx7hebyi 2 2266 3967 2013-07-19T14:03:15Z Akhilan 700 "<div style="min-height: 57px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;..." yozuvi orqali yangi sahifa yaratildi wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="min-height: 57px; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 50%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify;"> <div style="float: left">[[Image:Wiki.png|50px| ]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px">'''Interwiki redirect''' <br> This page can be found at [[w:User:Akhilan|Akhilan]] or [[w:ml:User:Akhilan|അഖിലൻ</span>]] .</div> </div> 3mdhcacij2ldjzg7ps8x4e1cuq94dtw 2 2267 3969 2013-09-15T21:38:25Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Knopfkind]]) css text/css @import "//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Knopfkind/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; cecddlyfgkfe7ic5sztx0q3nzchdsal 2 2268 3970 2013-09-16T03:35:20Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Hahc21]]) css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hahc21/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; 7g4x6knmp3vyc37fzpnizhtomrecyso 4095 3970 2015-12-30T19:05:53Z Steinsplitter 793 Steinsplitter [[Foydalanuvchi:Hahc21/common.css]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Razr Nation/common.css]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hahc21|Hahc21]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Razr Nation|Razr Nati... css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hahc21/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; 7g4x6knmp3vyc37fzpnizhtomrecyso 2 2270 3972 2013-09-18T00:23:39Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Bellayet]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Bellayet/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); b52e6o2o28jg360opd5q4leedft135q 2 2271 3973 2013-09-18T01:25:29Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by 분당선M]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%EB%B6%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%84%A0M/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mbvzo0n6smqy1qq9skech5273xqjsm9 4107 3973 2017-12-06T23:26:56Z -revi 885 -revi [[Foydalanuvchi:분당선M/common.js]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:*Youngjin/common.js]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/분당선M|분당선M]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/*Youngjin|*Youngjin]]" javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%EB%B6%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%84%A0M/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mbvzo0n6smqy1qq9skech5273xqjsm9 2 2276 3979 2013-09-19T03:20:11Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by LlamaAl]]) css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:LlamaAl/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; keqd1vd77jud9evny17wbnai8awv1wh 2 2277 3980 2013-09-19T03:48:18Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by LlamaAl]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ [[:m:user:LlamaAl]] 5k6cylbo9luu5ncjnu4ax2hqsbnvydt 3 2278 3981 2013-09-19T04:10:38Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by LlamaAl]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ [[:m:user talk:LlamaAl]] oub4g2jl4r1fb2czujsn6wgu83g97l3 3 2280 3983 2013-09-23T00:47:52Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Wim b]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="mw-content-ltr"> {{#babel:it|en-2|uz-0}} :'''Talk''': my user talk on [[:m:it:wikt:User talk:Wim b|it.wikt]] :'''Info''': my user page on [[m:User:Wim b|Meta]] '''You can contact me also''' : * [irc://irc.freenode.net/wiktionary-it '''#wiktionary-it'''] * [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-it '''#wikipedia-it'''] * [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikbooks-it '''#wikibooks-it'''] * [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikivoyage-it '''#wikivoyage-it'''] * [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-admin '''#wikimedia-admin'''] * [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-gs '''#wikimedia-gs'''] </div> 59d1hwk5733rr6al3iuykgzaydl7krv 2 2285 3988 2013-09-26T01:41:19Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Spacebirdy]]) css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Spacebirdy/altækt.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; bqvpi9d4fil15fheszanjeyelf7804e 2 2286 3989 2013-09-26T02:51:45Z Pathoschild 156 global JavaScript ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Spacebirdy]]) javascript text/javascript importScriptURI('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Spacebirdy/altækt.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 1gziv0ywmds3xeryb77byhf08diby3b 2 2289 3992 2013-09-28T20:43:11Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:ko|en-2|uz-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:Hym411|Revi]]. Come to [[m:User:Hym411|my meta userpage]] for more information. Thank you. sb2u81lmmiblchrtg9wawpphwqiqlml 4008 3992 2014-08-21T13:08:54Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|uz-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Hym411|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:Hym411|Revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff (I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/Hym411|limit=1}} Verify])</small>), or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/Hym411|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:Hym411|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:Hym411|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you.</div> s1ixfkp2kmpz5d7phhvu3nmfuy5p09j 4013 4008 2014-09-28T15:25:48Z Ahonc 53 Ahonc [[Foydalanuvchi:Hym411]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:ReviWiki]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hym411|Hym411]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/ReviWiki|ReviWiki]]" wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|uz-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Hym411|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:Hym411|Revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff (I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/Hym411|limit=1}} Verify])</small>), or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/Hym411|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:Hym411|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:Hym411|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you.</div> s1ixfkp2kmpz5d7phhvu3nmfuy5p09j 4017 4013 2014-09-28T15:50:38Z Vogone 678 Vogone [[Foydalanuvchi:ReviWiki]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:-revi]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/ReviWiki|ReviWiki]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/-revi|-revi]]" wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|uz-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Hym411|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:Hym411|Revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff (I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/Hym411|limit=1}} Verify])</small>), or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/Hym411|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:Hym411|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:Hym411|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you.</div> s1ixfkp2kmpz5d7phhvu3nmfuy5p09j 4021 4017 2014-10-20T02:37:28Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by -revi]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|uz-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:-revi|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:-revi|Revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff (I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/-revi|limit=1}} Verify])</small>), or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/-revi|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:-revi|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:-revi|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you. 9n3hugcishq57d5z1wer0ub05sll2r3 4074 4021 2015-08-01T21:46:57Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by -revi]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{#babel:ko|en-3|uz-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:-revi|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:-revi|Revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff (I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/-revi|limit=1}} Verify])</small>), or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/-revi|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:-revi|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:-revi|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you. ---- This is not a [[mw:Extension:GlobalUserPage|GlobalUserPage]] provided userpage. It's maintained per-wiki basis and I am not willing to change it. n5cay94i9gh83f0ls2fst6ngne6b7wc 3 2290 3993 2013-09-28T22:32:36Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] <br/>Instead, leave your message at [[:m:User talk:Hym411|my talk page]]. Thanks for your understanding. t5nleztr6tndaqeu3k03xrvzkr64t13 4015 3993 2014-09-28T15:25:49Z Ahonc 53 Ahonc [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Hym411]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:ReviWiki]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hym411|Hym411]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/ReviWiki|ReviWiki]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] <br/>Instead, leave your message at [[:m:User talk:Hym411|my talk page]]. Thanks for your understanding. t5nleztr6tndaqeu3k03xrvzkr64t13 4019 4015 2014-09-28T15:50:39Z Vogone 678 Vogone [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:ReviWiki]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:-revi]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/ReviWiki|ReviWiki]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/-revi|-revi]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] <br/>Instead, leave your message at [[:m:User talk:Hym411|my talk page]]. Thanks for your understanding. t5nleztr6tndaqeu3k03xrvzkr64t13 4022 4019 2014-11-02T03:16:34Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by -revi]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] ''' <span style="color:red">Before blocking my account: if you're blocking me for edits with summaries containing </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, just tell me to slow down at [[:c:User talk:-revi]] instead. Those are automated script edits for Commons' filemove system.</span> Please leave your message at one of the following sites:<br /> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|45px|link=d:User talk:-revi]] [[d:User talk:-revi]] for Wikidata/interwikilinks stuff (I'm one of the {{int:Group-sysop}} there);<br /> [[File:Commons-logo.svg|45px|link=commons:User talk:-revi]] [[commons:User talk:-revi]] for renaming stuff or [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] actions (I'm one of the {{int:Group-sysop}} there);<br /> [[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|45px|link=m:User talk:-revi]] [[meta:User talk:-revi]] for other stuff (like user right notifications or revert messages).</div> lwjsr976jdsq551jmw5zumkbtvudhn1 2 2292 3996 2013-10-13T16:39:59Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by TCN7JM]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<font face="Tahoma">User:</font><font color="blue" face="Tahoma">T</font><font color="red" face="Tahoma">C</font><font color="gray" face="Tahoma">N7</font><font face="Tahoma">JM</font>}} <center><font face="Tahoma">[[w:en:User:TCN7JM|English Wikipedia]] &mdash; [[d:User:TCN7JM|Wikidata]] &mdash; [[w:simple:User:TCN7JM|Simple English Wikipedia]] &mdash; [[m:User talk:TCN7JM|Contact me]]</font></center> [[File:TCN7JM Global Userpage.png|center|middle]] 4v20vrzaoqwfb827ef0df1x3hxhxdgv 2 2293 3997 2013-10-13T17:04:51Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by 분당선M]]) css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%EB%B6%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%84%A0M/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; gt41tyc1mmomd9lj9qv6vtr76ycszo0 4105 3997 2017-12-06T23:26:55Z -revi 885 -revi [[Foydalanuvchi:분당선M/common.css]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:*Youngjin/common.css]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/분당선M|분당선M]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/*Youngjin|*Youngjin]]" css text/css @import "//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%EB%B6%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%84%A0M/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; gt41tyc1mmomd9lj9qv6vtr76ycszo0 2 2297 4003 2014-01-20T21:43:14Z Pathoschild 156 global CSS ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by JøMa]]) css text/css @import "//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JøMa/global.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"; b6im9giy1jl9jqfj9p8k1krtlppdc20 2 2299 4005 2014-02-28T07:04:15Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Dusti]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|es-3}}[[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|46px|link=]][[w:en:User:Dusti|w:en:{{ns:3}}:Dusti]] imzuc5l2cxomqg3bmsjnqupazotkb6p 2 2300 4007 2014-08-17T23:21:15Z MF-Warburg 57 MF-Warburg [[Foydalanuvchi:Jalexander]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Jalexander-WMF]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Jalexander|Jalexander]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Jalexander-WMF|Jalexander-WMF]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Jalexander-WMF]] kkasbjdw106soqx47vp0jjupu2m321v 2 2301 4009 2014-08-23T01:34:36Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:User:Pathoschild/Scripts/Synchbot|requested by Lotje]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redirectltr.png|#REDIRECT|link=]]<span class="redirectText" id="softredirect">[[w:en:User:Lotje]]</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%; padding-left:48px;">This page is a [[w:Wikipedia:Soft redirect|soft redirect]].</span> geilasxin1u0zw3209u893w494njgi8 2 2302 4014 2014-09-28T15:25:48Z Ahonc 53 Ahonc [[Foydalanuvchi:Hym411]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:ReviWiki]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hym411|Hym411]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/ReviWiki|ReviWiki]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:ReviWiki]] 58q2yxlsdbp15dg2cjt6uzvz9mpg1cb 4109 4014 2018-04-17T17:09:23Z Pathoschild 156 fixed redirect ([[m:Synchbot|requested by -revi]]) wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:-revi]] r339x2g9slipcxm7q11japopjzpi6pw 3 2303 4016 2014-09-28T15:25:49Z Ahonc 53 Ahonc [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Hym411]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:ReviWiki]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hym411|Hym411]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/ReviWiki|ReviWiki]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:ReviWiki]] f97r35rs4fzhp2sq52uoi95yjqj2kcw 4110 4016 2018-04-17T18:00:02Z Pathoschild 156 fixed redirect ([[m:Synchbot|requested by -revi]]) wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:-revi]] shea9cfpoa30q9vjv11h8sym7toqb6g 2 2306 4024 2014-11-27T23:49:49Z Savh 467 Savh [[Foydalanuvchi:Ralgis]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Allan Aguilar]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Ralgis|Ralgis]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Allan Aguilar|Allan Aguilar]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Allan Aguilar]] hrzq2ym51p91s5ydf7troiftiiivst1 3 2307 4027 2014-11-27T23:49:49Z Savh 467 Savh [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Ralgis]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Allan Aguilar]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Ralgis|Ralgis]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Allan Aguilar|Allan Aguilar]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Allan Aguilar]] ph4nxspz91oaqett5tpu3hpkay5u3rl 3 2308 4028 2015-01-11T23:09:44Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Sir Lestaty de Lioncourt]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__{{#babel:pt|en-3}}[[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|45px|link=]][[m:User talk:Sir Lestaty de Lioncourt|Lestaty de Lioncourt (Meta-Wiki)]] 0738nao5e9r9j989zct5f35xw1x5bxc 2 2310 4036 2015-02-03T18:06:42Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Suprememangaka]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:*SM*]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Suprememangaka|Suprememangaka]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/*SM*|*SM*]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:*SM*]] f7g0dynrewpewts9gggwnoo1zy0a1xg 3 2311 4038 2015-02-03T18:06:42Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Suprememangaka]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:*SM*]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Suprememangaka|Suprememangaka]]" to "[[Special:CentralAu... wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:*SM*]] 5n62k1t1adwqpq7dlt7w9pnka42g7dz 3 2312 4039 2015-02-12T02:32:40Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Mjbmr]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div dir="ltr">[[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|46px|link=]][[w:en:User:Mjbmr|Mjbmr]]@Wikipedia ([[w:en:User talk:Mjbmr|Talk]]@Wikipedia)</div> iixdp9ugeyiqeurocghjgsb2lkrjjfm 3 2313 4040 2015-02-20T00:39:48Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Diego Grez]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ 4dk4zevx7zb4mh95uavtx21at6jgovp 4072 4040 2015-07-29T20:35:23Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Diego Grez]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Diego Grez-Cañete]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez|Diego Grez]]" to "[[Special:Central... wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ 4dk4zevx7zb4mh95uavtx21at6jgovp 4126 4072 2020-06-05T13:27:56Z Sotiale 708 Sotiale [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Diego Grez-Cañete]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Vanished user 24kwjf10h32h]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez-Cañete|Diego Grez-Cañete]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Vanished user 24kwjf10h32h|Vanished user 24kwjf10h32h]]" wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ 4dk4zevx7zb4mh95uavtx21at6jgovp 2 2315 4042 2015-02-22T05:29:09Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Diego Grez]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ 4dk4zevx7zb4mh95uavtx21at6jgovp 4070 4042 2015-07-29T20:35:18Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Diego Grez]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Diego Grez-Cañete]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez|Diego Grez]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez-Cañet... wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ 4dk4zevx7zb4mh95uavtx21at6jgovp 4127 4070 2020-06-05T13:27:56Z Sotiale 708 Sotiale [[Foydalanuvchi:Diego Grez-Cañete]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Vanished user 24kwjf10h32h]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez-Cañete|Diego Grez-Cañete]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Vanished user 24kwjf10h32h|Vanished user 24kwjf10h32h]]" wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ 4dk4zevx7zb4mh95uavtx21at6jgovp 2 2316 4043 2015-02-22T06:04:22Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Diego Grez]]) wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Diego Grez]] dn8cbpvviuvifirhp98bd95h2ps48bl 3 2317 4044 2015-03-18T01:27:14Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Sevela.p]]) wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__[[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|45px|link=]][[w:cs:User talk:Sevela.p|Sevela.p (cs.wikipedia.org)]] 7210kk8bqhstp21n3p3mihytpu2dcan 3 2318 4045 2015-03-20T08:41:11Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alpertunga. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alpertunga~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> qqscrvj035mu63biqd2gono40u6egt4 4057 4045 2015-04-17T01:25:35Z Maintenance script 904 Maintenance script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Alpertunga]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Alpertunga~uzwikibooks]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Alpertunga|Alpertunga]]" to "[[Special:Centr... wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alpertunga. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alpertunga~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> qqscrvj035mu63biqd2gono40u6egt4 4063 4057 2015-04-17T04:42:56Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alpertunga. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alpertunga~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:42, 17-Aprel 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> nz88015b641yzzrdgfchn53edctypoa 3 2319 4046 2015-03-20T08:41:12Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bahrom. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bahrom~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> t8sx6oomv2s21haedcv7akfjw3dtbp1 4060 4046 2015-04-17T01:25:35Z Maintenance script 904 Maintenance script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Bahrom]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Bahrom~uzwikibooks]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bahrom|Bahrom]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bahrom~uz... wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bahrom. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bahrom~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> t8sx6oomv2s21haedcv7akfjw3dtbp1 4064 4060 2015-04-17T04:42:56Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bahrom. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bahrom~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:42, 17-Aprel 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> tjzxrs6azcs3eedsiy9biu9bd1zxfow 3 2320 4047 2015-03-20T08:41:12Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bobir. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bobir~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> 5kbpncdfo7af1y57ehyjvkbwr5jzia6 4059 4047 2015-04-17T01:25:35Z Maintenance script 904 Maintenance script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Bobir]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Bobir~uzwikibooks]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bobir|Bobir]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bobir~uzwikib... wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bobir. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bobir~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> 5kbpncdfo7af1y57ehyjvkbwr5jzia6 4065 4059 2015-04-17T04:42:56Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bobir. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bobir~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:42, 17-Aprel 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> qya1bl3omguhga1t1nno2k7o55ksdb7 3 2321 4048 2015-03-20T08:41:13Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Llull. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Llull~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> m303227fnvq61lil0z18dwzz135w2kc 4056 4048 2015-04-17T01:25:35Z Maintenance script 904 Maintenance script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Llull]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Llull~uzwikibooks]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Llull|Llull]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Llull~uzwikib... wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Llull. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Llull~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> m303227fnvq61lil0z18dwzz135w2kc 4066 4056 2015-04-17T04:42:57Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Llull. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Llull~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:42, 17-Aprel 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> 02novykt95201gqdvmq0nexe591cqeq 3 2322 4049 2015-03-20T08:41:13Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MediaWiki default. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MediaWiki default~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> m6m6o4ha87r86bxwrsjjqoqwlamd4ao 3 2323 4050 2015-03-20T08:41:20Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MediaWiki spam cleanup. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MediaWiki spam cleanup~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> phgnr475yhrzchbw4mpxphxe73f0ih8 3 2324 4051 2015-03-20T08:41:20Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nodirbek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nodirbek~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> lfsx8jlo2bufw01ukdmfmto6nnrpuaw 4058 4051 2015-04-17T01:25:35Z Maintenance script 904 Maintenance script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Nodirbek]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Nodirbek~uzwikibooks]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Nodirbek|Nodirbek]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/N... wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nodirbek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nodirbek~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> lfsx8jlo2bufw01ukdmfmto6nnrpuaw 4067 4058 2015-04-17T04:43:03Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nodirbek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nodirbek~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:43, 17-Aprel 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> rt4zmf4po1btyp2587ilxaite3n831t 3 2325 4052 2015-03-20T08:41:20Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Olimjon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Olimjon~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> a3buf830m6wpc6nx8m5iwidq0jdgr91 4061 4052 2015-04-17T01:25:36Z Maintenance script 904 Maintenance script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Olimjon]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Olimjon~uzwikibooks]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Olimjon|Olimjon]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Olimj... wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Olimjon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Olimjon~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> a3buf830m6wpc6nx8m5iwidq0jdgr91 4068 4061 2015-04-17T04:43:06Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Olimjon. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Olimjon~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:43, 17-Aprel 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> df6m94fnyx8lis0dnh99f18ue9k808b 3 2326 4053 2015-03-20T08:41:22Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Your account will be renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tehut. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tehut~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> frwkk8mai8lbze7h10gia040mnilzla 4062 4053 2015-04-17T01:25:36Z Maintenance script 904 Maintenance script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Tehut]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Tehut~uzwikibooks]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Tehut|Tehut]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Tehut~uzwikib... wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tehut. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tehut~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> frwkk8mai8lbze7h10gia040mnilzla 4069 4062 2015-04-17T04:43:06Z MediaWiki message delivery 902 Renamed wikitext text/x-wiki == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tehut. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tehut~uzwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit [[Special:MergeAccount]] to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 08:41, 20-Mart 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:43, 17-Aprel 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> il45qz15zka6vz3cjwqidqrh1zfkhml 2 2327 4055 2015-04-16T19:22:50Z Jalexander-WMF 388 Jalexander-WMF [[Foydalanuvchi:Azariv]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Azariv-WMF]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Azariv|Azariv]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Azariv-WMF|Azariv-WMF]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Azariv-WMF]] mr08upj7bmpl0nnr3v0rfiwirc6iq8j 2 2328 4071 2015-07-29T20:35:19Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Diego Grez]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Diego Grez-Cañete]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez|Diego Grez]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez-Cañet... wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Diego Grez-Cañete]] 436e545skkxlybbx5fvtvogkuqqitpe 3 2329 4073 2015-07-29T20:35:23Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Diego Grez]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Diego Grez-Cañete]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Diego Grez|Diego Grez]]" to "[[Special:Central... wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Diego Grez-Cañete]] 2lwxsg36st6fpgg76r6iblu7k8f0lvk 10 2330 4075 2015-08-03T23:39:46Z Flow talk page manager 905 /* Automatically created by Flow */ wikitext text/x-wiki @[[Foydalanuvchi:{{{1|Example}}}|{{{2|{{{1|Example}}}}}}]] 5mukmk6q3ivysbvu8wnhqlz15u8wq63 14 2331 4076 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar portugalcha til uchun N bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. 54opmyzynj5lidd0vvk9jiisg699ycx 14 2332 4077 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar inglizcha til uchun 3 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. 5baxop2hdy44xdsfkalqu413kuaqkd5 14 2333 4078 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar ispancha til uchun 2 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. lyrrc3potjo5c2zkr0chkq6qlxcgy2y 14 2334 4079 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar katalancha til uchun 2 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. 76gbiuwz6w112s7njki7nimi836rxp4 14 2335 4080 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar galitsiycha til uchun 2 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. bvucs8lzr2a2ulxtxc79i6n222958d4 14 2336 4081 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar Mirandese til uchun 2 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. bnoqjfjw2r6tabiyc3byismnpi34avb 14 2337 4082 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar fransuzcha til uchun 1 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. 2jkdy2jgp5noduthe23soneedgdvt6m 14 2338 4083 2015-09-17T06:56:28Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar italyancha til uchun 1 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. 4hcavqr36n4skbl19rmpkf8oxfqaly5 14 2339 4084 2015-09-17T06:56:29Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar Aragonese til uchun 1 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. l2qci19f15z6h9lbh3dsg3rcsxe2cvh 14 2340 4085 2015-09-17T06:56:29Z Babel AutoCreate 906 Avtomatik ravishda [[Project:Bobil|Bolbil]] turkum sahifasini yaratish. wikitext text/x-wiki Bu turkumdagi foydalanuvchilar Occitan til uchun 1 bilim darajasini koʻrsatishgan. 2fl7g58em55vzng6au8zijti1k75ajn 10 2341 4086 2015-10-02T20:15:12Z Flow talk page manager 905 /* Automatically created by Flow */ wikitext text/x-wiki This post by {{{author}}} was moved on {{{date}}}. You can find it at [[{{{title}}}]]. e5j16chw2130kmdotptl65jvxa6lw5w 10 2342 4087 2015-10-02T20:15:12Z Flow talk page manager 905 /* Automatically created by Flow */ wikitext text/x-wiki Previous page history was archived for backup purposes at <span class='flow-link-to-archive'>[[{{{archive}}}]]</span> on {{#time: Y-m-d|{{{date}}}}}. njhr9sbh7lx81p2xfwikn7amdd3n1zn 10 2343 4088 2015-10-02T20:15:13Z Flow talk page manager 905 /* Automatically created by Flow */ wikitext text/x-wiki This page is an archived LiquidThreads page. '''Do not edit the contents of this page'''. Please direct any additional comments to the [[{{{from}}}|current talk page]]. nigyidinm7czjt0s9dq851dwhckapia 10 2344 4089 2015-10-02T20:15:13Z Flow talk page manager 905 /* Automatically created by Flow */ wikitext text/x-wiki This revision was imported from LiquidThreads with a suppressed user. 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Please direct any additional comments to the [[{{{from|{{TALKSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|current talk page]]. hd1xxik7k0u7gcb9oq9ddgh20zmhpy4 2 2348 4094 2015-12-30T19:05:29Z Steinsplitter 793 Steinsplitter [[Foydalanuvchi:Hahc21]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Razr Nation]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hahc21|Hahc21]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Razr Nation|Razr Nation]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Razr Nation]] n4wzbnhb6cmrcio3ujfnsfpcfb9xo6z 2 2349 4096 2015-12-30T19:05:53Z Steinsplitter 793 Steinsplitter [[Foydalanuvchi:Hahc21/common.css]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Razr Nation/common.css]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hahc21|Hahc21]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Razr Nation|Razr Nati... css text/css /* #REDIRECT */@import url(//uz.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Foydalanuvchi:Razr_Nation/common.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css); lqqqkuphgovyaq57n4eaxmt62bvflsa 2 2350 4098 2015-12-30T19:05:53Z Steinsplitter 793 Steinsplitter [[Foydalanuvchi:Hahc21/common.js]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Razr Nation/common.js]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Hahc21|Hahc21]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Razr Nation|Razr Nation]]" javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//uz.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Foydalanuvchi:Razr_Nation/common.js\u0026action=raw\u0026ctype=text/javascript"); ayxbp7xccwsv7ehsc6gvrl2z9lzkobl 2 2351 4100 2016-05-04T17:39:51Z Steinsplitter 793 Steinsplitter [[Foydalanuvchi:Riley Huntley]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:~riley]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Riley Huntley|Riley Huntley]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/~riley|~riley]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:~riley]] dntohwy1fxj8x9uo7jclnor71qdt5m6 2 2352 4102 2017-02-16T14:01:11Z Savh 467 Savh [[Foydalanuvchi:Allan Aguilar/common.js]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Green Mostaza/common.js]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Allan Aguilar|Allan Aguilar]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Green Mos... javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//uz.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Foydalanuvchi:Green_Mostaza/common.js\u0026action=raw\u0026ctype=text/javascript"); qxiz3owe3fwzz2xpe63gmsjp9g8mlbi 2 2354 4106 2017-12-06T23:26:55Z -revi 885 -revi [[Foydalanuvchi:분당선M/common.css]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:*Youngjin/common.css]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/분당선M|분당선M]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/*Youngjin|*Youngjin]]" css text/css /* #REDIRECT */@import url("//uz.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Foydalanuvchi:*Youngjin/common.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css"); hro9iylbd1mpy9u6wa7io8r1kthctk7 2 2355 4108 2017-12-06T23:26:56Z -revi 885 -revi [[Foydalanuvchi:분당선M/common.js]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:*Youngjin/common.js]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/분당선M|분당선M]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/*Youngjin|*Youngjin]]" javascript text/javascript /* #REDIRECT */mw.loader.load("//uz.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Foydalanuvchi:*Youngjin/common.js\u0026action=raw\u0026ctype=text/javascript"); la94oc10zpd09clnom76oslkvg5on47 2 2356 4111 2018-10-08T17:06:49Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Vogone]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vogone/minerva.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); e7qk639lldxvphqcoowl3nfc7i3anx7 2 2357 4116 2019-03-02T22:17:28Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Mentifisto]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Lofty abyss]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mentifisto|Mentifisto]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Lofty abyss|Lofty abyss]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Lofty abyss]] c9dovstf30re94ojc8yu55787coijfe 2 2358 4118 2019-07-01T10:46:26Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Waldir]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Waldyrious]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Waldir|Waldir]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Waldyrious|Waldyrious]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Waldyrious]] 90nrnc75s08ewi8p1fheowdy1ph3an8 3 2359 4121 2019-07-20T00:21:40Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:محمد شعیب]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Yethrosh]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/محمد شعیب|محمد شعیب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Yethrosh|Yethrosh]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Yethrosh]] qzgos5hphv1n6t21su40la9e5gwz8kz 2 2360 4122 2019-07-20T00:21:40Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:محمد شعیب]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Yethrosh]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/محمد شعیب|محمد شعیب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Yethrosh|Yethrosh]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Yethrosh]] id2kakginl4gkv75kuph77hk0y3ei8h 2 2361 4123 2020-01-05T15:19:31Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by WhitePhosphorus]]) javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:WhitePhosphorus/global-mobile.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); jxr0i4uppk1hrtb9t3ml1teg34o7lzp 3 2362 4125 2020-05-02T22:05:17Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Pratyya Ghosh]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BEGIN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="font: bold 30px 'Cambria';">User talk:Pratyya Ghosh</span>}} <div style="font-family: Cambria"> <table style="width: 750px; background-color:#f9f9f9; border-color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" border="14"> <tr style="height: 300px;"> <td style="width: 521px; height: 144px; border-color: #f9f9f9; font-weight: bold;"> <!----------------------------------------- START PARA 1 ----------------------------------------------> <p style="text-align: justify; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px"> <big><big><span style="color:#006400">'''HELLO AND WELCOME'''</span> to the talk page of '''Pratyya Ghosh'''</big></big> <small><small>([[:commons:File:Pratyya Ghosh pronunciation.ogg|<u>'''pronunciation'''</u>]])</small></small> <br /> Before placing any message here, I would ask you to TAKE A LOOK at my [[User:Pratyya Ghosh|<u>'''user page'''</u>]] on this wiki. <br /> If you have come here after looking at my user page, then once again I would like to mention the fact that, </p> <!------------------------------------------- END PARA 1 -----------------------------------------------> <!----------------------------------------- START PARA 2 ----------------------------------------------> <p style="text-align: justify; padding-left: 50px; padding-right: 110px"> <small> <span style="color:#B22222">I am not effectively active in this Wikimedia Project. If I've made any edit here, that is most probably an automated one. I do <u>NOT</u> visit this site often/regularly. So I can <u>NOT</u> guarantee a swift and quick reply, OR in WORST CASE, a reply.</span><br /> So, if you want to <u>CONTACT ME</u> or <u>TALK TO ME</u> or know more about me, then please use the Wikimedia Projects mentioned below.<br /> ⦿ '''[[w:en:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia]] ([[w:en:Main Page|enwiki]]) : [[w:en:User:Pratyya Ghosh|User Page]] ([[w:en:User talk:Pratyya Ghosh|talk page]]) ([[w:en:Special:Contributions/Pratyya Ghosh|contributions]]) (<span class="plainlinks">[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/Pratyya_Ghosh user-stats]</span>)'''<br /> ⦿ '''[[w:en:Bengali Wikipedia|Bangla Wikipedia]] ([[w:bn:প্রধান পাতা|bnwiki]]) : &nbsp;[[w:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Pratyya Ghosh|User Page]] ([[w:bn:ব্যবহারকারী আলাপ:Pratyya Ghosh|talk page]]) ([[w:bn:বিশেষ:অবদান/Pratyya Ghosh|contributions]]) (<span class="plainlinks">[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/bn.wikipedia.org/Pratyya_Ghosh user-stats]</span>)''' </small> </p> <!------------------------------------------- END PARA 2 -----------------------------------------------> <!----------------------------------------- START PARA 3 ----------------------------------------------> <p style="text-align: justify; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px"> Yet if you want to place message here, then please FOLLOW THESE NOTES:<br /> ⚫ Do NOT [[w:en:Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalize]] this page. I WON'T be appreciating you for that.<br /> ⚫ Be on point. Please don't put some unnecessary message or bring up any irrelevant issues.<br /> ⚫ Use a language which I understand. (Otherwise, even if I see your message, I might not be able to reply.)<br /> ⚫ BE <u>CIVIL</u> and MAINTAIN <u>ETIQUETTE</u>.<br /> ⚫ Finally, you MUST sign your post with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki><br /> </p> <!------------------------------------------- END PARA 3 -----------------------------------------------> </td> </tr> </table> <!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START BELOW THIS PARA. DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING ABOVE THE LINE. BEFORE PLACING ANY MESSAGE HERE, ONCE AGAIN, I AM NOT EFFECTIVELY ACTIVE IN THIS WIKIMEDIA PROJECT. IF I'VE MADE ANY EDIT HERE, THAT IS MOST PROBABLY AN AUTOMATED ONE. I DO NOT VISIT THIS SITE OFTEN/REGULARLY. SO I CAN NOT GUARANTEE A SWIFT AND QUICK REPLY, OR IN WORST CASE, A REPLY. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------> 9qtlaulm2q8nlzm95nj3cdbnjjsv70g 2 2363 4130 2020-06-26T10:25:56Z Sakretsu 951 Sakretsu [[Foydalanuvchi:DeltaQuad]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:AmandaNP]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DeltaQuad|DeltaQuad]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/AmandaNP|AmandaNP]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:AmandaNP]] ivdeqzzglugys9yxc65go9aqid0z3jd 3 2364 4131 2020-06-26T10:25:56Z Sakretsu 951 Sakretsu [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:DeltaQuad]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:AmandaNP]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/DeltaQuad|DeltaQuad]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/AmandaNP|AmandaNP]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:AmandaNP]] ia6ho3ablid6ua56y2zabts7uux2mcv 2 2365 4132 2021-01-05T04:28:02Z Pathoschild 156 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Pratyya Ghosh]]) javascript text/javascript <span style="font-family:Cambria">'''[[User:Pratyya Ghosh|<span style="color:#082567">PratyyaG</span>]] · [[User talk:Pratyya Ghosh|<span style="color:#224C98">Talk</span>]]''' </span> dfkuzrfxb3fokiyj65jf5r4fqfl3qbp 2 2366 4135 2023-07-08T12:31:09Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi:Mirzoulug'bek]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi:Mirzoulugʻbek]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulug'bek|Mirzoulug'bek]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulugʻbek|Mirzoulugʻbek]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi:Mirzoulugʻbek]] e2k2tkcz63fh879t37j0tnfd50kd0mf 3 2367 4136 2023-07-08T12:31:09Z Global rename script 969 Global rename script [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Mirzoulug'bek]] sahifasini [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Mirzoulugʻbek]]ga koʻchirdi: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulug'bek|Mirzoulug'bek]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mirzoulugʻbek|Mirzoulugʻbek]]" wikitext text/x-wiki #YOʻNALTIRISH [[Foydalanuvchi munozarasi:Mirzoulugʻbek]] qkroy0r8ukeu1jz99xzzd5xt2q6y3oj